JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS Dr Ubaid N P JR Community Medicine, Pariyaram Medical College.
Dr Ubaid N P Community Medicine Dept ACME, Pariyaram.
-
Upload
dale-owens -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
0
Transcript of Dr Ubaid N P Community Medicine Dept ACME, Pariyaram.
![Page 1: Dr Ubaid N P Community Medicine Dept ACME, Pariyaram.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649d6e5503460f94a4f2d5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Dr Ubaid N PCommunity Medicine DeptACME, Pariyaram
![Page 2: Dr Ubaid N P Community Medicine Dept ACME, Pariyaram.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649d6e5503460f94a4f2d5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Zoonoses Definition - “those diseases and infections which are
naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man”
a) Anthropo-zoonoses – infections transmitted to man from lower vertebrate animals
b) Zoo-anthroponoses - infections transmitted from man to lower vertebrate animals
c) Amphixenoses – infections maintained in both man and lower vertebrate animals that may be transmitted in either direction
![Page 3: Dr Ubaid N P Community Medicine Dept ACME, Pariyaram.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649d6e5503460f94a4f2d5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Classification based on the type of life cycle of the infecting organism
1. Direct zoonoses: Transmitted from infected vertebrate host to a susceptible host by direct contact, fomites or by a mechanical vector. Undergoes little or no propogative or development changes during transmission. Eg – Rabies, trichinosis, Brucellosis
2. Cyclo zoonoses: Require more than one vertebrate host species to complete the developmental cycle; no invertebrate host. Eg – Echinococcosis, human taeniases
3. Meta zoonoses: Transmitted biologically by invertebrate vectors; multiplies or develops or do both in vectors. There is always an extrinsic incubation period before transmission to another vertebrate host. Eg – Arbovirus infection, Plague, Schistosomiasis
4. Sapro zoonoses: Have both a vertebrate host & a non animal developmental site or reservoir like, food, soil, plants. Eg – Larva migrants, some mycoses
![Page 4: Dr Ubaid N P Community Medicine Dept ACME, Pariyaram.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649d6e5503460f94a4f2d5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Yellow Fever
![Page 5: Dr Ubaid N P Community Medicine Dept ACME, Pariyaram.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649d6e5503460f94a4f2d5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Dr Ubaid N P Community Medicine Dept ACME, Pariyaram.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649d6e5503460f94a4f2d5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Introduction• Zoonotic disease caused by an arbovirus
• Spectrum of disease varies from clinically indeterminate to severe cases
• Severe cases develop jaundice with hemorrhagic manifestations, albuminuria/ anuria, shock, stupor and coma
• Can have severe hepatic and renal involvement
• Death occurs between 5th and 10th day of illness
• Case fatality rate may reach 80% in severe cases
• 45 countries in Africa & Latin America has reported cases, with at risk population of 900 million
• No case has been reported in Asia, although the region is at risk as the conditions required for transmission are present there
![Page 7: Dr Ubaid N P Community Medicine Dept ACME, Pariyaram.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649d6e5503460f94a4f2d5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Dr Ubaid N P Community Medicine Dept ACME, Pariyaram.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649d6e5503460f94a4f2d5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Epidemiological determinantsAgent factors
a) Agent ▫ Flavivirus fibricus; group B arbovirus; Togavirus
family
b) Reservoir of infection ▫ In forest: monkeys & forest mosquitoes; ▫ In urban areas: Man & Aede aegypti mosquitoes
c) Period of communicability▫ Man: first 3 to4 days of illness; ▫ Mosquitoes: After an extrinsic incubation period of
8 to 12 days, mosquitoes becomes infective for life
![Page 9: Dr Ubaid N P Community Medicine Dept ACME, Pariyaram.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649d6e5503460f94a4f2d5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Host factors
a) Age & sex – All ages and sexes
b) Occupation – person who has contact with forests (wood cutters, hunters)
c) Immunity – one attack gives life long immunity; Infants born to immune mothers have antibodies up to 6 months of life
![Page 10: Dr Ubaid N P Community Medicine Dept ACME, Pariyaram.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649d6e5503460f94a4f2d5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Environmental factors
a) Climate – temp. of 24°C or over and relative humidity of over 60% is required for multiplication of virus and for the mosquitoes to live long respectively
b) Social factors – Urbanization, dense population, increases in number of people who travel from endemic to receptive areas
![Page 11: Dr Ubaid N P Community Medicine Dept ACME, Pariyaram.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649d6e5503460f94a4f2d5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Modes of transmissionSylvatic(forest) YF - Intermediate YF -
Urban YF
![Page 12: Dr Ubaid N P Community Medicine Dept ACME, Pariyaram.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649d6e5503460f94a4f2d5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Dr Ubaid N P Community Medicine Dept ACME, Pariyaram.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649d6e5503460f94a4f2d5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Incubation period - 3 to 6 days
Treatment:•No specific treatment•Supportive care to treat dehydration and
fever•Antibiotics for secondary bacterial
infections
![Page 14: Dr Ubaid N P Community Medicine Dept ACME, Pariyaram.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649d6e5503460f94a4f2d5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Control of YF•Jungle YF – continues to be uncontrollable
•Urban YF1) Vaccination
▫ 17D live attenuated▫ Sensitivity▫ Dose & Route of administration▫ Contra indications and ADRs▫ Vaccine interaction
2) Vector control3) Surveillance
▫ Aedes aegypti index <1%
![Page 15: Dr Ubaid N P Community Medicine Dept ACME, Pariyaram.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649d6e5503460f94a4f2d5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Dr Ubaid N P Community Medicine Dept ACME, Pariyaram.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649d6e5503460f94a4f2d5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
International measures
•Missing link of YF in receptive countries•International Health Regulations(IHR) to
restrict the spread of YFi. Travellersii. Mosquitoes
•International certificate of vaccination•Reference centres
▫National Institute of Virology, Pune▫Central Research Institute, Kasauli
![Page 17: Dr Ubaid N P Community Medicine Dept ACME, Pariyaram.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649d6e5503460f94a4f2d5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Thank You