Dr. Tim Lin ECE Department Cal Poly Pomona For CS499 Team ...
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2/15/10 Dr. Tim Lin ECE Department Cal Poly Pomona For CS499 Team Teaching Class Winter 2010 EXIT >
Transcript of Dr. Tim Lin ECE Department Cal Poly Pomona For CS499 Team ...
2/15/10
Dr. Tim Lin ECE Department Cal Poly Pomona For CS499 Team Teaching Class Winter 2010
EXIT >
user@domain
Reference
• Behrouz A. Fourouzan: • TCP / IP Protocol Suite 4th edition,
McGraw Hill and • TCP / IP Protocol Suite 3rd edition,
McGraw Hill • Also, the corresponding PowerPoint
Files
Agenda • What is Computer Network • ISO / OSI model • Internet Organizations • IP Addresses
– v4 • Classful • Classless
– V6 • IP Protocol
– Header
• ICMP Protocol
• UDP Protocol • TCP Protocol
– Header – Flow Control – Error Control – Congestion Control
• FTP Protocol • HTTP Protocol • SMTP Protocol • Network Commands • Technology (LAN)
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Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Link
Physical
EXIT MAIN MENU > <
Figure 2.4 OSI layers
Figure 2.5 An exchange using the OSI model
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EXIT OSI > <
• Phone Call (synchronous, like TCP) – Physical: phone line, wireless – Layer 2: The two parties speak the same language – Layer 3: The two parties are related (not
unsolicited calls from telemarketing) – Higher layers: The two parties have common
topics, interests, and mood of talking (ever received calls from your friends at the wrong moment or with some topics you don’t want to talk?).
• US Mail (Asynchronous, like UDP) – Physical = ? – Link Layer = ? – Network Layer (use postal address)
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EXIT OSI > <
• Purposes: Provides user interface
• Examples: Telnet, FTP, HTTP, SNMP, SMTP
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EXIT OSI > <
• Purposes: Presents data to the application layer.
• Functions: data compression
• Examples: JPEG, TIFF
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• Purposes: Provides continuous session that survives after link failure and recovery
• Examples: RPC, SQL
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EXIT OSI > <
• Purposes: Provides end to end data transport services.
• Examples: TCP, UDP
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EXIT OSI > <
• Purposes: Responsible for routing through an internetworking and for network addressing.
• Procotolcs: IP, IPX, ARP, ICMP, IGMP • Devices: Router
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EXIT OSI > <
• Purposes: Getting data from one computer to another computer.
• There are two sublevels – Logical Link control – Medium Access control (MAC)
• Protocols: IEEE802.3 CSMA/CD, 802.4 Token Bus, 802.5 Token Ring
• Devices: Bridge, NIC
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EXIT OSI > <
• Purposes: Handles transfer of bits
• Protocols: IEEE 802, IEEE802.2, ISDN
• Examples: Repeater, multiplexer
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EXIT OSI > <
• OSI Model 1: – http://www.serverwatch.com/tutorials/article.php/
1474881 • OSI Model 2:
– http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Monitor/3131/ne/osimodel.html
• OSI Model 3: – http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model
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• There are hundreds of TCP IP protocols, among them TCP, IP, UDP, FTP, ICMP, are a few (in)famous ones.
• See the poster PDF on the network protocols from Agilent technology.
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• WAN (Wide Area Network) • MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) • LAN (Local Area Network)
– 802.3 Ethernet – 802.11 Wireless – 802.16 WiMax
• PAN (Personal Area Network) – Bluetooth (802.15)
• CAN (Controller Area Network): HC12, PIC • SAN
– Storage Area Network – Sensor Area Network
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): Protocol standards in RFC
http://www.ietf.org/ Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA)
: protocol assignments and domain names http://www.iana.org/ Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
Hardware address of your NIC card http://www.ieee.org
Getting IP address of your computer (DOS)
Command:
DHCP
IP address
DNS
Physical Address
Setting Own IP address
Setting Own IP address
Static IP
Dynamic or DHCP
Private IP
IPv4 addresses
• Uses 4 bytes as in previous chars 17 and 20 • The bytes are presented in decimals in 0-255
range • Used as classful (A, B, C, D and E) and
classless (subnetting or CIDR) • Every computer with an NIC (Network
Interface Card) has an IP address. Some computers may have multple IP addresses.
Finding the class of address (From Forouzan Figure5-6, 4th edition)
Find IP address of web site
What are the classes of these 4 sites: CPP, Yahoo, Google, IEEE?
Classful IP Addresses
• Use Class A (first byte) • Class B (first 2 bytes) • Class C (first 3 bytes) • And Class D and E
Figure 5.8 Netid and hostid (McGrawHill, Fourouzan, 4th edition, TCP / IP Protocl Sutie_
Figure 5.10 Blocks in Class B
An address in a block is given as 180.8.17.9. Find the number of addresses in the block, the first address, and the last address.
Solution Figure 5.17 shows a possible configuration of the network that uses this block. 1. The number of addresses in this block is N = 232－n = 65,536.
2. To find the first address, we keep the leftmost 16 bits and set the rightmost 16 bits all to 0s. The first address is 18.8.0.0/16, in which 16 is the value of n.
3. To find the last address, we keep the leftmost 16 bits and set the rightmost 16 bits all to 1s. The last address is 18.8.255.255.
Figure 5.17 Solution to Example 5.14
Figure 5.19 Sample Internet
Figure 5.24 Example 5.19
Subnetting example into 4 subnets
CIDR or Classless
• Variable length blocks • Format
– x.y.z.t/n with 1 <= n <= 32 • Extension of Classful addressing
– Class A: n = 8 – Class B: n = 16 – Class C: n = 24
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 34
Which of the following can be the beginning address of a block that contains 16 addresses?
a. 205.16.37.32 b.190.16.42.44 c. 17.17.33.80 d.123.45.24.52
Example 1
Solution Only two are eligible (a and c). The address 205.16.37.32 is eligible because 32 is divisible by 16. The address 17.17.33.80 is eligible because 80 is divisible by 16.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 35
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 36
Find the block if one of the addresses is 190.87.140.202/29.
Example 10
See Next Slide
Solution We follow the procedure in the previous examples to find the first address, the number of addresses, and the last address. To find the first address, we notice that the mask (/29) has five 1s in the last byte. So we write the last byte as powers of 2 and retain only the leftmost five as shown below:
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 37
202 ➡ 128 + 64 + 0 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0
The leftmost 5 numbers are ➡ 128 + 64 + 0 + 0 + 8
The first address is 190.87.140.200/29
Example 10 (Continued)
The number of addresses is 232−29 or 8. To find the last address, we use the complement of the mask. The mask has twenty-nine 1s; the complement has three 1s. The complement is 0.0.0.7. If we add this to the first address, we get 190.87.140.207/29. In other words, the first address is 190.87.140.200/29, the last address is 190.87.140.207/20. There are only 8 addresses in this block.
Special IP addresses
• Loopback (localhost): 127.0.0.08 – Do you know usage of localhost in any
applications? • Running Client / server in one computer (why?) • Run PHP / JSP / J2EE Server etc. in local computer.
• Private IP addresses – 10.0.0.0./8 (10.0.0, 1 block) – 172.16.0.0/12 (172.16 to 172.1, 16 blocks) – 192.168.0.0/16 (192.168.0 to 192.168.255, 256
blocks)
IPv6
• IP addresses of (near) future since IPv4 of 232 or 4 billion addresses (< 6 billion people).
• Use 16 bytes instead of 4 bytes • Consider ISBN-10 and ISB-13 are used
concurrently now, someday, IPv6 may exist concurrently with IPv4 and finally IPv4 may phase out.
• Transition has to be handled so that IPv4 address can be represented as part of IPv6 address.
Show the unabbreviated colon hex notation for the following IPv6 addresses:
a. An address with 64 0s followed by 64 1s. b. An address with 128 0s. c. An address with 128 1s. d. An address with 128 alternative 1s and 0s.
Solution a. 0000:0000:0000:0000:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF b. 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 c. FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF d. AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA
The following shows the zero contraction version of addresses in Example 26.1 (part c and d cannot be abbreviated)
a. :: FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF b. :: c. FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF d. AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA:AAAA
Figure 26.5 Address space allocation
Figure 26.9 Compatible address
Figure 26.10 Mapped address
