Dr. RUCHI DHAR - 52.172.27.147:8080

ldquoA STUDY ON THE MORBIDITY PATTERN AND HEALTH SEEKING

BEHAVIOUR AMONG THE GERIATRIC POPULATION IN THE URBAN FIELD

PRACTICE AREA OF JJM MEDICAL COLLEGE DAVANGERErdquo Submitted by

Dr RUCHI DHAR

MBBS

Dissertation submitted to the

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences Bangalore Karnataka

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

DOCTOR OF

MEDICINE IN

COMMUNITY MEDICINE

Under the guidance of

Dr VIDYA GS MD

Professor

DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE

JJM MEDICAL COLLEGE DAVANGERE

2015-2018

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This work is dedicated to my beloved Mother Usha Dhar and Father

Ramesh Kumar Dhar without whom I would not be where I am today

I would like to make a special mention here of my brother Romil Dhar

For supporting me all the way and believing in me

I take this opportunity to extend my gratitude and sincere thanks to all those who

have helped me in completing this dissertation

I am thankful to all participants who were part of the study for their kind co-operation

It is with this sense of heartfelt gratitude and appreciation that I would like to express

my sincere thanks to my revered guide and teacher Dr Vidya G S MD Professor

Department of Community medicine J JM Medical College Davangere for having

rendered encouragement and valuable suggestions during the course of this study Her

patience keen interest in the progress of my research work and readiness with which

she entered into discussion has been instrumental in the successful completion of my

dissertation work

I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr Balu P S MD Professor and

Head Department of Community Medicine JJMMC for his valuable advice

constant guidance and inspiration during my study course

vi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED (in alphabetical order)

APD - Acid Peptic Disease

AYUSH- Ayurveda Yoga Unani Siddha and Homeopathy

BMI - Body Mass Index

CAD - Coronary Artery Disease

CVD - Cardiovascular Diseases

ENT - Ear Nose Throat

GIT - Gastrointestinal Tract

HBM- Health Belief Model

HSB- Health Seeking Behviour

ICD - International Classification of Diseases

ICMR- Indian Council of Medical Research

MI - Myocardial Infarction

NCOP- National Council for Older Persons

viii

NCD- Non Communicable Disease

NCsrC- National Council for Senior Citizens

NGO - Non -Governmental Organization

NPOP- National Policy for Older Persons

RMP- Registered Medical Practitioner

SDGs ndash Sustainable Development Goals

SES - Socio-Economic Status

TB ndash Tuberculosis

TPB- Theory of Planned Behaviour

TRA- Theory of Reasoned Action

UN - United Nations

UHTC- Urban Health Training center

URTI- Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

WHO - World Health organization

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table No

Title Page No

1 Percentage share of elderly population (aged 60 years and above) in

total population by sex in India

6

2 Size of elderly population (aged 60+) and their share in total

population in major states of India in 2011

7

3 List of areas covered under the UHTC of JJM Medical College

Davangere

29

4 WHO Categorization of Body Mass index (BMI) for Asians 34

5 JNC VII Classification of Blood pressure 35

6 Socio-economic status (SES)- As per modified BG Prasad

Classification

37

7 Age and sex wise distribution of the study subjects 39

8 Distribution of the study subjects based on religion 40

9 Distribution of the study subjects based on Educational status 41

10 Distribution of the study subjects based on occupation 42

11

Distribution of the study subjects based on socio-economic status

(Modified BG Prasad classification 2016)

43

12 Distribution of the study subjects based on their marital status 44

13 Distribution of the study subjects based on the type of family 45

14 Distribution of morbidity pattern of the study subjects based on ICD

10 classification of diseases

47

xiii

15

Distribution of the study subjects based on morbidity of the

Musculoskeletal system

49

16

Distribution of the study subjects based on morbidity of the eye

and adnexa

50

17 Distribution of the study subjects based on disease of the oral cavity 51

18

Distribution of study subjects based on endocrine nutritional and

metabolic disorders

52

19 Distribution of the study subject based on disease of the circulatory

system

53

20 Distribution of the study subjects based on disease of the respiratory

system

54

21

Distribution of the study subjects based on disease of the digestive

system

55

22

Distribution the study subjects based on disease of the Skin and

subcutaneous tissue

56

23 Distribution of the study subjects based on disease of the ear 57

24

Distribution of the study subjects based on disease of the

genitourinary system

58

25

Distribution of the study subjects based on diseases of the Nervous

system

59

26 Association between morbidity pattern of the study subjects and

their age group

60

xiv

27

Association between morbidity pattern of the study subjects and

their occupation

62

28


their religion

64

29 Reasons cited by the study subjects for not seeking healthcare in

case of an illness

67

30 Distribution of the study subjects based on the type of health facility

visited

68

31 Association between gender and health care seeking behavior of the

study subjects

69

32 Association between educational status and health care seeking

behaviour of the study subjects

70

33 Distribution of study subjects according to frequency of visits to a

health care facility

71

xv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No

Title Page No

1 Proportion of elderly in the Indian population by age groups

1961-2001

6

2 Pathophysiology of health issues in geriatrics 10

3 Predicting health behaviour with social cognition models 13

4 Health belief model components and linkages 15

5 Maps showing the location of Davangere district and the

area where the UHTC is located

27

6 Map showing the Urban field practice area of JJM medical college

28




10 Distribution of study subjects based on their occupation 42

11

Distribution of study subjects based on their occupation

43



14 Distribution of the study subjects based on the BMI 46

15 Distribution of morbidity pattern of the study subjects based on

ICD 10 classification of diseases

48

16 Distribution of the study subjects based on the visit to health

facility in case of an illness

66

xvi

ABSTRACT Background

According to census 2011 the elderly population aged 60 years and above account for 8

of total population and is projected to rise to 124 by the year 2026 Health status is an

important factor that has a significant impact on quality of life The elderly are one of the

most vulnerable and high risk groups in terms of health status and their health seeking

behaviour is crucial in any society

Objectives

1 To study the morbidity pattern among the geriatric population in the urban field

practice area of JJM Medical college Davangere

2 To assess the health seeking behaviour of the elderly residing in the study area

Methods It was a community based cross sectional study which was conducted in the urban field

practice area of JJM Medical College Davangere The total study subjects were 440

individuals aged 60 years and above Data was collected using a predesigned pre-tested

and semi- structured questionnaire Height weight and blood pressure were measured

and recorded Data was analyzed by using MS Excel and Open-Epi Info software

version 22 Statistical test employed was chi-square and Fishers exact test x

Results and Conclusion

In our study it was found that the majority of the subjects (368) were in the age group

of 60-64 years 525 were illiterate 511 were unemployed and 49 belonged to class

IV socio economic status The study revealed that the some of the common morbidities

among the geriatric subjects were the disorders of the musculoskeletal system (714)

eye and adnexa (497) oral cavity (329) endocrine nutritional and metabolic

disorders (329)etc some disorders like cataract dental caries constipation and

increased frequency of micturition were more common among males whereas disease

like anemia and hypertension were more common among females A significant

association was found between some of the morbidities and socio demographic

determinants like age occupation and religion

Any degree of formal schooling was found to be associated with better health seeking

behavior Majority of the subjects (58) visited a Government health facility in case of

an illness and the main reason that was stated for not visiting a health facility was that

they suffered from mild discomfort (444) and did not consider it necessary to visit a

health facility

Key words Geriatric urban behaviour morbidity

xi

Introduction

INTRODUCTION

ldquoA STUDY ON THE MORBIDITY PATTERN AND HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOUR AMONG THE GERIATRIC POPULATION IN THE URBAN FIELD

PRACTICE AREA OF JJM MEDICAL COLLEGE DAVANGERErdquo

All countries of the world are experiencing population ageing Ageing is a result of

decreasing mortality and most importantly declining fertility The global share of older

people (aged 60 years and above) has increased from 92 per cent in 1990 to 117 in

2013 and will continue to grow as a proportion of the world population reaches 211 by

20501

The lsquoNational Policy for Older Personsrsquo was adopted by the Government of India in

January 1999 and it defines a lsquosenior citizenrsquo or lsquoelderlyrsquo as a person who is aged 60 years

or above Ageing is a progressive process associated with declines in structure and

function impaired maintenance and repair systems increased susceptibility to disease and

death2

In 2015 Worldwide there were 901 million people aged 60 years or over It is

projected that their number will grow to 14 billion in 2030 which is the target date for the

SDGs and to 21 billion by 2050 There will be growth in the number of older persons aged

60 years and above between 2015 and 2030 This increase is projected to be especially

significant global phenomenon and virtually every country in the world will experience a

substantial increase including the less developed regions3 The increased life expectancy has

led to challenges in health care management The elderly suffer from various diseases which

include non-communicable disease (NCDs) like diabetes hypertension coronary heart

disease and other disorders like osteoarthritis stroke dementia osteoporosis cancer

1

Introduction enlarged prostate depression and cataract related blindness In the coming years there will

be a phenomenal growth in the population of the elderly while the family size will reduce

The disintegration of the joint family and women moving out of the household has led to the

absence of traditional caregivers for the elderly who are already a vulnerable group4

The most common cause of health problems in the old aged people is chronic diseases

Most of these problems can be prevented or delayed by engaging in healthy behaviours

Even in the advanced years of life physical activity and good nutrition can have

effective benefits on health and well-being Many health problems of old age can be

effectively managed if they are detected early enough5 The National Policy for Older

Persons was announced by the Government of India in the year 1999 The Constitution of

India under Article 41 mandates the well-being of senior citizens ldquoThe state shall

within the limits of its economic capacity and development make effective provision

for securing the right to public assistance in case of old aged peoplerdquo 6

National Council for Older Persons (NCOP) has been reconstituted and renamed as

National Council for Senior Citizens (NCSrC) in order to have a definite structure and also

regional balancing the NCOP advises the Central and State Governments on a broad range

of issues related to welfare of senior citizens and enhancement of their quality of life The

NCSrc meets at least twice a year7 The elderly suffer from multiple medical as well as

psychological problems There has already been some pioneering work on the elderly in

India but a lot more remains to be done There is an urgent need to pay attention

towards the medical and socio-economic problems that are being faced by the elderly

people in India and thus formulate strategies to bring about an improvement in their

quality of life8 The Health seeking behaviour is influenced by various factors which

include the individual self diseases and the availability and accessibility of health

2

services It is important to have knowledge regarding the health seeking behaviour of

individuals for designing health care policies and programmes so that all the possible

difficulties with early diagnosis and effective treatment can be identified and appropriate

interventions can be implemented9 As already stated the elderly are a vulnerable group as

there are psychological as well as physiological changes with increasing age and it is

difficult to cope up with the problems of ageing Some of the most common problems in old

age are cardiovascular problems arthritis respiratory problems blood pressure and so on

Therefore the study of the health status of elderly morbid conditions perceptions about

it is important to note and the health care of the elderly becomes very important since they

are more prone to illness than young people and are also more prone to domestic and other

accidents Their health and treatment seeking behaviour are most important for the

formulation of welfare programmes of the country 10

Hence this study was taken up in the urban field practice area of JJM Medical College

Davangere to assess the morbidity pattern and health seeking behaviour of the geriatric

subjects

3

Objectives

OBJECTIVES




4

Review of literature

vii

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1 Definition Geriatrics or clinical gerontology Is the term used for the care of the aged 11 The United Nations uses 60 years and above to refer to older people the same is also used

by demographers However in many developed countries the age of 65 is used as the

reference point for older persons 12

Elderly are classified in to 3 groups 13

Young old Persons in the age group of 60 years to 74 years

Old old Persons in the age group of 75 years to 84 years

Oldest old Persons above the age of 85 yrs

2 Demography of the ageing population in India

The UN defines a country as ldquoAgeingrdquo or ldquoGreying Nationrdquo where the

proportion of people over 60 reaches 7 percent to total population By 2011 India has

exceeded that proportion (80 percent) and is expected to reach 126 percent in 2025

The Indian population has increased from 361 million in 1951 to 1027 billion in 2001

and further to 121 billion in 2011 Simultaneously the number of older people has

increased from 19 million (ie 4 percent of total population) to 77 million and

further to roughly 93 million (ie 75 percent of the total) during the same time

span 14

5


Figure1 proportion of elderly in the Indian population by age groups 1961-2001 14

Table 1 Percentage share of elderly population (aged 60 years and above) in total

population by sex in India 15

Years Male Female Total Rural Urban

1961 55 58 56 58 47

1971 59 60 60 62 50

1981 64 66 65 68 54

1991 67 68 68 71 57

2001 71 78 75 77 67

2011 77 84 80 81 79

2004-05 69 75 72 73 70

2007-08 73 77 75 76 72

6


The rise in population of males was more modest from 55 percent to 71 percent while for

females there had been a steep rise from 58 percent to 78 percent during five decadal

Censuses from 1961 to 2001 In 2011 the elderly population accounted for 80 percent of

total population For males it was marginally lower at 77 percent while for females it was

84 percent According to NSSO surveys the proportion of elderly population in rural areas

was 73 percent during 2004-05 and increased up to 76 percent in 2007-08 While on the

other hand in urban areas the proportion of elderly population rose from 70 percent to 72

percent during the corresponding period It has been observed that the percentage share of

elderly to total population remained higher in rural areas than in urban areas15

Table2 Size of elderly population (aged 60+) and their share in total population in major states of India in 201115

All India and selected major states

Proportion of elderly in total population of State

Male Female Total Andhra Pradesh 83 94 88 Bihar 72 67 70 Gujarat 76 90 83 Haryana 66 76 71 Himachal Pradesh 104 103 104 Karnataka 79 89 84 Kerala 118 133 126 Madhya Pradesh 68 74 71 Maharashtra 88 97 93 Orissa 91 95 93 Punjab 91 100 95 Rajasthan 66 79 72 Tamil Nadu 102 109 105 Uttar Pradesh 66 71 68 West Bengal 82 82 82 All India 77 84 80

7


3 MORBIDITY PATTERN AMONG THE ELDERLY

Physiological Decline and Consequences of increasing age

Ageing i s a process of decline in biological functions affecting most physical

Systems The following systems are affected by ageing

(a) Atrophy of the Taste Buds and Loss of Teeth

With the increasing age the taste buds of the tongue get atrophied and as a result the

preference for food alters significantly There is also a considerable loss of teeth causing

difficulties in chewing food

(b) Changes in the Gastrointestinal Tract

As the age advances the walls of the intestine get atrophied and the motility is

markedly reduced (lazy intestine) The digestive enzymes secreted by the intestine are

also reduced Hence the partly digested food stays in the intestine for a longer period

As a result the common complaint of the elderly person is gas formation (flatulence)

and constipation

(c) Respiratory System

As the age advance there is progressive fibrosis of the lungs leading to reduced

oxygenation of the lungs and breathing difficulties

(d) Kidney and genitourinary System

The kidneys get smaller in size and the power of the kidneys to filter out the unwanted

waste products from the body is diminished The total amount of urine becomes less in

old age and thus the waste products are not adequately excreted from the body

8


(e) Urinary Bladder

Urinary bladder gets smaller in size due to shrinkage and as a result the accumulation

of urine even of a small amount leads to an urge for urination With increase in age

the valve in the bladder which controls the exit of urine from the bladder to urethra

gets atrophied and weak Involuntary leakage of urine occurs in case the bladder is full

or due to increase of pressure on bladder on sneezing or even on laughing a condition

known as urinary incontinence Incontinence is a common complaint of elder females

(f) Heart and Circulatory System

The blood vessels get rigid and quite often the vessel walls become rough with the

deposition of solid matters consisting mostly of cholesterol The heart muscles get weaker

and power to send blood throughout the body through the circulatory system gets less and

less powerful The most dangerous effect on heart is coronary heart disease especially

coronary thrombosis

(g) Muscular system

The muscles in the body get gradually atrophied with ageing and especially those

small muscles which are necessary for quick reflex action The elderly person can quite

be capable of working like a normal person and can undertake activities which require

big muscles of legs and arms But when it comes to quick movement which needs small

muscles for quick reflex movements these functions are impaired causing accidents

like slipping on wet floor of the bathroom

(h) Brain

With ageing the size of the brain gets smaller and the weight also becomes less This

however does not interfere with the function of the brain However in general the brain

cells and its fibers which carry impulses from brain to the system and upwards get

9


degenerated The most glaring manifestation of ageing affecting the brain is

forgetfulness and in simple terms it is inability of brain to recall the past experience

However this is common in all elderly persons

(i ) Bones

The bones become porous and fragile as age advances especially in elderly females This

condition is known as osteoporosis and leads to sustaining of fractures even after a minor

fall16

Figure 2 pathophysiology of health issues in geriatrics17

The common disease that the geriatric population suffers from are type 2 diabetes

coronary heart disease hypertension stroke chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

10


Alzheimerrsquos disease osteoarthritis osteoporosis prostatic hypertrophy cataracts macular

degeneration cancer etc and at the same time they are vulnerable to infections involving

respiratory (including TB) urinary and digestive tract17

In India the elderly people suffer from dual medical problems ie communicable and

nonndash communicable diseases There is also impairment of special sensory functions like

vision and hearing A decline in immunity and age-related physiological changes leads to

an increased burden of communicable diseases in the elderly A report by Indian Council

of Medical Research (ICMR) on the chronic morbidity profile in the elderly states that

hearing impairment is the most common morbidity followed by visual impairment

However different studies show varied results in the morbidity pattern18

Major chronic conditions affecting older people worldwide 19

Cardiovascular diseases (such as coronary heart disease) Diabetes Mellitus

Hypertension Stroke Cancer

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Musculoskeletal conditions (such as arthritis and osteoporosis)

Mental health conditions (mostly dementia and depression)

Blindness and visual impairment

11


Health seeking behaviour

1 Definition

There is no common definition agreed upon by sociologists in any sociology literature

Different definitions may be used in different studies despite referring to the same activity

Sociology and literature assume that health seeking behaviour is influenced by the various

factors which include individual self or the individual diseases present and also the

availability and accessibility of health services Being dependent on these determinants and

their interactions it can be said that health care seeking behaviour is a very complex

outcome of various factors which operate at individual family and community level20

Health Seeking Behavior (HSB) refers to decision or an action taken by an individual to

maintain attain or regain good health and to prevent illness The decisions which are

made encompasses all available health care options like visiting a public or private and

modern or traditional health facility self-medication and use of home remedies or not to

utilize the available health services etc

Determining the health care seeking behavior is very important to provide a need

based health care services to the population Visiting official channels in a formally

recognized health care system has been considered as the desired Health seeking behaviour

Health seeking behavior is influenced by multiple factors including availability quality and

price of services and also social groups health views residences and personal features of the

users Peoplersquos choice of health care differs in socio demographic socio-economic and

cultural compositions and this has an effect on their health seeking behavior Urban dwellers

are generally believed to be open to new ideas and willing to try certain things on a trial and

error basis21

12


Health seeking behaviours two approaches

(a) Health seeking behaviours utilization of the system

This approach focuses on the actions which are taken to rectify perceived ill health and

the type of health care facility which is utilized by the people There is data which

suggests that the people visit more traditional healers and unofficial medical channels

this should be prevented and the emphasis s h o u l d b e on encouraging people to opt

first for the official channels

(b) Health seeking behaviours the process of illness response

This approach considers the factors which enable or prevent people from making

healthy choices either i n their lifestyle behaviours or use of medical care and

treatment22

Figure 3 Predicting health behaviour with social cognition models 22

13


2 Health belief Model of health seeking behaviour

Since lsquoHealth seekingrsquo is a conditioned behaviour any attempt which is made to

encourage people to seek health care definitely requires an understanding of their

motivation for such behaviour Only through a deeper understanding of the intricate

factors shaping behavioural practices can health promotion programmes and or

interventions successfully be introduced into the realities of the peoplersquos lives to bring

about changes in health behaviour

Behaviour change theories and models such as the Health Belief Model (HBM)

Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the

Trans theoretical model have been widely applied in public health in an attempt to

explain or predict health seeking behaviours Their use enables identification and

understanding of peoplersquos health-seeking behaviour beyond their knowledge attitudes

and practices

HBM is a health specific behavioural cognitive model This model is based on the

idea that people are more likely to change their behaviour and adhere to treatments

if they have the following perceptions (i) have a perception that they are at risk of

contracting the disease (perceived susceptibility) (ii) perception that the disease

might have an unfavorable outcome (perceived severity) (iii) perceive that the

proposed health behaviour to be both effective and practical (perceived benefits)

(iv) perceive the barriers to adopting the behaviour to be minimal (perceived

barriers)(v) perceive themselves to have the ability of applying and practicing the

specific behaviour proposed (perceived self-efficacy) and (vi) they have the cues

for motivating their actions such as internal cues (pain symptoms past experiences)

or external cues (advice from friends relatives and mass media campaigns) (cues to

14


action) The specificity of the HBM to health has made it suitable for use in

understanding and explaining the behaviour as well as health outcomes and this may also

explain its wider use in public health2 3

Figure 4 Health belief model components and linkages 23

3 Factors influencing health seeking behaviour

The factors affecting the health seeking behaviours are seen in various contexts which

include physical socio-economic cultural and political factors Therefore the utilization of

a health care system whether public or private formal or non- formal may depend on socio-

demographic factors social structures level of education cultural beliefs and practices and

some other factors like gender discrimination status of women economic and political

systems environmental conditions and the disease pattern and health care system itself also

have an impact on the health seeking behaviour24

15


REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

A study done by Sanjay Polisetty and Madhavi Seepana (2017) on the morbidity profile

of elderly individuals in urban Visakhapatnam revealed that of the 270 study participants

about 996 suffered from either some form of acute or chronic morbidity More than 70

of individuals suffered from eye problems of which most common problem was cataract

seen in 60 About 304 had difficulties in chewing and 256 had difficulty in hearing

Hypertension was present in 49 of individuals and 742 of Diabetics were also found to

be hypertensive25

A study done by Swapnil Jain et al (2016) on Morbidity pattern among geriatric

population in urban field practice area of a district in Maharashtra revealed 653 suffered

from hearing impairment 62 were anemic 462 had hypertension 423 had joint

pain 41 had dental problems 38 7 had cataract and 318 had chronic bronchitis It

was seen that 81 of the subjects had multiple morbidities 26

A study done by Rajat Das Gupta et al (2016) in an urban area of Bangladesh on Morbidity

pattern and health-seeking behavior among the senior citizens revealed that of the 384 study

participants 968 were suffering from at least one medical problem The commonest was

musculoskeletal problems in 8411 followed by eye problems in 8125 It was found that

all the respondents sought treatment for their health problems 33 respondents went to

Government hospitals to seek medical help 6927 respondents took prescribed

medications and 567 were satisfied with their treatment 27

16


A study done by Md Alam Naushad et al (2016) on Morbidity pattern and health

seeking behavior in elderly population of Raipur City Chhattisgarh revealed that the

prevalence of morbidity among elderly was 9531 Out of total morbid population some

chronic illness was present in 7049 Gastro intestinal system was involved in 8262

followed by eye in 7983 and Cardiovascular system in 5245 It was found that 3552

of the subjects sought treatment from private registered practitioners 28

A study done by Sribas Goswami and Manjari Sahai (2016) in Raipur city on Morbidity

Pattern in elderly Population revealed that out of total study population of 640 elderly

subjects 610 (9531) suffered from some morbidity Prevalence among females was

9892 whereas among males it was 9026 Out of various agencies 3552 subjects

were utilizing private facility followed by 2785 who were utilizing Government agency

2631 visited quacks and 1030 were taking treatment from other source 29

A study done by Harsh Bardhan et al (2016) on the Morbidity profile of elderly population

in Ghaziabad district revealed that in geriatric population 5008 suffered from

musculoskeletal problems 5877 had dental problems and impairment of vision was seen

in 5561 The overall prevalence of diabetes and heart disease were 10 and 122

respectively 236 subjects reported the problem of loneliness and depression

forgetfulness was also reported by 3296 As far as treatment seeking behavior is

concerned approach of elderly is quite different for different morbidities The main source

of treatment for morbidities such as hypertension respiratory urinary GIT-related and

musculoskeletal problems was quacks 30

17


A study done by Mohammad Maharoof et al (2016) on the health problems among

the aged in Urban Aligarh UP revealed that of the 225 study subjects 782 had cataract

followed by depression in 356 refractive error in 276 loco-motor problem in 213

and hearing loss in 138 The prevalence of hearing loss was significantly related to gender

as it was higher among females with 181 compared to males in whom it was 6931

A study done by Gowri Shankar and Bhayalaxmi Sidenur (2016) on morbidity of

elderly residing in an urban area of Bagalkot revealed that the most common morbidity was

Cataract seen in 2875 followed by musculoskeletal problems in 2813 and 2313

were known hypertensive Both diabetes mellitus and hypertension was observed in 10 of

the study subjects32

A study done by Leena Rahul Salunkhe (2015) on socio-demographic profile of old

age people living in urban amp urban slum areas in Maharashtra Karad revealed that 504

and 42 elderly suffered from arthritis in an urban area and a slum respectively Number of

diabetics were higher in urban (14) than urban slum (35) 301 of subjects from urban

area suffered from hypertension compared to 161 from urban slums Upper Respiratory

Infections was more in slum dwellers (196) than people residing in urban area (7) Acid

peptic diseases were found in 168 study subjects in urban area and 154 in slum area 33

In a study done by Warbhe Priyanka A and Warbhe Rupesh (2015) on morbidity

profile health seeking behaviour and home environment survey of the elderly in an urban

slum community it was found that 941 had 1-3 morbidities 41 had 4-6 morbidities

373 gave a history of fall and 314 had history of fracture 136 subjects had been

18


operated for cataract 168 had undergone a procedure for fracture and10 had undergone

a dental procedure 542 went to Urban health center (UHC) and Government hospitals for

treatment and 786 received both allopathic and Ayurvedic treatment34

A study done by Man Mohan Gupta et al (2015) on Assessment of Clinico-

socioeconomic status and health-care support among the elderly people aged older than 60

years in urban population of Bhopal revealed that 353 subjects received treatment for

their morbidities from the Government hospitals whereas 267 from private

clinichospital About 653 study subjects presented with complaints and morbidity The

common morbidities which were found in the subjects were fatigue (487) backache

(353) Obesity (393) and hypertension (247)35

In a study done by Shilpa Shaukaiah et al (2015) on prevalence of morbidity pattern

among geriatric age group in an urban slum of Mumbai it was found that body ache was the

most commonly reported symptom by 290 followed by visual problems in 2318 joint

pain in 2181 indigestion in 2045 and backache in 2045 subjects36

A study done by Shubha Davalagi B et al (2015) on morbidity psycho-social profile and

health seeking behavior of the elderly population in urban slums of Davangere City revealed

that the most common morbidity which was present in the study subjects was

musculoskeletal problems in 46 psychosocial problems were present in 31 and

respiratory problems in 23 Majority of the elderly (56) utilized government

institutions for treatment of chronic disease and 47 for treatment of acute disease The

elderly population had financial constraints and lack of accessibility in seeking health care37

19


A study done by Vandana Nikumb et al ( 2015) on morbidity Profile among Geriatric

Population in an Urban Area of Navi Mumbai revealed that 9312 elderly were morbid and

with increasing age the number of morbidities was found to be increasing In this study it

was found that the most common morbidity was psychosocial problems which include

stress which was present in 594 subjects followed by musculoskeletal problems in

556 and eye problems like diminished vision mostly due to cataract in 463

Hypertension dental problems respiratory problems ENT problems (hearing impairment)

and endocrine disorders like diabetes accounted for 281 219 119 106 and10

respectively38

A study done by Vishnoi BR et al (2015) on Morbidity Profile of Elderly in Urban

Slum of Udaipur Rajasthan revealed that 61 of the study subjects had impaired vision

followed by 25 who had hypertension 1533 suffered from insomnia 1467 had

anemia and 14 suffered from gastrointestinal problems The condition of females was

worse compared to males39

In a study done by L Subedhi and RB Sah (2015) on the health status of geriatric age

group in Chitwan district of Nepal it was found that of the 300 study subjects 44 had

Ophthalmic problems 43 had GIT problems 33 had CVS problems 23 had ENT

problems 1567 had metabolic disorders and 533 had mental disorders The study

highlighted a high prevalence of morbidity and health related problems in the geriatric age

group40

20


A study done by Sofia Noor et al (2015) on health status of geriatric population in slums

of Rourkela revealed that the morbidities among the elderly that were found to be significant

were hypertension decreased visual acuity urinary problems and insomnia Apart from

systemic morbidities 91 of the elderly also complained of fragility which includes

complex physiological deterioration and unexplained weight loss41

In a study conducted by VM Sarode (2014) on Chronic Diseases Related to Ageing and

Disease Prevention in Slums in Mumbai it was found that there were highly significant

disorders among aged women related to Skin lesion and super infection Untreated bacterial

pharyngitis acute rheumatic fever while disorders among aged men were related to

hypertension Illicit drug use diabetes and asthma It was found that 49 of elderly males

and 45 of elderly females had not sought any treatment for their illness Of the people who

had sought treatment 93 elderly males and 92 of elderly females had taken treatment

from Government hospital42

A study conducted by Sanjeev Kumar Barman et al (2014) on morbidity profile of

geriatric population in an urban slum of Kishnganj Bihar revealed that the prevalence of

anemia cataract and hypertension were quite high 6375 6125 and 5063

respectively Loss of income amp occupation along with a feeling of neglect from the family

members were the common problems among the elderly It was also found that morbidities

like arthritis loss of teeth amp dental caries along with depression had a significant association

with sex age amp educational status of the study subjects43

21


A study done by Khadervali Nagoor et al (2014) on the health status of elderly

population in an urban area of Kadapa revealed that out of the 200 elderly persons studied

Visual problem due to cataract and refractive errors were present in 72 of the study

subjects followed by pain in joints in 595 gastrointestinal problems in 46 and dental

problems in 44 Other morbidities were hypertension in 42 genitourinary problems in

25 dermatological problems in 235 and psychological problems in 1644

A study done by Kakkar R et al (2013) on morbidity profile among geriatric population

in District Dehradun revealed that the working geriatric group was healthy as compared to

those who were retired Hypertension was the commonest morbidity among all age groups

In the age group of 60-70 years the following morbidities were seen hypertension (306)

followed by diabetes (153) arthritis (14) CVS morbidities (14) cataract (96) and

BPH (83) Among 71-80 years age group Hypertension (287) followed by arthritis

(167) cataract (157) Diabetes (111) BPH (111) and CVS morbidities (93)45

In a study done by Bhawalkar JS et al (2013) on morbidity profile among geriatric

population in an urban area of Pune it was found that Musculoskeletal disorder was the

most common (4331) followed by eye problems (3722) and hypertension (137)It

was seen that 43 elderly population had some health problem but only 8 visited the

health facilities Among them 6 visited private practitioners and only 18 went to

municipal hospitals It was found that only 2322 elderly were taking any medications and

the most commonly used drug was anti-inflammatory drugs 2323 followed by

antihypertensive drugs 136746

22


A study conducted by Deepak Sharma et al (2013) on morbidity pattern and health-

seeking behavior of aged population residing in Shimla revealed that the following

morbidities were present in the study subjects hypertension was the commonest (56)

followed by Musculoskeletal problems (535) Dental problems (27) cataract (23)

anemia (15) and acid peptic disease (175) 658 of the subjects were seeking

treatment for their health problems Majority of the older people preferred allopathic

medicine (812) followed by Ayurvedic medicines (113) and homeopathic medicine

(73) for their health problems Most of the older persons preferred going to a

CHCGovernment hospital for treatment for their illness There was considerable use of

over-the-counter drug by125 of the people 47

A study done by JP Singh et al (2013) on Geriatric morbidity profile in an urban slum of

Nagpur central India revealed that the most common morbidity identified in the study

population was anemia (9650) followed by hypertension (345) arthritis (3225)

cataract (21) and diabetes (1775) More than 2 morbidities were present in 325 of

the study subjects followed by four morbidities in 3125 and two morbidities in 23548

A study conducted by RP Thakur et al (2013) on the health problems of the elderly in

central India revealed that among the elderly residing in the urban areas 384 of the urban

elderly had both dental problems and arthritis followed by anemia in 348 hypertension in

266 cataract in 252 and diabetes mellitus in 157 The prevalence of self-reported

depression was 672 among the urban female elderly when compared to 397 among the

urban females49

23


A study done by Mrinal Ranjan Srivastav et al (2013) on Morbidity Status and its

Social determinants among elderly population of Lucknow revealed that the most common

morbidity among the urban population was eye problems which affected 516 males and

67 females followed by CVS problems in 363 males and 395 females and GIT

problems in 315males and 382 females50

A study done by Shraddha K et al (2012) on morbidity pattern among elderly in urban

population of Mysore revealed that out of the 526 study subjects 486 suffered from the

disease of the eye and adnexa followed by 384 who suffered from endocrine and

metabolic disorders 331 suffered from the disease of the circulatory system 323 had

disease of the oral cavity and salivary glands and 302 had disease of the musculoskeletal

system 51

A study done by Vimala Thomas et al (2012) on morbidity profile and health seeking

behaviour of the elderly in urban slums of Hyderabad revealed that hypertension was the

most common morbidity in 469 followed by Arthritis in 302 Diabetes in 265

respiratory problems in 243 and Cataract in 21 For out-patient treatment 472 visited

private sectors 303 Government facility 25 RMP and 06 AYUSH clinics For in-

patient treatment 198 visited private institutions 16 visited Government institutions

while 642 did not visit either52

24


A study done by Soe Moe et al (2012) on health seeking behaviour of elderly in

Myanmar revealed that 35 of the male elderly perceived that they were having good

health status whereas 229 of them perceived having a poor health status 343 of female

elderly perceived that they were having good health status while 24 of them perceived

having a poor health About 49 of the elderly went to rural health center for treatment

followed by 33 who went to private practitioners 15 visited hospitals and 3 went to

more than one place for treatment53

A study done by Dharamvir Ranjan Bharati et al (2011) in Puducherry revealed that in

the urban areas about 707 of the study subjects had anemia followed by 537 who had

visual impairment and hypertension and 532 suffered from diabetes mellitus It was seen

that On univariate analysis the risk of diabetes mellitus was significantly higher among

elderly from urban areas than that among elderly from rural areas and significantly lower

risk in elderly from below poverty line than in those belonging to normal (not below poverty

line)54

A study done by Rajashree Bhat et al (2011) on the morbidity pattern among the elderly

population in Ahmedabad revealed that most common morbidity of elderly was the

problems of loco-motor system (486) followed by vision (427) and hypertension

(344) In this study only 37 of elderly had psychosocial problems55

A study done by Krishnamachari Srinivasan et al (2010) in an urban area of Bangalore

revealed that 494 subjects had hypertension 323 had diabetes 281 had arthritis

279 suffered from Genitourinary and cardiovascular disease It was observed that about

25


49 of the respondents made less than three physician visits and 13 were hospitalized for

health related problems during the past one year 56

A study done by Kajal Srivastava et al (2010) on the morbidity pattern of the elderly in

urban Agra revealed that 9529 of the elderly were morbid in the slum areas The most

common morbidity which was seen among the elderly people residing in urban slums was

anemia which was seen in 3843 followed by cataract in 298 arthritis in 2431 and

hearing impairments in 2157The system wise distribution of the morbidity pattern

showed the most common systemic involvement was visual disorders 5216 followed by

musculoskeletal system 4784 and the gastrointestinal system 4314 The number of

morbidities was found to be increasing with age and this association with age was

statistically significant57

A study done by Abdullah Ladha et al (2009) on the health seeking behaviour of elderly

population in a poor-urban community of Karachi Pakistan revealed that 164 of the

elderly people were Diabetic and 301 had Hypertension The Common symptoms that

prompted elderly of to seek health care were fever (612) generalized body aches (434)

and cough (404) About 614 responders reported factors which deterred them from

seeking health care out of which 62 reported financial constraint as the commonest factor

Deterrence from seeking health care was associated with illiteracy and living alone58

26

Methodology METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted in the urban field practice area of JJM Medical college

Davangere The city of Davangere is situated in the central part of Karnataka state

265 km north of the state capital Bengaluru along the national highway number 4

Figure 5 Maps showing the location of Davangere district and the area where the

UHTC is located

27

Methodology

Figure 6 Map showing the Urban field practice area of JJM medical college

28

Methodology

Table 3 List of areas covered under the UHTC of JJM Medical

College Davangere

Areas covered Total population Bethur road 1374 Hedge nagar 1213 Mehboob nagar 3042 Mustafa nagar A 2093 B D layout A 1084 Mustafa nagar B 1127 Mahavir nagar 930 Muddabovi colony 1094 Maganhalli 1221 Tippu nagar 968 B D layout B 1717 Batti layout 1080

STUDY AREA The study was conducted in the urban field practice area of JJM

Medical College Davangere which consists of 12 areas with a total population of

16943

STUDY DESIGN Cross sectional study

STUDY POPULATION Persons aged 60 years and above

Total Population Covered 16943

29

Methodology

INCLUSION CRITERIA subjects aged 60 years and above living in the study area

for more than one year duration

EXCLUSION CRITERIA Subjects who we r e no t w i l l i ng t o pa r t i c ipa t e i n

t he s t udy

STUDY PERIOD 1 year from 1st December 2015 to 30th November 2016

SAMPLE SIZE As quoted by Manmohan Gupta et al 35 in the studies done in various

parts of India the prevalence of morbidity in the geriatric population ranges from 31-80

Considering the prevalence of morbidity to be about 50 in the geriatric population at 95

confidence level and allowable error of 10 and a non -response rate of 10 sample size

was calculated to be 440 using the formula

n=4pq L2

n= sample size

4= factor to achieve 95 level of confidence

p= prevalence of morbidities ie 50

q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50

L= permissible error in the estimate of ldquoprdquo (10 of p)

n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5

After calculating a non-response rate of 10 a sample size of 440 was calculated

30

Methodology

A community based cross sectional study was conducted in the urban field practice

area of JJM Medical College Davangere The Urban field practice area has a total

population of 16943 and there are 12 areas in urban field practice area of JJM Medical

College Davangere

The Study was conducted by probability proportionate sampling The sample size for each

area was derived from the formula

1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890

Example 1st area has a population of 1374 so

1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36

Therefore 36 elderly subjects were selected by house to house visit from 1st area Same

procedure was applied for other areas until the desired sample size of 440 was reached

MATERIALS USED FOR DATA COLLECTION

The following tools were used for data collection

Semi-structured predesigned and pre-tested questionnaire

Portable bathroom weighing machine

Stretch- resistant measuring tape

Mercury Sphygmomanometer

Others - stethoscope torch tuning fork knee hammer

ICD-10 for system wise classification of disease59

31

Methodology METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA After establishing rapport with the family

and explaining the data collection procedure in the local language an informed verbal

consent was obtained from each individual and data was collected using a

Predesigned semi structured questionnaire by Interview method The questionnaire

comprised of the following information socio-demographic data of the study subjects

information regarding the morbidity pattern and health seeking behaviour If there were

more than one elderly subjects in the same household then all were included

The study subjects were asked about any ho illness (communicable or non-

communicable) which they were suffering from Upon a positive response the subjects were

further asked to specify the type(s) and duration of morbidities that they were suffering

from eg heart disease diabetes gastrointestinal diseases respiratory disease etc Some

were unable to understand or answer questions due to illness In such cases help was sought

from the family members Based on the self-reported symptoms information from

hospital records and clinical examination the prevalence of different morbidities among the

study subjects was assessed The Information about the health seeking behaviour was

sought by asking the study subjects about their visits to a health facility in case of an illness

and also the type of health facility visited ( Government private or quacks )

DATA ENTRY AND ANALYSIS Data was entered and analyzed using MS Excel and

Open Epi Info version 2260 Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used Subjectrsquos

baseline characteristics were presented as frequencies and percentages Categorical

variables between the groups were compared using Chi square test and Fisherrsquos exact

test Fisherrsquos exact test was used when more than 20 cells had expected value lt 5 and any

one of the cells had expected value lt 1 All statistical analysis was carried out at 5 level

of significance and p value lt005 was considered as significant

32

Methodology ETHICAL CLEARANCE

Ethical clearance was obtained before conducting the study from the Ethical Committee of

JJM Medical college Davangere [ANNEXURE III] During the study verbal

informed consent was taken from the study subjects Assurance was given that the

confidentiality concerning their information will be maintained

Clinical Examination included

(a) General physical examination

(b) Anthropometric measurements like height and weight

(c) Systemic examination

(d) Measurement of Blood pressure

(e) Eye examination by torch and Snellenrsquos (E chart)61

(f) Hearing assessment by Rinnersquos test Webberlsquos and Absolute bone conduction

test using tuning fork 62

Parameters used in our study

Height Height was measured with a standard non-stretchable measuring tape to the

nearest 01 cm in standing position (without footwear standing upright with the

back against the wall heels together and eyes directed forward)

33

Methodology Weight Weight was measured with minimal clothing and respecting the modesty of the

individual without footwear using a calibrated standard bathroom weighing scale to the

nearest 05 kg

Body Mass Index (BMI) Using weight (in Kg) and height (in meter2) BMI was calculated by applying the formula

Body Mass Index= Weight (kg) Height (m2)

The BMI cut off values for Asians as recommended by the WHO was used in our study

Table 4 WHO Categorization of Body Mass index (BMI) for Asians 63

Measurement of Blood pressure Procedure Blood pressure was measured in the left arm in a sitting posture with the subject in a

relaxed state Standardized mercury sphygmomanometer with adult size cuff was used

The first appearance of (phase 1 of Korotkoff sounds) sound was used to define

Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) The disappearance of sound (phase 5) was used to

define Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) Two readings were taken five minutes apart and

the average of the two readings was taken as the final blood pressure reading A person

was considered to be a hypertensive if he she was already diagnosed case of

hypertension and or on treatment or with a current SBP of ge 140 mm Hg or DBP ge 90 mm

Hg (JNC VII criteria)64

BODY MASS INDEX INFERENCE

lt 185 underweight

185 to 229 kg m2 Normal

23 to 249 kg m2 Overweight

ge 25 kg m2 Obese

34

Methodology

Table 5 JNC VII Classification of Blood pressure 65

BP Classification Systolic Blood Pressure Diastolic Blood Pressure

Normal lt120 lt 80

Pre Hypertension 120 ndash 139 or 80 ndash 89 Stage 1 Hypertension 140 ndash 159 or 90 ndash 99 Stage 2 Hypertension ge 160 or ge 100

Anaemia was detected by pallor of conjunctiva tongue and nails and was confirmed by

doing haemoglobin estimation using sahlirsquos hemogobinometer66

The cut off for the diagnosis of anaemia was done based on WHO classification67

Diabetes - self reported cases of diabetes were considered as diabetics for the study

STUDY VARIABLES

1 AGE - subjects aged 60 years and above were taken up for the study Age was

recorded to the nearest complete years as stated by the respondent

2 GENDER Both males and females were taken up for the study

3 EDUCATIONAL STATUS 68

i Illiterate -A person who could not read or write

ii Primary School - studied up to 4th standard

iii Higher primary- studied between 5th and 7th standard

iv Secondary school -studied between 8th and 10th standard v Intermediate- studied between 11th or 12 th standard or diploma

vi Graduate - obtained graduate degree

vii Post Graduate- obtained post graduate degree

35

Methodology

4 OCCUPATION STATUS69

i Unskilled worker

Labourer domestic servants casual worker peon sweeper porter washer-man others

(vegetable vendor)

ii Semi-skilled worker

Factory worker agriculture laborers shoemaker potters others (security guard shop

helper canteen helper

iii Skilled

Artisan clerk foreman supervisor carpenter tailor mechanic electrician railway guard

painter modeler smiths baker driver shop assistant petty trader constable soldier

linesman pointsman potter barber others (tinkering printer receptionist salesman

welder cook mason postman plumber agarbatti worker)

iv semi-professional

Teacher pharmacist social worker owner of a small business farmer others (computer

programmer Govt employee nurse)

V Professional

Doctor engineer principal lawyer Military officer senior executive business

proprietor writer scientist large employer director university professor police

officer others (horse rider)

(vi) Unemployed Presently not working retired homemakers

36

Methodology 5 SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS

Table 6 Socio-economic status (SES)- As per modified BG Prasad Classification70

5 TYPE OF FAMILY 71

Joint Family ndash It is type of family grouping in which a number of married couples and

their children live together in the same household All the men are related by blood

and women of household are their wives unmarried girls and widows of family kinsmen

Nuclear Family - It consist of married couple and their children while they are still

regarded as dependents

Three generation family - It is a family where representatives of three generation are

living together Young married couples continue to stay with their parents and have

their own children as well

Socio-economic

status

Prasadrsquos classification

1961(Per capita income in

Rupees per month)

Modified BG Prasad classification-

updated for May 2016 ((per

capita income in Rupees per

month)

I 100 and above 6261 and above

II 50-99 3099-6260

III 30-49 1835-3098

IV 15-29 949-1834

V Below 15 lt948

37

SAMPLE SIZE ESTIMATION






n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5


A community based cross sectional study was conducted in the urban field practice area of

JJM Medical College Davangere The Urban field practice area has a total population of

16943 and there are 12 areas in urban field practice area of JJM Medical College

Davangere

The Study was conducted by probability proportionate sampling The sample size for each area

was derived from the formula

1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36



Results

RESULTS

The results are presented under the following headings

I Socio-demographic characteristics of study subjects

II Prevalence of morbidities among the study subjects

III Details of health seeking behavior of the study subjects

38

Results

ISocio-demographic characteristics of the study subjects

Table 7 Age and sex wise distribution of the study subjects

Figure 7 Age and sex wise distribution of the study subjects

In the present study Out of 440 study subjects majority 162(368) were in the age group

of 60-64 Years followed by 109 (247) in the age group of 65-69 Years 99 (225) were

in the age group of 70-74 Years and 35 (8) were more than or equal to 80 years of age

Majority of the subjects were males 260 (59) and 180 (41) were females The mean age

of the study population was 6745 plusmn 655 Years

354 254 262

88 42

389

239 172

67 133

0102030405060708090

100

60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 ge80

Perc

enta

ge

Age in years

Males

Females

Age group (in years)

Males Females Total

Percentage () Frequency

(n=260) Percentage ()

Frequency (n=180)

Percentage ()

60-64 92 354 70 389 162 368

65-69 66 254 43 239 109 247

70-74 68 262 31 172 99 225

75-79 23 88 12 67 35 80

ge80 11 42 24 133 35 80

Total 260 100 180 100 440 100

39

Results

Table 8 Distribution of the study subjects based on religion

Religion Frequency (n=440) Percentage ()

Hindu 188 427

Muslim 252 573

Total 440 100

Figure 8 Distribution of the study subjects based on religion

In the present study it was found that the majority of the study subject belonged to Muslim

religion 252 (573) followed by Hindus 188 (427)

0102030405060708090

100

Hindu Muslim

427

573

Perc

enta

ge

Religion of the study subjects

40

Results

Table 9 Distribution of the study subjects based on Educational status

Education Frequency (n=440) Percentage ()

Illiterate 231 525

Primary school 121 275

Higher primary 38 86

Secondary School 30 68

Intermediate 6 14

Graduate 14 32

Total 440 100

Figure 9 Distribution of the study subjects based on Educational status

In the present study it was found that the Majority of the study subjects were illiterate

231(525) 121(275) had completed education up to primary school 30(68) had

completed education up to secondary school and only 14(32) were graduates

525

275

86 68

14 32

0102030405060708090

100

Perc

enta

ge

Educational status of study subjects

41

Results Table 10 Distribution of the study subjects based on occupation

Occupation Frequency (n=440) Percentage ()

Semi-professional 2 05

Skilled worker 45 102

Semi-skilled worker 68 155

Unskilled worker 100 227

Unemployed 225 511

Total 440 100

Figure 10 Distribution of study subjects based on their occupation

In our study it was found that the majority of the study subjects 225 (511) were

unemployed followed by 100 (227) who were unskilled workers 68 (155) were semi-

skilled workers and 45 (102) were skilled workers

0102030405060708090

100

05 102 155 227

511

Perc

enta

ge

Occupation of the study subjects

42

Results Table 11 Distribution of the study subjects based on socio-economic status (Modified

BG Prasad classification 2016)

Figure 11 Distribution of the study subjects based on their socio-economic status

In our study majority of the subjects 215 (49) belonged to Class IV Socioeconomic status

followed by 115 (26) who belonged to class III and 56 (13) who belonged to class II

SES (according to Modified BG Prasad Classification 2016)

Class II 13

Class III 26

Class IV 49

Class V 12

Socio-economic status Frequency (n=440) Percentage ()

Class I 0 0

Class II 56 13

Class III 115 26

Class IV 215 49

Class V 54 12

Total 440 100

43

Results

Table 12 Distribution of the study subjects based on their marital status

Marital status Frequency (n=440) Percentage ()

Unmarried 2 05

Married 323 734

Widowwidower 115 261

Total 440 100

Figure 12 Distribution of the study subjects based on their marital status

In our study it was found that majority of the study subjects 323(734) were married

followed by 115(261) who were widowed and only 2 (05) were unmarried

0102030405060708090

100

Unmarried married Widowwidower

05

734

261 Perc

enta

ge

44

Results

Table 13 Distribution of the study subjects based on the type of family

Type of family Frequency (n=440) Percentage ()

Nuclear family 163 37

Joint family 93 21

Three generation family 184 42

Total 440 100

Figure 13 Distribution of the study subjects based on the type of family

In the present study it was found that majority of the study subjects 184 (42) lived in a

three generation family followed by 163 (37) who lived in a nuclear family and 93(21)

who lived in a Joint family

Nuclear family 37

Joint family 21

Three generation

family 42

45

Results


Figure 14 Distribution of the study subjects based on the BMI

In the present study it was found that out of 440 study subjects 198 (45) had a normal

BMI followed by 132 (30) who were overweight 66 (15) were obese and only 44

(10) were underweight

under weight 10

Normal 45

Overweight 30

Obese 15

46

Results

Table 14 Distribution of morbidity pattern of the study subjects based on ICD 10

classification of diseases

System involved ICD 10

Males (n=260)

Females (n=180)

Total (n=440)

No No No

Diseases of musculoskeletal system (M00 ndash M99)

184 707 130 722 314 714

Diseases of the eye and adnexa (H00 ndash H59)

139 534 80 444 219 497

Diseases of oral cavityamp salivary glands (K00 ndash K14)

90 346 64 355 154 35

Endocrine nutritional amp metabolic diseases (E00 ndash

E90)

70 269 75 417 145 329

Diseases of circulatory system (I00 ndash I99)

64 246 73 405 137 311

Diseases of respiratory system(J00 ndash J99)

64 246 37 206 101 23

Diseases of digestive system (K00 ndash K93)

57 219 30 166 87 198

Diseases of skin amp subcutaneous tissue (L00 ndash

L99)

38 146 20 111 58 132

Diseases of the ear and mastoid process (H60 ndashH95)

39 15 18 10 57 13

Diseases of genitourinary system (N00 ndash N99)

22 85 7 39 29 66

Diseases of nervous system (G00 ndash G99)

6 23 5 28 11 25

Note Total number could not be given as many subjects had multiple disorders

47

Results

Figure 15 Distribution of morbidity pattern of the study subjects based on ICD 10


In the present study it was found that the majority of the subjects 314 (714) suffered

from the disorders of the musculoskeletal system followed by 219 (497) who suffered

from the disease of the eye and adnexa154 (35) suffered from the disease of the oral

cavity 145 (329) suffered from endocrine nutritional and metabolic disorders137

(311) suffered from the disease of the circulatory system 101 (229) suffered from the

disease of the respiratory system 87(198) suffered from the disease of the digestive

system 58 (132) suffered from disease of the skin 57 (13) suffered from the disease of

the ear 29 (66) suffered from the disease of the genitourinary system and only 11( 25 )

suffered from the disease of the nervous system

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

714

497

35 329 311 229

198 132 13 66

25

perc

enta

ge

48

Results

Table 15 Distribution of the study subjects based on morbidity of the musculoskeletal

system

Musculoskeletal

Disease

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

Value

Knee joint pain

52 (20)

30 (167)

82 (186)

X2 = 0779

df = 1

p=03773

Back ache

30 (115)

35 (194)

65 (148) X2 = 528

df = 1

p = 0021

Joint pain (other than

knee joint pain)

52(20)

35(194)

87(198)

X2 =00206

df=1

p =0885

Non-specific aches

and pain

50(192)

30(167)

80(182)

X2=0470

df=1

p = 0492

Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage

Multiple responses

In the present study it was found that the most common morbidity of musculoskeletal

system was pain of the joints (other than the knee joint) found in 87 (198) of the subjects

followed by knee joint pain in 82 ( 186) and non-specific pains and aches were found in

80 (182) of the subjects It was found that back ache was more common in females

35(194) compared to males 30 (115) and this difference was found to be statistically

significant

49

Results

Table 16 Distribution of the study subjects based on morbidity of the eye and adnexa

Diseases of the

eye and

adnexa

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

value

Cataract

112(43)

60(333)

172(391)

X2 = 4241

df=1

p = 0039

Refractive error

20(77)

14(78)

34(77)

X2= 0001

df=1

p = 0973

Others (conjunctivitis

pterygium glaucoma etc)

7(27)

6(33)

13(29)

X2=0152

df=1

p = 0696


Multiple responses

In the present study it was found that the most common morbidity of the eye was cataract

found in 172 (391) of the subjects It was more common in males 112 (43) compared to

females 60 (333) and this difference was found to be statistically significant The other

morbidities present were refractive error found in 34 (77) subjects and others which

includes conjunctivitis pterygium glaucoma etc found in 13 (29 ) subjects

50

Results

Table 17 Distribution of the study subjects based on disease of the oral cavity

Diseases of the

oral cavity

Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180 )

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Stained teeth

22 (84)

18 (10)

40 (91)

X2 =0304

df=1

p = 0581

Missing teeth

40 (154)

38 (211)

78 (177)

X2= 239

df= 1

p=0122

Caries

28 (108)

8 (44)

36 (82)

X2= 566

df= 1

p=0017


Multiple responses

In the present study it was found that the most common morbidity of the oral cavity was

missing teeth found in 78 (177 ) of the subjects followed by stained teeth found in 40

(91) of the subjects and dental caries in 36 (82) of the subjects Dental caries were

more common in males 28 (108) compared to females 8(44) and this difference was

found to be statistically significant

51

Results

Table 18 Distribution of study subjects based on endocrine nutritional and metabolic

disorders

Disorders Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Diabetes mellitus

45 (173)

37 (206)

82 (186)

X2 = 0739

df= 1

p = 0389

Anemia

24 (92)

35 (194)

59 (134)

X2= 955

df = 1

p = 0001

Thyroid disorders

1(04)

3 (17)

4 (09)

p= 0309


Multiple responses Fisherrsquos exact test

The present study revealed that the most common disorder of the endocrine system was

diabetes mellitus found in 82 (186) of the subjects followed by the nutritional disorder of

anemia found in 59 (134) of the subjects It was seen that anemia was more common

among females 35 (194) compared to males 24 (92) This difference was found to be

statistically significant Disorders of the thyroid gland were found in 4 (09) of the subjects

being more common in females 3(17) compared to males 1 (04)

52

Results

Table 19 Distribution of the study subject based on disease of the circulatory system

Diseases of

circulatory

system

Males

(n=260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Hypertension

62 (238)

71 (394)

133 (302)

X2= 1227

df= 1

p = 0000

CAD MI

Arrhythmias

2 (08)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p =100



In our study it was found that the most common disease of the circulatory system was

hypertension which was found in 133 (302 ) of the subjects it was more common in

females 71 (394) compared to males 62 (239) and this difference was found to be

statistically significant The other disorders of the circulatory system were CAD MI

arrhythmias which were found only in 4 (09) of the study subjects

53

Results

Table 20 Distribution of the study subjects based on disease of the respiratory system

Disorders of

Respiratory

System

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical

value

Bronchial asthma

3 (12)

3 (17)

6 (14)

p =0692

URTI

45 (173)

27 (15)

72 (164)

X2= 0413

df = 1

p = 0520

Acute Bronchitis

12 (46)

7 (39)

19 (43)

X2= 0135

df = 1

p = 0712

Pulmonary TB

4 (15)

0(00)

4 (09)

p =0148



Our study revealed that the most common disease of the respiratory system was URTI

(upper respiratory tract infection) found in 72 (164) subjects followed by acute bronchitis

in 19 (43 ) bronchial asthma in 6 (14) and pulmonary TB in only in 4 (09 ) subjects

Pulmonary TB was found in 4 (15) of the males whereas no females had TB however

this difference was not found to be statistically significant

54

Results

Table 21 Distribution of the study subjects based on disease of the digestive system

Disorders of

Gastrointestinal

system

Males

(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Constipation

21(8)

6 (33)

27(61)

X2 =4155

df =1

p =0041

Gastritis

24 (92)

18 (10)

42(95)

X2= 0072

df = 1

p =0787

Bleeding per

rectum 3(12) 2(11) 5(11)

p =100

Others (Pain

abdomen

anorexia

indigestion)

9(35)

4 (22)

13 (3)

X2=0569

df =1

p=0450



Our study revealed that the most common disorder of the gastrointestinal system was

gastritis found in 42 (95) subjects followed by constipation in 27 ( 61) others which

include pain abdomen anorexia indigestion was found in 13 (3) and bleeding per rectum

was seen in 5 (11) It was seen that constipation was more common among males 21(8)

compared to females 6 (33) which was found to be statistically significant

55

Results

Table 22 Distribution the study subjects based on disease of the Skin and

subcutaneous tissue

Disorders of skin and

subcutaneous tissue

Males ( n = 260)

Females (n = 180)

Total (n = 440)

Statistical

value

Itching

19(73)

2(11)

21(48)

X2 =896

df=1

p = 0002

Scaling 6 (23)

3 (17)

9 (2)

p =0743

Pigmentation

5(19)

4 (22)

9 (2)

p =100

Dryness

8 (31)

11 (61)

19(43)

X2= 237

df = 1

p = 0123 Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage


In the present study it was found that the most common disease of the skin was itching

which was present in 21 (48) of the study subjects followed by dryness in 19 (43) and 9

(2) of the subjects had scaling and pigmentation It was seen that itching was more

common among males 19 (73) compared to females 2 (11) and this difference was


56

Results

Table 23 Distribution of the study subjects based on disease of the ear

Disease of the ear

Males

(n= 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440) Statistical value

Hearing impairment

33 (126)

16 (89)

49 (111)

X2 =155

df =1

p =0212

Ear discharge

3 (12)

1 (06)

4(09)

p =0647

Tinnitus

3 (12)

1 (06)

4 (09)

p =0647



In the present study it was observed that hearing impairment was the most common

morbidity of the ear found in 49 (111) of the subjects though it was more common

among males 33 (126) compared to females 16 (89) the difference was not found to be

statistically significant The other disorders which affected the ear were ear discharge and

tinnitus both present in 4 (09) of the subjects

57

Results

Table 24 Distribution of the study subjects based on disease of the genitourinary

system

Disorders of


Male

(n = 260)

Female

(n = 180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value

Burning micturition

2 (077)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p=100

Increased frequency of

micturition

20(77) 5(28) 25(57)

X2= 4794

df =1

p =0028 Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage


In our study it was observed that the most common morbidity affecting the genitourinary

system was increased frequency of micturition in 25 (57) of the subjects followed by

burning micturition in 4 (09) of the study subjects Increased frequency of micturition was

more common among males 20 (77) compared to females 5 (28) and this difference

was found to be statistically significant

58

Results

Table 25 Distribution of the study subjects based on diseases of the Nervous system

Disease of the

nervous system Males

(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

p value

Memory loss

2 (77)

2 (11)

4 (09)

100

Stroke

2 (77)

0 (00)

2 (05)

0515

Neuritis

2 (77)

3 (17)

5 (11)

0652



Our study revealed that the most common disorder of the nervous system was neuritis seen

in 5 (11) of the subjects followed by memory loss in 4 (09) and stroke in 2 (05 ) of

the subjects It was observed that 2 (0 77) of males had suffered a stroke whereas none of

the females had suffered from stroke however this difference was not found to be

statistically significant

59

Results

Table 26 Association between morbidity pattern of the study subjects and their age

group

System involved 60-69Yrs

(n = 271)

70-79Yrs

(n = 134)

gt 80Yrs

(n = 35)

Total

( n = 440)

Statistical

value

Musculoskeletal

System

195 (72)

94 (70)

25 (710)

314 (714) X2= 0143

df = 2 p = 0930

Eye amp adnexa

125 (461)

69 (515)

25 (714)

219 (497) X2= 8166

df = 2 p = 0016

Oral cavity amp salivary gland

56 (207)

68 (507)

30 (857)

154 (350) X2= 7865

df = 2 p lt 00001

Endocrine nutritional amp

metabolic diseases

91 (335)

47 (35)

7 (200)

145 (329) X2= 297

df = 2 p = 0225

Circulatory

system

87 (321)

40 (298)

10 (285)

137 (311) X2= 0328

df = 2 p = 0848

Respiratory

system

64 (236)

31 (231)

6 (171)

101 (23) X2= 0738

df = 2 p = 0691

Digestive system

52 (191)

28 (210)

7 (200)

87 (191) X2= 0166

df = 2 p = 0 920

Skin and subcutaneous

tissue

43 (159)

13 (97)

2 (57)

58 (132) X2= 4831

df = 2 p = 0089

Ear amp mastoid process

27 (99)

20 (149)

10 (285)

57 (13) X2= 1018

d= 2 p = 0006

Genitourinary

system

20 (74)

8 (59)

1 (29)

29 (66) X2= 1151

df = 2 p = 0562

Nervous system

5 (18)

4 (29)

2 (57)

11 (25)

p = 0418

Figure in parenthesis indicates percentage


60

Results

Table 26 shows the association between the morbidity pattern and age group of the study

subjects It is observed that the disease of the eye and adnexa increase with increasing age

and are more common in individuals above 80 years of age (714) compared to

individuals in the age group of 60-69 years (461) and 70-79 years (515) This

difference was found to be statistically significant The disease of the oral cavity were also

more common in the subjects aged 80 years and above (857) compared to individuals in

the age group of 70-79 years (507) and 60-69 years (207) this difference was also

found to be statistically significant Significant association was also found between

increasing age and disease of the ear 285 subjects aged 80 years and above suffered from

disease of the ear followed by 149 in the age group of 60-69 years and 99 in the age

group of 60-69 years

61

Results Table 27 Association between morbidity pattern of the study subjects and their

occupation

System involved Employed (n=215)

Unemployed (n=225)

Total (n=440)

Statistical value

Musculoskeletal

system

171 (795) 143 (635) 314 (714) X2 =1374 df=1

p=00002

Eye and adnexa 108 (502) 111(493) 219(497) X2= 0035 df=1

p= 0850

Oral cavityamp

salivary glands

76 (353) 78 (347) 154 (35) X2=0022 df=1

p=0880

Endocrine

nutritional amp

metabolic

disease

75 (348) 70 (311) 145 (329) X2=0708 df=1

p=0400

circulatory

system

58 (269) 79 (351) 137 (311) X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory

system

49 (227) 52 (231) 101 (23) X2=0006 df=1

p=09363

Digestive system 45 (21) 42 (187) 87 (198) X2=0125 df=1

p=0723

Skin

subcutaneous

tissue

38 (176) 20 (88) 58 (132) X2=741 df=1

p=0006

Ear and mastoid

process

31 (144) 26 (115) 57 (13) X2=0799 df=1

p=0371

Genitourinary

system

16 (74) 13 (57) 29 (66) X2=0494 df=1

p=0481

Nervous system

2 (093) 9 (4) 11 (25) X2=425 df=1

p=0039 Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage

Multiple responses

62

Results

Table 27 shows the association between the morbidity pattern and occupation of the study

subjects It was observed that musculoskeletal disorders were more common among the

subjects who are employed (795) compared to those who are not employed (635) and

this difference was found to be statistically significant A significant association was also

seen between the disorders of the skin and subcutaneous tissue 176 subjects who are

employed suffered from the disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissue compared to 88

who were unemployed The diseases of the nervous system were more common among

those who were unemployed (4) compared to those who were employed (093) this

difference was also found to be statistically significant

63


religion

System involved Hindu

(n=188)

Muslim

(n=252)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value

Musculoskeletal system 138 (73) 176 (698) 314 (714)

X2=0668 df=1

p=0413

Eye and adnexa 100 (531) 119 (472) 219 (497) X2=1535 df=1

p= 0215

Oral cavityamp salivary glands 73 (388) 81 (321) 154 (35)

X2=211 df=1

p=0145

Endocrine nutritional amp metabolic diseases

53 (2819) 92 (365) 145 (329) X2=3371 df=1

p=0066

circulatory system 58 (269) 79 (351) 137 (311)

X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory system

33 (176) 68 (269) 101 (229)

X2=5415 df= 1

p=0019


p=0013

Skin subcutaneous tissue

31 (164) 27 (107) 58 (132) X2=3138 df=1

p=00765

Ear and mastoid process

28 (149) 29 (115) 57 (129) X2=1095 df=1

p=0297

Genitourinary system

16 (85) 13 (52) 29 (66) X2=1965 df=1

p=0161

Nervous system

4 (21) 7 (28) 11(25) p=0764



64

Results

Table 28 shows the association between the morbidity pattern of the study subjects and their

religion In our study it was observed that the disorders of the digestive system were more

common among Muslims (238) compared to Hindus (144) this difference was found

to be statistically significant Also the disorders of the respiratory system were more

common among Muslims (269) compared to Hindus (176) This difference was also

found to be statistically significant Some of the diseases were more common among Hindus

which include the disease of the eye and adnexa (531) oral cavity (388) ear (149)

skin and subcutaneous tissue (164) and genitourinary system (85) but it was not found

to be statistically significant

65

Results

III HEATLTH SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF THE STUDY SUBJECTS

Figure16 Distribution of the study subjects based on the visit to health facility in case

of an illness

In our study it was found that that out of 440 study subjects 395(898) visited a health

facility in case of an illness whereas 45(102) did not visit any health facility in case of an

illness

898

102

health facility visitednot visited

66

Results

Table 29 Reasons cited by the study subjects for not seeking healthcare in case of an

illness

In the present study it was found that the most common reason stated by the 45 study

subjects for not seeking health care in case of an illness was that it was a mil 20 (444)

followed by lack of money stated by12 (267) the other reasons stated were no one to

accompany 7 (156) and lack of faith in health care 6 (133)

Reasons cited for not

seeking health care

Frequency (n=45)

Percentage ()

Mild discomfort 20 444

Lack of money 12 267

Lack of faith in

healthcare

6 133

No one to accompany 7 156

Total 45 100

67

Results

Table 30 Distribution of the study subjects based on the type of health facility visited

It was observed that out of 395 subjects who visited health care facility in case of an illness

229(58) Visited government hospitals 160 (405) visited private practitioners hospitals

and 6 (15) visited quacks More number of males (622) visited government hospitals

compared to females (513)

Type of health facility visited

Males

(n=241)

Females

(n=154)

Total

(n=395)

No No No

Government hospital 150 622 79 513 229 58

Private practitionershospitals 87 361 73 474 160 405

Quacks 4 17 2 13 6 15

Total 241 100 154 100 395 100

68

Results

Table 31 Association between gender and health seeking behaviour of the study

subjects

Whether visited

health facility

in case of illness

Sex

Total

n ()

p value Male

n ()

Female

n ()

Yes 241 (927) 154 (856) 395 (898) 00151

No 19 (106) 26 (144) 45 (102)

Total 260 (59) 180 (41) 440 (100)

x2=5901 df =1


It was observed that more number of males visited a health care facility in case of an illness

241(927) whereas only 154(856) females visited a health facility in case of an illness

This difference was found to be statistically significant

69

Results

Table 32 Association between educational status and health seeking


Whether visited Health facility in case of illness

p value

Educational status(n) Yes () No ()

0000

Illiterate (231) 194 (84) 37 (16)

Primary school (121) 115 (95) 6 (49)

Higher primary (38) 37 (974) 1 (26)

Secondary school (30) 29 (967) 1 (33)

Intermediate (6) 6 (100) 0(00)

Graduate (14) 14 (100) 0(00)

Total(440) 395 (898) 45(102)

Fisherrsquos exact test

In the present study it was found that 84 of the study subjects who were illiterate visited a

health facility in case of an illness whereas 16 did not visit a health facility in case of an

illness 967 of the subjects with education up to secondary school visited the health

facility and 100 of the subjects who studied up to intermediate and with a graduate degree

visited the health facility in case of an illness This difference was found to be statistically

significant

70

Results

Table 33 Distribution of study subjects according to frequency of visits to a health care facility

Frequency of visits to a health care facility

Frequency

(n=395)

Percentage

Once a month 207 524

Once in 3 months 99 251


Once in a year 10 25

Total 395 100

In the present study it was found that out of 395 study subjects who visited a health care

facility in case of an illness 207 (524) visited a health facility every month followed by

99 (251) who visited once in 3 months 79(20) once in 6 months and 10 25 visited

the health facility once in a year

71

Discussion

DISCUSSION

I Socio-demographic characteristics

Our study was done in the urban field practice area of JJM Medical College Davangere

among 440 geriatric subjects our study aimed at assessing the morbidity pattern and health

seeking behaviour of the geriatric population in the study area

In the present study Out of 440 study subjects majority 162(368) were in the age

group of 60-64 Years followed by 109 (247) in the age group of 65-69 Years 99 (225)

in the age group of 70-74 Years and 8 were more than or equal to 80 years of age [Table

7] This was similar to a study conducted by Prakash Boraingaiah et al 72 in which majority

of the elderly (346) belongs to age group 60-64 years followed by age group 75 years and

above (259)

In our study it was also seen that 59 of the study subjects were males and 41 were

females This was similar to a study conducted by Mohan Gupta et al 35 where 573

subjects were males and 427were females Our findings were contrary to a study

conducted by Md Alam Naushad et al 28 where 598 subjects were females and 402

were males

In the present study it was found that the majority of the study subject belonged to

Muslim religion 252 (573) followed by Hindus 188 (427) there were no study subjects

who belonged to other religions like Christian Jain Sikhs etc [Table 8] similar findings

were seen in a study conducted by Mrinal Ranjan Srivastav et al 50 in which 52 of the

subjects were Muslims

72

Discussion


525 whereas 275 had completed education up to primary school 82 had completed

education up to secondary school and only 32 were graduates [Table 9] These findings

were similar to a study done by Shraddha K et al 51in which 504 of the study subjects

were illiterate

In our study it was found that the majority of the study subjects 511 were unemployed

followed by 227 who were unskilled workers 155 were semi-skilled workers and

about 105 were skilled workers [Table 10] These findings were similar to a study done

by Rajat Das Gupta et al27 al in which 481 of the study subjects were not working

In our study majority of the subjects 49 belonged to Class IV Socioeconomic status

followed by 26 who belonged to class III and 13 who belonged to class II (according to

Modified BG Prasad Classification 2016) [Table 11] Similar findings were found in a study

conducted by Sribas Goswami and Manjari Sahai 29 in which majority of the study subjects

belonged to class IV socio economic status

In our study it was found that the majority of the study subjects 734 were married

followed by 261 who were widowed and only 05 were unmarried [Table 12] These

findings were similar to a study done by L subedhi and RB Sah 40 in which 663 of the

subjects were married 322 were widowed and 07 were unmarried

In the present study it was found that majority of the study subjects 42 lived in a three

generation family followed by 37 who lived in a nuclear family and 21 who lived in a

Joint family [Table 13] These findings were similar to a study done by Swapnil Jain et al 26

in which the majority (47) of the study subjects lived in a three generation family

73

Discussion


In the present study it was found that majority of the subjects 45 had a normal BMI

followed by 30 who were overweight about 15 were obese and only10 were

underweight [Figure 14] Similar findings were reported in a study conducted by Khadervali

Nagoor et al 44 in which 49 subjects had a normal BMI In a study done by Vimala

Thomas et al 52 272 of the subjects were obese which was higher than the present study

In the present study it was found that the majority of the subjects suffered from the

disorders of the musculoskeletal system (714) eye and adnexa (497) oral cavity

(311) respiratory system (229) digestive system (198)disease of the skin

(132)ear(13)genitourinary system (66) nervous system (25) [Table14] Similar

findings were seen in a study done by Rajashree Bhat et al 55 in which most common

morbidity of elderly was the problems of loco-motor system (486) followed by vision

(427) CVS disorders (344) respiratory system (202) and disease of ear (179)In

this study though the prevalence of loco-motor system disorders (486) was highest

compared to other disorders it was lesser compared to our study (714) In a study done by

L subedhi and RB Sah 40 it was found that 44 had eye problems 43 had gastrointestinal

problems 33 had CVS problems and 23 had ENT problems In this study the prevalence

of gastrointestinal disorders was much higher compared to our study

In the present study joint pain (including the knee joint) was most common disorder of the

musculoskeletal system seen in 40 of the males compared to 384 in females [Table 15]

whereas in a study done by Swapnil Jain et al 26 it was found that 472 males and 528

females suffered from joint pains This could be attributed to the fact that in our study

majority of the study subjects were males

74

Discussion


found in 39 of the subjects It was more common in males 43 compared to females

333 [ Table 16]These findings were similar to a study done by Shraddha K et al 51 in

which the overall prevalence of cataract was 302 of which 42 males and 358

females had cataract


missing teeth found in 177 of the subjects [Table 17] it was similar to the findings of a

study conducted by JP Singh et al 48 in which 1475 subjects were edentulous


diabetes mellitus found in 186 of the subjects followed by the nutritional disorder of

anemia found in 134 of the subjects It was seen that anemia was more common among

females 194 compared to males 92 [Table 18] Kakkar R et al 45 reported similar

findings with prevalence of diabetes mellitus as 153 In a study done by Deepak Sharma

et al 47 anemia was present in 15 of the subjects 97 males and 21 females were

anemic which was similar to our study


hypertension which was found in 302 of the subjects it was more common in females

394 compared to males 239 and this difference was found to be statistically significant

[Table 19] A study by L Subedhi and RB Sah 40 reported that the prevalence of

hypertension was more among females (333) compared to males (30) which was


75

Discussion

In our study the most common morbidity of the respiratory system was upper respiratory

tract infection (163) [Table20] it was similar to the study done by Leena Rahul

Salunke33 where it was reported to be 196

In our study the most common disorder of the digestive system was gastritis (95)

[Table 21] similar to the findings of JP Singh et al 48 (35) contrary to this L subedhi

and RB Sah 40 reported a high prevalence of gastritis (39) This difference could be

attributed to the difference in the interpretation of symptoms for the diagnosis of gastritis

In our study the most common disorder of the skin was itching (48) [ Table 22] which

was similar to the findings reported by JP Singh et al 48 in which 225 subjects suffered

from itching

In our study the most common disorder of the ear was impaired hearing (111) [Table

23] similar to a study by Vandana Nikumb et al 38 in which 106 subjects suffered from

hearing impairment

In our study it was observed that the most common morbidity affecting the

genitourinary system was increased frequency of micturition (57) [Table 24]

L subedhi and RB Sah40 found in their study that 143 subjects suffered from increased

frequency of micturition which was higher compared to our study

Our study revealed that 25 subjects suffered from the disorders of the nervous

system [Table 25] similar to a study conducted by Vandana Nikumb et al 38 in which

13 of the Subjects suffered from the disorders of the nervous system whereas in a

study conducted by Shilpa Shaukaiah et al36 it was found that 66 of the subjects

suffered from the disorders of the nervous system which was higher than our study

76

Discussion

It is observed that the disease of the eye and adnexa increased with increasing age and were

more common in individuals above 80 years of age (714) The disease of the oral cavity

were also more common in the subjects aged 80 years and above (857) and 285

subjects aged 80 years and above suffered from disease of the ear A significant association

was found between age and these morbidities [Table 26] Similar results were found in a

study done by Swapnil Jain et al 26 in which cataract hearing impairment and dental

problems were significantly associated with the age of the study subjects

In our study a significant association was found between occupation and the disorders of

the musculoskeletal system skin and the nervous system Disorders of the musculoskeletal

system were more common among employed subjects (795) compared to unemployed

(635) 176 subjects who were employed suffered from the disease of the skin and

subcutaneous tissue compared to 88 who were unemployed Diseases of the nervous

system were more common among those who were unemployed (4) compared to those

who were employed (093) [Table 27]

A study done by Kakkar R et al45 found that there was a significant association between the

employment status and the morbidities of the CVS arthritis and cataract CVS morbidity

was more common among those not working (164) compared to those working (36)

Arthritis was also more common among not working (212) compared to those working

(55) and cataract was also more common among those not working (175) compared to

those working (55)

77

Discussion

In our study it was observed that there was a significant association between religion and

disorders of the digestive system and respiratory system The disorders of the digestive

system were more common among Muslims (238) compared to Hindus (144) Also the

disorders of the respiratory system were more common among Muslims (269) compared

to Hindus (176) [Table 28] In a study conducted by Mrinal Ranjan Srivastav et al 50 it

was found that there was significant association between religion and the morbidities of the

genitourinary system in the urban areas The problems of the genitourinary system were

more common among Hindus (26) compared to Muslims (96)


In our study it was found that that (898) study subjects visited a health facility in case

of an illness whereas 102 did not visit any health facility in case of an illness[Figure 16]

Similar findings were seen in a study conducted by Vimala Thomas et al 52 where it was

found that 716 subjects visited a health facility Contrary to our findings a study

conducted by Bhawalkar JS et al46 showed that only 81 subjects visited a health facility in

case of an illness whereas 919 did not visit any health facility

In the present study it was found that the most common reason stated by study subjects

for not seeking health care in case of an illness was that it was a mild discomfort (444)

followed by lack of money stated by (267) other reasons stated were no one to

accompany (156) and lack of faith in health care (133) [Table 29] In a study

conducted by Deepak Sharma et al 47 it was found that the most common reasons for not

seeking health care were the following disease due to age (496) health services too far

(191) lack of money (6) no body to take to hospital (35)

78

Discussion


58 Visited government hospitals 362 visited private practitioners hospitals and 15

visited quacks [Table 30] similar results were found in a study conducted by Deepak Sharma

et al 47 in which 607 went to Government hospitals 267 consulted private practitioners

and 126 took over the counter drugs In another study conducted by Rajat Das Gupta et al

27 it was found that 33 visited Government hospitals 25 visited private hospitals 6

visited private practitioners

It was observed that more number of males (927) visited a health care facility in case of

an illness whereas only 856 females visited a health facility in case of an illness [Table

31] In a study done by Man Mohan Gupta et al 35 it was found that 672 females and

651 males visited a health facility in case of illness

In the present study it was found that 848 of the study subjects who were illiterate

visited a health facility in case of an illness whereas 152 did not visit a health facility in

case of an illness A significant association was found between educational status and

gender [Table 32] In a study done by Deepak Sharma et al 47 it was found that Gender

literacy income and marital status were not found to be significantly related to health-

seeking behaviour

In the present study it was found that 524 subjects visited a health facility every month

followed by 251 who visited a health facility once in 3 months 20once in 6 months

and 25 visited a health facility once in a year[ Table 33] In a study conducted by Rajat

Das Gupta et al 27 it was found that majority of the subjects (2943) visited a health

facility once a year followed by 2813 who visited a health facility once in three months

79

Conclusion

CONCLUSION

The study revealed that some of the common morbidities among the geriatric subjects were

the disorders of the musculoskeletal system followed by the disease of the eye and adnexa

oral cavity endocrine nutritional and metabolic disorders etc some disorders like cataract

dental caries constipation and increased frequency of micturition were more common

among males whereas disease like anemia and hypertension were more common among

females A significant association was found between some of the morbidities and socio

demographic determinants like age occupation and religion


behavior Majority of the subjects visited a Government health facility in case of an illness

and the main reason that was stated for not visiting a health facility was that they suffered

from mild discomfort and did not consider it necessary to visit a health facility

80

Summary

SUMMARY




The results of our study are as follows


In the present study 368 subjects were in the age group of 60-64 Years

59 of the subjects were males and 41 were females

573 subjects were Muslims whereas 427 were Hindus

Majority of the subjects were illiterate (525) whereas 275 had completed

education up to primary school

It was found that the majority of the study subjects (511) were unemployed

49 subjects belonged to Class IV Socioeconomic status according to Modified BG

Prasad Classification

734 of the subjects were married

42 of the people lived in a three generation family


Majority of the subjects (45) had a normal BMI followed 30who were

overweight

Majority 714 subjects suffered from the disorders of the musculoskeletal system

followed by 497 who suffered from the disease of the eye and adnexa35

suffered from the disease of the oral cavity 329 suffered from endocrine

nutritional and metabolic disorders and 311 suffered from the disease of the

circulatory system 229 suffered from the disease of the respiratory system198

81

Summary

suffered from the disease of the digestive system132 suffered from disease of the

skin13 suffered from the disease of the ear66 suffered from the disease of the

genitourinary system and 25 suffered from the disease of the nervous system

The most common morbidity of musculoskeletal system was pain of the joints (other

than the knee joint) found in 198 of the subjectsBack ache was more common in

females 231 compared to males 163 and this difference was found to be


cataract found in 39 of the subjects It was more common in males 43 compared

to females 333 and this difference was found to be statistically significant

Missing teeth were found in 177 of the subjects Dental caries were more

common in males 108 compared to females 44 and this difference was found to

be statistically significant

Diabetes mellitus found in 186 of the subjects followed by the nutritional disorder

of anemia found in 134 of the subjects anemia was more common among females

194 compared to males 92 This difference was found to be statistically

significant

Hypertension which was found in 302 of the subjects it was more common in



upper respiratory tract infection) found in 163 subjects followed by acute

bronchitis in 43 bronchial asthma in 14 and pulmonary TB in only 09

Gastritis was found in 95 subjects followed by constipation in 61 Among

males (81) had constipation compared to females(03)

Most common disease of the skin was itching which was present in 48 of the

study subjects followed by dryness in 43

82

Summary

Hearing impairment was found in 111 of the subjects

Increased frequency of micturition was found in 57 of the subjects followed by

burning micturition in 09 of the study subjects Increased frequency of

micturition was more among males 77 compared to females in whom it was 28

and this difference was found to be statistically significant

The most common disorder of the nervous system was neuritis seen in 11 of the

subjects followed by memory loss in 09 and stroke in 05 of the subjects

A significant association was found between increasing age and the morbidities of

the eye ear and the oral cavity

Significant association was found between occupation and the disorders of the

musculoskeletal system skin and the nervous system Disorders of the

musculoskeletal system were more common among employed subjects (795)

compared to unemployed (635) 176 subjects who were employed suffered

from the disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissue compared to 88 who were

unemployed Diseases of the nervous system were more common among those who

were unemployed (4) compared to those who were employed (093)

It was observed that the disorders of the digestive system were more common

among Muslims (238) compared to Hindus (144) this difference was found to

be statistically significant Also the disorders of the respiratory system were more

common among Muslims (269) compared to Hindus (176) This difference

was also found to be statistically significant

83

Summary


In our study 898 subjects visited a health facility in case of an illness whereas

102 did not

The most common reason stated by study subjects for not seeking health care in case

of an illness was that it was a mild discomfort (444) followed by lack of money

stated by (267) the other reasons stated were no one to accompany (156) and

lack of faith in health care (133)

It was observed that 58 subjects Visited Government hospitals 362 visited

private practitioners hospitals and 15 visited quacks

Majority of males (927) visited a health care facility in case of an illness whereas

only 856 females visited a health facility in case of an illness This difference was


A significant association was found between the educational status and health

seeking behaviour Majority of the educated subjects visited a health facility in case

of an illness compared to those who were illiterate

It was found that 524 subjects visited a health facility every month followed by

251 who visited a health facility once in 3 months 20once in 6 months and

25 visited a health facility once in a year

84

Limitations

LIMITATIONS

1 Many of the responses were subjective and there were no records to verify them

2 Some of the morbidities were diagnosed only by clinical examination and could not be

confirmed by performing diagnostic tests due to high cost and time constraints

3 This study was done in the urban field practice area which consisted of a closed

community hence the results cannot be generalized to the entire population of the area

85

Recommendations

RECOMMENDATIONS

1 Health education should be given to the geriatric people regarding the common health

problems associated with ageing and preventive care should be provided to the elderly

2 Geriatric clinics should be set up at the primary health care level which provide regular

screening and health check-ups

3 There should also be a provision to provide domiciliary care by specialists qualified in

geriatrics

4 The family members and the care givers of the elderly should be educated about the

common health problems of the elderly and also about the need for regular health check-ups

and emotional support

5 The majority of the geriatric population is out of work force they are suffering from

many morbidities and are totally dependent on others even for their health needs Hence the

Government should increase the pension of the elderly and provide them quality healthcare

free of cost

6 There is also a need for public private partnership to improve the quality of health

services for the geriatric people More number of NGOs should work towards improving the

health and the quality of life of the elderly

86

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Chhattisgarh India Indian Journal of Community Health2016 Sep 28(3)236-41

29 Goswami S Sahai M A Study of Morbidity Pattern in Elderly Population European

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30 Bardhan H Dixit AM Agarwal R Jain PK Gupta S Shukla SK Morbidity profile

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Public Health 2016 5(6)1098-1102

31 Maroof M Ahmad A Khalique N Ansari MA Health problems among the aged A

community based study from urban Aligarh Uttar Pradesh India Int J Community

Med Public Health 2016 Feb 3(4)944-47

32 Shankar G Sidenur B A morbidity study of elderly residing in urban field practice

area of SN medical college Bagalkot National Journal of research in community

medicine 2016 Oct-Dec 4(5) 229-34

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slum areas in Maharashtra Karad A comparative study J of Evidence based Med

and Hlthcare 2015 Feb 2(5) 513-21

34 Warbhe P Rupesh W Morbidity profile health seeking behaviour and home

environment survey for adaptive measures in geriatric population-Urban community

study International Journal of Medical Research amp Health Sciences 2015 4(4)778-

82

35 Gupta M Borle AL Chhari N Gupta S Assessment of clinico-socioeconomic

status and health-care support among the elderly people aged older than 60 years in

urban population of Bhopal Central India Int J Med Sci Public Health 2015

4558-64

36 Sahukaiah S Shenoy A Vijayakumar BC An epidemiological study of prevalence

of morbidity patterns among geriatric age group in an urban slum of Mumbai Int J

Med Sci Public Health 2015 Jul 4(7)883-87

37 Shubha Davalagi B Angadi N Mahabalaraju DK Morbidity psycho-social profile

and health seeking behaviour of the elderly population in urban slums of Davangere

City India Int J Res Med Sci 2015 Nov 3(11)3288-91

38 Nikumb V Patankar F Behera A A Study of Morbidity Profile among Geriatric

Population in an Urban Area Sch J App Med Sci 2015 3(3)1365-69

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39 Vishnoi BR Solanki SL Singhal G Meharda B Mishra N Morbidity profile of

elderly in urban slum of Udaipur Rajasthan Int J Oral Health Med Res 2015 May

2(1)9-12

40 Subedi L Sah RB Study of the health status of geriatric age group in Chitwan

district of Nepal Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2015 Mar 5(1)11-17

41 Noor S Krishnababu G Prasad KV Health status of Geriatric population in slums

of Rourkela Young Innovative Journal of Medical and Health Science 2015 May

5(3) 92-94

42 Sarode VM Chronic Diseases Related to Aging and Disease Prevention in Slums in

Mumbai Journal of Aging Science 2014 Jan 2 (1)1-6

43 Barman SK Lata K Ram R Ghosh N Sarker G Shahnawaz K A study of

morbidity profile of geriatric population in an urban community of Kishanganj

Bihar India Global Journal of Medicine and Public Health GJMEDPH 2014 3(1)

1-7

44 Nagoor K Srikanth BA Dudekula R Satna K Comparative study of health status

among slum and non-slum elderly population in Kadapa Region South India

Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 2014 Feb 3(5)1298-308

45 Kakkar R Aggarwal P Kandpal SD Bansal SK An Epidemiological study to assess

morbidity profile among geriatric population in District Dehradun Indian Journal of

Community Health 2013 May 25(1)39-44

46 Bhawalkar JS Dhone AB Jethani S Singru S Jadhav SL Adyanthaya S A study of

morbidity profile among geriatric population in an urban area J Evol Med Dent Sci

2013 Sep 9 36(2)6963-7

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47 Sharma D Mazta SR Parashar A Morbidity pattern and health-seeking behaviour of

aged population residing in Shimla hills of north India A cross-sectional study

Journal of family medicine and primary care 2013 Apr2(2)188

48 Singh JP Singh S Kasturwar NB Hassan A Geriatric morbidity profile in an urban

slum Central India Indian Journal of Community Health 2013 Aug 25(2)164-70

49 Thakur RP Banerjee A Nikumb VB Health Problems among the Elderly A Cross

Sectional Study Annals of medical and health sciences research 2013 3(1)19-25

50 Mrinal RS Beena S Pratibha G Pankaj B Srivastava JP Atul B Morbidity Status

and Its Social Determinants among Elderly Population of Lucknow District India

Sch J App Med Sci 2013 1(6)758-64

51 Shraddha K Prashantha B Prakash B Study on morbidity pattern among elderly in

urban population of Mysore Karnataka India International Journal of Medicine and

Biomedical Research 2012 1(3)215-23

52 Thomas V Lavanya KM Morbidity profile and health seeking behaviour of the

elderly in urban slums of Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh India- A cross sectional study

International Journal of Current Research and Review 2012 Oct 1 4(19)174-80

53 Moe S Tha K Naing DK Htike MM Health seeking behaviour of elderly in

Myanmar International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine and

Public Health 2012 4(8)1538-44

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Puducherry South India An overview of morbidity profile Journal of pharmacy amp

bio allied sciences 2011 Oct 3(4)537

55 Bhatt R Gadhvi MS Sonaliya KN Solanki A Nayak H An epidemiological study

of the morbidity pattern among the elderly population in Ahmedabad Gujarat

National Journal of community medicine 2011 Jul 2(2)233-36

56 Srinivasan Krishnamachari Vaz Mario Thomas Tinku Prevalence of health related

disability among community dwelling urban elderly from middle socioeconomic

strata in Bangaluru India Indian Journal of Medical Research 2010 Apr 131(4)

515-21

57 Srivastava K Gupta SC Kaushal SK Chaturvedi M Morbidity profile of elderly a

cross sectional study of urban Agra Indian Journal of Community Health 2010 Jun

22(1)51-55

58 Ladha A Khan R Malik A Khan S Khan B Khan I et al The health seeking

behaviour of elderly population in a poor-urban community of Karachi Pakistan

Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association2009 Feb 59(2) 89-92

59 WHO ICD-10 version 2010 Geneva World Health Organization Available from

URL appswhointclassificationsicd10browse2010en [Accessed on 772017]

60 OpenEpi22OpenEpi (free) download Windows version Available from URL

enfreedownloadmanagerorgWindows-PCOpenEpi-FREEhtml

61 Tandon R Sinhota Parsonrsquos disease of the eye 22edNew Delhi Elsevier 98-100

62 Dhingra P L Dhingra S Disease of ear nose and throat and head and neck surgery

6th ed New Delhi Elsevier 201422

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63 Aziz N Kallur SD Nirmalan PK Implications of the revised consensus body mass

indices for Asian Indians on clinical obstetric practice Journal of clinical and

diagnostic research 2014 May 8(5)OC01

64 Chobanion AV Bakris GL Black HR The seventh report of the joint national

committee on prevention detection evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure

the JNC 7 report JAMA 2003 2892560-72

65 The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention Detection

Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) The GuidelinesUS

Department of Health and Human Services National Heart Lung and Blood

Institute Available at URL

httpswwwnhlbinihgovfilesdocsguidelinesjnc7fullpdf [ Accessed on

1282017]

66 Firkin F Chestman C Penington D Rush B De Gruchyrsquos clinical Hematology in

medical practice 5th edition New Delhi Blackwell science Ltd1989 32-47

67 Report of WHO consultation Nutritional Anaemias Geneva Switzerland World

Health Organization TRS-405 1968 Available from URL

whqlibdocwhointtrsWHO_TRS_405pdf [Accessed on 1282017]

68 National Family Health survey (NFHS-4) 2015-16 India Mumbai IIPS

2016Available from URL httpwwwnfhsindiaorg [Accessed on 4072017]

69 The Minimum Wages Act 1948 Ministry of Labour and Employment Government

of India Available from URL httplabourgovincontentinnerpagewagesphp


70 Khairnar M Wadgave U Shimpi P Updated BG Prasad socioeconomic

classification for 2016 Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry

2016 Oct 1 14(4)469

95

References

71 Tiwari P Tiwari S Mastering practicals community medicine 1st ed New Delhi

India Wolters Kluwer PvtLtd2013161-67

72 Boralingaiah P Bettappa P Kashyap S Prevalence of Psycho-Social Problems

among Elderly in Urban Population of Mysore City Karnataka India Indian journal

of psychological medicine 2012 Oct 34(4)360

96

PATIENT CONSENT FORM JJM MEDICAL COLLEGE DAVANGERE

DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE I the undersigned hereby give my consent

for investigations carried upon me I am satisfied with the information given about this

Clinical study titled ldquoA STUDY ON THE MORBIDITY PATTERN AND HEALTH

SEEKING BEHAVIOR AMONG THE GERIATRIC POULATION IN THE

URBAN FIELD PRACTICE AREA OF JJM MEDICAL COLLEGE

DAVANGERErdquo ldquoconducted by Dr RUCHI DHAR under the guidance of Dr VIDYA

GS Associate Professor I have been informed and explained the risks involved and I

hereby voluntarily and Unconditionally give my consent without any fear or pressure in

mentally sound and conscious state to participate in this study

DATE PATIENTrsquoS SIGNATURE

eEacuteeEacuteJA ordfEacuteEcirczAgravearingQAtildeAiAgraveAuml ordfAgraveAumlordmAacutelaquozAacutearingregAiAgraveAuml zAacuteordfAgravetUEacutegEacute

ryenAacutemiumlethordfEacuteAumlAmiumlDyensiumlPAgraveordfAgraveAumlAumlaringcurrenn ordfEacuteAumlrsup1poundiuml

ordfEacuteEcirczAgravearingQAtildeAiAgraveAumlvAgraveyenAacutecedilAgraveuEacuteUEacuteMbrvbaragraveUEacute yenAgravevAgraveaelig F PEacutefrac14AgraveUEacute cedilAgraveraquo ordfAgraveiAacutergAgraveAumlordfAgrave poundAacutepoundAgraveAuml CAzAgravegEacute

poundAgravepoundAgraveszlig

ordfEacuteEcirczAgravearingQAtildeAiAgraveAumlvAgraveyenAacutecedilAgraveuEacute ordmAacuteUAgraveAElig plusmnAgravecedilAgraveUcircccedilaQvEacuteigraveUEacuteAzAgraveAuml poundAgravepoundAgraveszligMbrvbaragraveUEacuteAiAgraveAumlpoundAgraveAumlszlig

cedilAgraveAEligasup1gAgraveAumlvEacuteUcircAtildepoundEacute J cedilAgraveOumlr Dyensiuml zAgrave ordfEacuteAEligcopyethrn yenAacutearinglpoundiumleth CAqiuml ordmEacutemacriumlUcirc sup1AtildeQAUiuml copyordmEacuteAtildelaquoAiAgraveAumlgiuml Dyensiuml zAgrave fjAiAgraveiAacutenaeligPiuml yenEacuteAEligAtildeyenAgraveAumlaringmacrEacuteAtildemicroAgravepoundiuml Epoundiuml zAgrave Csectethpoundiuml brvbarAtildemacriumlOslash yenAacuteaeligoumlaringQOumlAtildecediliuml JjAiAgraveAuml Dyensiuml ddordfAgraveAumlAuml ordfEacuteEcirczAgravearingQAtildeAiAgraveAuml ordfAgraveAumlordmAacutelaquozAacutearingregAiAgraveAuml zAacuteordfAgravetUEacutegEacute JAsect sup2AtildeparaethPEacuteAiAgraveAumlrAiAgraveAumldegegrave yenAgravejAtildePEacuteeumlUEacute Mfrac14AgraveyenAgravercedilAgraveAumlordfAgrave ordfEacuteEcirczAgravearinggAacutezAgrave qAacute|| gAgraveAumla zAgravesAgravegAgrave ordfAgraveAumlvAgraveAumlUcirc qAacute|| laquozAacutearing fJcediliumlordfAgraveiAacuteUAgraveethzAgraveplusmnAgraveethPAgravegAacutezAgrave yenEacuteAEligaeligAtildeyensEacutecedilAgravegiuml

EordfAgravegAgraveAuml poundAgravepoundAgraveUEacute F vAgraveyenAacutecedilAgraveuEacuteUEacute Mfrac14AgraveyenAgraveqAgraveAumlordfAgrave ordfAgraveAumlAumlpoundAgraveszlig yenAgraveaeligwAiEacuteAEligAzAgraveAuml

CAplusmnAgraveUAgravefrac14AgravepoundAgraveAumlszlig CxAgraveethordfAacuteUAgraveAumlordfAgraveAvEacute wfrac12sup1gAgraveAumlvAacuteUcircgEacuteDzAgraveYacutejAzAgrave poundAacutepoundAgraveAuml poundAgravepoundAgraveszlig

ordfAgraveAumlpoundAgravecedilAacutegEacute AiAgraveiAacuteordfAgraveAringzEacuteAtilde umlsAgraveAiAgraveAuml ordfAgraveAumlvAgraveAumlUcirc AiAgraveiAacutegAgrave MvAacuteUcircAiAgraveAumllaquoregegravezEacute poundAacutepoundAgraveAuml

vAgraveyenAacutecedilAgraveuEacute aQvEacuteigraveUEacuteAEligfrac14AgraveyenAgraveqAgraveregAuml MbrvbaragraveUEacuteAiAgraveAumlpoundAgraveAumlszlig cedilAgraveAEligasup1gAgraveAumlvEacuteUcircAtildepoundEacute

centpoundAacuteAPAgrave gEacuteAEligAtildeVAi

Annexures

ANNEXURE ndashIII

104

Annexures

PROFORMA

I General information

1 NAME

2 AGE

3 GENDER (a) Male (b) Female

4 MARITAL STATUS (a) Unmarried (b) Married (c) Widow Widower

(d) Divorced separated

5 LIVING ARRANGEMENT (a) with spouse (b) Spouse and children

(c) Children only (d) living alone (e) others

6 RELIGION (a) Hindu (b) Muslim (c) Christian (d) Others

7 ADDRESS

8 EDUCATION (a) illiterate (b) Primary school (c) higher primary

(d) secondary school (e)PUC diploma (e) Graduate (f) Postgraduate

9 OCCUPATION (a) professional (b) semi- professional (c) skilled worker

(d) Semi ndashskilled worker (e) unskilled worker (f) unemployed

10 CONTACT NUMBER

11 TYPE OF FAMILY (a) Joint (b) Nuclear (C) three generation

12 TOTAL NUMBER OF FAMILY MEMBERS

13 TOTAL FAMILY INCOME

14 PER CAPITA FAMILY INCOME

15 SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS (Modified BG Prasad classification) I IIIIIIVV

16 DIET (a) Vegetarian (b) Mixed

17 Sleep (a) Disturbed if yes reason ______________ (b) Not disturbed

18 Bowel Regular Irregular

19 Bladder Regular Irregular

97

Annexures

20 HABITS (a) betel nut (b) tobacco (c) alcohol (d) smoking (e) others

If any of the habits present Duration (since when) _________

Frequency of consumption day_______

IIAssessment of morbidity based on history

1 Whether suffering from any chronic illness like (a) Type 2 DM (b) Hypertension

(c) Bronchial Asthma (d) TB (e) others

2 Whether suffering from cataract currently (a) Yes (b) No

3 Whether operated for cataract (a) Yes (b) No If Yes duration since operation____

4 MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Whether the following symptoms are present

(a) Backache (b) Joint pain (c) restricted joint movements (d) pain in calves

(e) Others_________

5 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

(a) Productive cough (b) non-productive cough (c) nasal discharge (d) breathlessness (e)

sore throat (f) sneezing

6 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

(a) Palpitations (b) chest pain (c) breathlessness

7 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

(a) Pain abdomen (b) lose stools (c) constipation (d) flatulence (e) heart burn

(f) Bleeding per rectum

8 EYE AND ADNEXA

(a) Watering (b) diminution of vision (c) redness

9 EAR

(a) Discharge (b) decreased hearing (c) Tinnitus

10 SKIN

(a) Itching (b) skin eruptions (c) scaling (d) pigmentation

98

Annexures

11 GENITO URINARY SYSTEM

(a) Burning micturition (b) increased frequency of micturition

12 GENERAL SYMPTOMS

(a) Fatigue (b) headache (c) fever

13 ANY OTHER COMPLAINTS (a) burning feet (b) swelling in groin

(c) Memory loss (d) insomnia

III Assessment of health seeking behaviour

1 Do you visit a health facility in case of illness (a) Yes (b) No

If yes how much time do you take to visit a health facility an case of an illness

(a) Within 24 hours (b) 24-48 hours (c) more than 48 hours

2 Which type of health facility do you visit

(a) Govt hospital (b) Private practitioners (c) over the counter drugs (e) quacks

Mention the reason for visiting the particular health facility______________________

3 Whether taking regular treatment after diagnosis ________________

If No mention the reason_______________________

4 Whether following the instructions given by the treating doctor

(a) Yes (b) no

5 cost of treatment per month in case of chronic disease

(a) lt100 (b) 100-200 (c) 200-300 (d) 300 and above

6 Person bearing the cost of treatment

(a) Self (b) spouse (c) son (d) daughter (d) outside help

7 Duration to reach the health facility

(a) less than 3o minutes (b) 30 minutes or more

8 Whether going for regular check -ups (a) Yes (b) No

If Yes duration between the check-ups_______

99

Annexures

9 Whether following self- care practices in case of chronic disease like diabetes and hypertension

(a) Yes (b) No

10 In case of healthy individuals whether getting screening tests done (a) Yes (b) No

11 Whether following any dietary modifications (a) yes (b) No

12 Whether any family member accompanies you to the health facility

If yes who (a) Son (b) daughter (c) spouse (d) others

11 Whether the family supports in following specific diet advised by the doctor

(a) Yes (b) No

12 whether family members help in reminding to take regular medication

(a) Yes (b) No

IV Physical examination

1 Personal hygiene status

S NO COMPONENT CONDITION REMARKS

1 Hair

2 Teeth

3 Bath

4 Clothes

5 Washing hand before

eating food

6 Washing hands with soap

and water after ablution

7 Nails

8 Foot wear

Remarks personal hygiene status Good fair poor

100

Annexures

2 MEASUREMENTS

(a) Weight (in Kg) ______ (b) Height (in cm) _____ (c) BMI ______

(d) Waist circumference______ (e) Hip circumference ___________

(f) Waist hip ratio_________

3 GENERAL PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

Pallor Icterus Cyanosis clubbing lymphadenopathy Oedema

Pulse rate Temp Blood Pressure

Respiratory rate

20 Examination of

Eye Oral cavity Ear

Nose Throat

SYSTEMIC EXAMINATION

Cardiovascular system Respiratory system

Per abdomen Central Nervous system

101

MASTER CHART

Annexures

ANNEXURES

International Classification of Diseases (10th Revision)

I Certain infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99)

II Neoplasms (C00-D48)

III Diseases of blood and blood forming organs and certain disorders

involving the immune mechanisms (D50-D89)

IV Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90)

V Mental and behavioural disorders (F00-F99)

VI Diseases of the nervous system (G00-G99)

VII Diseases of the eye and adnexa (H00-H59)

VIII Diseases of the ear and mastoid process ( H60-H95)

IX Diseases of the circulatory system (I00-I99)

X Diseases of the respiratory system ( J00-J99)

XI Diseases of the digestive system (K00-K93)

XII Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue ( L00-L99)

XIII Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue

(M00-M99)

XIV Diseases of the genitourinary system ( N00-N99)

XV Pregnancy childbirth and purperium (O00-O99)

XVI Certain conditions originating in perinatal period (P00-P96)

XVII Congenital malformations deformations and chromosomal

XVIII (S00-T98)

XIX External causes of morbidity and mortality (V01-Y98)

102

Annexures

XX Injury poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes

(S00-T98)

XXI Factors influencing health status and contact with health services

(Z00-Z99)

XXII Codes for special purpose

103

Annexures

105

Annexures

106

Annexures

107

Annexures

PHOTOS

Picture 1 Showing the investigator interviewing the study subject

Picture 2 Showing the investigator interacting with the study subject

108

Annexures

Picture 3 Showing the investigator recording the Blood pressure of the study subject

Picture 4 Showing the investigator auscultating the study subject

109

Annexures

110

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This work is dedicated to my beloved Mother Usha Dhar and Father

Ramesh Kumar Dhar without whom I would not be where I am today

I would like to make a special mention here of my brother Romil Dhar

For supporting me all the way and believing in me

I take this opportunity to extend my gratitude and sincere thanks to all those who

have helped me in completing this dissertation

I am thankful to all participants who were part of the study for their kind co-operation

It is with this sense of heartfelt gratitude and appreciation that I would like to express

my sincere thanks to my revered guide and teacher Dr Vidya G S MD Professor

Department of Community medicine J JM Medical College Davangere for having

rendered encouragement and valuable suggestions during the course of this study Her

patience keen interest in the progress of my research work and readiness with which

she entered into discussion has been instrumental in the successful completion of my

dissertation work

I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr Balu P S MD Professor and

Head Department of Community Medicine JJMMC for his valuable advice

constant guidance and inspiration during my study course

vi















viii











UN - United Nations




ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table No

Title Page No



6



7


Davangere

29




Classification

37





11



43





47

xiii

15



49

16


and adnexa

50


18


metabolic disorders

52


system

53


system

54

21


system

55

22


subcutaneous tissue

56


24



58

25


system

59


their age group

60

xiv

27


their occupation

62

28


their religion

64


case of an illness

67


visited

68


study subjects

69



70



71

xv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No

Title Page No


1961-2001

6






27


28





11


43






48



66

xvi

ABSTRACT Background






Objectives

























health facility


xi

Introduction

INTRODUCTION







20501





death2










1

























2















subjects

3

Objectives

OBJECTIVES




4


vii

















span 14

5






1961 55 58 56 58 47

1971 59 60 60 62 50

1981 64 66 65 68 54

1991 67 68 68 71 57

2001 71 78 75 77 67

2011 77 84 80 81 79

2004-05 69 75 72 73 70

2007-08 73 77 75 76 72

6















7















and constipation








8


(e) Urinary Bladder












coronary thrombosis

(g) Muscular system







(h) Brain




9





(i ) Bones



fall16




10



















11



1 Definition





















error basis21

12












treatment22


13














and practices












14














15









be hypertensive25













16























17























18























19










respectively38











group40

20






















21























22






















urban females49

23












system 51








24















line)54








25




















26






UHTC is located

27

Methodology


28

Methodology


College Davangere




16943




29

Methodology




t he s t udy







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5


30

Methodology




College Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36











31

























32


















33



nearest 05 kg















lt 185 underweight



ge 25 kg m2 Obese

34

Methodology



Normal lt120 lt 80






STUDY VARIABLES











35

Methodology


i Unskilled worker


(vegetable vendor)




iii Skilled








V Professional





36



5 TYPE OF FAMILY 71









Socio-economic

status



Rupees per month)




month)


II 50-99 3099-6260

III 30-49 1835-3098

IV 15-29 949-1834

V Below 15 lt948

37







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5





Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36



Results

RESULTS





38

Results









354 254 262

88 42

389

239 172

67 133

0102030405060708090

100

60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 ge80

Perc

enta

ge

Age in years

Males

Females


Males Females Total



Frequency (n=180)

Percentage ()

60-64 92 354 70 389 162 368

65-69 66 254 43 239 109 247

70-74 68 262 31 172 99 225

75-79 23 88 12 67 35 80

ge80 11 42 24 133 35 80

Total 260 100 180 100 440 100

39

Results



Hindu 188 427

Muslim 252 573

Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100

Hindu Muslim

427

573

Perc

enta

ge


40

Results



Illiterate 231 525




Intermediate 6 14

Graduate 14 32

Total 440 100





525

275

86 68

14 32

0102030405060708090

100

Perc

enta

ge


41







Unemployed 225 511

Total 440 100





0102030405060708090

100

05 102 155 227

511

Perc

enta

ge


42







Class II 13

Class III 26

Class IV 49

Class V 12


Class I 0 0

Class II 56 13

Class III 115 26

Class IV 215 49

Class V 54 12

Total 440 100

43

Results



Unmarried 2 05

Married 323 734


Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100


05

734

261 Perc

enta

ge

44

Results




Joint family 93 21


Total 440 100





Nuclear family 37

Joint family 21

Three generation

family 42

45

Results






under weight 10

Normal 45

Overweight 30

Obese 15

46

Results




Males (n=260)

Females (n=180)

Total (n=440)

No No No


184 707 130 722 314 714


139 534 80 444 219 497


90 346 64 355 154 35


E90)

70 269 75 417 145 329


64 246 73 405 137 311


64 246 37 206 101 23


57 219 30 166 87 198


L99)

38 146 20 111 58 132


39 15 18 10 57 13


22 85 7 39 29 66


6 23 5 28 11 25


47

Results












0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

714

497

35 329 311 229

198 132 13 66

25

perc

enta

ge

48

Results


system

Musculoskeletal

Disease

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

Value

Knee joint pain

52 (20)

30 (167)

82 (186)

X2 = 0779

df = 1

p=03773

Back ache

30 (115)

35 (194)

65 (148) X2 = 528

df = 1

p = 0021


knee joint pain)

52(20)

35(194)

87(198)

X2 =00206

df=1

p =0885

Non-specific aches

and pain

50(192)

30(167)

80(182)

X2=0470

df=1

p = 0492


Multiple responses






significant

49

Results


Diseases of the

eye and

adnexa

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

value

Cataract

112(43)

60(333)

172(391)

X2 = 4241

df=1

p = 0039

Refractive error

20(77)

14(78)

34(77)

X2= 0001

df=1

p = 0973



7(27)

6(33)

13(29)

X2=0152

df=1

p = 0696


Multiple responses






50

Results


Diseases of the

oral cavity

Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180 )

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Stained teeth

22 (84)

18 (10)

40 (91)

X2 =0304

df=1

p = 0581

Missing teeth

40 (154)

38 (211)

78 (177)

X2= 239

df= 1

p=0122

Caries

28 (108)

8 (44)

36 (82)

X2= 566

df= 1

p=0017


Multiple responses






51

Results


disorders

Disorders Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Diabetes mellitus

45 (173)

37 (206)

82 (186)

X2 = 0739

df= 1

p = 0389

Anemia

24 (92)

35 (194)

59 (134)

X2= 955

df = 1

p = 0001

Thyroid disorders

1(04)

3 (17)

4 (09)

p= 0309









52

Results


Diseases of

circulatory

system

Males

(n=260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Hypertension

62 (238)

71 (394)

133 (302)

X2= 1227

df= 1

p = 0000

CAD MI

Arrhythmias

2 (08)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p =100








53

Results


Disorders of

Respiratory

System

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical

value

Bronchial asthma

3 (12)

3 (17)

6 (14)

p =0692

URTI

45 (173)

27 (15)

72 (164)

X2= 0413

df = 1

p = 0520

Acute Bronchitis

12 (46)

7 (39)

19 (43)

X2= 0135

df = 1

p = 0712

Pulmonary TB

4 (15)

0(00)

4 (09)

p =0148








54

Results


Disorders of

Gastrointestinal

system

Males

(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Constipation

21(8)

6 (33)

27(61)

X2 =4155

df =1

p =0041

Gastritis

24 (92)

18 (10)

42(95)

X2= 0072

df = 1

p =0787

Bleeding per

rectum 3(12) 2(11) 5(11)

p =100

Others (Pain

abdomen

anorexia

indigestion)

9(35)

4 (22)

13 (3)

X2=0569

df =1

p=0450








55

Results


subcutaneous tissue


subcutaneous tissue

Males ( n = 260)

Females (n = 180)

Total (n = 440)

Statistical

value

Itching

19(73)

2(11)

21(48)

X2 =896

df=1

p = 0002

Scaling 6 (23)

3 (17)

9 (2)

p =0743

Pigmentation

5(19)

4 (22)

9 (2)

p =100

Dryness

8 (31)

11 (61)

19(43)

X2= 237

df = 1








56

Results


Disease of the ear

Males

(n= 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total


Hearing impairment

33 (126)

16 (89)

49 (111)

X2 =155

df =1

p =0212

Ear discharge

3 (12)

1 (06)

4(09)

p =0647

Tinnitus

3 (12)

1 (06)

4 (09)

p =0647








57

Results


system

Disorders of


Male

(n = 260)

Female

(n = 180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value

Burning micturition

2 (077)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p=100


micturition

20(77) 5(28) 25(57)

X2= 4794

df =1








58

Results


Disease of the


(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

p value

Memory loss

2 (77)

2 (11)

4 (09)

100

Stroke

2 (77)

0 (00)

2 (05)

0515

Neuritis

2 (77)

3 (17)

5 (11)

0652








59

Results


group


(n = 271)

70-79Yrs

(n = 134)

gt 80Yrs

(n = 35)

Total

( n = 440)

Statistical

value

Musculoskeletal

System

195 (72)

94 (70)

25 (710)

314 (714) X2= 0143

df = 2 p = 0930

Eye amp adnexa

125 (461)

69 (515)

25 (714)

219 (497) X2= 8166

df = 2 p = 0016


56 (207)

68 (507)

30 (857)

154 (350) X2= 7865

df = 2 p lt 00001


metabolic diseases

91 (335)

47 (35)

7 (200)

145 (329) X2= 297

df = 2 p = 0225

Circulatory

system

87 (321)

40 (298)

10 (285)

137 (311) X2= 0328

df = 2 p = 0848

Respiratory

system

64 (236)

31 (231)

6 (171)

101 (23) X2= 0738

df = 2 p = 0691

Digestive system

52 (191)

28 (210)

7 (200)

87 (191) X2= 0166

df = 2 p = 0 920


tissue

43 (159)

13 (97)

2 (57)

58 (132) X2= 4831

df = 2 p = 0089


27 (99)

20 (149)

10 (285)

57 (13) X2= 1018

d= 2 p = 0006

Genitourinary

system

20 (74)

8 (59)

1 (29)

29 (66) X2= 1151

df = 2 p = 0562

Nervous system

5 (18)

4 (29)

2 (57)

11 (25)

p = 0418



60

Results












61


occupation


Unemployed (n=225)

Total (n=440)

Statistical value

Musculoskeletal

system

171 (795) 143 (635) 314 (714) X2 =1374 df=1

p=00002


p= 0850

Oral cavityamp

salivary glands

76 (353) 78 (347) 154 (35) X2=0022 df=1

p=0880

Endocrine

nutritional amp

metabolic

disease

75 (348) 70 (311) 145 (329) X2=0708 df=1

p=0400

circulatory

system

58 (269) 79 (351) 137 (311) X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory

system

49 (227) 52 (231) 101 (23) X2=0006 df=1

p=09363


p=0723

Skin

subcutaneous

tissue

38 (176) 20 (88) 58 (132) X2=741 df=1

p=0006

Ear and mastoid

process

31 (144) 26 (115) 57 (13) X2=0799 df=1

p=0371

Genitourinary

system

16 (74) 13 (57) 29 (66) X2=0494 df=1

p=0481

Nervous system

2 (093) 9 (4) 11 (25) X2=425 df=1


Multiple responses

62

Results










63


religion


(n=188)

Muslim

(n=252)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value


X2=0668 df=1

p=0413


p= 0215


X2=211 df=1

p=0145


53 (2819) 92 (365) 145 (329) X2=3371 df=1

p=0066


X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory system

33 (176) 68 (269) 101 (229)

X2=5415 df= 1

p=0019


p=0013


31 (164) 27 (107) 58 (132) X2=3138 df=1

p=00765


28 (149) 29 (115) 57 (129) X2=1095 df=1

p=0297


16 (85) 13 (52) 29 (66) X2=1965 df=1

p=0161

Nervous system

4 (21) 7 (28) 11(25) p=0764



64

Results










65

Results



of an illness



illness

898

102


66

Results


illness






seeking health care

Frequency (n=45)

Percentage ()



Lack of faith in

healthcare

6 133


Total 45 100

67

Results







Males

(n=241)

Females

(n=154)

Total

(n=395)

No No No



Quacks 4 17 2 13 6 15

Total 241 100 154 100 395 100

68

Results


subjects

Whether visited

health facility

in case of illness

Sex

Total

n ()

p value Male

n ()

Female

n ()

Yes 241 (927) 154 (856) 395 (898) 00151

No 19 (106) 26 (144) 45 (102)

Total 260 (59) 180 (41) 440 (100)

x2=5901 df =1





69

Results




p value


0000

Illiterate (231) 194 (84) 37 (16)

Primary school (121) 115 (95) 6 (49)

Higher primary (38) 37 (974) 1 (26)



Graduate (14) 14 (100) 0(00)

Total(440) 395 (898) 45(102)







significant

70

Results



Frequency

(n=395)

Percentage





Total 395 100





71

Discussion

DISCUSSION










above (259)





were males






72

Discussion





were illiterate


















73

Discussion
























74

Discussion






















75

Discussion










from itching



hearing impairment










76

Discussion




















those working (55)

77

Discussion























78

Discussion

















seeking behaviour






79

Conclusion

CONCLUSION












80

Summary

SUMMARY


















overweight






81

Summary
















significant










82

Summary






















83

Summary



102 did not
















84

Limitations

LIMITATIONS






85

Recommendations

RECOMMENDATIONS






geriatrics







free of cost




86

References

REFERENCES












1082017]



1272017]




87

References




















7102015]




88

References


23(1)11-16








1062017]












1272017]





89

References




3(2)523-29











Public Health 2016 5(6)1098-1102







90

References







82




4558-64









91

References



2(1)9-12





5(3) 92-94






1-7









2013 Sep 9 36(2)6963-7

92

References










Sch J App Med Sci 2013 1(6)758-64










93

References










515-21



22(1)51-55











94

References












1282017]













2016 Oct 1 14(4)469

95

References






96























Annexures

ANNEXURE ndashIII

104

Annexures

PROFORMA


1 NAME

2 AGE







7 ADDRESS





10 CONTACT NUMBER










97

Annexures












(e) Others_________









8 EYE AND ADNEXA


9 EAR


10 SKIN


98

Annexures



12 GENERAL SYMPTOMS














(a) Yes (b) no


(a) lt100 (b) 100-200 (c) 200-300 (d) 300 and above







99

Annexures


(a) Yes (b) No






(a) Yes (b) No


(a) Yes (b) No




1 Hair

2 Teeth

3 Bath

4 Clothes


eating food



7 Nails

8 Foot wear


100

Annexures

2 MEASUREMENTS







Respiratory rate

20 Examination of

Eye Oral cavity Ear

Nose Throat




101

MASTER CHART

Annexures

ANNEXURES
















(M00-M99)





XVIII (S00-T98)


102

Annexures


(S00-T98)


(Z00-Z99)


103

Annexures

105

Annexures

106

Annexures

107

Annexures

PHOTOS



108

Annexures



109

Annexures

110















viii











UN - United Nations




ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table No

Title Page No



6



7


Davangere

29




Classification

37





11



43





47

xiii

15



49

16


and adnexa

50


18


metabolic disorders

52


system

53


system

54

21


system

55

22


subcutaneous tissue

56


24



58

25


system

59


their age group

60

xiv

27


their occupation

62

28


their religion

64


case of an illness

67


visited

68


study subjects

69



70



71

xv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No

Title Page No


1961-2001

6






27


28





11


43






48



66

xvi

ABSTRACT Background






Objectives

























health facility


xi

Introduction

INTRODUCTION







20501





death2










1

























2















subjects

3

Objectives

OBJECTIVES




4


vii

















span 14

5






1961 55 58 56 58 47

1971 59 60 60 62 50

1981 64 66 65 68 54

1991 67 68 68 71 57

2001 71 78 75 77 67

2011 77 84 80 81 79

2004-05 69 75 72 73 70

2007-08 73 77 75 76 72

6















7















and constipation








8


(e) Urinary Bladder












coronary thrombosis

(g) Muscular system







(h) Brain




9





(i ) Bones



fall16




10



















11



1 Definition





















error basis21

12












treatment22


13














and practices












14














15









be hypertensive25













16























17























18























19










respectively38











group40

20






















21























22






















urban females49

23












system 51








24















line)54








25




















26






UHTC is located

27

Methodology


28

Methodology


College Davangere




16943




29

Methodology




t he s t udy







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5


30

Methodology




College Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36











31

























32


















33



nearest 05 kg















lt 185 underweight



ge 25 kg m2 Obese

34

Methodology



Normal lt120 lt 80






STUDY VARIABLES











35

Methodology


i Unskilled worker


(vegetable vendor)




iii Skilled








V Professional





36



5 TYPE OF FAMILY 71









Socio-economic

status



Rupees per month)




month)


II 50-99 3099-6260

III 30-49 1835-3098

IV 15-29 949-1834

V Below 15 lt948

37







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5





Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36



Results

RESULTS





38

Results









354 254 262

88 42

389

239 172

67 133

0102030405060708090

100

60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 ge80

Perc

enta

ge

Age in years

Males

Females


Males Females Total



Frequency (n=180)

Percentage ()

60-64 92 354 70 389 162 368

65-69 66 254 43 239 109 247

70-74 68 262 31 172 99 225

75-79 23 88 12 67 35 80

ge80 11 42 24 133 35 80

Total 260 100 180 100 440 100

39

Results



Hindu 188 427

Muslim 252 573

Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100

Hindu Muslim

427

573

Perc

enta

ge


40

Results



Illiterate 231 525




Intermediate 6 14

Graduate 14 32

Total 440 100





525

275

86 68

14 32

0102030405060708090

100

Perc

enta

ge


41







Unemployed 225 511

Total 440 100





0102030405060708090

100

05 102 155 227

511

Perc

enta

ge


42







Class II 13

Class III 26

Class IV 49

Class V 12


Class I 0 0

Class II 56 13

Class III 115 26

Class IV 215 49

Class V 54 12

Total 440 100

43

Results



Unmarried 2 05

Married 323 734


Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100


05

734

261 Perc

enta

ge

44

Results




Joint family 93 21


Total 440 100





Nuclear family 37

Joint family 21

Three generation

family 42

45

Results






under weight 10

Normal 45

Overweight 30

Obese 15

46

Results




Males (n=260)

Females (n=180)

Total (n=440)

No No No


184 707 130 722 314 714


139 534 80 444 219 497


90 346 64 355 154 35


E90)

70 269 75 417 145 329


64 246 73 405 137 311


64 246 37 206 101 23


57 219 30 166 87 198


L99)

38 146 20 111 58 132


39 15 18 10 57 13


22 85 7 39 29 66


6 23 5 28 11 25


47

Results












0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

714

497

35 329 311 229

198 132 13 66

25

perc

enta

ge

48

Results


system

Musculoskeletal

Disease

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

Value

Knee joint pain

52 (20)

30 (167)

82 (186)

X2 = 0779

df = 1

p=03773

Back ache

30 (115)

35 (194)

65 (148) X2 = 528

df = 1

p = 0021


knee joint pain)

52(20)

35(194)

87(198)

X2 =00206

df=1

p =0885

Non-specific aches

and pain

50(192)

30(167)

80(182)

X2=0470

df=1

p = 0492


Multiple responses






significant

49

Results


Diseases of the

eye and

adnexa

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

value

Cataract

112(43)

60(333)

172(391)

X2 = 4241

df=1

p = 0039

Refractive error

20(77)

14(78)

34(77)

X2= 0001

df=1

p = 0973



7(27)

6(33)

13(29)

X2=0152

df=1

p = 0696


Multiple responses






50

Results


Diseases of the

oral cavity

Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180 )

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Stained teeth

22 (84)

18 (10)

40 (91)

X2 =0304

df=1

p = 0581

Missing teeth

40 (154)

38 (211)

78 (177)

X2= 239

df= 1

p=0122

Caries

28 (108)

8 (44)

36 (82)

X2= 566

df= 1

p=0017


Multiple responses






51

Results


disorders

Disorders Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Diabetes mellitus

45 (173)

37 (206)

82 (186)

X2 = 0739

df= 1

p = 0389

Anemia

24 (92)

35 (194)

59 (134)

X2= 955

df = 1

p = 0001

Thyroid disorders

1(04)

3 (17)

4 (09)

p= 0309









52

Results


Diseases of

circulatory

system

Males

(n=260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Hypertension

62 (238)

71 (394)

133 (302)

X2= 1227

df= 1

p = 0000

CAD MI

Arrhythmias

2 (08)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p =100








53

Results


Disorders of

Respiratory

System

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical

value

Bronchial asthma

3 (12)

3 (17)

6 (14)

p =0692

URTI

45 (173)

27 (15)

72 (164)

X2= 0413

df = 1

p = 0520

Acute Bronchitis

12 (46)

7 (39)

19 (43)

X2= 0135

df = 1

p = 0712

Pulmonary TB

4 (15)

0(00)

4 (09)

p =0148








54

Results


Disorders of

Gastrointestinal

system

Males

(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Constipation

21(8)

6 (33)

27(61)

X2 =4155

df =1

p =0041

Gastritis

24 (92)

18 (10)

42(95)

X2= 0072

df = 1

p =0787

Bleeding per

rectum 3(12) 2(11) 5(11)

p =100

Others (Pain

abdomen

anorexia

indigestion)

9(35)

4 (22)

13 (3)

X2=0569

df =1

p=0450








55

Results


subcutaneous tissue


subcutaneous tissue

Males ( n = 260)

Females (n = 180)

Total (n = 440)

Statistical

value

Itching

19(73)

2(11)

21(48)

X2 =896

df=1

p = 0002

Scaling 6 (23)

3 (17)

9 (2)

p =0743

Pigmentation

5(19)

4 (22)

9 (2)

p =100

Dryness

8 (31)

11 (61)

19(43)

X2= 237

df = 1








56

Results


Disease of the ear

Males

(n= 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total


Hearing impairment

33 (126)

16 (89)

49 (111)

X2 =155

df =1

p =0212

Ear discharge

3 (12)

1 (06)

4(09)

p =0647

Tinnitus

3 (12)

1 (06)

4 (09)

p =0647








57

Results


system

Disorders of


Male

(n = 260)

Female

(n = 180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value

Burning micturition

2 (077)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p=100


micturition

20(77) 5(28) 25(57)

X2= 4794

df =1








58

Results


Disease of the


(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

p value

Memory loss

2 (77)

2 (11)

4 (09)

100

Stroke

2 (77)

0 (00)

2 (05)

0515

Neuritis

2 (77)

3 (17)

5 (11)

0652








59

Results


group


(n = 271)

70-79Yrs

(n = 134)

gt 80Yrs

(n = 35)

Total

( n = 440)

Statistical

value

Musculoskeletal

System

195 (72)

94 (70)

25 (710)

314 (714) X2= 0143

df = 2 p = 0930

Eye amp adnexa

125 (461)

69 (515)

25 (714)

219 (497) X2= 8166

df = 2 p = 0016


56 (207)

68 (507)

30 (857)

154 (350) X2= 7865

df = 2 p lt 00001


metabolic diseases

91 (335)

47 (35)

7 (200)

145 (329) X2= 297

df = 2 p = 0225

Circulatory

system

87 (321)

40 (298)

10 (285)

137 (311) X2= 0328

df = 2 p = 0848

Respiratory

system

64 (236)

31 (231)

6 (171)

101 (23) X2= 0738

df = 2 p = 0691

Digestive system

52 (191)

28 (210)

7 (200)

87 (191) X2= 0166

df = 2 p = 0 920


tissue

43 (159)

13 (97)

2 (57)

58 (132) X2= 4831

df = 2 p = 0089


27 (99)

20 (149)

10 (285)

57 (13) X2= 1018

d= 2 p = 0006

Genitourinary

system

20 (74)

8 (59)

1 (29)

29 (66) X2= 1151

df = 2 p = 0562

Nervous system

5 (18)

4 (29)

2 (57)

11 (25)

p = 0418



60

Results












61


occupation


Unemployed (n=225)

Total (n=440)

Statistical value

Musculoskeletal

system

171 (795) 143 (635) 314 (714) X2 =1374 df=1

p=00002


p= 0850

Oral cavityamp

salivary glands

76 (353) 78 (347) 154 (35) X2=0022 df=1

p=0880

Endocrine

nutritional amp

metabolic

disease

75 (348) 70 (311) 145 (329) X2=0708 df=1

p=0400

circulatory

system

58 (269) 79 (351) 137 (311) X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory

system

49 (227) 52 (231) 101 (23) X2=0006 df=1

p=09363


p=0723

Skin

subcutaneous

tissue

38 (176) 20 (88) 58 (132) X2=741 df=1

p=0006

Ear and mastoid

process

31 (144) 26 (115) 57 (13) X2=0799 df=1

p=0371

Genitourinary

system

16 (74) 13 (57) 29 (66) X2=0494 df=1

p=0481

Nervous system

2 (093) 9 (4) 11 (25) X2=425 df=1


Multiple responses

62

Results










63


religion


(n=188)

Muslim

(n=252)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value


X2=0668 df=1

p=0413


p= 0215


X2=211 df=1

p=0145


53 (2819) 92 (365) 145 (329) X2=3371 df=1

p=0066


X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory system

33 (176) 68 (269) 101 (229)

X2=5415 df= 1

p=0019


p=0013


31 (164) 27 (107) 58 (132) X2=3138 df=1

p=00765


28 (149) 29 (115) 57 (129) X2=1095 df=1

p=0297


16 (85) 13 (52) 29 (66) X2=1965 df=1

p=0161

Nervous system

4 (21) 7 (28) 11(25) p=0764



64

Results










65

Results



of an illness



illness

898

102


66

Results


illness






seeking health care

Frequency (n=45)

Percentage ()



Lack of faith in

healthcare

6 133


Total 45 100

67

Results







Males

(n=241)

Females

(n=154)

Total

(n=395)

No No No



Quacks 4 17 2 13 6 15

Total 241 100 154 100 395 100

68

Results


subjects

Whether visited

health facility

in case of illness

Sex

Total

n ()

p value Male

n ()

Female

n ()

Yes 241 (927) 154 (856) 395 (898) 00151

No 19 (106) 26 (144) 45 (102)

Total 260 (59) 180 (41) 440 (100)

x2=5901 df =1





69

Results




p value


0000

Illiterate (231) 194 (84) 37 (16)

Primary school (121) 115 (95) 6 (49)

Higher primary (38) 37 (974) 1 (26)



Graduate (14) 14 (100) 0(00)

Total(440) 395 (898) 45(102)







significant

70

Results



Frequency

(n=395)

Percentage





Total 395 100





71

Discussion

DISCUSSION










above (259)





were males






72

Discussion





were illiterate


















73

Discussion
























74

Discussion






















75

Discussion










from itching



hearing impairment










76

Discussion




















those working (55)

77

Discussion























78

Discussion

















seeking behaviour






79

Conclusion

CONCLUSION












80

Summary

SUMMARY


















overweight






81

Summary
















significant










82

Summary






















83

Summary



102 did not
















84

Limitations

LIMITATIONS






85

Recommendations

RECOMMENDATIONS






geriatrics







free of cost




86

References

REFERENCES












1082017]



1272017]




87

References




















7102015]




88

References


23(1)11-16








1062017]












1272017]





89

References




3(2)523-29











Public Health 2016 5(6)1098-1102







90

References







82




4558-64









91

References



2(1)9-12





5(3) 92-94






1-7









2013 Sep 9 36(2)6963-7

92

References










Sch J App Med Sci 2013 1(6)758-64










93

References










515-21



22(1)51-55











94

References












1282017]













2016 Oct 1 14(4)469

95

References






96























Annexures

ANNEXURE ndashIII

104

Annexures

PROFORMA


1 NAME

2 AGE







7 ADDRESS





10 CONTACT NUMBER










97

Annexures












(e) Others_________









8 EYE AND ADNEXA


9 EAR


10 SKIN


98

Annexures



12 GENERAL SYMPTOMS














(a) Yes (b) no


(a) lt100 (b) 100-200 (c) 200-300 (d) 300 and above







99

Annexures


(a) Yes (b) No






(a) Yes (b) No


(a) Yes (b) No




1 Hair

2 Teeth

3 Bath

4 Clothes


eating food



7 Nails

8 Foot wear


100

Annexures

2 MEASUREMENTS







Respiratory rate

20 Examination of

Eye Oral cavity Ear

Nose Throat




101

MASTER CHART

Annexures

ANNEXURES
















(M00-M99)





XVIII (S00-T98)


102

Annexures


(S00-T98)


(Z00-Z99)


103

Annexures

105

Annexures

106

Annexures

107

Annexures

PHOTOS



108

Annexures



109

Annexures

110











UN - United Nations




ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table No

Title Page No



6



7


Davangere

29




Classification

37





11



43





47

xiii

15



49

16


and adnexa

50


18


metabolic disorders

52


system

53


system

54

21


system

55

22


subcutaneous tissue

56


24



58

25


system

59


their age group

60

xiv

27


their occupation

62

28


their religion

64


case of an illness

67


visited

68


study subjects

69



70



71

xv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No

Title Page No


1961-2001

6






27


28





11


43






48



66

xvi

ABSTRACT Background






Objectives

























health facility


xi

Introduction

INTRODUCTION







20501





death2










1

























2















subjects

3

Objectives

OBJECTIVES




4


vii

















span 14

5






1961 55 58 56 58 47

1971 59 60 60 62 50

1981 64 66 65 68 54

1991 67 68 68 71 57

2001 71 78 75 77 67

2011 77 84 80 81 79

2004-05 69 75 72 73 70

2007-08 73 77 75 76 72

6















7















and constipation








8


(e) Urinary Bladder












coronary thrombosis

(g) Muscular system







(h) Brain




9





(i ) Bones



fall16




10



















11



1 Definition





















error basis21

12












treatment22


13














and practices












14














15









be hypertensive25













16























17























18























19










respectively38











group40

20






















21























22






















urban females49

23












system 51








24















line)54








25




















26






UHTC is located

27

Methodology


28

Methodology


College Davangere




16943




29

Methodology




t he s t udy







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5


30

Methodology




College Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36











31

























32


















33



nearest 05 kg















lt 185 underweight



ge 25 kg m2 Obese

34

Methodology



Normal lt120 lt 80






STUDY VARIABLES











35

Methodology


i Unskilled worker


(vegetable vendor)




iii Skilled








V Professional





36



5 TYPE OF FAMILY 71









Socio-economic

status



Rupees per month)




month)


II 50-99 3099-6260

III 30-49 1835-3098

IV 15-29 949-1834

V Below 15 lt948

37







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5





Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36



Results

RESULTS





38

Results









354 254 262

88 42

389

239 172

67 133

0102030405060708090

100

60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 ge80

Perc

enta

ge

Age in years

Males

Females


Males Females Total



Frequency (n=180)

Percentage ()

60-64 92 354 70 389 162 368

65-69 66 254 43 239 109 247

70-74 68 262 31 172 99 225

75-79 23 88 12 67 35 80

ge80 11 42 24 133 35 80

Total 260 100 180 100 440 100

39

Results



Hindu 188 427

Muslim 252 573

Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100

Hindu Muslim

427

573

Perc

enta

ge


40

Results



Illiterate 231 525




Intermediate 6 14

Graduate 14 32

Total 440 100





525

275

86 68

14 32

0102030405060708090

100

Perc

enta

ge


41







Unemployed 225 511

Total 440 100





0102030405060708090

100

05 102 155 227

511

Perc

enta

ge


42







Class II 13

Class III 26

Class IV 49

Class V 12


Class I 0 0

Class II 56 13

Class III 115 26

Class IV 215 49

Class V 54 12

Total 440 100

43

Results



Unmarried 2 05

Married 323 734


Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100


05

734

261 Perc

enta

ge

44

Results




Joint family 93 21


Total 440 100





Nuclear family 37

Joint family 21

Three generation

family 42

45

Results






under weight 10

Normal 45

Overweight 30

Obese 15

46

Results




Males (n=260)

Females (n=180)

Total (n=440)

No No No


184 707 130 722 314 714


139 534 80 444 219 497


90 346 64 355 154 35


E90)

70 269 75 417 145 329


64 246 73 405 137 311


64 246 37 206 101 23


57 219 30 166 87 198


L99)

38 146 20 111 58 132


39 15 18 10 57 13


22 85 7 39 29 66


6 23 5 28 11 25


47

Results












0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

714

497

35 329 311 229

198 132 13 66

25

perc

enta

ge

48

Results


system

Musculoskeletal

Disease

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

Value

Knee joint pain

52 (20)

30 (167)

82 (186)

X2 = 0779

df = 1

p=03773

Back ache

30 (115)

35 (194)

65 (148) X2 = 528

df = 1

p = 0021


knee joint pain)

52(20)

35(194)

87(198)

X2 =00206

df=1

p =0885

Non-specific aches

and pain

50(192)

30(167)

80(182)

X2=0470

df=1

p = 0492


Multiple responses






significant

49

Results


Diseases of the

eye and

adnexa

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

value

Cataract

112(43)

60(333)

172(391)

X2 = 4241

df=1

p = 0039

Refractive error

20(77)

14(78)

34(77)

X2= 0001

df=1

p = 0973



7(27)

6(33)

13(29)

X2=0152

df=1

p = 0696


Multiple responses






50

Results


Diseases of the

oral cavity

Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180 )

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Stained teeth

22 (84)

18 (10)

40 (91)

X2 =0304

df=1

p = 0581

Missing teeth

40 (154)

38 (211)

78 (177)

X2= 239

df= 1

p=0122

Caries

28 (108)

8 (44)

36 (82)

X2= 566

df= 1

p=0017


Multiple responses






51

Results


disorders

Disorders Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Diabetes mellitus

45 (173)

37 (206)

82 (186)

X2 = 0739

df= 1

p = 0389

Anemia

24 (92)

35 (194)

59 (134)

X2= 955

df = 1

p = 0001

Thyroid disorders

1(04)

3 (17)

4 (09)

p= 0309









52

Results


Diseases of

circulatory

system

Males

(n=260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Hypertension

62 (238)

71 (394)

133 (302)

X2= 1227

df= 1

p = 0000

CAD MI

Arrhythmias

2 (08)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p =100








53

Results


Disorders of

Respiratory

System

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical

value

Bronchial asthma

3 (12)

3 (17)

6 (14)

p =0692

URTI

45 (173)

27 (15)

72 (164)

X2= 0413

df = 1

p = 0520

Acute Bronchitis

12 (46)

7 (39)

19 (43)

X2= 0135

df = 1

p = 0712

Pulmonary TB

4 (15)

0(00)

4 (09)

p =0148








54

Results


Disorders of

Gastrointestinal

system

Males

(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Constipation

21(8)

6 (33)

27(61)

X2 =4155

df =1

p =0041

Gastritis

24 (92)

18 (10)

42(95)

X2= 0072

df = 1

p =0787

Bleeding per

rectum 3(12) 2(11) 5(11)

p =100

Others (Pain

abdomen

anorexia

indigestion)

9(35)

4 (22)

13 (3)

X2=0569

df =1

p=0450








55

Results


subcutaneous tissue


subcutaneous tissue

Males ( n = 260)

Females (n = 180)

Total (n = 440)

Statistical

value

Itching

19(73)

2(11)

21(48)

X2 =896

df=1

p = 0002

Scaling 6 (23)

3 (17)

9 (2)

p =0743

Pigmentation

5(19)

4 (22)

9 (2)

p =100

Dryness

8 (31)

11 (61)

19(43)

X2= 237

df = 1








56

Results


Disease of the ear

Males

(n= 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total


Hearing impairment

33 (126)

16 (89)

49 (111)

X2 =155

df =1

p =0212

Ear discharge

3 (12)

1 (06)

4(09)

p =0647

Tinnitus

3 (12)

1 (06)

4 (09)

p =0647








57

Results


system

Disorders of


Male

(n = 260)

Female

(n = 180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value

Burning micturition

2 (077)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p=100


micturition

20(77) 5(28) 25(57)

X2= 4794

df =1








58

Results


Disease of the


(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

p value

Memory loss

2 (77)

2 (11)

4 (09)

100

Stroke

2 (77)

0 (00)

2 (05)

0515

Neuritis

2 (77)

3 (17)

5 (11)

0652








59

Results


group


(n = 271)

70-79Yrs

(n = 134)

gt 80Yrs

(n = 35)

Total

( n = 440)

Statistical

value

Musculoskeletal

System

195 (72)

94 (70)

25 (710)

314 (714) X2= 0143

df = 2 p = 0930

Eye amp adnexa

125 (461)

69 (515)

25 (714)

219 (497) X2= 8166

df = 2 p = 0016


56 (207)

68 (507)

30 (857)

154 (350) X2= 7865

df = 2 p lt 00001


metabolic diseases

91 (335)

47 (35)

7 (200)

145 (329) X2= 297

df = 2 p = 0225

Circulatory

system

87 (321)

40 (298)

10 (285)

137 (311) X2= 0328

df = 2 p = 0848

Respiratory

system

64 (236)

31 (231)

6 (171)

101 (23) X2= 0738

df = 2 p = 0691

Digestive system

52 (191)

28 (210)

7 (200)

87 (191) X2= 0166

df = 2 p = 0 920


tissue

43 (159)

13 (97)

2 (57)

58 (132) X2= 4831

df = 2 p = 0089


27 (99)

20 (149)

10 (285)

57 (13) X2= 1018

d= 2 p = 0006

Genitourinary

system

20 (74)

8 (59)

1 (29)

29 (66) X2= 1151

df = 2 p = 0562

Nervous system

5 (18)

4 (29)

2 (57)

11 (25)

p = 0418



60

Results












61


occupation


Unemployed (n=225)

Total (n=440)

Statistical value

Musculoskeletal

system

171 (795) 143 (635) 314 (714) X2 =1374 df=1

p=00002


p= 0850

Oral cavityamp

salivary glands

76 (353) 78 (347) 154 (35) X2=0022 df=1

p=0880

Endocrine

nutritional amp

metabolic

disease

75 (348) 70 (311) 145 (329) X2=0708 df=1

p=0400

circulatory

system

58 (269) 79 (351) 137 (311) X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory

system

49 (227) 52 (231) 101 (23) X2=0006 df=1

p=09363


p=0723

Skin

subcutaneous

tissue

38 (176) 20 (88) 58 (132) X2=741 df=1

p=0006

Ear and mastoid

process

31 (144) 26 (115) 57 (13) X2=0799 df=1

p=0371

Genitourinary

system

16 (74) 13 (57) 29 (66) X2=0494 df=1

p=0481

Nervous system

2 (093) 9 (4) 11 (25) X2=425 df=1


Multiple responses

62

Results










63


religion


(n=188)

Muslim

(n=252)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value


X2=0668 df=1

p=0413


p= 0215


X2=211 df=1

p=0145


53 (2819) 92 (365) 145 (329) X2=3371 df=1

p=0066


X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory system

33 (176) 68 (269) 101 (229)

X2=5415 df= 1

p=0019


p=0013


31 (164) 27 (107) 58 (132) X2=3138 df=1

p=00765


28 (149) 29 (115) 57 (129) X2=1095 df=1

p=0297


16 (85) 13 (52) 29 (66) X2=1965 df=1

p=0161

Nervous system

4 (21) 7 (28) 11(25) p=0764



64

Results










65

Results



of an illness



illness

898

102


66

Results


illness






seeking health care

Frequency (n=45)

Percentage ()



Lack of faith in

healthcare

6 133


Total 45 100

67

Results







Males

(n=241)

Females

(n=154)

Total

(n=395)

No No No



Quacks 4 17 2 13 6 15

Total 241 100 154 100 395 100

68

Results


subjects

Whether visited

health facility

in case of illness

Sex

Total

n ()

p value Male

n ()

Female

n ()

Yes 241 (927) 154 (856) 395 (898) 00151

No 19 (106) 26 (144) 45 (102)

Total 260 (59) 180 (41) 440 (100)

x2=5901 df =1





69

Results




p value


0000

Illiterate (231) 194 (84) 37 (16)

Primary school (121) 115 (95) 6 (49)

Higher primary (38) 37 (974) 1 (26)



Graduate (14) 14 (100) 0(00)

Total(440) 395 (898) 45(102)







significant

70

Results



Frequency

(n=395)

Percentage





Total 395 100





71

Discussion

DISCUSSION










above (259)





were males






72

Discussion





were illiterate


















73

Discussion
























74

Discussion






















75

Discussion










from itching



hearing impairment










76

Discussion




















those working (55)

77

Discussion























78

Discussion

















seeking behaviour






79

Conclusion

CONCLUSION












80

Summary

SUMMARY


















overweight






81

Summary
















significant










82

Summary






















83

Summary



102 did not
















84

Limitations

LIMITATIONS






85

Recommendations

RECOMMENDATIONS






geriatrics







free of cost




86

References

REFERENCES












1082017]



1272017]




87

References




















7102015]




88

References


23(1)11-16








1062017]












1272017]





89

References




3(2)523-29











Public Health 2016 5(6)1098-1102







90

References







82




4558-64









91

References



2(1)9-12





5(3) 92-94






1-7









2013 Sep 9 36(2)6963-7

92

References










Sch J App Med Sci 2013 1(6)758-64










93

References










515-21



22(1)51-55











94

References












1282017]













2016 Oct 1 14(4)469

95

References






96























Annexures

ANNEXURE ndashIII

104

Annexures

PROFORMA


1 NAME

2 AGE







7 ADDRESS





10 CONTACT NUMBER










97

Annexures












(e) Others_________









8 EYE AND ADNEXA


9 EAR


10 SKIN


98

Annexures



12 GENERAL SYMPTOMS














(a) Yes (b) no


(a) lt100 (b) 100-200 (c) 200-300 (d) 300 and above







99

Annexures


(a) Yes (b) No






(a) Yes (b) No


(a) Yes (b) No




1 Hair

2 Teeth

3 Bath

4 Clothes


eating food



7 Nails

8 Foot wear


100

Annexures

2 MEASUREMENTS







Respiratory rate

20 Examination of

Eye Oral cavity Ear

Nose Throat




101

MASTER CHART

Annexures

ANNEXURES
















(M00-M99)





XVIII (S00-T98)


102

Annexures


(S00-T98)


(Z00-Z99)


103

Annexures

105

Annexures

106

Annexures

107

Annexures

PHOTOS



108

Annexures



109

Annexures

110

LIST OF TABLES

Table No

Title Page No



6



7


Davangere

29




Classification

37





11



43





47

xiii

15



49

16


and adnexa

50


18


metabolic disorders

52


system

53


system

54

21


system

55

22


subcutaneous tissue

56


24



58

25


system

59


their age group

60

xiv

27


their occupation

62

28


their religion

64


case of an illness

67


visited

68


study subjects

69



70



71

xv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No

Title Page No


1961-2001

6






27


28





11


43






48



66

xvi

ABSTRACT Background






Objectives

























health facility


xi

Introduction

INTRODUCTION







20501





death2










1

























2















subjects

3

Objectives

OBJECTIVES




4


vii

















span 14

5






1961 55 58 56 58 47

1971 59 60 60 62 50

1981 64 66 65 68 54

1991 67 68 68 71 57

2001 71 78 75 77 67

2011 77 84 80 81 79

2004-05 69 75 72 73 70

2007-08 73 77 75 76 72

6















7















and constipation








8


(e) Urinary Bladder












coronary thrombosis

(g) Muscular system







(h) Brain




9





(i ) Bones



fall16




10



















11



1 Definition





















error basis21

12












treatment22


13














and practices












14














15









be hypertensive25













16























17























18























19










respectively38











group40

20






















21























22






















urban females49

23












system 51








24















line)54








25




















26






UHTC is located

27

Methodology


28

Methodology


College Davangere




16943




29

Methodology




t he s t udy







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5


30

Methodology




College Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36











31

























32


















33



nearest 05 kg















lt 185 underweight



ge 25 kg m2 Obese

34

Methodology



Normal lt120 lt 80






STUDY VARIABLES











35

Methodology


i Unskilled worker


(vegetable vendor)




iii Skilled








V Professional





36



5 TYPE OF FAMILY 71









Socio-economic

status



Rupees per month)




month)


II 50-99 3099-6260

III 30-49 1835-3098

IV 15-29 949-1834

V Below 15 lt948

37







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5





Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36



Results

RESULTS





38

Results









354 254 262

88 42

389

239 172

67 133

0102030405060708090

100

60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 ge80

Perc

enta

ge

Age in years

Males

Females


Males Females Total



Frequency (n=180)

Percentage ()

60-64 92 354 70 389 162 368

65-69 66 254 43 239 109 247

70-74 68 262 31 172 99 225

75-79 23 88 12 67 35 80

ge80 11 42 24 133 35 80

Total 260 100 180 100 440 100

39

Results



Hindu 188 427

Muslim 252 573

Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100

Hindu Muslim

427

573

Perc

enta

ge


40

Results



Illiterate 231 525




Intermediate 6 14

Graduate 14 32

Total 440 100





525

275

86 68

14 32

0102030405060708090

100

Perc

enta

ge


41







Unemployed 225 511

Total 440 100





0102030405060708090

100

05 102 155 227

511

Perc

enta

ge


42







Class II 13

Class III 26

Class IV 49

Class V 12


Class I 0 0

Class II 56 13

Class III 115 26

Class IV 215 49

Class V 54 12

Total 440 100

43

Results



Unmarried 2 05

Married 323 734


Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100


05

734

261 Perc

enta

ge

44

Results




Joint family 93 21


Total 440 100





Nuclear family 37

Joint family 21

Three generation

family 42

45

Results






under weight 10

Normal 45

Overweight 30

Obese 15

46

Results




Males (n=260)

Females (n=180)

Total (n=440)

No No No


184 707 130 722 314 714


139 534 80 444 219 497


90 346 64 355 154 35


E90)

70 269 75 417 145 329


64 246 73 405 137 311


64 246 37 206 101 23


57 219 30 166 87 198


L99)

38 146 20 111 58 132


39 15 18 10 57 13


22 85 7 39 29 66


6 23 5 28 11 25


47

Results












0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

714

497

35 329 311 229

198 132 13 66

25

perc

enta

ge

48

Results


system

Musculoskeletal

Disease

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

Value

Knee joint pain

52 (20)

30 (167)

82 (186)

X2 = 0779

df = 1

p=03773

Back ache

30 (115)

35 (194)

65 (148) X2 = 528

df = 1

p = 0021


knee joint pain)

52(20)

35(194)

87(198)

X2 =00206

df=1

p =0885

Non-specific aches

and pain

50(192)

30(167)

80(182)

X2=0470

df=1

p = 0492


Multiple responses






significant

49

Results


Diseases of the

eye and

adnexa

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

value

Cataract

112(43)

60(333)

172(391)

X2 = 4241

df=1

p = 0039

Refractive error

20(77)

14(78)

34(77)

X2= 0001

df=1

p = 0973



7(27)

6(33)

13(29)

X2=0152

df=1

p = 0696


Multiple responses






50

Results


Diseases of the

oral cavity

Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180 )

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Stained teeth

22 (84)

18 (10)

40 (91)

X2 =0304

df=1

p = 0581

Missing teeth

40 (154)

38 (211)

78 (177)

X2= 239

df= 1

p=0122

Caries

28 (108)

8 (44)

36 (82)

X2= 566

df= 1

p=0017


Multiple responses






51

Results


disorders

Disorders Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Diabetes mellitus

45 (173)

37 (206)

82 (186)

X2 = 0739

df= 1

p = 0389

Anemia

24 (92)

35 (194)

59 (134)

X2= 955

df = 1

p = 0001

Thyroid disorders

1(04)

3 (17)

4 (09)

p= 0309









52

Results


Diseases of

circulatory

system

Males

(n=260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Hypertension

62 (238)

71 (394)

133 (302)

X2= 1227

df= 1

p = 0000

CAD MI

Arrhythmias

2 (08)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p =100








53

Results


Disorders of

Respiratory

System

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical

value

Bronchial asthma

3 (12)

3 (17)

6 (14)

p =0692

URTI

45 (173)

27 (15)

72 (164)

X2= 0413

df = 1

p = 0520

Acute Bronchitis

12 (46)

7 (39)

19 (43)

X2= 0135

df = 1

p = 0712

Pulmonary TB

4 (15)

0(00)

4 (09)

p =0148








54

Results


Disorders of

Gastrointestinal

system

Males

(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Constipation

21(8)

6 (33)

27(61)

X2 =4155

df =1

p =0041

Gastritis

24 (92)

18 (10)

42(95)

X2= 0072

df = 1

p =0787

Bleeding per

rectum 3(12) 2(11) 5(11)

p =100

Others (Pain

abdomen

anorexia

indigestion)

9(35)

4 (22)

13 (3)

X2=0569

df =1

p=0450








55

Results


subcutaneous tissue


subcutaneous tissue

Males ( n = 260)

Females (n = 180)

Total (n = 440)

Statistical

value

Itching

19(73)

2(11)

21(48)

X2 =896

df=1

p = 0002

Scaling 6 (23)

3 (17)

9 (2)

p =0743

Pigmentation

5(19)

4 (22)

9 (2)

p =100

Dryness

8 (31)

11 (61)

19(43)

X2= 237

df = 1








56

Results


Disease of the ear

Males

(n= 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total


Hearing impairment

33 (126)

16 (89)

49 (111)

X2 =155

df =1

p =0212

Ear discharge

3 (12)

1 (06)

4(09)

p =0647

Tinnitus

3 (12)

1 (06)

4 (09)

p =0647








57

Results


system

Disorders of


Male

(n = 260)

Female

(n = 180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value

Burning micturition

2 (077)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p=100


micturition

20(77) 5(28) 25(57)

X2= 4794

df =1








58

Results


Disease of the


(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

p value

Memory loss

2 (77)

2 (11)

4 (09)

100

Stroke

2 (77)

0 (00)

2 (05)

0515

Neuritis

2 (77)

3 (17)

5 (11)

0652








59

Results


group


(n = 271)

70-79Yrs

(n = 134)

gt 80Yrs

(n = 35)

Total

( n = 440)

Statistical

value

Musculoskeletal

System

195 (72)

94 (70)

25 (710)

314 (714) X2= 0143

df = 2 p = 0930

Eye amp adnexa

125 (461)

69 (515)

25 (714)

219 (497) X2= 8166

df = 2 p = 0016


56 (207)

68 (507)

30 (857)

154 (350) X2= 7865

df = 2 p lt 00001


metabolic diseases

91 (335)

47 (35)

7 (200)

145 (329) X2= 297

df = 2 p = 0225

Circulatory

system

87 (321)

40 (298)

10 (285)

137 (311) X2= 0328

df = 2 p = 0848

Respiratory

system

64 (236)

31 (231)

6 (171)

101 (23) X2= 0738

df = 2 p = 0691

Digestive system

52 (191)

28 (210)

7 (200)

87 (191) X2= 0166

df = 2 p = 0 920


tissue

43 (159)

13 (97)

2 (57)

58 (132) X2= 4831

df = 2 p = 0089


27 (99)

20 (149)

10 (285)

57 (13) X2= 1018

d= 2 p = 0006

Genitourinary

system

20 (74)

8 (59)

1 (29)

29 (66) X2= 1151

df = 2 p = 0562

Nervous system

5 (18)

4 (29)

2 (57)

11 (25)

p = 0418



60

Results












61


occupation


Unemployed (n=225)

Total (n=440)

Statistical value

Musculoskeletal

system

171 (795) 143 (635) 314 (714) X2 =1374 df=1

p=00002


p= 0850

Oral cavityamp

salivary glands

76 (353) 78 (347) 154 (35) X2=0022 df=1

p=0880

Endocrine

nutritional amp

metabolic

disease

75 (348) 70 (311) 145 (329) X2=0708 df=1

p=0400

circulatory

system

58 (269) 79 (351) 137 (311) X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory

system

49 (227) 52 (231) 101 (23) X2=0006 df=1

p=09363


p=0723

Skin

subcutaneous

tissue

38 (176) 20 (88) 58 (132) X2=741 df=1

p=0006

Ear and mastoid

process

31 (144) 26 (115) 57 (13) X2=0799 df=1

p=0371

Genitourinary

system

16 (74) 13 (57) 29 (66) X2=0494 df=1

p=0481

Nervous system

2 (093) 9 (4) 11 (25) X2=425 df=1


Multiple responses

62

Results










63


religion


(n=188)

Muslim

(n=252)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value


X2=0668 df=1

p=0413


p= 0215


X2=211 df=1

p=0145


53 (2819) 92 (365) 145 (329) X2=3371 df=1

p=0066


X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory system

33 (176) 68 (269) 101 (229)

X2=5415 df= 1

p=0019


p=0013


31 (164) 27 (107) 58 (132) X2=3138 df=1

p=00765


28 (149) 29 (115) 57 (129) X2=1095 df=1

p=0297


16 (85) 13 (52) 29 (66) X2=1965 df=1

p=0161

Nervous system

4 (21) 7 (28) 11(25) p=0764



64

Results










65

Results



of an illness



illness

898

102


66

Results


illness






seeking health care

Frequency (n=45)

Percentage ()



Lack of faith in

healthcare

6 133


Total 45 100

67

Results







Males

(n=241)

Females

(n=154)

Total

(n=395)

No No No



Quacks 4 17 2 13 6 15

Total 241 100 154 100 395 100

68

Results


subjects

Whether visited

health facility

in case of illness

Sex

Total

n ()

p value Male

n ()

Female

n ()

Yes 241 (927) 154 (856) 395 (898) 00151

No 19 (106) 26 (144) 45 (102)

Total 260 (59) 180 (41) 440 (100)

x2=5901 df =1





69

Results




p value


0000

Illiterate (231) 194 (84) 37 (16)

Primary school (121) 115 (95) 6 (49)

Higher primary (38) 37 (974) 1 (26)



Graduate (14) 14 (100) 0(00)

Total(440) 395 (898) 45(102)







significant

70

Results



Frequency

(n=395)

Percentage





Total 395 100





71

Discussion

DISCUSSION










above (259)





were males






72

Discussion





were illiterate


















73

Discussion
























74

Discussion






















75

Discussion










from itching



hearing impairment










76

Discussion




















those working (55)

77

Discussion























78

Discussion

















seeking behaviour






79

Conclusion

CONCLUSION












80

Summary

SUMMARY


















overweight






81

Summary
















significant










82

Summary






















83

Summary



102 did not
















84

Limitations

LIMITATIONS






85

Recommendations

RECOMMENDATIONS






geriatrics







free of cost




86

References

REFERENCES












1082017]



1272017]




87

References




















7102015]




88

References


23(1)11-16








1062017]












1272017]





89

References




3(2)523-29











Public Health 2016 5(6)1098-1102







90

References







82




4558-64









91

References



2(1)9-12





5(3) 92-94






1-7









2013 Sep 9 36(2)6963-7

92

References










Sch J App Med Sci 2013 1(6)758-64










93

References










515-21



22(1)51-55











94

References












1282017]













2016 Oct 1 14(4)469

95

References






96























Annexures

ANNEXURE ndashIII

104

Annexures

PROFORMA


1 NAME

2 AGE







7 ADDRESS





10 CONTACT NUMBER










97

Annexures












(e) Others_________









8 EYE AND ADNEXA


9 EAR


10 SKIN


98

Annexures



12 GENERAL SYMPTOMS














(a) Yes (b) no


(a) lt100 (b) 100-200 (c) 200-300 (d) 300 and above







99

Annexures


(a) Yes (b) No






(a) Yes (b) No


(a) Yes (b) No




1 Hair

2 Teeth

3 Bath

4 Clothes


eating food



7 Nails

8 Foot wear


100

Annexures

2 MEASUREMENTS







Respiratory rate

20 Examination of

Eye Oral cavity Ear

Nose Throat




101

MASTER CHART

Annexures

ANNEXURES
















(M00-M99)





XVIII (S00-T98)


102

Annexures


(S00-T98)


(Z00-Z99)


103

Annexures

105

Annexures

106

Annexures

107

Annexures

PHOTOS



108

Annexures



109

Annexures

110

15



49

16


and adnexa

50


18


metabolic disorders

52


system

53


system

54

21


system

55

22


subcutaneous tissue

56


24



58

25


system

59


their age group

60

xiv

27


their occupation

62

28


their religion

64


case of an illness

67


visited

68


study subjects

69



70



71

xv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No

Title Page No


1961-2001

6






27


28





11


43






48



66

xvi

ABSTRACT Background






Objectives

























health facility


xi

Introduction

INTRODUCTION







20501





death2










1

























2















subjects

3

Objectives

OBJECTIVES




4


vii

















span 14

5






1961 55 58 56 58 47

1971 59 60 60 62 50

1981 64 66 65 68 54

1991 67 68 68 71 57

2001 71 78 75 77 67

2011 77 84 80 81 79

2004-05 69 75 72 73 70

2007-08 73 77 75 76 72

6















7















and constipation








8


(e) Urinary Bladder












coronary thrombosis

(g) Muscular system







(h) Brain




9





(i ) Bones



fall16




10



















11



1 Definition





















error basis21

12












treatment22


13














and practices












14














15









be hypertensive25













16























17























18























19










respectively38











group40

20






















21























22






















urban females49

23












system 51








24















line)54








25




















26






UHTC is located

27

Methodology


28

Methodology


College Davangere




16943




29

Methodology




t he s t udy







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5


30

Methodology




College Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36











31

























32


















33



nearest 05 kg















lt 185 underweight



ge 25 kg m2 Obese

34

Methodology



Normal lt120 lt 80






STUDY VARIABLES











35

Methodology


i Unskilled worker


(vegetable vendor)




iii Skilled








V Professional





36



5 TYPE OF FAMILY 71









Socio-economic

status



Rupees per month)




month)


II 50-99 3099-6260

III 30-49 1835-3098

IV 15-29 949-1834

V Below 15 lt948

37







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5





Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36



Results

RESULTS





38

Results









354 254 262

88 42

389

239 172

67 133

0102030405060708090

100

60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 ge80

Perc

enta

ge

Age in years

Males

Females


Males Females Total



Frequency (n=180)

Percentage ()

60-64 92 354 70 389 162 368

65-69 66 254 43 239 109 247

70-74 68 262 31 172 99 225

75-79 23 88 12 67 35 80

ge80 11 42 24 133 35 80

Total 260 100 180 100 440 100

39

Results



Hindu 188 427

Muslim 252 573

Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100

Hindu Muslim

427

573

Perc

enta

ge


40

Results



Illiterate 231 525




Intermediate 6 14

Graduate 14 32

Total 440 100





525

275

86 68

14 32

0102030405060708090

100

Perc

enta

ge


41







Unemployed 225 511

Total 440 100





0102030405060708090

100

05 102 155 227

511

Perc

enta

ge


42







Class II 13

Class III 26

Class IV 49

Class V 12


Class I 0 0

Class II 56 13

Class III 115 26

Class IV 215 49

Class V 54 12

Total 440 100

43

Results



Unmarried 2 05

Married 323 734


Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100


05

734

261 Perc

enta

ge

44

Results




Joint family 93 21


Total 440 100





Nuclear family 37

Joint family 21

Three generation

family 42

45

Results






under weight 10

Normal 45

Overweight 30

Obese 15

46

Results




Males (n=260)

Females (n=180)

Total (n=440)

No No No


184 707 130 722 314 714


139 534 80 444 219 497


90 346 64 355 154 35


E90)

70 269 75 417 145 329


64 246 73 405 137 311


64 246 37 206 101 23


57 219 30 166 87 198


L99)

38 146 20 111 58 132


39 15 18 10 57 13


22 85 7 39 29 66


6 23 5 28 11 25


47

Results












0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

714

497

35 329 311 229

198 132 13 66

25

perc

enta

ge

48

Results


system

Musculoskeletal

Disease

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

Value

Knee joint pain

52 (20)

30 (167)

82 (186)

X2 = 0779

df = 1

p=03773

Back ache

30 (115)

35 (194)

65 (148) X2 = 528

df = 1

p = 0021


knee joint pain)

52(20)

35(194)

87(198)

X2 =00206

df=1

p =0885

Non-specific aches

and pain

50(192)

30(167)

80(182)

X2=0470

df=1

p = 0492


Multiple responses






significant

49

Results


Diseases of the

eye and

adnexa

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

value

Cataract

112(43)

60(333)

172(391)

X2 = 4241

df=1

p = 0039

Refractive error

20(77)

14(78)

34(77)

X2= 0001

df=1

p = 0973



7(27)

6(33)

13(29)

X2=0152

df=1

p = 0696


Multiple responses






50

Results


Diseases of the

oral cavity

Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180 )

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Stained teeth

22 (84)

18 (10)

40 (91)

X2 =0304

df=1

p = 0581

Missing teeth

40 (154)

38 (211)

78 (177)

X2= 239

df= 1

p=0122

Caries

28 (108)

8 (44)

36 (82)

X2= 566

df= 1

p=0017


Multiple responses






51

Results


disorders

Disorders Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Diabetes mellitus

45 (173)

37 (206)

82 (186)

X2 = 0739

df= 1

p = 0389

Anemia

24 (92)

35 (194)

59 (134)

X2= 955

df = 1

p = 0001

Thyroid disorders

1(04)

3 (17)

4 (09)

p= 0309









52

Results


Diseases of

circulatory

system

Males

(n=260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Hypertension

62 (238)

71 (394)

133 (302)

X2= 1227

df= 1

p = 0000

CAD MI

Arrhythmias

2 (08)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p =100








53

Results


Disorders of

Respiratory

System

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical

value

Bronchial asthma

3 (12)

3 (17)

6 (14)

p =0692

URTI

45 (173)

27 (15)

72 (164)

X2= 0413

df = 1

p = 0520

Acute Bronchitis

12 (46)

7 (39)

19 (43)

X2= 0135

df = 1

p = 0712

Pulmonary TB

4 (15)

0(00)

4 (09)

p =0148








54

Results


Disorders of

Gastrointestinal

system

Males

(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Constipation

21(8)

6 (33)

27(61)

X2 =4155

df =1

p =0041

Gastritis

24 (92)

18 (10)

42(95)

X2= 0072

df = 1

p =0787

Bleeding per

rectum 3(12) 2(11) 5(11)

p =100

Others (Pain

abdomen

anorexia

indigestion)

9(35)

4 (22)

13 (3)

X2=0569

df =1

p=0450








55

Results


subcutaneous tissue


subcutaneous tissue

Males ( n = 260)

Females (n = 180)

Total (n = 440)

Statistical

value

Itching

19(73)

2(11)

21(48)

X2 =896

df=1

p = 0002

Scaling 6 (23)

3 (17)

9 (2)

p =0743

Pigmentation

5(19)

4 (22)

9 (2)

p =100

Dryness

8 (31)

11 (61)

19(43)

X2= 237

df = 1








56

Results


Disease of the ear

Males

(n= 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total


Hearing impairment

33 (126)

16 (89)

49 (111)

X2 =155

df =1

p =0212

Ear discharge

3 (12)

1 (06)

4(09)

p =0647

Tinnitus

3 (12)

1 (06)

4 (09)

p =0647








57

Results


system

Disorders of


Male

(n = 260)

Female

(n = 180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value

Burning micturition

2 (077)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p=100


micturition

20(77) 5(28) 25(57)

X2= 4794

df =1








58

Results


Disease of the


(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

p value

Memory loss

2 (77)

2 (11)

4 (09)

100

Stroke

2 (77)

0 (00)

2 (05)

0515

Neuritis

2 (77)

3 (17)

5 (11)

0652








59

Results


group


(n = 271)

70-79Yrs

(n = 134)

gt 80Yrs

(n = 35)

Total

( n = 440)

Statistical

value

Musculoskeletal

System

195 (72)

94 (70)

25 (710)

314 (714) X2= 0143

df = 2 p = 0930

Eye amp adnexa

125 (461)

69 (515)

25 (714)

219 (497) X2= 8166

df = 2 p = 0016


56 (207)

68 (507)

30 (857)

154 (350) X2= 7865

df = 2 p lt 00001


metabolic diseases

91 (335)

47 (35)

7 (200)

145 (329) X2= 297

df = 2 p = 0225

Circulatory

system

87 (321)

40 (298)

10 (285)

137 (311) X2= 0328

df = 2 p = 0848

Respiratory

system

64 (236)

31 (231)

6 (171)

101 (23) X2= 0738

df = 2 p = 0691

Digestive system

52 (191)

28 (210)

7 (200)

87 (191) X2= 0166

df = 2 p = 0 920


tissue

43 (159)

13 (97)

2 (57)

58 (132) X2= 4831

df = 2 p = 0089


27 (99)

20 (149)

10 (285)

57 (13) X2= 1018

d= 2 p = 0006

Genitourinary

system

20 (74)

8 (59)

1 (29)

29 (66) X2= 1151

df = 2 p = 0562

Nervous system

5 (18)

4 (29)

2 (57)

11 (25)

p = 0418



60

Results












61


occupation


Unemployed (n=225)

Total (n=440)

Statistical value

Musculoskeletal

system

171 (795) 143 (635) 314 (714) X2 =1374 df=1

p=00002


p= 0850

Oral cavityamp

salivary glands

76 (353) 78 (347) 154 (35) X2=0022 df=1

p=0880

Endocrine

nutritional amp

metabolic

disease

75 (348) 70 (311) 145 (329) X2=0708 df=1

p=0400

circulatory

system

58 (269) 79 (351) 137 (311) X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory

system

49 (227) 52 (231) 101 (23) X2=0006 df=1

p=09363


p=0723

Skin

subcutaneous

tissue

38 (176) 20 (88) 58 (132) X2=741 df=1

p=0006

Ear and mastoid

process

31 (144) 26 (115) 57 (13) X2=0799 df=1

p=0371

Genitourinary

system

16 (74) 13 (57) 29 (66) X2=0494 df=1

p=0481

Nervous system

2 (093) 9 (4) 11 (25) X2=425 df=1


Multiple responses

62

Results










63


religion


(n=188)

Muslim

(n=252)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value


X2=0668 df=1

p=0413


p= 0215


X2=211 df=1

p=0145


53 (2819) 92 (365) 145 (329) X2=3371 df=1

p=0066


X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory system

33 (176) 68 (269) 101 (229)

X2=5415 df= 1

p=0019


p=0013


31 (164) 27 (107) 58 (132) X2=3138 df=1

p=00765


28 (149) 29 (115) 57 (129) X2=1095 df=1

p=0297


16 (85) 13 (52) 29 (66) X2=1965 df=1

p=0161

Nervous system

4 (21) 7 (28) 11(25) p=0764



64

Results










65

Results



of an illness



illness

898

102


66

Results


illness






seeking health care

Frequency (n=45)

Percentage ()



Lack of faith in

healthcare

6 133


Total 45 100

67

Results







Males

(n=241)

Females

(n=154)

Total

(n=395)

No No No



Quacks 4 17 2 13 6 15

Total 241 100 154 100 395 100

68

Results


subjects

Whether visited

health facility

in case of illness

Sex

Total

n ()

p value Male

n ()

Female

n ()

Yes 241 (927) 154 (856) 395 (898) 00151

No 19 (106) 26 (144) 45 (102)

Total 260 (59) 180 (41) 440 (100)

x2=5901 df =1





69

Results




p value


0000

Illiterate (231) 194 (84) 37 (16)

Primary school (121) 115 (95) 6 (49)

Higher primary (38) 37 (974) 1 (26)



Graduate (14) 14 (100) 0(00)

Total(440) 395 (898) 45(102)







significant

70

Results



Frequency

(n=395)

Percentage





Total 395 100





71

Discussion

DISCUSSION










above (259)





were males






72

Discussion





were illiterate


















73

Discussion
























74

Discussion






















75

Discussion










from itching



hearing impairment










76

Discussion




















those working (55)

77

Discussion























78

Discussion

















seeking behaviour






79

Conclusion

CONCLUSION












80

Summary

SUMMARY


















overweight






81

Summary
















significant










82

Summary






















83

Summary



102 did not
















84

Limitations

LIMITATIONS






85

Recommendations

RECOMMENDATIONS






geriatrics







free of cost




86

References

REFERENCES












1082017]



1272017]




87

References




















7102015]




88

References


23(1)11-16








1062017]












1272017]





89

References




3(2)523-29











Public Health 2016 5(6)1098-1102







90

References







82




4558-64









91

References



2(1)9-12





5(3) 92-94






1-7









2013 Sep 9 36(2)6963-7

92

References










Sch J App Med Sci 2013 1(6)758-64










93

References










515-21



22(1)51-55











94

References












1282017]













2016 Oct 1 14(4)469

95

References






96























Annexures

ANNEXURE ndashIII

104

Annexures

PROFORMA


1 NAME

2 AGE







7 ADDRESS





10 CONTACT NUMBER










97

Annexures












(e) Others_________









8 EYE AND ADNEXA


9 EAR


10 SKIN


98

Annexures



12 GENERAL SYMPTOMS














(a) Yes (b) no


(a) lt100 (b) 100-200 (c) 200-300 (d) 300 and above







99

Annexures


(a) Yes (b) No






(a) Yes (b) No


(a) Yes (b) No




1 Hair

2 Teeth

3 Bath

4 Clothes


eating food



7 Nails

8 Foot wear


100

Annexures

2 MEASUREMENTS







Respiratory rate

20 Examination of

Eye Oral cavity Ear

Nose Throat




101

MASTER CHART

Annexures

ANNEXURES
















(M00-M99)





XVIII (S00-T98)


102

Annexures


(S00-T98)


(Z00-Z99)


103

Annexures

105

Annexures

106

Annexures

107

Annexures

PHOTOS



108

Annexures



109

Annexures

110

27


their occupation

62

28


their religion

64


case of an illness

67


visited

68


study subjects

69



70



71

xv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No

Title Page No


1961-2001

6






27


28





11


43






48



66

xvi

ABSTRACT Background






Objectives

























health facility


xi

Introduction

INTRODUCTION







20501





death2










1

























2















subjects

3

Objectives

OBJECTIVES




4


vii

















span 14

5






1961 55 58 56 58 47

1971 59 60 60 62 50

1981 64 66 65 68 54

1991 67 68 68 71 57

2001 71 78 75 77 67

2011 77 84 80 81 79

2004-05 69 75 72 73 70

2007-08 73 77 75 76 72

6















7















and constipation








8


(e) Urinary Bladder












coronary thrombosis

(g) Muscular system







(h) Brain




9





(i ) Bones



fall16




10



















11



1 Definition





















error basis21

12












treatment22


13














and practices












14














15









be hypertensive25













16























17























18























19










respectively38











group40

20






















21























22






















urban females49

23












system 51








24















line)54








25




















26






UHTC is located

27

Methodology


28

Methodology


College Davangere




16943




29

Methodology




t he s t udy







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5


30

Methodology




College Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36











31

























32


















33



nearest 05 kg















lt 185 underweight



ge 25 kg m2 Obese

34

Methodology



Normal lt120 lt 80






STUDY VARIABLES











35

Methodology


i Unskilled worker


(vegetable vendor)




iii Skilled








V Professional





36



5 TYPE OF FAMILY 71









Socio-economic

status



Rupees per month)




month)


II 50-99 3099-6260

III 30-49 1835-3098

IV 15-29 949-1834

V Below 15 lt948

37







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5





Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36



Results

RESULTS





38

Results









354 254 262

88 42

389

239 172

67 133

0102030405060708090

100

60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 ge80

Perc

enta

ge

Age in years

Males

Females


Males Females Total



Frequency (n=180)

Percentage ()

60-64 92 354 70 389 162 368

65-69 66 254 43 239 109 247

70-74 68 262 31 172 99 225

75-79 23 88 12 67 35 80

ge80 11 42 24 133 35 80

Total 260 100 180 100 440 100

39

Results



Hindu 188 427

Muslim 252 573

Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100

Hindu Muslim

427

573

Perc

enta

ge


40

Results



Illiterate 231 525




Intermediate 6 14

Graduate 14 32

Total 440 100





525

275

86 68

14 32

0102030405060708090

100

Perc

enta

ge


41







Unemployed 225 511

Total 440 100





0102030405060708090

100

05 102 155 227

511

Perc

enta

ge


42







Class II 13

Class III 26

Class IV 49

Class V 12


Class I 0 0

Class II 56 13

Class III 115 26

Class IV 215 49

Class V 54 12

Total 440 100

43

Results



Unmarried 2 05

Married 323 734


Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100


05

734

261 Perc

enta

ge

44

Results




Joint family 93 21


Total 440 100





Nuclear family 37

Joint family 21

Three generation

family 42

45

Results






under weight 10

Normal 45

Overweight 30

Obese 15

46

Results




Males (n=260)

Females (n=180)

Total (n=440)

No No No


184 707 130 722 314 714


139 534 80 444 219 497


90 346 64 355 154 35


E90)

70 269 75 417 145 329


64 246 73 405 137 311


64 246 37 206 101 23


57 219 30 166 87 198


L99)

38 146 20 111 58 132


39 15 18 10 57 13


22 85 7 39 29 66


6 23 5 28 11 25


47

Results












0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

714

497

35 329 311 229

198 132 13 66

25

perc

enta

ge

48

Results


system

Musculoskeletal

Disease

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

Value

Knee joint pain

52 (20)

30 (167)

82 (186)

X2 = 0779

df = 1

p=03773

Back ache

30 (115)

35 (194)

65 (148) X2 = 528

df = 1

p = 0021


knee joint pain)

52(20)

35(194)

87(198)

X2 =00206

df=1

p =0885

Non-specific aches

and pain

50(192)

30(167)

80(182)

X2=0470

df=1

p = 0492


Multiple responses






significant

49

Results


Diseases of the

eye and

adnexa

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

value

Cataract

112(43)

60(333)

172(391)

X2 = 4241

df=1

p = 0039

Refractive error

20(77)

14(78)

34(77)

X2= 0001

df=1

p = 0973



7(27)

6(33)

13(29)

X2=0152

df=1

p = 0696


Multiple responses






50

Results


Diseases of the

oral cavity

Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180 )

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Stained teeth

22 (84)

18 (10)

40 (91)

X2 =0304

df=1

p = 0581

Missing teeth

40 (154)

38 (211)

78 (177)

X2= 239

df= 1

p=0122

Caries

28 (108)

8 (44)

36 (82)

X2= 566

df= 1

p=0017


Multiple responses






51

Results


disorders

Disorders Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Diabetes mellitus

45 (173)

37 (206)

82 (186)

X2 = 0739

df= 1

p = 0389

Anemia

24 (92)

35 (194)

59 (134)

X2= 955

df = 1

p = 0001

Thyroid disorders

1(04)

3 (17)

4 (09)

p= 0309









52

Results


Diseases of

circulatory

system

Males

(n=260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Hypertension

62 (238)

71 (394)

133 (302)

X2= 1227

df= 1

p = 0000

CAD MI

Arrhythmias

2 (08)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p =100








53

Results


Disorders of

Respiratory

System

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical

value

Bronchial asthma

3 (12)

3 (17)

6 (14)

p =0692

URTI

45 (173)

27 (15)

72 (164)

X2= 0413

df = 1

p = 0520

Acute Bronchitis

12 (46)

7 (39)

19 (43)

X2= 0135

df = 1

p = 0712

Pulmonary TB

4 (15)

0(00)

4 (09)

p =0148








54

Results


Disorders of

Gastrointestinal

system

Males

(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Constipation

21(8)

6 (33)

27(61)

X2 =4155

df =1

p =0041

Gastritis

24 (92)

18 (10)

42(95)

X2= 0072

df = 1

p =0787

Bleeding per

rectum 3(12) 2(11) 5(11)

p =100

Others (Pain

abdomen

anorexia

indigestion)

9(35)

4 (22)

13 (3)

X2=0569

df =1

p=0450








55

Results


subcutaneous tissue


subcutaneous tissue

Males ( n = 260)

Females (n = 180)

Total (n = 440)

Statistical

value

Itching

19(73)

2(11)

21(48)

X2 =896

df=1

p = 0002

Scaling 6 (23)

3 (17)

9 (2)

p =0743

Pigmentation

5(19)

4 (22)

9 (2)

p =100

Dryness

8 (31)

11 (61)

19(43)

X2= 237

df = 1








56

Results


Disease of the ear

Males

(n= 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total


Hearing impairment

33 (126)

16 (89)

49 (111)

X2 =155

df =1

p =0212

Ear discharge

3 (12)

1 (06)

4(09)

p =0647

Tinnitus

3 (12)

1 (06)

4 (09)

p =0647








57

Results


system

Disorders of


Male

(n = 260)

Female

(n = 180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value

Burning micturition

2 (077)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p=100


micturition

20(77) 5(28) 25(57)

X2= 4794

df =1








58

Results


Disease of the


(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

p value

Memory loss

2 (77)

2 (11)

4 (09)

100

Stroke

2 (77)

0 (00)

2 (05)

0515

Neuritis

2 (77)

3 (17)

5 (11)

0652








59

Results


group


(n = 271)

70-79Yrs

(n = 134)

gt 80Yrs

(n = 35)

Total

( n = 440)

Statistical

value

Musculoskeletal

System

195 (72)

94 (70)

25 (710)

314 (714) X2= 0143

df = 2 p = 0930

Eye amp adnexa

125 (461)

69 (515)

25 (714)

219 (497) X2= 8166

df = 2 p = 0016


56 (207)

68 (507)

30 (857)

154 (350) X2= 7865

df = 2 p lt 00001


metabolic diseases

91 (335)

47 (35)

7 (200)

145 (329) X2= 297

df = 2 p = 0225

Circulatory

system

87 (321)

40 (298)

10 (285)

137 (311) X2= 0328

df = 2 p = 0848

Respiratory

system

64 (236)

31 (231)

6 (171)

101 (23) X2= 0738

df = 2 p = 0691

Digestive system

52 (191)

28 (210)

7 (200)

87 (191) X2= 0166

df = 2 p = 0 920


tissue

43 (159)

13 (97)

2 (57)

58 (132) X2= 4831

df = 2 p = 0089


27 (99)

20 (149)

10 (285)

57 (13) X2= 1018

d= 2 p = 0006

Genitourinary

system

20 (74)

8 (59)

1 (29)

29 (66) X2= 1151

df = 2 p = 0562

Nervous system

5 (18)

4 (29)

2 (57)

11 (25)

p = 0418



60

Results












61


occupation


Unemployed (n=225)

Total (n=440)

Statistical value

Musculoskeletal

system

171 (795) 143 (635) 314 (714) X2 =1374 df=1

p=00002


p= 0850

Oral cavityamp

salivary glands

76 (353) 78 (347) 154 (35) X2=0022 df=1

p=0880

Endocrine

nutritional amp

metabolic

disease

75 (348) 70 (311) 145 (329) X2=0708 df=1

p=0400

circulatory

system

58 (269) 79 (351) 137 (311) X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory

system

49 (227) 52 (231) 101 (23) X2=0006 df=1

p=09363


p=0723

Skin

subcutaneous

tissue

38 (176) 20 (88) 58 (132) X2=741 df=1

p=0006

Ear and mastoid

process

31 (144) 26 (115) 57 (13) X2=0799 df=1

p=0371

Genitourinary

system

16 (74) 13 (57) 29 (66) X2=0494 df=1

p=0481

Nervous system

2 (093) 9 (4) 11 (25) X2=425 df=1


Multiple responses

62

Results










63


religion


(n=188)

Muslim

(n=252)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value


X2=0668 df=1

p=0413


p= 0215


X2=211 df=1

p=0145


53 (2819) 92 (365) 145 (329) X2=3371 df=1

p=0066


X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory system

33 (176) 68 (269) 101 (229)

X2=5415 df= 1

p=0019


p=0013


31 (164) 27 (107) 58 (132) X2=3138 df=1

p=00765


28 (149) 29 (115) 57 (129) X2=1095 df=1

p=0297


16 (85) 13 (52) 29 (66) X2=1965 df=1

p=0161

Nervous system

4 (21) 7 (28) 11(25) p=0764



64

Results










65

Results



of an illness



illness

898

102


66

Results


illness






seeking health care

Frequency (n=45)

Percentage ()



Lack of faith in

healthcare

6 133


Total 45 100

67

Results







Males

(n=241)

Females

(n=154)

Total

(n=395)

No No No



Quacks 4 17 2 13 6 15

Total 241 100 154 100 395 100

68

Results


subjects

Whether visited

health facility

in case of illness

Sex

Total

n ()

p value Male

n ()

Female

n ()

Yes 241 (927) 154 (856) 395 (898) 00151

No 19 (106) 26 (144) 45 (102)

Total 260 (59) 180 (41) 440 (100)

x2=5901 df =1





69

Results




p value


0000

Illiterate (231) 194 (84) 37 (16)

Primary school (121) 115 (95) 6 (49)

Higher primary (38) 37 (974) 1 (26)



Graduate (14) 14 (100) 0(00)

Total(440) 395 (898) 45(102)







significant

70

Results



Frequency

(n=395)

Percentage





Total 395 100





71

Discussion

DISCUSSION










above (259)





were males






72

Discussion





were illiterate


















73

Discussion
























74

Discussion






















75

Discussion










from itching



hearing impairment










76

Discussion




















those working (55)

77

Discussion























78

Discussion

















seeking behaviour






79

Conclusion

CONCLUSION












80

Summary

SUMMARY


















overweight






81

Summary
















significant










82

Summary






















83

Summary



102 did not
















84

Limitations

LIMITATIONS






85

Recommendations

RECOMMENDATIONS






geriatrics







free of cost




86

References

REFERENCES












1082017]



1272017]




87

References




















7102015]




88

References


23(1)11-16








1062017]












1272017]





89

References




3(2)523-29











Public Health 2016 5(6)1098-1102







90

References







82




4558-64









91

References



2(1)9-12





5(3) 92-94






1-7









2013 Sep 9 36(2)6963-7

92

References










Sch J App Med Sci 2013 1(6)758-64










93

References










515-21



22(1)51-55











94

References












1282017]













2016 Oct 1 14(4)469

95

References






96























Annexures

ANNEXURE ndashIII

104

Annexures

PROFORMA


1 NAME

2 AGE







7 ADDRESS





10 CONTACT NUMBER










97

Annexures












(e) Others_________









8 EYE AND ADNEXA


9 EAR


10 SKIN


98

Annexures



12 GENERAL SYMPTOMS














(a) Yes (b) no


(a) lt100 (b) 100-200 (c) 200-300 (d) 300 and above







99

Annexures


(a) Yes (b) No






(a) Yes (b) No


(a) Yes (b) No




1 Hair

2 Teeth

3 Bath

4 Clothes


eating food



7 Nails

8 Foot wear


100

Annexures

2 MEASUREMENTS







Respiratory rate

20 Examination of

Eye Oral cavity Ear

Nose Throat




101

MASTER CHART

Annexures

ANNEXURES
















(M00-M99)





XVIII (S00-T98)


102

Annexures


(S00-T98)


(Z00-Z99)


103

Annexures

105

Annexures

106

Annexures

107

Annexures

PHOTOS



108

Annexures



109

Annexures

110

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No

Title Page No


1961-2001

6






27


28





11


43






48



66

xvi

ABSTRACT Background






Objectives

























health facility


xi

Introduction

INTRODUCTION







20501





death2










1

























2















subjects

3

Objectives

OBJECTIVES




4


vii

















span 14

5






1961 55 58 56 58 47

1971 59 60 60 62 50

1981 64 66 65 68 54

1991 67 68 68 71 57

2001 71 78 75 77 67

2011 77 84 80 81 79

2004-05 69 75 72 73 70

2007-08 73 77 75 76 72

6















7















and constipation








8


(e) Urinary Bladder












coronary thrombosis

(g) Muscular system







(h) Brain




9





(i ) Bones



fall16




10



















11



1 Definition





















error basis21

12












treatment22


13














and practices












14














15









be hypertensive25













16























17























18























19










respectively38











group40

20






















21























22






















urban females49

23












system 51








24















line)54








25




















26






UHTC is located

27

Methodology


28

Methodology


College Davangere




16943




29

Methodology




t he s t udy







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5


30

Methodology




College Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36











31

























32


















33



nearest 05 kg















lt 185 underweight



ge 25 kg m2 Obese

34

Methodology



Normal lt120 lt 80






STUDY VARIABLES











35

Methodology


i Unskilled worker


(vegetable vendor)




iii Skilled








V Professional





36



5 TYPE OF FAMILY 71









Socio-economic

status



Rupees per month)




month)


II 50-99 3099-6260

III 30-49 1835-3098

IV 15-29 949-1834

V Below 15 lt948

37







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5





Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36



Results

RESULTS





38

Results









354 254 262

88 42

389

239 172

67 133

0102030405060708090

100

60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 ge80

Perc

enta

ge

Age in years

Males

Females


Males Females Total



Frequency (n=180)

Percentage ()

60-64 92 354 70 389 162 368

65-69 66 254 43 239 109 247

70-74 68 262 31 172 99 225

75-79 23 88 12 67 35 80

ge80 11 42 24 133 35 80

Total 260 100 180 100 440 100

39

Results



Hindu 188 427

Muslim 252 573

Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100

Hindu Muslim

427

573

Perc

enta

ge


40

Results



Illiterate 231 525




Intermediate 6 14

Graduate 14 32

Total 440 100





525

275

86 68

14 32

0102030405060708090

100

Perc

enta

ge


41







Unemployed 225 511

Total 440 100





0102030405060708090

100

05 102 155 227

511

Perc

enta

ge


42







Class II 13

Class III 26

Class IV 49

Class V 12


Class I 0 0

Class II 56 13

Class III 115 26

Class IV 215 49

Class V 54 12

Total 440 100

43

Results



Unmarried 2 05

Married 323 734


Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100


05

734

261 Perc

enta

ge

44

Results




Joint family 93 21


Total 440 100





Nuclear family 37

Joint family 21

Three generation

family 42

45

Results






under weight 10

Normal 45

Overweight 30

Obese 15

46

Results




Males (n=260)

Females (n=180)

Total (n=440)

No No No


184 707 130 722 314 714


139 534 80 444 219 497


90 346 64 355 154 35


E90)

70 269 75 417 145 329


64 246 73 405 137 311


64 246 37 206 101 23


57 219 30 166 87 198


L99)

38 146 20 111 58 132


39 15 18 10 57 13


22 85 7 39 29 66


6 23 5 28 11 25


47

Results












0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

714

497

35 329 311 229

198 132 13 66

25

perc

enta

ge

48

Results


system

Musculoskeletal

Disease

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

Value

Knee joint pain

52 (20)

30 (167)

82 (186)

X2 = 0779

df = 1

p=03773

Back ache

30 (115)

35 (194)

65 (148) X2 = 528

df = 1

p = 0021


knee joint pain)

52(20)

35(194)

87(198)

X2 =00206

df=1

p =0885

Non-specific aches

and pain

50(192)

30(167)

80(182)

X2=0470

df=1

p = 0492


Multiple responses






significant

49

Results


Diseases of the

eye and

adnexa

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

value

Cataract

112(43)

60(333)

172(391)

X2 = 4241

df=1

p = 0039

Refractive error

20(77)

14(78)

34(77)

X2= 0001

df=1

p = 0973



7(27)

6(33)

13(29)

X2=0152

df=1

p = 0696


Multiple responses






50

Results


Diseases of the

oral cavity

Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180 )

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Stained teeth

22 (84)

18 (10)

40 (91)

X2 =0304

df=1

p = 0581

Missing teeth

40 (154)

38 (211)

78 (177)

X2= 239

df= 1

p=0122

Caries

28 (108)

8 (44)

36 (82)

X2= 566

df= 1

p=0017


Multiple responses






51

Results


disorders

Disorders Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Diabetes mellitus

45 (173)

37 (206)

82 (186)

X2 = 0739

df= 1

p = 0389

Anemia

24 (92)

35 (194)

59 (134)

X2= 955

df = 1

p = 0001

Thyroid disorders

1(04)

3 (17)

4 (09)

p= 0309









52

Results


Diseases of

circulatory

system

Males

(n=260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Hypertension

62 (238)

71 (394)

133 (302)

X2= 1227

df= 1

p = 0000

CAD MI

Arrhythmias

2 (08)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p =100








53

Results


Disorders of

Respiratory

System

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical

value

Bronchial asthma

3 (12)

3 (17)

6 (14)

p =0692

URTI

45 (173)

27 (15)

72 (164)

X2= 0413

df = 1

p = 0520

Acute Bronchitis

12 (46)

7 (39)

19 (43)

X2= 0135

df = 1

p = 0712

Pulmonary TB

4 (15)

0(00)

4 (09)

p =0148








54

Results


Disorders of

Gastrointestinal

system

Males

(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Constipation

21(8)

6 (33)

27(61)

X2 =4155

df =1

p =0041

Gastritis

24 (92)

18 (10)

42(95)

X2= 0072

df = 1

p =0787

Bleeding per

rectum 3(12) 2(11) 5(11)

p =100

Others (Pain

abdomen

anorexia

indigestion)

9(35)

4 (22)

13 (3)

X2=0569

df =1

p=0450








55

Results


subcutaneous tissue


subcutaneous tissue

Males ( n = 260)

Females (n = 180)

Total (n = 440)

Statistical

value

Itching

19(73)

2(11)

21(48)

X2 =896

df=1

p = 0002

Scaling 6 (23)

3 (17)

9 (2)

p =0743

Pigmentation

5(19)

4 (22)

9 (2)

p =100

Dryness

8 (31)

11 (61)

19(43)

X2= 237

df = 1








56

Results


Disease of the ear

Males

(n= 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total


Hearing impairment

33 (126)

16 (89)

49 (111)

X2 =155

df =1

p =0212

Ear discharge

3 (12)

1 (06)

4(09)

p =0647

Tinnitus

3 (12)

1 (06)

4 (09)

p =0647








57

Results


system

Disorders of


Male

(n = 260)

Female

(n = 180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value

Burning micturition

2 (077)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p=100


micturition

20(77) 5(28) 25(57)

X2= 4794

df =1








58

Results


Disease of the


(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

p value

Memory loss

2 (77)

2 (11)

4 (09)

100

Stroke

2 (77)

0 (00)

2 (05)

0515

Neuritis

2 (77)

3 (17)

5 (11)

0652








59

Results


group


(n = 271)

70-79Yrs

(n = 134)

gt 80Yrs

(n = 35)

Total

( n = 440)

Statistical

value

Musculoskeletal

System

195 (72)

94 (70)

25 (710)

314 (714) X2= 0143

df = 2 p = 0930

Eye amp adnexa

125 (461)

69 (515)

25 (714)

219 (497) X2= 8166

df = 2 p = 0016


56 (207)

68 (507)

30 (857)

154 (350) X2= 7865

df = 2 p lt 00001


metabolic diseases

91 (335)

47 (35)

7 (200)

145 (329) X2= 297

df = 2 p = 0225

Circulatory

system

87 (321)

40 (298)

10 (285)

137 (311) X2= 0328

df = 2 p = 0848

Respiratory

system

64 (236)

31 (231)

6 (171)

101 (23) X2= 0738

df = 2 p = 0691

Digestive system

52 (191)

28 (210)

7 (200)

87 (191) X2= 0166

df = 2 p = 0 920


tissue

43 (159)

13 (97)

2 (57)

58 (132) X2= 4831

df = 2 p = 0089


27 (99)

20 (149)

10 (285)

57 (13) X2= 1018

d= 2 p = 0006

Genitourinary

system

20 (74)

8 (59)

1 (29)

29 (66) X2= 1151

df = 2 p = 0562

Nervous system

5 (18)

4 (29)

2 (57)

11 (25)

p = 0418



60

Results












61


occupation


Unemployed (n=225)

Total (n=440)

Statistical value

Musculoskeletal

system

171 (795) 143 (635) 314 (714) X2 =1374 df=1

p=00002


p= 0850

Oral cavityamp

salivary glands

76 (353) 78 (347) 154 (35) X2=0022 df=1

p=0880

Endocrine

nutritional amp

metabolic

disease

75 (348) 70 (311) 145 (329) X2=0708 df=1

p=0400

circulatory

system

58 (269) 79 (351) 137 (311) X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory

system

49 (227) 52 (231) 101 (23) X2=0006 df=1

p=09363


p=0723

Skin

subcutaneous

tissue

38 (176) 20 (88) 58 (132) X2=741 df=1

p=0006

Ear and mastoid

process

31 (144) 26 (115) 57 (13) X2=0799 df=1

p=0371

Genitourinary

system

16 (74) 13 (57) 29 (66) X2=0494 df=1

p=0481

Nervous system

2 (093) 9 (4) 11 (25) X2=425 df=1


Multiple responses

62

Results










63


religion


(n=188)

Muslim

(n=252)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value


X2=0668 df=1

p=0413


p= 0215


X2=211 df=1

p=0145


53 (2819) 92 (365) 145 (329) X2=3371 df=1

p=0066


X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory system

33 (176) 68 (269) 101 (229)

X2=5415 df= 1

p=0019


p=0013


31 (164) 27 (107) 58 (132) X2=3138 df=1

p=00765


28 (149) 29 (115) 57 (129) X2=1095 df=1

p=0297


16 (85) 13 (52) 29 (66) X2=1965 df=1

p=0161

Nervous system

4 (21) 7 (28) 11(25) p=0764



64

Results










65

Results



of an illness



illness

898

102


66

Results


illness






seeking health care

Frequency (n=45)

Percentage ()



Lack of faith in

healthcare

6 133


Total 45 100

67

Results







Males

(n=241)

Females

(n=154)

Total

(n=395)

No No No



Quacks 4 17 2 13 6 15

Total 241 100 154 100 395 100

68

Results


subjects

Whether visited

health facility

in case of illness

Sex

Total

n ()

p value Male

n ()

Female

n ()

Yes 241 (927) 154 (856) 395 (898) 00151

No 19 (106) 26 (144) 45 (102)

Total 260 (59) 180 (41) 440 (100)

x2=5901 df =1





69

Results




p value


0000

Illiterate (231) 194 (84) 37 (16)

Primary school (121) 115 (95) 6 (49)

Higher primary (38) 37 (974) 1 (26)



Graduate (14) 14 (100) 0(00)

Total(440) 395 (898) 45(102)







significant

70

Results



Frequency

(n=395)

Percentage





Total 395 100





71

Discussion

DISCUSSION










above (259)





were males






72

Discussion





were illiterate


















73

Discussion
























74

Discussion






















75

Discussion










from itching



hearing impairment










76

Discussion




















those working (55)

77

Discussion























78

Discussion

















seeking behaviour






79

Conclusion

CONCLUSION












80

Summary

SUMMARY


















overweight






81

Summary
















significant










82

Summary






















83

Summary



102 did not
















84

Limitations

LIMITATIONS






85

Recommendations

RECOMMENDATIONS






geriatrics







free of cost




86

References

REFERENCES












1082017]



1272017]




87

References




















7102015]




88

References


23(1)11-16








1062017]












1272017]





89

References




3(2)523-29











Public Health 2016 5(6)1098-1102







90

References







82




4558-64









91

References



2(1)9-12





5(3) 92-94






1-7









2013 Sep 9 36(2)6963-7

92

References










Sch J App Med Sci 2013 1(6)758-64










93

References










515-21



22(1)51-55











94

References












1282017]













2016 Oct 1 14(4)469

95

References






96























Annexures

ANNEXURE ndashIII

104

Annexures

PROFORMA


1 NAME

2 AGE







7 ADDRESS





10 CONTACT NUMBER










97

Annexures












(e) Others_________









8 EYE AND ADNEXA


9 EAR


10 SKIN


98

Annexures



12 GENERAL SYMPTOMS














(a) Yes (b) no


(a) lt100 (b) 100-200 (c) 200-300 (d) 300 and above







99

Annexures


(a) Yes (b) No






(a) Yes (b) No


(a) Yes (b) No




1 Hair

2 Teeth

3 Bath

4 Clothes


eating food



7 Nails

8 Foot wear


100

Annexures

2 MEASUREMENTS







Respiratory rate

20 Examination of

Eye Oral cavity Ear

Nose Throat




101

MASTER CHART

Annexures

ANNEXURES
















(M00-M99)





XVIII (S00-T98)


102

Annexures


(S00-T98)


(Z00-Z99)


103

Annexures

105

Annexures

106

Annexures

107

Annexures

PHOTOS



108

Annexures



109

Annexures

110

ABSTRACT Background






Objectives

























health facility


xi

Introduction

INTRODUCTION







20501





death2










1

























2















subjects

3

Objectives

OBJECTIVES




4


vii

















span 14

5






1961 55 58 56 58 47

1971 59 60 60 62 50

1981 64 66 65 68 54

1991 67 68 68 71 57

2001 71 78 75 77 67

2011 77 84 80 81 79

2004-05 69 75 72 73 70

2007-08 73 77 75 76 72

6















7















and constipation








8


(e) Urinary Bladder












coronary thrombosis

(g) Muscular system







(h) Brain




9





(i ) Bones



fall16




10



















11



1 Definition





















error basis21

12












treatment22


13














and practices












14














15









be hypertensive25













16























17























18























19










respectively38











group40

20






















21























22






















urban females49

23












system 51








24















line)54








25




















26






UHTC is located

27

Methodology


28

Methodology


College Davangere




16943




29

Methodology




t he s t udy







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5


30

Methodology




College Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36











31

























32


















33



nearest 05 kg















lt 185 underweight



ge 25 kg m2 Obese

34

Methodology



Normal lt120 lt 80






STUDY VARIABLES











35

Methodology


i Unskilled worker


(vegetable vendor)




iii Skilled








V Professional





36



5 TYPE OF FAMILY 71









Socio-economic

status



Rupees per month)




month)


II 50-99 3099-6260

III 30-49 1835-3098

IV 15-29 949-1834

V Below 15 lt948

37







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5





Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36



Results

RESULTS





38

Results









354 254 262

88 42

389

239 172

67 133

0102030405060708090

100

60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 ge80

Perc

enta

ge

Age in years

Males

Females


Males Females Total



Frequency (n=180)

Percentage ()

60-64 92 354 70 389 162 368

65-69 66 254 43 239 109 247

70-74 68 262 31 172 99 225

75-79 23 88 12 67 35 80

ge80 11 42 24 133 35 80

Total 260 100 180 100 440 100

39

Results



Hindu 188 427

Muslim 252 573

Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100

Hindu Muslim

427

573

Perc

enta

ge


40

Results



Illiterate 231 525




Intermediate 6 14

Graduate 14 32

Total 440 100





525

275

86 68

14 32

0102030405060708090

100

Perc

enta

ge


41







Unemployed 225 511

Total 440 100





0102030405060708090

100

05 102 155 227

511

Perc

enta

ge


42







Class II 13

Class III 26

Class IV 49

Class V 12


Class I 0 0

Class II 56 13

Class III 115 26

Class IV 215 49

Class V 54 12

Total 440 100

43

Results



Unmarried 2 05

Married 323 734


Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100


05

734

261 Perc

enta

ge

44

Results




Joint family 93 21


Total 440 100





Nuclear family 37

Joint family 21

Three generation

family 42

45

Results






under weight 10

Normal 45

Overweight 30

Obese 15

46

Results




Males (n=260)

Females (n=180)

Total (n=440)

No No No


184 707 130 722 314 714


139 534 80 444 219 497


90 346 64 355 154 35


E90)

70 269 75 417 145 329


64 246 73 405 137 311


64 246 37 206 101 23


57 219 30 166 87 198


L99)

38 146 20 111 58 132


39 15 18 10 57 13


22 85 7 39 29 66


6 23 5 28 11 25


47

Results












0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

714

497

35 329 311 229

198 132 13 66

25

perc

enta

ge

48

Results


system

Musculoskeletal

Disease

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

Value

Knee joint pain

52 (20)

30 (167)

82 (186)

X2 = 0779

df = 1

p=03773

Back ache

30 (115)

35 (194)

65 (148) X2 = 528

df = 1

p = 0021


knee joint pain)

52(20)

35(194)

87(198)

X2 =00206

df=1

p =0885

Non-specific aches

and pain

50(192)

30(167)

80(182)

X2=0470

df=1

p = 0492


Multiple responses






significant

49

Results


Diseases of the

eye and

adnexa

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

value

Cataract

112(43)

60(333)

172(391)

X2 = 4241

df=1

p = 0039

Refractive error

20(77)

14(78)

34(77)

X2= 0001

df=1

p = 0973



7(27)

6(33)

13(29)

X2=0152

df=1

p = 0696


Multiple responses






50

Results


Diseases of the

oral cavity

Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180 )

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Stained teeth

22 (84)

18 (10)

40 (91)

X2 =0304

df=1

p = 0581

Missing teeth

40 (154)

38 (211)

78 (177)

X2= 239

df= 1

p=0122

Caries

28 (108)

8 (44)

36 (82)

X2= 566

df= 1

p=0017


Multiple responses






51

Results


disorders

Disorders Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Diabetes mellitus

45 (173)

37 (206)

82 (186)

X2 = 0739

df= 1

p = 0389

Anemia

24 (92)

35 (194)

59 (134)

X2= 955

df = 1

p = 0001

Thyroid disorders

1(04)

3 (17)

4 (09)

p= 0309









52

Results


Diseases of

circulatory

system

Males

(n=260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Hypertension

62 (238)

71 (394)

133 (302)

X2= 1227

df= 1

p = 0000

CAD MI

Arrhythmias

2 (08)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p =100








53

Results


Disorders of

Respiratory

System

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical

value

Bronchial asthma

3 (12)

3 (17)

6 (14)

p =0692

URTI

45 (173)

27 (15)

72 (164)

X2= 0413

df = 1

p = 0520

Acute Bronchitis

12 (46)

7 (39)

19 (43)

X2= 0135

df = 1

p = 0712

Pulmonary TB

4 (15)

0(00)

4 (09)

p =0148








54

Results


Disorders of

Gastrointestinal

system

Males

(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Constipation

21(8)

6 (33)

27(61)

X2 =4155

df =1

p =0041

Gastritis

24 (92)

18 (10)

42(95)

X2= 0072

df = 1

p =0787

Bleeding per

rectum 3(12) 2(11) 5(11)

p =100

Others (Pain

abdomen

anorexia

indigestion)

9(35)

4 (22)

13 (3)

X2=0569

df =1

p=0450








55

Results


subcutaneous tissue


subcutaneous tissue

Males ( n = 260)

Females (n = 180)

Total (n = 440)

Statistical

value

Itching

19(73)

2(11)

21(48)

X2 =896

df=1

p = 0002

Scaling 6 (23)

3 (17)

9 (2)

p =0743

Pigmentation

5(19)

4 (22)

9 (2)

p =100

Dryness

8 (31)

11 (61)

19(43)

X2= 237

df = 1








56

Results


Disease of the ear

Males

(n= 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total


Hearing impairment

33 (126)

16 (89)

49 (111)

X2 =155

df =1

p =0212

Ear discharge

3 (12)

1 (06)

4(09)

p =0647

Tinnitus

3 (12)

1 (06)

4 (09)

p =0647








57

Results


system

Disorders of


Male

(n = 260)

Female

(n = 180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value

Burning micturition

2 (077)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p=100


micturition

20(77) 5(28) 25(57)

X2= 4794

df =1








58

Results


Disease of the


(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

p value

Memory loss

2 (77)

2 (11)

4 (09)

100

Stroke

2 (77)

0 (00)

2 (05)

0515

Neuritis

2 (77)

3 (17)

5 (11)

0652








59

Results


group


(n = 271)

70-79Yrs

(n = 134)

gt 80Yrs

(n = 35)

Total

( n = 440)

Statistical

value

Musculoskeletal

System

195 (72)

94 (70)

25 (710)

314 (714) X2= 0143

df = 2 p = 0930

Eye amp adnexa

125 (461)

69 (515)

25 (714)

219 (497) X2= 8166

df = 2 p = 0016


56 (207)

68 (507)

30 (857)

154 (350) X2= 7865

df = 2 p lt 00001


metabolic diseases

91 (335)

47 (35)

7 (200)

145 (329) X2= 297

df = 2 p = 0225

Circulatory

system

87 (321)

40 (298)

10 (285)

137 (311) X2= 0328

df = 2 p = 0848

Respiratory

system

64 (236)

31 (231)

6 (171)

101 (23) X2= 0738

df = 2 p = 0691

Digestive system

52 (191)

28 (210)

7 (200)

87 (191) X2= 0166

df = 2 p = 0 920


tissue

43 (159)

13 (97)

2 (57)

58 (132) X2= 4831

df = 2 p = 0089


27 (99)

20 (149)

10 (285)

57 (13) X2= 1018

d= 2 p = 0006

Genitourinary

system

20 (74)

8 (59)

1 (29)

29 (66) X2= 1151

df = 2 p = 0562

Nervous system

5 (18)

4 (29)

2 (57)

11 (25)

p = 0418



60

Results












61


occupation


Unemployed (n=225)

Total (n=440)

Statistical value

Musculoskeletal

system

171 (795) 143 (635) 314 (714) X2 =1374 df=1

p=00002


p= 0850

Oral cavityamp

salivary glands

76 (353) 78 (347) 154 (35) X2=0022 df=1

p=0880

Endocrine

nutritional amp

metabolic

disease

75 (348) 70 (311) 145 (329) X2=0708 df=1

p=0400

circulatory

system

58 (269) 79 (351) 137 (311) X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory

system

49 (227) 52 (231) 101 (23) X2=0006 df=1

p=09363


p=0723

Skin

subcutaneous

tissue

38 (176) 20 (88) 58 (132) X2=741 df=1

p=0006

Ear and mastoid

process

31 (144) 26 (115) 57 (13) X2=0799 df=1

p=0371

Genitourinary

system

16 (74) 13 (57) 29 (66) X2=0494 df=1

p=0481

Nervous system

2 (093) 9 (4) 11 (25) X2=425 df=1


Multiple responses

62

Results










63


religion


(n=188)

Muslim

(n=252)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value


X2=0668 df=1

p=0413


p= 0215


X2=211 df=1

p=0145


53 (2819) 92 (365) 145 (329) X2=3371 df=1

p=0066


X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory system

33 (176) 68 (269) 101 (229)

X2=5415 df= 1

p=0019


p=0013


31 (164) 27 (107) 58 (132) X2=3138 df=1

p=00765


28 (149) 29 (115) 57 (129) X2=1095 df=1

p=0297


16 (85) 13 (52) 29 (66) X2=1965 df=1

p=0161

Nervous system

4 (21) 7 (28) 11(25) p=0764



64

Results










65

Results



of an illness



illness

898

102


66

Results


illness






seeking health care

Frequency (n=45)

Percentage ()



Lack of faith in

healthcare

6 133


Total 45 100

67

Results







Males

(n=241)

Females

(n=154)

Total

(n=395)

No No No



Quacks 4 17 2 13 6 15

Total 241 100 154 100 395 100

68

Results


subjects

Whether visited

health facility

in case of illness

Sex

Total

n ()

p value Male

n ()

Female

n ()

Yes 241 (927) 154 (856) 395 (898) 00151

No 19 (106) 26 (144) 45 (102)

Total 260 (59) 180 (41) 440 (100)

x2=5901 df =1





69

Results




p value


0000

Illiterate (231) 194 (84) 37 (16)

Primary school (121) 115 (95) 6 (49)

Higher primary (38) 37 (974) 1 (26)



Graduate (14) 14 (100) 0(00)

Total(440) 395 (898) 45(102)







significant

70

Results



Frequency

(n=395)

Percentage





Total 395 100





71

Discussion

DISCUSSION










above (259)





were males






72

Discussion





were illiterate


















73

Discussion
























74

Discussion






















75

Discussion










from itching



hearing impairment










76

Discussion




















those working (55)

77

Discussion























78

Discussion

















seeking behaviour






79

Conclusion

CONCLUSION












80

Summary

SUMMARY


















overweight






81

Summary
















significant










82

Summary






















83

Summary



102 did not
















84

Limitations

LIMITATIONS






85

Recommendations

RECOMMENDATIONS






geriatrics







free of cost




86

References

REFERENCES












1082017]



1272017]




87

References




















7102015]




88

References


23(1)11-16








1062017]












1272017]





89

References




3(2)523-29











Public Health 2016 5(6)1098-1102







90

References







82




4558-64









91

References



2(1)9-12





5(3) 92-94






1-7









2013 Sep 9 36(2)6963-7

92

References










Sch J App Med Sci 2013 1(6)758-64










93

References










515-21



22(1)51-55











94

References












1282017]













2016 Oct 1 14(4)469

95

References






96























Annexures

ANNEXURE ndashIII

104

Annexures

PROFORMA


1 NAME

2 AGE







7 ADDRESS





10 CONTACT NUMBER










97

Annexures












(e) Others_________









8 EYE AND ADNEXA


9 EAR


10 SKIN


98

Annexures



12 GENERAL SYMPTOMS














(a) Yes (b) no


(a) lt100 (b) 100-200 (c) 200-300 (d) 300 and above







99

Annexures


(a) Yes (b) No






(a) Yes (b) No


(a) Yes (b) No




1 Hair

2 Teeth

3 Bath

4 Clothes


eating food



7 Nails

8 Foot wear


100

Annexures

2 MEASUREMENTS







Respiratory rate

20 Examination of

Eye Oral cavity Ear

Nose Throat




101

MASTER CHART

Annexures

ANNEXURES
















(M00-M99)





XVIII (S00-T98)


102

Annexures


(S00-T98)


(Z00-Z99)


103

Annexures

105

Annexures

106

Annexures

107

Annexures

PHOTOS



108

Annexures



109

Annexures

110
















health facility


xi

Introduction

INTRODUCTION







20501





death2










1

























2















subjects

3

Objectives

OBJECTIVES




4


vii

















span 14

5






1961 55 58 56 58 47

1971 59 60 60 62 50

1981 64 66 65 68 54

1991 67 68 68 71 57

2001 71 78 75 77 67

2011 77 84 80 81 79

2004-05 69 75 72 73 70

2007-08 73 77 75 76 72

6















7















and constipation








8


(e) Urinary Bladder












coronary thrombosis

(g) Muscular system







(h) Brain




9





(i ) Bones



fall16




10



















11



1 Definition





















error basis21

12












treatment22


13














and practices












14














15









be hypertensive25













16























17























18























19










respectively38











group40

20






















21























22






















urban females49

23












system 51








24















line)54








25




















26






UHTC is located

27

Methodology


28

Methodology


College Davangere




16943




29

Methodology




t he s t udy







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5


30

Methodology




College Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36











31

























32


















33



nearest 05 kg















lt 185 underweight



ge 25 kg m2 Obese

34

Methodology



Normal lt120 lt 80






STUDY VARIABLES











35

Methodology


i Unskilled worker


(vegetable vendor)




iii Skilled








V Professional





36



5 TYPE OF FAMILY 71









Socio-economic

status



Rupees per month)




month)


II 50-99 3099-6260

III 30-49 1835-3098

IV 15-29 949-1834

V Below 15 lt948

37







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5





Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36



Results

RESULTS





38

Results









354 254 262

88 42

389

239 172

67 133

0102030405060708090

100

60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 ge80

Perc

enta

ge

Age in years

Males

Females


Males Females Total



Frequency (n=180)

Percentage ()

60-64 92 354 70 389 162 368

65-69 66 254 43 239 109 247

70-74 68 262 31 172 99 225

75-79 23 88 12 67 35 80

ge80 11 42 24 133 35 80

Total 260 100 180 100 440 100

39

Results



Hindu 188 427

Muslim 252 573

Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100

Hindu Muslim

427

573

Perc

enta

ge


40

Results



Illiterate 231 525




Intermediate 6 14

Graduate 14 32

Total 440 100





525

275

86 68

14 32

0102030405060708090

100

Perc

enta

ge


41







Unemployed 225 511

Total 440 100





0102030405060708090

100

05 102 155 227

511

Perc

enta

ge


42







Class II 13

Class III 26

Class IV 49

Class V 12


Class I 0 0

Class II 56 13

Class III 115 26

Class IV 215 49

Class V 54 12

Total 440 100

43

Results



Unmarried 2 05

Married 323 734


Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100


05

734

261 Perc

enta

ge

44

Results




Joint family 93 21


Total 440 100





Nuclear family 37

Joint family 21

Three generation

family 42

45

Results






under weight 10

Normal 45

Overweight 30

Obese 15

46

Results




Males (n=260)

Females (n=180)

Total (n=440)

No No No


184 707 130 722 314 714


139 534 80 444 219 497


90 346 64 355 154 35


E90)

70 269 75 417 145 329


64 246 73 405 137 311


64 246 37 206 101 23


57 219 30 166 87 198


L99)

38 146 20 111 58 132


39 15 18 10 57 13


22 85 7 39 29 66


6 23 5 28 11 25


47

Results












0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

714

497

35 329 311 229

198 132 13 66

25

perc

enta

ge

48

Results


system

Musculoskeletal

Disease

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

Value

Knee joint pain

52 (20)

30 (167)

82 (186)

X2 = 0779

df = 1

p=03773

Back ache

30 (115)

35 (194)

65 (148) X2 = 528

df = 1

p = 0021


knee joint pain)

52(20)

35(194)

87(198)

X2 =00206

df=1

p =0885

Non-specific aches

and pain

50(192)

30(167)

80(182)

X2=0470

df=1

p = 0492


Multiple responses






significant

49

Results


Diseases of the

eye and

adnexa

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

value

Cataract

112(43)

60(333)

172(391)

X2 = 4241

df=1

p = 0039

Refractive error

20(77)

14(78)

34(77)

X2= 0001

df=1

p = 0973



7(27)

6(33)

13(29)

X2=0152

df=1

p = 0696


Multiple responses






50

Results


Diseases of the

oral cavity

Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180 )

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Stained teeth

22 (84)

18 (10)

40 (91)

X2 =0304

df=1

p = 0581

Missing teeth

40 (154)

38 (211)

78 (177)

X2= 239

df= 1

p=0122

Caries

28 (108)

8 (44)

36 (82)

X2= 566

df= 1

p=0017


Multiple responses






51

Results


disorders

Disorders Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Diabetes mellitus

45 (173)

37 (206)

82 (186)

X2 = 0739

df= 1

p = 0389

Anemia

24 (92)

35 (194)

59 (134)

X2= 955

df = 1

p = 0001

Thyroid disorders

1(04)

3 (17)

4 (09)

p= 0309









52

Results


Diseases of

circulatory

system

Males

(n=260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Hypertension

62 (238)

71 (394)

133 (302)

X2= 1227

df= 1

p = 0000

CAD MI

Arrhythmias

2 (08)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p =100








53

Results


Disorders of

Respiratory

System

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical

value

Bronchial asthma

3 (12)

3 (17)

6 (14)

p =0692

URTI

45 (173)

27 (15)

72 (164)

X2= 0413

df = 1

p = 0520

Acute Bronchitis

12 (46)

7 (39)

19 (43)

X2= 0135

df = 1

p = 0712

Pulmonary TB

4 (15)

0(00)

4 (09)

p =0148








54

Results


Disorders of

Gastrointestinal

system

Males

(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Constipation

21(8)

6 (33)

27(61)

X2 =4155

df =1

p =0041

Gastritis

24 (92)

18 (10)

42(95)

X2= 0072

df = 1

p =0787

Bleeding per

rectum 3(12) 2(11) 5(11)

p =100

Others (Pain

abdomen

anorexia

indigestion)

9(35)

4 (22)

13 (3)

X2=0569

df =1

p=0450








55

Results


subcutaneous tissue


subcutaneous tissue

Males ( n = 260)

Females (n = 180)

Total (n = 440)

Statistical

value

Itching

19(73)

2(11)

21(48)

X2 =896

df=1

p = 0002

Scaling 6 (23)

3 (17)

9 (2)

p =0743

Pigmentation

5(19)

4 (22)

9 (2)

p =100

Dryness

8 (31)

11 (61)

19(43)

X2= 237

df = 1








56

Results


Disease of the ear

Males

(n= 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total


Hearing impairment

33 (126)

16 (89)

49 (111)

X2 =155

df =1

p =0212

Ear discharge

3 (12)

1 (06)

4(09)

p =0647

Tinnitus

3 (12)

1 (06)

4 (09)

p =0647








57

Results


system

Disorders of


Male

(n = 260)

Female

(n = 180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value

Burning micturition

2 (077)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p=100


micturition

20(77) 5(28) 25(57)

X2= 4794

df =1








58

Results


Disease of the


(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

p value

Memory loss

2 (77)

2 (11)

4 (09)

100

Stroke

2 (77)

0 (00)

2 (05)

0515

Neuritis

2 (77)

3 (17)

5 (11)

0652








59

Results


group


(n = 271)

70-79Yrs

(n = 134)

gt 80Yrs

(n = 35)

Total

( n = 440)

Statistical

value

Musculoskeletal

System

195 (72)

94 (70)

25 (710)

314 (714) X2= 0143

df = 2 p = 0930

Eye amp adnexa

125 (461)

69 (515)

25 (714)

219 (497) X2= 8166

df = 2 p = 0016


56 (207)

68 (507)

30 (857)

154 (350) X2= 7865

df = 2 p lt 00001


metabolic diseases

91 (335)

47 (35)

7 (200)

145 (329) X2= 297

df = 2 p = 0225

Circulatory

system

87 (321)

40 (298)

10 (285)

137 (311) X2= 0328

df = 2 p = 0848

Respiratory

system

64 (236)

31 (231)

6 (171)

101 (23) X2= 0738

df = 2 p = 0691

Digestive system

52 (191)

28 (210)

7 (200)

87 (191) X2= 0166

df = 2 p = 0 920


tissue

43 (159)

13 (97)

2 (57)

58 (132) X2= 4831

df = 2 p = 0089


27 (99)

20 (149)

10 (285)

57 (13) X2= 1018

d= 2 p = 0006

Genitourinary

system

20 (74)

8 (59)

1 (29)

29 (66) X2= 1151

df = 2 p = 0562

Nervous system

5 (18)

4 (29)

2 (57)

11 (25)

p = 0418



60

Results












61


occupation


Unemployed (n=225)

Total (n=440)

Statistical value

Musculoskeletal

system

171 (795) 143 (635) 314 (714) X2 =1374 df=1

p=00002


p= 0850

Oral cavityamp

salivary glands

76 (353) 78 (347) 154 (35) X2=0022 df=1

p=0880

Endocrine

nutritional amp

metabolic

disease

75 (348) 70 (311) 145 (329) X2=0708 df=1

p=0400

circulatory

system

58 (269) 79 (351) 137 (311) X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory

system

49 (227) 52 (231) 101 (23) X2=0006 df=1

p=09363


p=0723

Skin

subcutaneous

tissue

38 (176) 20 (88) 58 (132) X2=741 df=1

p=0006

Ear and mastoid

process

31 (144) 26 (115) 57 (13) X2=0799 df=1

p=0371

Genitourinary

system

16 (74) 13 (57) 29 (66) X2=0494 df=1

p=0481

Nervous system

2 (093) 9 (4) 11 (25) X2=425 df=1


Multiple responses

62

Results










63


religion


(n=188)

Muslim

(n=252)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value


X2=0668 df=1

p=0413


p= 0215


X2=211 df=1

p=0145


53 (2819) 92 (365) 145 (329) X2=3371 df=1

p=0066


X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory system

33 (176) 68 (269) 101 (229)

X2=5415 df= 1

p=0019


p=0013


31 (164) 27 (107) 58 (132) X2=3138 df=1

p=00765


28 (149) 29 (115) 57 (129) X2=1095 df=1

p=0297


16 (85) 13 (52) 29 (66) X2=1965 df=1

p=0161

Nervous system

4 (21) 7 (28) 11(25) p=0764



64

Results










65

Results



of an illness



illness

898

102


66

Results


illness






seeking health care

Frequency (n=45)

Percentage ()



Lack of faith in

healthcare

6 133


Total 45 100

67

Results







Males

(n=241)

Females

(n=154)

Total

(n=395)

No No No



Quacks 4 17 2 13 6 15

Total 241 100 154 100 395 100

68

Results


subjects

Whether visited

health facility

in case of illness

Sex

Total

n ()

p value Male

n ()

Female

n ()

Yes 241 (927) 154 (856) 395 (898) 00151

No 19 (106) 26 (144) 45 (102)

Total 260 (59) 180 (41) 440 (100)

x2=5901 df =1





69

Results




p value


0000

Illiterate (231) 194 (84) 37 (16)

Primary school (121) 115 (95) 6 (49)

Higher primary (38) 37 (974) 1 (26)



Graduate (14) 14 (100) 0(00)

Total(440) 395 (898) 45(102)







significant

70

Results



Frequency

(n=395)

Percentage





Total 395 100





71

Discussion

DISCUSSION










above (259)





were males






72

Discussion





were illiterate


















73

Discussion
























74

Discussion






















75

Discussion










from itching



hearing impairment










76

Discussion




















those working (55)

77

Discussion























78

Discussion

















seeking behaviour






79

Conclusion

CONCLUSION












80

Summary

SUMMARY


















overweight






81

Summary
















significant










82

Summary






















83

Summary



102 did not
















84

Limitations

LIMITATIONS






85

Recommendations

RECOMMENDATIONS






geriatrics







free of cost




86

References

REFERENCES












1082017]



1272017]




87

References




















7102015]




88

References


23(1)11-16








1062017]












1272017]





89

References




3(2)523-29











Public Health 2016 5(6)1098-1102







90

References







82




4558-64









91

References



2(1)9-12





5(3) 92-94






1-7









2013 Sep 9 36(2)6963-7

92

References










Sch J App Med Sci 2013 1(6)758-64










93

References










515-21



22(1)51-55











94

References












1282017]













2016 Oct 1 14(4)469

95

References






96























Annexures

ANNEXURE ndashIII

104

Annexures

PROFORMA


1 NAME

2 AGE







7 ADDRESS





10 CONTACT NUMBER










97

Annexures












(e) Others_________









8 EYE AND ADNEXA


9 EAR


10 SKIN


98

Annexures



12 GENERAL SYMPTOMS














(a) Yes (b) no


(a) lt100 (b) 100-200 (c) 200-300 (d) 300 and above







99

Annexures


(a) Yes (b) No






(a) Yes (b) No


(a) Yes (b) No




1 Hair

2 Teeth

3 Bath

4 Clothes


eating food



7 Nails

8 Foot wear


100

Annexures

2 MEASUREMENTS







Respiratory rate

20 Examination of

Eye Oral cavity Ear

Nose Throat




101

MASTER CHART

Annexures

ANNEXURES
















(M00-M99)





XVIII (S00-T98)


102

Annexures


(S00-T98)


(Z00-Z99)


103

Annexures

105

Annexures

106

Annexures

107

Annexures

PHOTOS



108

Annexures



109

Annexures

110

Introduction

INTRODUCTION







20501





death2










1

























2















subjects

3

Objectives

OBJECTIVES




4


vii

















span 14

5






1961 55 58 56 58 47

1971 59 60 60 62 50

1981 64 66 65 68 54

1991 67 68 68 71 57

2001 71 78 75 77 67

2011 77 84 80 81 79

2004-05 69 75 72 73 70

2007-08 73 77 75 76 72

6















7















and constipation








8


(e) Urinary Bladder












coronary thrombosis

(g) Muscular system







(h) Brain




9





(i ) Bones



fall16




10



















11



1 Definition





















error basis21

12












treatment22


13














and practices












14














15









be hypertensive25













16























17























18























19










respectively38











group40

20






















21























22






















urban females49

23












system 51








24















line)54








25




















26






UHTC is located

27

Methodology


28

Methodology


College Davangere




16943




29

Methodology




t he s t udy







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5


30

Methodology




College Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36











31

























32


















33



nearest 05 kg















lt 185 underweight



ge 25 kg m2 Obese

34

Methodology



Normal lt120 lt 80






STUDY VARIABLES











35

Methodology


i Unskilled worker


(vegetable vendor)




iii Skilled








V Professional





36



5 TYPE OF FAMILY 71









Socio-economic

status



Rupees per month)




month)


II 50-99 3099-6260

III 30-49 1835-3098

IV 15-29 949-1834

V Below 15 lt948

37







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5





Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36



Results

RESULTS





38

Results









354 254 262

88 42

389

239 172

67 133

0102030405060708090

100

60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 ge80

Perc

enta

ge

Age in years

Males

Females


Males Females Total



Frequency (n=180)

Percentage ()

60-64 92 354 70 389 162 368

65-69 66 254 43 239 109 247

70-74 68 262 31 172 99 225

75-79 23 88 12 67 35 80

ge80 11 42 24 133 35 80

Total 260 100 180 100 440 100

39

Results



Hindu 188 427

Muslim 252 573

Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100

Hindu Muslim

427

573

Perc

enta

ge


40

Results



Illiterate 231 525




Intermediate 6 14

Graduate 14 32

Total 440 100





525

275

86 68

14 32

0102030405060708090

100

Perc

enta

ge


41







Unemployed 225 511

Total 440 100





0102030405060708090

100

05 102 155 227

511

Perc

enta

ge


42







Class II 13

Class III 26

Class IV 49

Class V 12


Class I 0 0

Class II 56 13

Class III 115 26

Class IV 215 49

Class V 54 12

Total 440 100

43

Results



Unmarried 2 05

Married 323 734


Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100


05

734

261 Perc

enta

ge

44

Results




Joint family 93 21


Total 440 100





Nuclear family 37

Joint family 21

Three generation

family 42

45

Results






under weight 10

Normal 45

Overweight 30

Obese 15

46

Results




Males (n=260)

Females (n=180)

Total (n=440)

No No No


184 707 130 722 314 714


139 534 80 444 219 497


90 346 64 355 154 35


E90)

70 269 75 417 145 329


64 246 73 405 137 311


64 246 37 206 101 23


57 219 30 166 87 198


L99)

38 146 20 111 58 132


39 15 18 10 57 13


22 85 7 39 29 66


6 23 5 28 11 25


47

Results












0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

714

497

35 329 311 229

198 132 13 66

25

perc

enta

ge

48

Results


system

Musculoskeletal

Disease

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

Value

Knee joint pain

52 (20)

30 (167)

82 (186)

X2 = 0779

df = 1

p=03773

Back ache

30 (115)

35 (194)

65 (148) X2 = 528

df = 1

p = 0021


knee joint pain)

52(20)

35(194)

87(198)

X2 =00206

df=1

p =0885

Non-specific aches

and pain

50(192)

30(167)

80(182)

X2=0470

df=1

p = 0492


Multiple responses






significant

49

Results


Diseases of the

eye and

adnexa

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

value

Cataract

112(43)

60(333)

172(391)

X2 = 4241

df=1

p = 0039

Refractive error

20(77)

14(78)

34(77)

X2= 0001

df=1

p = 0973



7(27)

6(33)

13(29)

X2=0152

df=1

p = 0696


Multiple responses






50

Results


Diseases of the

oral cavity

Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180 )

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Stained teeth

22 (84)

18 (10)

40 (91)

X2 =0304

df=1

p = 0581

Missing teeth

40 (154)

38 (211)

78 (177)

X2= 239

df= 1

p=0122

Caries

28 (108)

8 (44)

36 (82)

X2= 566

df= 1

p=0017


Multiple responses






51

Results


disorders

Disorders Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Diabetes mellitus

45 (173)

37 (206)

82 (186)

X2 = 0739

df= 1

p = 0389

Anemia

24 (92)

35 (194)

59 (134)

X2= 955

df = 1

p = 0001

Thyroid disorders

1(04)

3 (17)

4 (09)

p= 0309









52

Results


Diseases of

circulatory

system

Males

(n=260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Hypertension

62 (238)

71 (394)

133 (302)

X2= 1227

df= 1

p = 0000

CAD MI

Arrhythmias

2 (08)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p =100








53

Results


Disorders of

Respiratory

System

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical

value

Bronchial asthma

3 (12)

3 (17)

6 (14)

p =0692

URTI

45 (173)

27 (15)

72 (164)

X2= 0413

df = 1

p = 0520

Acute Bronchitis

12 (46)

7 (39)

19 (43)

X2= 0135

df = 1

p = 0712

Pulmonary TB

4 (15)

0(00)

4 (09)

p =0148








54

Results


Disorders of

Gastrointestinal

system

Males

(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Constipation

21(8)

6 (33)

27(61)

X2 =4155

df =1

p =0041

Gastritis

24 (92)

18 (10)

42(95)

X2= 0072

df = 1

p =0787

Bleeding per

rectum 3(12) 2(11) 5(11)

p =100

Others (Pain

abdomen

anorexia

indigestion)

9(35)

4 (22)

13 (3)

X2=0569

df =1

p=0450








55

Results


subcutaneous tissue


subcutaneous tissue

Males ( n = 260)

Females (n = 180)

Total (n = 440)

Statistical

value

Itching

19(73)

2(11)

21(48)

X2 =896

df=1

p = 0002

Scaling 6 (23)

3 (17)

9 (2)

p =0743

Pigmentation

5(19)

4 (22)

9 (2)

p =100

Dryness

8 (31)

11 (61)

19(43)

X2= 237

df = 1








56

Results


Disease of the ear

Males

(n= 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total


Hearing impairment

33 (126)

16 (89)

49 (111)

X2 =155

df =1

p =0212

Ear discharge

3 (12)

1 (06)

4(09)

p =0647

Tinnitus

3 (12)

1 (06)

4 (09)

p =0647








57

Results


system

Disorders of


Male

(n = 260)

Female

(n = 180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value

Burning micturition

2 (077)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p=100


micturition

20(77) 5(28) 25(57)

X2= 4794

df =1








58

Results


Disease of the


(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

p value

Memory loss

2 (77)

2 (11)

4 (09)

100

Stroke

2 (77)

0 (00)

2 (05)

0515

Neuritis

2 (77)

3 (17)

5 (11)

0652








59

Results


group


(n = 271)

70-79Yrs

(n = 134)

gt 80Yrs

(n = 35)

Total

( n = 440)

Statistical

value

Musculoskeletal

System

195 (72)

94 (70)

25 (710)

314 (714) X2= 0143

df = 2 p = 0930

Eye amp adnexa

125 (461)

69 (515)

25 (714)

219 (497) X2= 8166

df = 2 p = 0016


56 (207)

68 (507)

30 (857)

154 (350) X2= 7865

df = 2 p lt 00001


metabolic diseases

91 (335)

47 (35)

7 (200)

145 (329) X2= 297

df = 2 p = 0225

Circulatory

system

87 (321)

40 (298)

10 (285)

137 (311) X2= 0328

df = 2 p = 0848

Respiratory

system

64 (236)

31 (231)

6 (171)

101 (23) X2= 0738

df = 2 p = 0691

Digestive system

52 (191)

28 (210)

7 (200)

87 (191) X2= 0166

df = 2 p = 0 920


tissue

43 (159)

13 (97)

2 (57)

58 (132) X2= 4831

df = 2 p = 0089


27 (99)

20 (149)

10 (285)

57 (13) X2= 1018

d= 2 p = 0006

Genitourinary

system

20 (74)

8 (59)

1 (29)

29 (66) X2= 1151

df = 2 p = 0562

Nervous system

5 (18)

4 (29)

2 (57)

11 (25)

p = 0418



60

Results












61


occupation


Unemployed (n=225)

Total (n=440)

Statistical value

Musculoskeletal

system

171 (795) 143 (635) 314 (714) X2 =1374 df=1

p=00002


p= 0850

Oral cavityamp

salivary glands

76 (353) 78 (347) 154 (35) X2=0022 df=1

p=0880

Endocrine

nutritional amp

metabolic

disease

75 (348) 70 (311) 145 (329) X2=0708 df=1

p=0400

circulatory

system

58 (269) 79 (351) 137 (311) X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory

system

49 (227) 52 (231) 101 (23) X2=0006 df=1

p=09363


p=0723

Skin

subcutaneous

tissue

38 (176) 20 (88) 58 (132) X2=741 df=1

p=0006

Ear and mastoid

process

31 (144) 26 (115) 57 (13) X2=0799 df=1

p=0371

Genitourinary

system

16 (74) 13 (57) 29 (66) X2=0494 df=1

p=0481

Nervous system

2 (093) 9 (4) 11 (25) X2=425 df=1


Multiple responses

62

Results










63


religion


(n=188)

Muslim

(n=252)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value


X2=0668 df=1

p=0413


p= 0215


X2=211 df=1

p=0145


53 (2819) 92 (365) 145 (329) X2=3371 df=1

p=0066


X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory system

33 (176) 68 (269) 101 (229)

X2=5415 df= 1

p=0019


p=0013


31 (164) 27 (107) 58 (132) X2=3138 df=1

p=00765


28 (149) 29 (115) 57 (129) X2=1095 df=1

p=0297


16 (85) 13 (52) 29 (66) X2=1965 df=1

p=0161

Nervous system

4 (21) 7 (28) 11(25) p=0764



64

Results










65

Results



of an illness



illness

898

102


66

Results


illness






seeking health care

Frequency (n=45)

Percentage ()



Lack of faith in

healthcare

6 133


Total 45 100

67

Results







Males

(n=241)

Females

(n=154)

Total

(n=395)

No No No



Quacks 4 17 2 13 6 15

Total 241 100 154 100 395 100

68

Results


subjects

Whether visited

health facility

in case of illness

Sex

Total

n ()

p value Male

n ()

Female

n ()

Yes 241 (927) 154 (856) 395 (898) 00151

No 19 (106) 26 (144) 45 (102)

Total 260 (59) 180 (41) 440 (100)

x2=5901 df =1





69

Results




p value


0000

Illiterate (231) 194 (84) 37 (16)

Primary school (121) 115 (95) 6 (49)

Higher primary (38) 37 (974) 1 (26)



Graduate (14) 14 (100) 0(00)

Total(440) 395 (898) 45(102)







significant

70

Results



Frequency

(n=395)

Percentage





Total 395 100





71

Discussion

DISCUSSION










above (259)





were males






72

Discussion





were illiterate


















73

Discussion
























74

Discussion






















75

Discussion










from itching



hearing impairment










76

Discussion




















those working (55)

77

Discussion























78

Discussion

















seeking behaviour






79

Conclusion

CONCLUSION












80

Summary

SUMMARY


















overweight






81

Summary
















significant










82

Summary






















83

Summary



102 did not
















84

Limitations

LIMITATIONS






85

Recommendations

RECOMMENDATIONS






geriatrics







free of cost




86

References

REFERENCES












1082017]



1272017]




87

References




















7102015]




88

References


23(1)11-16








1062017]












1272017]





89

References




3(2)523-29











Public Health 2016 5(6)1098-1102







90

References







82




4558-64









91

References



2(1)9-12





5(3) 92-94






1-7









2013 Sep 9 36(2)6963-7

92

References










Sch J App Med Sci 2013 1(6)758-64










93

References










515-21



22(1)51-55











94

References












1282017]













2016 Oct 1 14(4)469

95

References






96























Annexures

ANNEXURE ndashIII

104

Annexures

PROFORMA


1 NAME

2 AGE







7 ADDRESS





10 CONTACT NUMBER










97

Annexures












(e) Others_________









8 EYE AND ADNEXA


9 EAR


10 SKIN


98

Annexures



12 GENERAL SYMPTOMS














(a) Yes (b) no


(a) lt100 (b) 100-200 (c) 200-300 (d) 300 and above







99

Annexures


(a) Yes (b) No






(a) Yes (b) No


(a) Yes (b) No




1 Hair

2 Teeth

3 Bath

4 Clothes


eating food



7 Nails

8 Foot wear


100

Annexures

2 MEASUREMENTS







Respiratory rate

20 Examination of

Eye Oral cavity Ear

Nose Throat




101

MASTER CHART

Annexures

ANNEXURES
















(M00-M99)





XVIII (S00-T98)


102

Annexures


(S00-T98)


(Z00-Z99)


103

Annexures

105

Annexures

106

Annexures

107

Annexures

PHOTOS



108

Annexures



109

Annexures

110

























2















subjects

3

Objectives

OBJECTIVES




4


vii

















span 14

5






1961 55 58 56 58 47

1971 59 60 60 62 50

1981 64 66 65 68 54

1991 67 68 68 71 57

2001 71 78 75 77 67

2011 77 84 80 81 79

2004-05 69 75 72 73 70

2007-08 73 77 75 76 72

6















7















and constipation








8


(e) Urinary Bladder












coronary thrombosis

(g) Muscular system







(h) Brain




9





(i ) Bones



fall16




10



















11



1 Definition





















error basis21

12












treatment22


13














and practices












14














15









be hypertensive25













16























17























18























19










respectively38











group40

20






















21























22






















urban females49

23












system 51








24















line)54








25




















26






UHTC is located

27

Methodology


28

Methodology


College Davangere




16943




29

Methodology




t he s t udy







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5


30

Methodology




College Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36











31

























32


















33



nearest 05 kg















lt 185 underweight



ge 25 kg m2 Obese

34

Methodology



Normal lt120 lt 80






STUDY VARIABLES











35

Methodology


i Unskilled worker


(vegetable vendor)




iii Skilled








V Professional





36



5 TYPE OF FAMILY 71









Socio-economic

status



Rupees per month)




month)


II 50-99 3099-6260

III 30-49 1835-3098

IV 15-29 949-1834

V Below 15 lt948

37







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5





Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36



Results

RESULTS





38

Results









354 254 262

88 42

389

239 172

67 133

0102030405060708090

100

60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 ge80

Perc

enta

ge

Age in years

Males

Females


Males Females Total



Frequency (n=180)

Percentage ()

60-64 92 354 70 389 162 368

65-69 66 254 43 239 109 247

70-74 68 262 31 172 99 225

75-79 23 88 12 67 35 80

ge80 11 42 24 133 35 80

Total 260 100 180 100 440 100

39

Results



Hindu 188 427

Muslim 252 573

Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100

Hindu Muslim

427

573

Perc

enta

ge


40

Results



Illiterate 231 525




Intermediate 6 14

Graduate 14 32

Total 440 100





525

275

86 68

14 32

0102030405060708090

100

Perc

enta

ge


41







Unemployed 225 511

Total 440 100





0102030405060708090

100

05 102 155 227

511

Perc

enta

ge


42







Class II 13

Class III 26

Class IV 49

Class V 12


Class I 0 0

Class II 56 13

Class III 115 26

Class IV 215 49

Class V 54 12

Total 440 100

43

Results



Unmarried 2 05

Married 323 734


Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100


05

734

261 Perc

enta

ge

44

Results




Joint family 93 21


Total 440 100





Nuclear family 37

Joint family 21

Three generation

family 42

45

Results






under weight 10

Normal 45

Overweight 30

Obese 15

46

Results




Males (n=260)

Females (n=180)

Total (n=440)

No No No


184 707 130 722 314 714


139 534 80 444 219 497


90 346 64 355 154 35


E90)

70 269 75 417 145 329


64 246 73 405 137 311


64 246 37 206 101 23


57 219 30 166 87 198


L99)

38 146 20 111 58 132


39 15 18 10 57 13


22 85 7 39 29 66


6 23 5 28 11 25


47

Results












0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

714

497

35 329 311 229

198 132 13 66

25

perc

enta

ge

48

Results


system

Musculoskeletal

Disease

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

Value

Knee joint pain

52 (20)

30 (167)

82 (186)

X2 = 0779

df = 1

p=03773

Back ache

30 (115)

35 (194)

65 (148) X2 = 528

df = 1

p = 0021


knee joint pain)

52(20)

35(194)

87(198)

X2 =00206

df=1

p =0885

Non-specific aches

and pain

50(192)

30(167)

80(182)

X2=0470

df=1

p = 0492


Multiple responses






significant

49

Results


Diseases of the

eye and

adnexa

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

value

Cataract

112(43)

60(333)

172(391)

X2 = 4241

df=1

p = 0039

Refractive error

20(77)

14(78)

34(77)

X2= 0001

df=1

p = 0973



7(27)

6(33)

13(29)

X2=0152

df=1

p = 0696


Multiple responses






50

Results


Diseases of the

oral cavity

Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180 )

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Stained teeth

22 (84)

18 (10)

40 (91)

X2 =0304

df=1

p = 0581

Missing teeth

40 (154)

38 (211)

78 (177)

X2= 239

df= 1

p=0122

Caries

28 (108)

8 (44)

36 (82)

X2= 566

df= 1

p=0017


Multiple responses






51

Results


disorders

Disorders Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Diabetes mellitus

45 (173)

37 (206)

82 (186)

X2 = 0739

df= 1

p = 0389

Anemia

24 (92)

35 (194)

59 (134)

X2= 955

df = 1

p = 0001

Thyroid disorders

1(04)

3 (17)

4 (09)

p= 0309









52

Results


Diseases of

circulatory

system

Males

(n=260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Hypertension

62 (238)

71 (394)

133 (302)

X2= 1227

df= 1

p = 0000

CAD MI

Arrhythmias

2 (08)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p =100








53

Results


Disorders of

Respiratory

System

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical

value

Bronchial asthma

3 (12)

3 (17)

6 (14)

p =0692

URTI

45 (173)

27 (15)

72 (164)

X2= 0413

df = 1

p = 0520

Acute Bronchitis

12 (46)

7 (39)

19 (43)

X2= 0135

df = 1

p = 0712

Pulmonary TB

4 (15)

0(00)

4 (09)

p =0148








54

Results


Disorders of

Gastrointestinal

system

Males

(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Constipation

21(8)

6 (33)

27(61)

X2 =4155

df =1

p =0041

Gastritis

24 (92)

18 (10)

42(95)

X2= 0072

df = 1

p =0787

Bleeding per

rectum 3(12) 2(11) 5(11)

p =100

Others (Pain

abdomen

anorexia

indigestion)

9(35)

4 (22)

13 (3)

X2=0569

df =1

p=0450








55

Results


subcutaneous tissue


subcutaneous tissue

Males ( n = 260)

Females (n = 180)

Total (n = 440)

Statistical

value

Itching

19(73)

2(11)

21(48)

X2 =896

df=1

p = 0002

Scaling 6 (23)

3 (17)

9 (2)

p =0743

Pigmentation

5(19)

4 (22)

9 (2)

p =100

Dryness

8 (31)

11 (61)

19(43)

X2= 237

df = 1








56

Results


Disease of the ear

Males

(n= 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total


Hearing impairment

33 (126)

16 (89)

49 (111)

X2 =155

df =1

p =0212

Ear discharge

3 (12)

1 (06)

4(09)

p =0647

Tinnitus

3 (12)

1 (06)

4 (09)

p =0647








57

Results


system

Disorders of


Male

(n = 260)

Female

(n = 180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value

Burning micturition

2 (077)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p=100


micturition

20(77) 5(28) 25(57)

X2= 4794

df =1








58

Results


Disease of the


(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

p value

Memory loss

2 (77)

2 (11)

4 (09)

100

Stroke

2 (77)

0 (00)

2 (05)

0515

Neuritis

2 (77)

3 (17)

5 (11)

0652








59

Results


group


(n = 271)

70-79Yrs

(n = 134)

gt 80Yrs

(n = 35)

Total

( n = 440)

Statistical

value

Musculoskeletal

System

195 (72)

94 (70)

25 (710)

314 (714) X2= 0143

df = 2 p = 0930

Eye amp adnexa

125 (461)

69 (515)

25 (714)

219 (497) X2= 8166

df = 2 p = 0016


56 (207)

68 (507)

30 (857)

154 (350) X2= 7865

df = 2 p lt 00001


metabolic diseases

91 (335)

47 (35)

7 (200)

145 (329) X2= 297

df = 2 p = 0225

Circulatory

system

87 (321)

40 (298)

10 (285)

137 (311) X2= 0328

df = 2 p = 0848

Respiratory

system

64 (236)

31 (231)

6 (171)

101 (23) X2= 0738

df = 2 p = 0691

Digestive system

52 (191)

28 (210)

7 (200)

87 (191) X2= 0166

df = 2 p = 0 920


tissue

43 (159)

13 (97)

2 (57)

58 (132) X2= 4831

df = 2 p = 0089


27 (99)

20 (149)

10 (285)

57 (13) X2= 1018

d= 2 p = 0006

Genitourinary

system

20 (74)

8 (59)

1 (29)

29 (66) X2= 1151

df = 2 p = 0562

Nervous system

5 (18)

4 (29)

2 (57)

11 (25)

p = 0418



60

Results












61


occupation


Unemployed (n=225)

Total (n=440)

Statistical value

Musculoskeletal

system

171 (795) 143 (635) 314 (714) X2 =1374 df=1

p=00002


p= 0850

Oral cavityamp

salivary glands

76 (353) 78 (347) 154 (35) X2=0022 df=1

p=0880

Endocrine

nutritional amp

metabolic

disease

75 (348) 70 (311) 145 (329) X2=0708 df=1

p=0400

circulatory

system

58 (269) 79 (351) 137 (311) X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory

system

49 (227) 52 (231) 101 (23) X2=0006 df=1

p=09363


p=0723

Skin

subcutaneous

tissue

38 (176) 20 (88) 58 (132) X2=741 df=1

p=0006

Ear and mastoid

process

31 (144) 26 (115) 57 (13) X2=0799 df=1

p=0371

Genitourinary

system

16 (74) 13 (57) 29 (66) X2=0494 df=1

p=0481

Nervous system

2 (093) 9 (4) 11 (25) X2=425 df=1


Multiple responses

62

Results










63


religion


(n=188)

Muslim

(n=252)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value


X2=0668 df=1

p=0413


p= 0215


X2=211 df=1

p=0145


53 (2819) 92 (365) 145 (329) X2=3371 df=1

p=0066


X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory system

33 (176) 68 (269) 101 (229)

X2=5415 df= 1

p=0019


p=0013


31 (164) 27 (107) 58 (132) X2=3138 df=1

p=00765


28 (149) 29 (115) 57 (129) X2=1095 df=1

p=0297


16 (85) 13 (52) 29 (66) X2=1965 df=1

p=0161

Nervous system

4 (21) 7 (28) 11(25) p=0764



64

Results










65

Results



of an illness



illness

898

102


66

Results


illness






seeking health care

Frequency (n=45)

Percentage ()



Lack of faith in

healthcare

6 133


Total 45 100

67

Results







Males

(n=241)

Females

(n=154)

Total

(n=395)

No No No



Quacks 4 17 2 13 6 15

Total 241 100 154 100 395 100

68

Results


subjects

Whether visited

health facility

in case of illness

Sex

Total

n ()

p value Male

n ()

Female

n ()

Yes 241 (927) 154 (856) 395 (898) 00151

No 19 (106) 26 (144) 45 (102)

Total 260 (59) 180 (41) 440 (100)

x2=5901 df =1





69

Results




p value


0000

Illiterate (231) 194 (84) 37 (16)

Primary school (121) 115 (95) 6 (49)

Higher primary (38) 37 (974) 1 (26)



Graduate (14) 14 (100) 0(00)

Total(440) 395 (898) 45(102)







significant

70

Results



Frequency

(n=395)

Percentage





Total 395 100





71

Discussion

DISCUSSION










above (259)





were males






72

Discussion





were illiterate


















73

Discussion
























74

Discussion






















75

Discussion










from itching



hearing impairment










76

Discussion




















those working (55)

77

Discussion























78

Discussion

















seeking behaviour






79

Conclusion

CONCLUSION












80

Summary

SUMMARY


















overweight






81

Summary
















significant










82

Summary






















83

Summary



102 did not
















84

Limitations

LIMITATIONS






85

Recommendations

RECOMMENDATIONS






geriatrics







free of cost




86

References

REFERENCES












1082017]



1272017]




87

References




















7102015]




88

References


23(1)11-16








1062017]












1272017]





89

References




3(2)523-29











Public Health 2016 5(6)1098-1102







90

References







82




4558-64









91

References



2(1)9-12





5(3) 92-94






1-7









2013 Sep 9 36(2)6963-7

92

References










Sch J App Med Sci 2013 1(6)758-64










93

References










515-21



22(1)51-55











94

References












1282017]













2016 Oct 1 14(4)469

95

References






96























Annexures

ANNEXURE ndashIII

104

Annexures

PROFORMA


1 NAME

2 AGE







7 ADDRESS





10 CONTACT NUMBER










97

Annexures












(e) Others_________









8 EYE AND ADNEXA


9 EAR


10 SKIN


98

Annexures



12 GENERAL SYMPTOMS














(a) Yes (b) no


(a) lt100 (b) 100-200 (c) 200-300 (d) 300 and above







99

Annexures


(a) Yes (b) No






(a) Yes (b) No


(a) Yes (b) No




1 Hair

2 Teeth

3 Bath

4 Clothes


eating food



7 Nails

8 Foot wear


100

Annexures

2 MEASUREMENTS







Respiratory rate

20 Examination of

Eye Oral cavity Ear

Nose Throat




101

MASTER CHART

Annexures

ANNEXURES
















(M00-M99)





XVIII (S00-T98)


102

Annexures


(S00-T98)


(Z00-Z99)


103

Annexures

105

Annexures

106

Annexures

107

Annexures

PHOTOS



108

Annexures



109

Annexures

110















subjects

3

Objectives

OBJECTIVES




4


vii

















span 14

5






1961 55 58 56 58 47

1971 59 60 60 62 50

1981 64 66 65 68 54

1991 67 68 68 71 57

2001 71 78 75 77 67

2011 77 84 80 81 79

2004-05 69 75 72 73 70

2007-08 73 77 75 76 72

6















7















and constipation








8


(e) Urinary Bladder












coronary thrombosis

(g) Muscular system







(h) Brain




9





(i ) Bones



fall16




10



















11



1 Definition





















error basis21

12












treatment22


13














and practices












14














15









be hypertensive25













16























17























18























19










respectively38











group40

20






















21























22






















urban females49

23












system 51








24















line)54








25




















26






UHTC is located

27

Methodology


28

Methodology


College Davangere




16943




29

Methodology




t he s t udy







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5


30

Methodology




College Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36











31

























32


















33



nearest 05 kg















lt 185 underweight



ge 25 kg m2 Obese

34

Methodology



Normal lt120 lt 80






STUDY VARIABLES











35

Methodology


i Unskilled worker


(vegetable vendor)




iii Skilled








V Professional





36



5 TYPE OF FAMILY 71









Socio-economic

status



Rupees per month)




month)


II 50-99 3099-6260

III 30-49 1835-3098

IV 15-29 949-1834

V Below 15 lt948

37







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5





Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36



Results

RESULTS





38

Results









354 254 262

88 42

389

239 172

67 133

0102030405060708090

100

60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 ge80

Perc

enta

ge

Age in years

Males

Females


Males Females Total



Frequency (n=180)

Percentage ()

60-64 92 354 70 389 162 368

65-69 66 254 43 239 109 247

70-74 68 262 31 172 99 225

75-79 23 88 12 67 35 80

ge80 11 42 24 133 35 80

Total 260 100 180 100 440 100

39

Results



Hindu 188 427

Muslim 252 573

Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100

Hindu Muslim

427

573

Perc

enta

ge


40

Results



Illiterate 231 525




Intermediate 6 14

Graduate 14 32

Total 440 100





525

275

86 68

14 32

0102030405060708090

100

Perc

enta

ge


41







Unemployed 225 511

Total 440 100





0102030405060708090

100

05 102 155 227

511

Perc

enta

ge


42







Class II 13

Class III 26

Class IV 49

Class V 12


Class I 0 0

Class II 56 13

Class III 115 26

Class IV 215 49

Class V 54 12

Total 440 100

43

Results



Unmarried 2 05

Married 323 734


Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100


05

734

261 Perc

enta

ge

44

Results




Joint family 93 21


Total 440 100





Nuclear family 37

Joint family 21

Three generation

family 42

45

Results






under weight 10

Normal 45

Overweight 30

Obese 15

46

Results




Males (n=260)

Females (n=180)

Total (n=440)

No No No


184 707 130 722 314 714


139 534 80 444 219 497


90 346 64 355 154 35


E90)

70 269 75 417 145 329


64 246 73 405 137 311


64 246 37 206 101 23


57 219 30 166 87 198


L99)

38 146 20 111 58 132


39 15 18 10 57 13


22 85 7 39 29 66


6 23 5 28 11 25


47

Results












0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

714

497

35 329 311 229

198 132 13 66

25

perc

enta

ge

48

Results


system

Musculoskeletal

Disease

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

Value

Knee joint pain

52 (20)

30 (167)

82 (186)

X2 = 0779

df = 1

p=03773

Back ache

30 (115)

35 (194)

65 (148) X2 = 528

df = 1

p = 0021


knee joint pain)

52(20)

35(194)

87(198)

X2 =00206

df=1

p =0885

Non-specific aches

and pain

50(192)

30(167)

80(182)

X2=0470

df=1

p = 0492


Multiple responses






significant

49

Results


Diseases of the

eye and

adnexa

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

value

Cataract

112(43)

60(333)

172(391)

X2 = 4241

df=1

p = 0039

Refractive error

20(77)

14(78)

34(77)

X2= 0001

df=1

p = 0973



7(27)

6(33)

13(29)

X2=0152

df=1

p = 0696


Multiple responses






50

Results


Diseases of the

oral cavity

Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180 )

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Stained teeth

22 (84)

18 (10)

40 (91)

X2 =0304

df=1

p = 0581

Missing teeth

40 (154)

38 (211)

78 (177)

X2= 239

df= 1

p=0122

Caries

28 (108)

8 (44)

36 (82)

X2= 566

df= 1

p=0017


Multiple responses






51

Results


disorders

Disorders Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Diabetes mellitus

45 (173)

37 (206)

82 (186)

X2 = 0739

df= 1

p = 0389

Anemia

24 (92)

35 (194)

59 (134)

X2= 955

df = 1

p = 0001

Thyroid disorders

1(04)

3 (17)

4 (09)

p= 0309









52

Results


Diseases of

circulatory

system

Males

(n=260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Hypertension

62 (238)

71 (394)

133 (302)

X2= 1227

df= 1

p = 0000

CAD MI

Arrhythmias

2 (08)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p =100








53

Results


Disorders of

Respiratory

System

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical

value

Bronchial asthma

3 (12)

3 (17)

6 (14)

p =0692

URTI

45 (173)

27 (15)

72 (164)

X2= 0413

df = 1

p = 0520

Acute Bronchitis

12 (46)

7 (39)

19 (43)

X2= 0135

df = 1

p = 0712

Pulmonary TB

4 (15)

0(00)

4 (09)

p =0148








54

Results


Disorders of

Gastrointestinal

system

Males

(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Constipation

21(8)

6 (33)

27(61)

X2 =4155

df =1

p =0041

Gastritis

24 (92)

18 (10)

42(95)

X2= 0072

df = 1

p =0787

Bleeding per

rectum 3(12) 2(11) 5(11)

p =100

Others (Pain

abdomen

anorexia

indigestion)

9(35)

4 (22)

13 (3)

X2=0569

df =1

p=0450








55

Results


subcutaneous tissue


subcutaneous tissue

Males ( n = 260)

Females (n = 180)

Total (n = 440)

Statistical

value

Itching

19(73)

2(11)

21(48)

X2 =896

df=1

p = 0002

Scaling 6 (23)

3 (17)

9 (2)

p =0743

Pigmentation

5(19)

4 (22)

9 (2)

p =100

Dryness

8 (31)

11 (61)

19(43)

X2= 237

df = 1








56

Results


Disease of the ear

Males

(n= 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total


Hearing impairment

33 (126)

16 (89)

49 (111)

X2 =155

df =1

p =0212

Ear discharge

3 (12)

1 (06)

4(09)

p =0647

Tinnitus

3 (12)

1 (06)

4 (09)

p =0647








57

Results


system

Disorders of


Male

(n = 260)

Female

(n = 180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value

Burning micturition

2 (077)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p=100


micturition

20(77) 5(28) 25(57)

X2= 4794

df =1








58

Results


Disease of the


(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

p value

Memory loss

2 (77)

2 (11)

4 (09)

100

Stroke

2 (77)

0 (00)

2 (05)

0515

Neuritis

2 (77)

3 (17)

5 (11)

0652








59

Results


group


(n = 271)

70-79Yrs

(n = 134)

gt 80Yrs

(n = 35)

Total

( n = 440)

Statistical

value

Musculoskeletal

System

195 (72)

94 (70)

25 (710)

314 (714) X2= 0143

df = 2 p = 0930

Eye amp adnexa

125 (461)

69 (515)

25 (714)

219 (497) X2= 8166

df = 2 p = 0016


56 (207)

68 (507)

30 (857)

154 (350) X2= 7865

df = 2 p lt 00001


metabolic diseases

91 (335)

47 (35)

7 (200)

145 (329) X2= 297

df = 2 p = 0225

Circulatory

system

87 (321)

40 (298)

10 (285)

137 (311) X2= 0328

df = 2 p = 0848

Respiratory

system

64 (236)

31 (231)

6 (171)

101 (23) X2= 0738

df = 2 p = 0691

Digestive system

52 (191)

28 (210)

7 (200)

87 (191) X2= 0166

df = 2 p = 0 920


tissue

43 (159)

13 (97)

2 (57)

58 (132) X2= 4831

df = 2 p = 0089


27 (99)

20 (149)

10 (285)

57 (13) X2= 1018

d= 2 p = 0006

Genitourinary

system

20 (74)

8 (59)

1 (29)

29 (66) X2= 1151

df = 2 p = 0562

Nervous system

5 (18)

4 (29)

2 (57)

11 (25)

p = 0418



60

Results












61


occupation


Unemployed (n=225)

Total (n=440)

Statistical value

Musculoskeletal

system

171 (795) 143 (635) 314 (714) X2 =1374 df=1

p=00002


p= 0850

Oral cavityamp

salivary glands

76 (353) 78 (347) 154 (35) X2=0022 df=1

p=0880

Endocrine

nutritional amp

metabolic

disease

75 (348) 70 (311) 145 (329) X2=0708 df=1

p=0400

circulatory

system

58 (269) 79 (351) 137 (311) X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory

system

49 (227) 52 (231) 101 (23) X2=0006 df=1

p=09363


p=0723

Skin

subcutaneous

tissue

38 (176) 20 (88) 58 (132) X2=741 df=1

p=0006

Ear and mastoid

process

31 (144) 26 (115) 57 (13) X2=0799 df=1

p=0371

Genitourinary

system

16 (74) 13 (57) 29 (66) X2=0494 df=1

p=0481

Nervous system

2 (093) 9 (4) 11 (25) X2=425 df=1


Multiple responses

62

Results










63


religion


(n=188)

Muslim

(n=252)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value


X2=0668 df=1

p=0413


p= 0215


X2=211 df=1

p=0145


53 (2819) 92 (365) 145 (329) X2=3371 df=1

p=0066


X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory system

33 (176) 68 (269) 101 (229)

X2=5415 df= 1

p=0019


p=0013


31 (164) 27 (107) 58 (132) X2=3138 df=1

p=00765


28 (149) 29 (115) 57 (129) X2=1095 df=1

p=0297


16 (85) 13 (52) 29 (66) X2=1965 df=1

p=0161

Nervous system

4 (21) 7 (28) 11(25) p=0764



64

Results










65

Results



of an illness



illness

898

102


66

Results


illness






seeking health care

Frequency (n=45)

Percentage ()



Lack of faith in

healthcare

6 133


Total 45 100

67

Results







Males

(n=241)

Females

(n=154)

Total

(n=395)

No No No



Quacks 4 17 2 13 6 15

Total 241 100 154 100 395 100

68

Results


subjects

Whether visited

health facility

in case of illness

Sex

Total

n ()

p value Male

n ()

Female

n ()

Yes 241 (927) 154 (856) 395 (898) 00151

No 19 (106) 26 (144) 45 (102)

Total 260 (59) 180 (41) 440 (100)

x2=5901 df =1





69

Results




p value


0000

Illiterate (231) 194 (84) 37 (16)

Primary school (121) 115 (95) 6 (49)

Higher primary (38) 37 (974) 1 (26)



Graduate (14) 14 (100) 0(00)

Total(440) 395 (898) 45(102)







significant

70

Results



Frequency

(n=395)

Percentage





Total 395 100





71

Discussion

DISCUSSION










above (259)





were males






72

Discussion





were illiterate


















73

Discussion
























74

Discussion






















75

Discussion










from itching



hearing impairment










76

Discussion




















those working (55)

77

Discussion























78

Discussion

















seeking behaviour






79

Conclusion

CONCLUSION












80

Summary

SUMMARY


















overweight






81

Summary
















significant










82

Summary






















83

Summary



102 did not
















84

Limitations

LIMITATIONS






85

Recommendations

RECOMMENDATIONS






geriatrics







free of cost




86

References

REFERENCES












1082017]



1272017]




87

References




















7102015]




88

References


23(1)11-16








1062017]












1272017]





89

References




3(2)523-29











Public Health 2016 5(6)1098-1102







90

References







82




4558-64









91

References



2(1)9-12





5(3) 92-94






1-7









2013 Sep 9 36(2)6963-7

92

References










Sch J App Med Sci 2013 1(6)758-64










93

References










515-21



22(1)51-55











94

References












1282017]













2016 Oct 1 14(4)469

95

References






96























Annexures

ANNEXURE ndashIII

104

Annexures

PROFORMA


1 NAME

2 AGE







7 ADDRESS





10 CONTACT NUMBER










97

Annexures












(e) Others_________









8 EYE AND ADNEXA


9 EAR


10 SKIN


98

Annexures



12 GENERAL SYMPTOMS














(a) Yes (b) no


(a) lt100 (b) 100-200 (c) 200-300 (d) 300 and above







99

Annexures


(a) Yes (b) No






(a) Yes (b) No


(a) Yes (b) No




1 Hair

2 Teeth

3 Bath

4 Clothes


eating food



7 Nails

8 Foot wear


100

Annexures

2 MEASUREMENTS







Respiratory rate

20 Examination of

Eye Oral cavity Ear

Nose Throat




101

MASTER CHART

Annexures

ANNEXURES
















(M00-M99)





XVIII (S00-T98)


102

Annexures


(S00-T98)


(Z00-Z99)


103

Annexures

105

Annexures

106

Annexures

107

Annexures

PHOTOS



108

Annexures



109

Annexures

110

Objectives

OBJECTIVES




4


vii

















span 14

5






1961 55 58 56 58 47

1971 59 60 60 62 50

1981 64 66 65 68 54

1991 67 68 68 71 57

2001 71 78 75 77 67

2011 77 84 80 81 79

2004-05 69 75 72 73 70

2007-08 73 77 75 76 72

6















7















and constipation








8


(e) Urinary Bladder












coronary thrombosis

(g) Muscular system







(h) Brain




9





(i ) Bones



fall16




10



















11



1 Definition





















error basis21

12












treatment22


13














and practices












14














15









be hypertensive25













16























17























18























19










respectively38











group40

20






















21























22






















urban females49

23












system 51








24















line)54








25




















26






UHTC is located

27

Methodology


28

Methodology


College Davangere




16943




29

Methodology




t he s t udy







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5


30

Methodology




College Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36











31

























32


















33



nearest 05 kg















lt 185 underweight



ge 25 kg m2 Obese

34

Methodology



Normal lt120 lt 80






STUDY VARIABLES











35

Methodology


i Unskilled worker


(vegetable vendor)




iii Skilled








V Professional





36



5 TYPE OF FAMILY 71









Socio-economic

status



Rupees per month)




month)


II 50-99 3099-6260

III 30-49 1835-3098

IV 15-29 949-1834

V Below 15 lt948

37







n=4pq L2

n= sample size



q= 100- p ie 100-50 = 50


n = 4 x 50 x 50 = 400

5 x 5





Davangere



1198991 =119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899 119894119899 119890119886119888ℎ 119886119903119890119886

119879119900119905119886119897 119875119900119901119906119897119886119905119894119900119899119883 119878119886119898119901119897119890 119878119894119911119890


1198991 =1374

16943119883 440 = 36



Results

RESULTS





38

Results









354 254 262

88 42

389

239 172

67 133

0102030405060708090

100

60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 ge80

Perc

enta

ge

Age in years

Males

Females


Males Females Total



Frequency (n=180)

Percentage ()

60-64 92 354 70 389 162 368

65-69 66 254 43 239 109 247

70-74 68 262 31 172 99 225

75-79 23 88 12 67 35 80

ge80 11 42 24 133 35 80

Total 260 100 180 100 440 100

39

Results



Hindu 188 427

Muslim 252 573

Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100

Hindu Muslim

427

573

Perc

enta

ge


40

Results



Illiterate 231 525




Intermediate 6 14

Graduate 14 32

Total 440 100





525

275

86 68

14 32

0102030405060708090

100

Perc

enta

ge


41







Unemployed 225 511

Total 440 100





0102030405060708090

100

05 102 155 227

511

Perc

enta

ge


42







Class II 13

Class III 26

Class IV 49

Class V 12


Class I 0 0

Class II 56 13

Class III 115 26

Class IV 215 49

Class V 54 12

Total 440 100

43

Results



Unmarried 2 05

Married 323 734


Total 440 100




0102030405060708090

100


05

734

261 Perc

enta

ge

44

Results




Joint family 93 21


Total 440 100





Nuclear family 37

Joint family 21

Three generation

family 42

45

Results






under weight 10

Normal 45

Overweight 30

Obese 15

46

Results




Males (n=260)

Females (n=180)

Total (n=440)

No No No


184 707 130 722 314 714


139 534 80 444 219 497


90 346 64 355 154 35


E90)

70 269 75 417 145 329


64 246 73 405 137 311


64 246 37 206 101 23


57 219 30 166 87 198


L99)

38 146 20 111 58 132


39 15 18 10 57 13


22 85 7 39 29 66


6 23 5 28 11 25


47

Results












0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

714

497

35 329 311 229

198 132 13 66

25

perc

enta

ge

48

Results


system

Musculoskeletal

Disease

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

Value

Knee joint pain

52 (20)

30 (167)

82 (186)

X2 = 0779

df = 1

p=03773

Back ache

30 (115)

35 (194)

65 (148) X2 = 528

df = 1

p = 0021


knee joint pain)

52(20)

35(194)

87(198)

X2 =00206

df=1

p =0885

Non-specific aches

and pain

50(192)

30(167)

80(182)

X2=0470

df=1

p = 0492


Multiple responses






significant

49

Results


Diseases of the

eye and

adnexa

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n= 440)

Statistical

value

Cataract

112(43)

60(333)

172(391)

X2 = 4241

df=1

p = 0039

Refractive error

20(77)

14(78)

34(77)

X2= 0001

df=1

p = 0973



7(27)

6(33)

13(29)

X2=0152

df=1

p = 0696


Multiple responses






50

Results


Diseases of the

oral cavity

Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180 )

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Stained teeth

22 (84)

18 (10)

40 (91)

X2 =0304

df=1

p = 0581

Missing teeth

40 (154)

38 (211)

78 (177)

X2= 239

df= 1

p=0122

Caries

28 (108)

8 (44)

36 (82)

X2= 566

df= 1

p=0017


Multiple responses






51

Results


disorders

Disorders Males

(n =260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Diabetes mellitus

45 (173)

37 (206)

82 (186)

X2 = 0739

df= 1

p = 0389

Anemia

24 (92)

35 (194)

59 (134)

X2= 955

df = 1

p = 0001

Thyroid disorders

1(04)

3 (17)

4 (09)

p= 0309









52

Results


Diseases of

circulatory

system

Males

(n=260 )

Females

(n =180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical

value

Hypertension

62 (238)

71 (394)

133 (302)

X2= 1227

df= 1

p = 0000

CAD MI

Arrhythmias

2 (08)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p =100








53

Results


Disorders of

Respiratory

System

Males

(n=260)

Females

(n=180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical

value

Bronchial asthma

3 (12)

3 (17)

6 (14)

p =0692

URTI

45 (173)

27 (15)

72 (164)

X2= 0413

df = 1

p = 0520

Acute Bronchitis

12 (46)

7 (39)

19 (43)

X2= 0135

df = 1

p = 0712

Pulmonary TB

4 (15)

0(00)

4 (09)

p =0148








54

Results


Disorders of

Gastrointestinal

system

Males

(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

Statistical value

Constipation

21(8)

6 (33)

27(61)

X2 =4155

df =1

p =0041

Gastritis

24 (92)

18 (10)

42(95)

X2= 0072

df = 1

p =0787

Bleeding per

rectum 3(12) 2(11) 5(11)

p =100

Others (Pain

abdomen

anorexia

indigestion)

9(35)

4 (22)

13 (3)

X2=0569

df =1

p=0450








55

Results


subcutaneous tissue


subcutaneous tissue

Males ( n = 260)

Females (n = 180)

Total (n = 440)

Statistical

value

Itching

19(73)

2(11)

21(48)

X2 =896

df=1

p = 0002

Scaling 6 (23)

3 (17)

9 (2)

p =0743

Pigmentation

5(19)

4 (22)

9 (2)

p =100

Dryness

8 (31)

11 (61)

19(43)

X2= 237

df = 1








56

Results


Disease of the ear

Males

(n= 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total


Hearing impairment

33 (126)

16 (89)

49 (111)

X2 =155

df =1

p =0212

Ear discharge

3 (12)

1 (06)

4(09)

p =0647

Tinnitus

3 (12)

1 (06)

4 (09)

p =0647








57

Results


system

Disorders of


Male

(n = 260)

Female

(n = 180)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value

Burning micturition

2 (077)

2 (11)

4 (09)

p=100


micturition

20(77) 5(28) 25(57)

X2= 4794

df =1








58

Results


Disease of the


(n = 260)

Females

(n = 180)

Total

(n = 440)

p value

Memory loss

2 (77)

2 (11)

4 (09)

100

Stroke

2 (77)

0 (00)

2 (05)

0515

Neuritis

2 (77)

3 (17)

5 (11)

0652








59

Results


group


(n = 271)

70-79Yrs

(n = 134)

gt 80Yrs

(n = 35)

Total

( n = 440)

Statistical

value

Musculoskeletal

System

195 (72)

94 (70)

25 (710)

314 (714) X2= 0143

df = 2 p = 0930

Eye amp adnexa

125 (461)

69 (515)

25 (714)

219 (497) X2= 8166

df = 2 p = 0016


56 (207)

68 (507)

30 (857)

154 (350) X2= 7865

df = 2 p lt 00001


metabolic diseases

91 (335)

47 (35)

7 (200)

145 (329) X2= 297

df = 2 p = 0225

Circulatory

system

87 (321)

40 (298)

10 (285)

137 (311) X2= 0328

df = 2 p = 0848

Respiratory

system

64 (236)

31 (231)

6 (171)

101 (23) X2= 0738

df = 2 p = 0691

Digestive system

52 (191)

28 (210)

7 (200)

87 (191) X2= 0166

df = 2 p = 0 920


tissue

43 (159)

13 (97)

2 (57)

58 (132) X2= 4831

df = 2 p = 0089


27 (99)

20 (149)

10 (285)

57 (13) X2= 1018

d= 2 p = 0006

Genitourinary

system

20 (74)

8 (59)

1 (29)

29 (66) X2= 1151

df = 2 p = 0562

Nervous system

5 (18)

4 (29)

2 (57)

11 (25)

p = 0418



60

Results












61


occupation


Unemployed (n=225)

Total (n=440)

Statistical value

Musculoskeletal

system

171 (795) 143 (635) 314 (714) X2 =1374 df=1

p=00002


p= 0850

Oral cavityamp

salivary glands

76 (353) 78 (347) 154 (35) X2=0022 df=1

p=0880

Endocrine

nutritional amp

metabolic

disease

75 (348) 70 (311) 145 (329) X2=0708 df=1

p=0400

circulatory

system

58 (269) 79 (351) 137 (311) X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory

system

49 (227) 52 (231) 101 (23) X2=0006 df=1

p=09363


p=0723

Skin

subcutaneous

tissue

38 (176) 20 (88) 58 (132) X2=741 df=1

p=0006

Ear and mastoid

process

31 (144) 26 (115) 57 (13) X2=0799 df=1

p=0371

Genitourinary

system

16 (74) 13 (57) 29 (66) X2=0494 df=1

p=0481

Nervous system

2 (093) 9 (4) 11 (25) X2=425 df=1


Multiple responses

62

Results










63


religion


(n=188)

Muslim

(n=252)

Total

(n=440)

Statistical value


X2=0668 df=1

p=0413


p= 0215


X2=211 df=1

p=0145


53 (2819) 92 (365) 145 (329) X2=3371 df=1

p=0066


X2=3393 df=1

p=0065

Respiratory system

33 (176) 68 (269) 101 (229)

X2=5415 df= 1

p=0019


p=0013


31 (164) 27 (107) 58 (132) X2=3138 df=1

p=00765


28 (149) 29 (115) 57 (129) X2=1095 df=1

p=0297


16 (85) 13 (52) 29 (66) X2=1965 df=1

p=0161

Nervous system

4 (21) 7 (28) 11(25) p=0764



64

Results










65

Results



of an illness



illness

898

102


66

Results


illness






seeking health care

Frequency (n=45)

Percentage ()



Lack of faith in

healthcare

6 133


Total 45 100

67

Results







Males

(n=241)

Females

(n=154)

Total

(n=395)

No No No



Quacks 4 17 2 13 6 15

Total 241 100 154 100 395 100

68

Results


subjects

Whether visited

health facility

in case of illness

Sex

Total

n ()

p value Male

n ()

Female

n ()

Yes 241 (927) 154 (856) 395 (898) 00151

No 19 (106) 26 (144) 45 (102)

Total 260 (59) 180 (41) 440 (100)

x2=5901 df =1





69

Results




p value


0000

Illiterate (231) 194 (84) 37 (16)

Primary school (121) 115 (95) 6 (49)

Higher primary (38) 37 (974) 1 (26)



Graduate (14) 14 (100) 0(00)

Total(440) 395 (898) 45(102)







significant

70

Results



Frequency

(n=395)

Percentage





Total 395 100





71

Discussion

DISCUSSION










above (259)





were males






72

Discussion





were illiterate


















73

Discussion
























74

Discussion






















75

Discussion










from itching



hearing impairment










76

Discussion




















those working (55)

77

Discussion























78

Discussion

















seeking behaviour






79

Conclusion

CONCLUSION












80

Summary

SUMMARY


















overweight






81

Summary
















significant










82

Summary






















83

Summary



102 did not
















84

Limitations

LIMITATIONS






85

Recommendations

RECOMMENDATIONS






geriatrics







free of cost




86

References

REFERENCES












1082017]



1272017]




87

References




















7102015]




88

References


23(1)11-16








1062017]












1272017]





89

References




3(2)523-29











Public Health 2016 5(6)1098-1102







90

References







82




4558-64









91

References



2(1)9-12





5(3) 92-94






1-7









2013 Sep 9 36(2)6963-7

92

References










Sch J App Med Sci 2013 1(6)758-64










93

References










515-21



22(1)51-55











94

References












1282017]













2016 Oct 1 14(4)469

95

References






96























Annexures

ANNEXURE ndashIII

104

Annexures

PROFORMA


1 NAME

2 AGE







7 ADDRESS





10 CONTACT NUMBER










97

Annexures












(e) Others_________









8 EYE AND ADNEXA


9 EAR


10 SKIN


98

Annexures



12 GENERAL SYMPTOMS














(a) Yes (b) no


(a) lt100 (b) 100-200 (c) 200-300 (d) 300 and above







99

Annexures


(a) Yes (b) No






(a) Yes (b) No


(a) Yes (b) No




1 Hair

2 Teeth

3 Bath

4 Clothes


eating food



7 Nails

8 Foot wear


100

Annexures

2 MEASUREMENTS







Respiratory rate

20 Examination of

Eye Oral cavity Ear

Nose Throat




101

MASTER CHART

Annexures

ANNEXURES
















(M00-M99)





XVIII (S00-T98)


102

Annexures


(S00-T98)


(Z00-Z99)


103

Annexures

105

Annexures

106

Annexures

107

Annexures

PHOTOS



108

Annexures



109

Annexures

110

Dr. RUCHI DHAR - 52.172.27.147:8080

Documents

Transcript of Dr. RUCHI DHAR - 52.172.27.147:8080