Dr Richard Rowe Senior Lecturer in Psychology University of Sheffield The development of risk-taking...
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Transcript of Dr Richard Rowe Senior Lecturer in Psychology University of Sheffield The development of risk-taking...
Dr Richard RoweSenior Lecturer in PsychologyUniversity of Sheffield
The development of risk-taking in young drivers: pre-driving attitudes and psychology-based interventions
The development of risk-taking in young drivers
Dr Richard RoweUniversity of Sheffield
Do we need road safety education?
• GDL and new technologies will improve road safety
• But room for improvement will remain• Health behaviour change approaches
working in other domains• No reason why they should not work for
driving as well
How can education be improved?
• Need quantitative evaluation to test efficacy
• Contents of interventions• Will come back to that…
• Post-licence education is too late?• May be attitudes to driving form a long time
before starting to drive
Intervention with pre-drivers assumes…• Attitudes to driving form early and remain
constant
• Pre-driving attitudes predict later driving behaviour
G1219 study
• UK longitudinal study of adolescent behavioural development
• Measures of driving atAverage age 17 years (1597 obs)
Average age 20 years (1556 obs)
G1219 Study: Driving status
Age 17 Age 200
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Pre-driversLearnersFull drivers
%
Attitudes to driving violations scale• 7 items, largely focussed on speed• E.g. Decreasing the speed limit on
motorways is a good idea• In drivers:
• Correlates with self-reported risky driving and crash involvement
• But can also be answered by non-drivers
West & Hall, 1997
Driver Behaviour Questionnaire• Very well used measure (100+ studies)• Assesses Violations
• Speeding, racing away from traffic lights, overtaking on inside
• Correlate of crash involvement
Reason et al., 1990
Attitudes to speed get worse as experience gained
Predicting age 20 behaviour from age 17 attitudes
Full Provisional No licence0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Time 1 driving status
Rowe et al, 2013, Injury Prevention
Learning period is best for intervention
• Attitudes predict driver behaviour• Start of trajectory of worsening attitude to
speed (differs for other violations)• Can be included in licence requirement• May work best in programme of education
begun during pre-driving• We will need more research…
Safety Drive Intervention
• 45 minute small group presentation
• Target 16-18 year olds• Aimed at learners
• Can be done by people with any experience
• Behavioural targets • Speeding, fatigue, alcohol, distraction
Theoretical basis
• Self affirmation
• Belief modification guided by the theory of planned behaviour
• Implementation intentions
You are going on a 10-mile journey and the speed limit is 30mph all the way.
How much time would you save by travelling at 35mph?
< 20 minutes
< 15 minutes
< 10 minutes
< 5 minutes
Speeding does not get you there quicker
Preliminary evaluation
• Measure attitudes • Before intervention in 212 participants
• After intervention in 243 participants
• Measures• Attitudes to speed, fatigue, alcohol, distraction
Measures before and after Safety Drive
Speeding Alcohol Distraction Fatigue4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Males beforeMales after Female beforeFemale after
Evaluation conclusions
• Improvement in attitudes to speeding• Small to medium effect
• Improvement in attitude to alcohol• But not distraction and fatigue
• Supports development of Safety Drive• And gives pointers on where to make
improvements
Limitations of evaluation
• Don’t know if effects on attitude will be durable
• Don’t know if attitude effects will translate to future driving behaviour
• It will take large scale, longitudinal studies to find out
Conclusions
• Learner phase may be the best time to change attitudes
• Interventions better if theory driven• Need evaluations that
• Test efficacy
• Can identify where to improve
Acknowledgements
Genesis1219Thalia EleyAlice GregoryBarbara Maughan
Social/Health psychologistsPeter HarrisPaul NormanChris Armitage
Research AssistantsLiz AndrewsGareth Jones
Sheffield City CouncilClaire MolyneuxDave LawsonJoe Hockney
The development of risk-taking in young drivers
Dr Richard RoweUniversity of Sheffield