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Dr. Naresh JindalCollege of Veterinary Sciences
Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar -125 004 (INDIA)
Enteric viruses in chicken enteritis
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Introduction Clinical findingsNecropsy findingsPresent situationEconomic lossesFuture research
Outline
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Enteritis is an infectious multifactorial disease of young chicks with clinical signs of diarrhea, depression, lethargy and gross lesions of pale intestines and/or ceca with watery contents.
Introduction
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Chicken Runting stunting syndrome (RSS) Maldigestion syndrome Malabsorption syndrome Infectious stunting syndrome Helicopter syndromeTurkeys Poult enteritis complex Poult enteritis syndrome Poult enteritis mortality syndrome Light turkey syndrome
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Multifactorial Bacteria:
◦Salmonella ◦Escherichia coli◦Enterococcus◦Clostridium
Protozoa:o Coccidia and Cryptosporidia
Viruses
Cast of characters
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Viral causesRNA
- Rotavirus (RV) - Reovirus (ARV)- Astrovirus (AstV)- Picornavirus- Picorna-like virus
DNA -Adenovirus (CAdV)- Parvovirus (CPV)
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Reovirus - Pathogenic and non-pathogenic- Limited homology with turkey isolates
Rotavirus - Group A: Mammals and birds
- Group D: Exclusive to birdsAstrovirus - Avian nephritis virus (ANV)
- Chicken astrovirus (CAstV) - Turkey astrovirus-1 (TAstV-1) & -2 (TAstV-2)
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Picornavirus - Cause transmissible viral proventriculitis Adenovirus - Ubiquitous in all avian speciesParvovirus
- Induces RSS in broilers - Important determinant in the complex
etiology of enteric diseases of poultry
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Virus variationRNA viruses are unstableMutation and recombination are commonGenotype – serotype – pathotype
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Differences in antigenicity and pathogenicity:◦Disease presentation◦Problems for diagnosis◦Epidemiology◦Potential vaccines
Implications of virus variation
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Watery faecesPasty ventPoor growth / retarded feather developmentLameness in some of the affected birdsMortality
Clinical findings
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Pasty vent
Watery feaces
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Necropsy findings
Pale and thin-walled intestines Watery and frothy intestinal contents Distended caeca with watery and foamy
contents
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Watery contents
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Gross lesions- Duodenum
▪ Undigested feed
▪ Erythema of villi
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Gross lesions- Jejunum
▪ Watery contents▪ Undigested feed▪ Increased mucus
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USACAstVs in 86% (19/22) of the samples (Pantin-
Jackwood et al., 2006)
43 commercial broiler chicken flocks Astroviruses detected in 86% of the flocks (Pantin-Jackwood et al., 2008)
Present situation
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Occurrence of various pathogens in PES-affected flocks (n=151)
Pathogen No. (%) of PES flocksRotavirus 73 (48)Small round virus 26 (17)Reovirus 1 (0.6)Adenovirus 1 (0.6)Salmonella 85 (56)E. coli 54 (36)Enterococcus 16 (11)Eimeria 44 (29)Unknown 9 (6)
Jindal et al. (2009).
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Detection of enteric viruses from poult enteritis syndrome (PES)-affected cases
Method Number (%) of cases positive for Rotavirus TAstV-2/SRV1 Reovirus
EM 25 (58) 13 (30) 0 RT-PCR 40 (93) 36 (84) 17 (40)
TAstV-2 = turkey astrovirus-2 (detected by RT-PCR); SRV = small round viruses (detected by electron microscopy).EM = electron microscopy; reovirus and coronavirus were not detected in any of the PES cases by EM.RT-PCR = reverse transcription-PCR; none of the PES cases were positive for coronavirus by RT-PCR.
Jindal et al. (2010)
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Detection of enteric viruses alone or in combination from poult enteritis syndrome (PES)-affected cases
Method Number (%) of cases positive for 1 virus 2 viruses 3 viruses
EM 16 (59) 11 (41) 0RT-PCR 8 (19) 20 (46) 15 (35)
TAstV-2, Rotavirus or reovirus alone or in combination None of the PES cases were positive for coronavirus by RT-PCR.
Jindal et al. (2010)
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- Tested 34 commercial flock (2010 and 2012) - 85.3% flocks positive for enteric viruses- Detected combinations of two or more enteric
viruses simultaneously in 51.7% of enteric virus-positive chicken farms
- ANV, CAstV, RV, ARV major enteric viruses detected (Koo et al., 2013)
Korea
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280 intestinal contents samples from chicken111 samples (39.6%) positive for one virus while
115 (41.1%) samples for two or more enteric viruses
Combination of two viruses detected in 74 samplesANV, CAstV, RV, FAdV, and ARV were the major
viruses detected (Mettifogo et al., 2014)
Brazil
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Pathogen(s) Number (%) of samples positive for indicated viruses
CAstV alone 31 (47.69)ANV alone 04 (6.15)CAstV + ANV 26 (40.98)Total 61 (93.84)
India - Intestinal contents from 65 enteritis-affected chicken
flocks (2014-2015) were examined.- Samples collected from birds of 1-3 weeks of age.
All samples were negative for ARV and RV
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CAstV/22330/2014/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT386334) CAstV/23724/2014/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT386336) CAstV/1089/14/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT386338)
CAstV/22397/2014/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT386332) CAstV/23893/2014/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT386327)
CAstV/28828/2014/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT386328) CAstV/22374/2014/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT386333)
CAstV/22159/2014/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT386335) CAstV/1105/2014/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT386331)
CAstV/4175/2006/USA/Chicken_(JF832365) CAstV/GA2011/2007/USA/Chicken_(JF414802) CAstV/GA-SEP-A364-05/USA/Chicken(DQ324839)
CAstV/1194/2012/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT386329) CAstV/1125/2014/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT386330)
CAstV/Indovax/APF/1319/2013/India/Chicken(KC865608) CAstV/Indovax/EI/1078/2013/India/Chicken(KC855215)
CAstV/PDRC/588/North_zone/2011/India/Chicken(JX945881) CAstV/PDRC/447/South_zone/2012/India/Chicken(KC633178)
CAstV/Indovax/SH/1079/2013/India/Chicken(KC855214) CAstV/PDRC/1803/South_zone/2012/India/Chicken(KC633179) CAstV/PDRC/580/West_zone/2011/India/Chicken(JX945880) CAstV/PDRC/579/West_zone/2011/India/Chicken(JX945879)
CAstV/USP358-4/2009/Brazil_(GU014472) CAstV/USP337-2/Brazil/2009/Brazil/Chicken(GU585496)
CAstV/USP238-1/2010/Brazil/Chicken(JF309118) CAstV/USP388-3/2010/Brazil/Chicken(JF309117)
CAstV/GA-SEP-A368-05/USA/Chicken(DQ324842) CAstV/PDRC/1804/South_Zone/2012/India/Chicken(KC633180)
CAstV/PDRC/589/North_zone/2011/India/Chicken(JX945882) CAstV/23324/2014/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT386337)
CAstV/PDRC/200/East_zone/2011/India/Chicken_(JX945868) CAstV/325004/2008/Italy/Chicken(JN048401)
CAstV/327845-1/2008/Italy/Chicken(JN048402) CAstV/324595/2008/Italy/Chicken(JN048391)
CAstV/324996-4/2008/Italy/Chicken(JN048400) CAstV/ADL122057/2012/S.Korea/Chicken(KC593414) CAstV/ADL102655-1/2010/S.Korea/Chicken(JN635502)
CAstV/ADL110638/2011/S.Korea_(KC593405) CAstV/CAstV/CRO-443/2011/Croatia/Duck(JQ946070)
CAstV/MO-SEP-A799-05/2005/USA/Chicken(DQ324850) CAstV/GA-SEP-A792-05/USA/Chicken(DQ324849)
CAstV/_GA-SEP-A450-05/2005/USA/Chicken(DQ324844) CAstV/DE-SEP-A654-05/USA/Chicken(DQ324848)
CAstV/ADL121238/2012/S.Korea/Chicken(KC593413) CAstV/11672/2004/UK/Chicken_(EU668998)
CAstV/324169/2008/Italy/Chicken_(JN048393)
0.05
Gp I
Gp II
Gp III
Phylogenetic analysis based on polymerase gene of chicken astrovirus
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Amino acid from
Amino acid to Position No. of strains showing the change
Isoleucine Valine 256 9/12Lysine Aspartic acid 257 8/12
Valine Glycine 262 2/12Leucine Glutamic acid 310 3/12
Serine Phenylalanine 330 3/12
Glycine Cysteine 331 2/12
Amino acid changes in polymerase gene of chicken astrovirus
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Phylogenetic analysis based on polymerase gene sequences of ANV
Sichuan80/2011_(HQ603055) Sichuan87/2011_(HQ603056) 2009/Sichuan_(HM029238)
255554-3/2009_(JN048380) ADL120915/2012_(KC593401)
ADL110638/2011_(KC593390) ADL120886/2012_(KC593400)
ANV/1043/2014/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT376414) GA-CK-SEP/364-2005_(HQ188698)
GA-CK-SEP/451-2005_(HQ188696) ADL111234/2011_(KC593391)
DE-CK-SEP/811-2005_(HQ188693) GA-CK-SEP/458-2005_(HQ188699)
ANV/1105/2012/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT376416) ANV/1301/2015/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT376415)
ANV/22392/2014/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT376412) ANV/1102/2012/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT376419)
ANV/22999/2014/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT376411) ANV/22766/2014/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT376413)
ANV/1059/2011/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT376417) ANV/1065/2014/HR(India)/Chicken_(KT376418)
GA/SEPA368/05/2010_(HM017850) CRO-799/2011_(JQ692619)
VIC3b/2010_(KM985697) NSW4/2010_(HM017855) VIC-4a/2010_(KM985694)
NSW3/2010_(HM017854) VIC-6a/2010_(KM985702)
VIC-5c/2010_(KM985701) VIC-5b/2010_(KM985700)
G4260/1999_(AB033998) NSW_1a_(KM985690)
TK/G145/08/2008_(HQ317722) NC-TK-SEP/537-2005_(HQ188695) NC-TK-SEP/670-2005_(HQ188697)
0.02
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Amino acid from
Amino acid to Position No. of ANV strains showing the change
Arginine Tryptophan 1271 8/9Threonine Alanine 1289 8/9Arginine Lysine 1302 2/9Phenylalanine Valine 1347 8/9
Amino acid changes in polymerase gene of avian nephritis virus
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- Conducted a study in five breeder flocks- Flocks sampled for nine weeks- Maximum viral load upto 3 weeks of age
Age in weeks1 2 3 4 5
Viral load
6
Jindal et al. (2011)
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Estimated losses from growth depression due to poult enteritis between US$300 and US$400 million annually considering 10% -15% growth depression throughout the turkey industry in the US
(Barnes et al., 2000)Experimental studies revealed growth depression
upto 31% in turkey poults (Jindal et al., 2009, 2010)
Economic losses
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20000 birds broiler chicken farm Necrotic enteritis resulted in a 12% reduction in
body weight and a 10.9% increase in feed conversion ratio compared to healthy birds
Final body weights ranged from 4.63 to 7.94 lbLoss to producer ranged from US$878.19 to
US$1480.52 per flock due to weight lossIncreased feed cost ranged from US$370.49 to
US$739.38 per flock ( Skinner et al., 2010)
Economic losses contd…
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Current scenario of poultry industry in India
Second largest egg (65 billion eggs) and third largest broiler chicken meat (3.8 million tonnes) producer in the world as in 2015.
Market is estimated to be worth about Rs 90,000 crore (equal to 900 billion USD).
By 2016 total chicken meat consumption forecast at 4.19 million tons, up by approximately 8% over 2015.
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Future studies▪ Experimental reproduction of the disease▪ Surveillance studies▪ NGS study▪ Potential pathogens and viral interactions▪ Economic losses▪ Prevention and control measures
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Acknowledgements
1.Prof. Sagar M. Goyal2.Dr. Andre F. Ziegler3.Dr. Devi P. Patnayak4.Dr. Sunil K. Mor5. Dr. Babita Kaithal6. Dr. Pawan Bagri
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Thanks