Dr. Monika Konnert
description
Transcript of Dr. Monika Konnert
Genetic variability of important forest tree species in Southern Germany as revealed by isozyme and DNA-
markers; consequences for a sustainable forest management in view of climate change
Dr. Monika Konnert
Bavarian Institution for Forest Seeding and Planting (ASP) at Teisendorf, Germany
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
Since 1991 – isozyme analysis
since 1998 – DNA – analysis
over 25 different species;
most important:
Abies, Fagus, Picea, Acer, Quercus, Douglas fir
Practical implications:
- provenance recommandations
- provenance control
- gene conservation
- genetically sustainable forest management
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
Why genetic studies on Abies alba ?
- A. alba is an important component of mixed forests with high adaptability
- By nature A. alba is the most important conifer in Bavaria. Today it has a small fraction of only 2 % of the growing stock
- Its dramatic decrease has changed the genetic composition and reduced the genetic diversity
- A. alba is considered one of the most important species under climate change
Douglasie1%
Lärche2%
Tanne2%
Fichte44%
Edellaubhölzer, sonstiges Laubholz
14%
Eiche6%
Buche12%
Kiefer19%
Baumartenzusammensetzung in Bayern
So far more than 250 Abies populations have been analyzed –
18 isozyme loci, 10 nSSR loci, 3 cpSSR loci
Species composition in Bavarian forests
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
Results
- Geographic clines in allele frequency at several gene-loci
0,10 – 0,250,25 – 0,35> 0,35
Frequencies of allele IDH-B3 in A. alba populations from Southern Germany
0
5
10
15
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45
South
ern
Bla
ckfo
rest
Nort
hern
Bla
ckfo
rest
Sw
abia
n-
Fra
nkonia
n F
ore
st
South
west
Bavaria
South
east
Bavaria
Nort
heast
Bavaria
Mitte
lfra
nken
Thüringen
- Clinal variation of diversity
Genetic diversity (vgam) of fir populations from Southern Germany
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
Distinct genetic groups throughout Bavaria
Bavarian Alps.
Northeast Bavaria
Southeast Bavaria
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
Results
Haplotype
Nordhalben Oberammergau Bodenmais Berchtesgaden
E-131-D 25,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
G-140-D 0,0 34,0 0,0 0,0
X-136-F 0,0 0,0 13,0 0,0
X-131-D 0,0 0,0 0,0 13,5
Frequency (%) in reference sample from seed lot.
Frequencies of singular haplotypes in reference samples from Abies alba seed lots
Singular haplotypes in seed lots from Bavarian stands
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
Results
Why genetic studies on Fagus sylvatica ?
- F. sylvatica is the most common broadleaved tree species in Bavaria
- In view of climate change F. sylvatica will be one of the most important tree species for future forest ecosystems in Bavaria
- As far as possible F. sylvatica is regenerated naturally – influence of management practices
- It is increasingly planted on conversion sites. The genetic composition of the plant material used is of great importance
Douglasie1%
Lärche2%
Tanne2%
Fichte44%
Edellaubhölzer, sonstiges Laubholz
14%
Eiche6%
Buche12%
Kiefer19%
Baumartenzusammensetzung in Bayern
So far more than 300 beech populations have been analyzed –
20 isozyme loci, 7 nSSR loci
Species composition in Bavarian forests
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
Genetic Parameters
min max min max
Multiplicity (A/L) 2,25 2,94 2,47 2,75
Diversity (ne) 1,27 1,45 1,32 1,40
vgam 88 307 155 275
Heterozygosity a 0,21 0,32 0,24 0,29
Differentiation betweenpopulations
Managed stand Natural reserve(unmanaged)
5,0 % 4,8 %
Genetic variation of beech in managed and unmanaged stands from Bavaria
Frequency of allele PGM-A2 in beech stand from different regions
Results
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
0
50
100
150
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Scheßlitz Beilngries Bad Steben Ebrach
Altbestand
VerjüngungDiversität (Vgam)
Genetic diversity in 4 old beech stands (red) and their natural regeneration (green) in Bavaria
Results
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
Why genetic studies on Picea abies ?
- P. abies is one of the most important tree species in forest ecosystems from Bavaria.
- P. abies consists largely of non-autochthonous
(planted) material of unknown origin
- P.abies is more and more damaged (bark beetle) and affected by storms.
- Even under climate change P. abies will remain an important component of Alpine forest ecosystems.
Douglasie1%
Lärche2%
Tanne2%
Fichte44%
Edellaubhölzer, sonstiges Laubholz
14%
Eiche6%
Buche12%
Kiefer19%
Baumartenzusammensetzung in Bayern
So far now more than 100 populations have been analyzed –
23 isozyme loci, 14 STS loci
Species composition in Bavarian forests
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
Results
Multiplicity
Transect Altitude
Adult juvenile Adult juvenile Adult juvenile Adult juvenile
D1 1200m 2,35 2,22 1,23 1,23 242,1 285,1 0,179 0,185
Oberammer- 1500m 2,35 2,47 1,24 1,23 280,4 280,5 0,189 0,167
gau 1800m 2,26 xx 1,22 xx 202,3 xx 0,167 xx
D2 1000m 2,30 2,43 1,25 1,24 388,4 334,4 0,199 0,194
Berch- 1500m 2,26 2,56 1,25 1,24 410,1 343,6 0,193 0,193
tesgaden 1750 m 2,22 2,13 1,25 1,24 440,8 330,9 0,202 0,190
A/L ne
Heterozygosity
obs., Ha vgam
Diversity
Genetic variation in adult and juvenile populations from alpine transects
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
Results
Population
Isozymes STS Isozymes STS Isozymes STS
Weißenhorn 2,5 2,7 1,23 1,56 17,5 33,9
Oberhamersbach 2,3 2,6 1,23 1,48 18,1 32,9
Bad Schussenried 2,4 2,8 1,23 1,51 19,0 33,6
Bodenmais 2,2 2,6 1,22 1,52 17,4 36,2
Altötting 2,2 2,9 1,22 1,47 17,7 33,7
Sonthofen 2,5 2,6 1,23 1,51 16,7 32,5
Multiplicity (A/L) Diversity (ne) Heterozygosity (Ho) (&)
Genetic variation in 6 Norway spruce populations determined by isozyme and STS-markers
Population Weißenhorn Oberhamers- Bad Schus- Bodenmais Altötting Sonthofen
bach senried
Weißenhorn xxx 2,4 3,2 2,7 2,6 3,2
Oberhamersbach 7,1 xxx 3,2 3,1 2,1 3,6
Bad Schussenried 8,7 7,9 xxx 2,5 2,4 4,1
Bodenmais 5,9 5,3 5,5 xxx 2,8 3,6
Altötting 8,4 5,3 8,2 7,4 xxx 2,6
Sonthofen 7,4 6,1 8,4 7,6 7,7 xxx
Genetic distances determined by means of isozymes (above diagonal) and STS-markers (below diagonal).
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
Why genetic studies on Acer pseudoplatanus ?
- A. pseudoplatanus is the most important noble hardwood from Bavaria.
- A. pseudoplatanus is often harvested and planted for reforestation.
- A. pseudoplatanus is favored under climate change.
Douglasie1%
Lärche2%
Tanne2%
Fichte44%
Edellaubhölzer, sonstiges Laubholz
14%
Eiche6%
Buche12%
Kiefer19%
Baumartenzusammensetzung in Bayern
So far more than 40 populations have been analyzed –
14 isozyme loci, 7 nSSR loci, 8 cpSSR loci
Species composition in Bavarian forests
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
- A. pseudoplatanus is an important species in mixed mountain forests and in subalpine spruce forests
Results
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
Map33 Allel 166
15,518,1
6,4
2,2
31,8 31,5
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15
20
25
30
35
R1 Kö R3 Kö R1 We R3 We R1 Ho R3 Ho
Partien im Vergleich
Auftr
eten
des
Alle
ls in
%
R1 Kö R3 Kö R1 We R3 We R1 Ho R3 Ho
Map2 Allel 160
42,7
35,8
7,3 7,3
13,516,7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
R1 Kö R3 Kö R1 We R3 We R1 Ho R3 Ho
Partien im Vergleich
Auftr
eten
der
Alle
le in
%
R1 Kö R3 Kö R1 We R3 We R1 Ho R3 Ho
Frequencies of specific alleles in 3 mature stands and seed harvested in the stand
Results
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
Distribution of length variants of the chloroplast microsatellite marker ccmp10 in Bavaria
Why genetic studies on Douglas fir ?
- Douglas fir is one of the most interesting non- autochtonous species in Bavaria from an ecological and economical point of view
- Growth performance in Douglas fir is highly provenance dependent
Douglasie1%
Lärche2%
Tanne2%
Fichte44%
Edellaubhölzer, sonstiges Laubholz
14%
Eiche6%
Buche12%
Kiefer19%
Baumartenzusammensetzung in Bayern
So far now more than 150 populations have been analyzed –
16 isozyme loci
Species composition in Bavarian forests
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
- Under climate change Douglas fir is considered an adequate replacement for spruce, which is rather instable
16%
75%
9%0%
33%
67%
Allel 1
Allel 3
Allel 6
„green“ Douglas fir (coastal type) „grey“ Douglas fir (inland type)
Differentiation and identification of races of Douglas fir on the basis of allele frequencies at locus 6PGDH-A
Results
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
0
10
20
30
40
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60
70
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100
Alt NVJ Sa Alt NVJ Sa Alt NVJ Sa
Schnaittenbach (20 EB) Freising (23 EB) Mittenfels (20 EB)
Vgam
• Pollen dispersal distance 5 – 120m
• Number of effective pollen donors 12 to 26
• Proportion fullsibs: 8,4% bzw. 3,9%
• Selfing: 1 %
Gene flow
a) Pollen flow (e.g. beech) b) Seed dispersal (e.g. fir )
• Seed dispersal distance: 80 – 280 m
• No drift
• High seed dispersal even in closed stands.
Cremer 2009
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
Diversity of silver fir in „Plenter“ forests in comparison with evenaged forests
Red = „Plenter“ forests, Yellow = evenaged forests blue = mean value
Management regime
- genetic diversity and heterozygosity lower in unevenaged stands
- more rare alleles in „Plenter“ forests; better conservation of genetic multiplicity over a long time period
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
NR Seed SO SG NR Seed SO SG NR Seed SO SG
A2
A3
Beilngries Füssen Regen
freq
uenc
ies
The local genetic information of the natural regeneration (NR) of beech, here illustrated as genetic structure at gene locus Genort PGM-A, is maintained in the seed and in the seedlings raised in open seedbeds (SO) and in the greenhouse (SG).
Artificial regeneration –
Influence of growing conditions on the genetic structure of beech seedlings
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
Provenance regions of silver fir in Germany
Recommendations for provenance use – e.g. Silver fir
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
by legal regulations (Law on FRM)
plausibility checks on documents
Baumschule Grün Baumschulenweg 1, 11111 Irgendwo
Ihr Partner für mehr Natur Tel.: 0321-580-0Fax: 0321-580-19
Inh.: Harry Hirsch Mobil: 0171-1234567E-Mail:
USt-Id-Nr DE 123 456 789 [email protected]
EWG-Pflanzenpaß-Nr D-MV2-123456FoVG-Betriebs-Nr. 131 0099 3
Baumschule Grün Baumschulenweg 1 11111 Irgendwo LieferscheinNummer 001/05Datum 11.11.05
Kunden-Nr 12345
Blatt 1
FirmaOtto MeyerForstbaumschulenLehmweg 100
99999 Modderdorf
Pos. Menge Artikel Größe
01 10.000 Stück Quercus robur 2+0817 02 Ostsee-Küstenraum nicht autochthonStammzertifikat-Nr. D-01001 10015 03Ausgewähltes VermehrungsgutErntebestand für multifunktionale Forstwirtschaft011-81702-069-2
50-80
02 10.000 Stück Quercus robur 2+0AG 817 02 Ostsee-Küstenraum nicht autochthonD-01001 10015 03EB FoWi 011-81702-069-2
50-80
03 500 Stück Prunus spinosa lStr 40-70
04 1.000 Stück Carpinus betulus 2+0nicht unter dem FoVG erzeugtes Vermehrungsgut
40-60
05 1.000 Stück Acer platanoides 1+1800 01 Norddeutsches TieflandD-01001 10001 03Autochthonie unbekanntQG nicht für forstliche Zwecke
60-100
06 25,0 kg Fagus sylvatica
?
Control of forest reproductive material
New possibilities of control by means of molecular markers
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
Tree No Needles Endosperm1 G-138-E G-138-E
2/20/12/15/18 C-131-F C-131-F3/13/19/20 F-131-D F-131-D
11/17 D-130-D D-130-D16 D-136-F D-136-F
7/14 E-131-D E-131-D5 E-132-F E-132-F8 F-136-D F-136-D9 G-138-D G-138-D
4/6 X-136-F X-136-F
Haplotype Haplotypes in the seed lot
G-138-E 12,5 %C-131-F 40,0 % F-131-D 12,5 % D-130-D 5,0 % D-136-F 2,5 % E-131-D 7,5 % E-132-F 5,0 % F-136-D 5,0 %
X-136-F 10 %
Proof of identity of seed lots through discrimination of cpDNA-microsatellite haplotypes in silver fir
- 3 cpDNA- microsatellite loci; endosperm analysis
- x seeds from the seed lot
Only haplotypes from mother trees should be found!
Control of forest reproductive material
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
Seed harvest
Reference sample R1mixture
Reference sample R2Single tree samples
Mixture of seed harvests
Refernce sample R4Sample from the seed
mixture
Plant production
Plant sample P
Drawn in the forest, during harvest .
Samples from seedlings are drawn when plants are delivered to the owner
Comparison seed sample – (R1, R2,R4)
- seedling sample
by means of genetic markers (DNA, isozymes)
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
Control of forest reproductive material
- recognize the importance of forest genetic diversity in mitigating the impacts of climate change
- promote forest management practices that support the maintenance and increase of genetic diversity;
- accelerate adaptation of forest trees through tree breeding and provenance transfer
- adaptation strategies to climate change cannot rely only on self-regulation of ecosystems; human interference is necessary
- conserve genetic resources – need for a common action plan
Concluding remarks
- based on knowledge on the genetic variation and
funtioning of the genetic system of forest tree
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania
Thank you for your attention!
Treebreedex – feb. 2010 Bucarest, Romania