Dr. Lindsey Holmstrom - Feral Swine and Foreign and Emerging Animal Diseases
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Transcript of Dr. Lindsey Holmstrom - Feral Swine and Foreign and Emerging Animal Diseases
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Feral Swine and Foreign and Emerging Animal Diseases
NIAA Animal Health Emergency Management Council
Dr. Lindsey HolmstromApril 16, 2013
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Outline
U.S. Feral Swine: Current Knowledge
Foreign Animal Diseases
Factors associated with disease spread
California wild pig project: data collection efforts to address the risk of FAD spread
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Widespread distribution, populations continue to increase Recent movement/purposeful introductions in northern states Eurasian boar importation from Canada
Exotic, invasive species
Population estimates 4 to 5 million
Economic costs: ~ $800 million/year
SCWDS http://128.192.20.53/nfsms
U.S. Feral Swine Population
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Purebred Eurasian (Left) v. Feral/Hybrid (Right)
Photos courtesy of Dr. Ed Stephens, Two Rivers Outdoor Club, Inc.
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Two Main Types of Wild Boar Hunting Preserves in U.S.
Free Range Wild Boar Hunting Preserves
Enclosed Area Wild Boar Hunting Preserves
Primarily Southern US Primarily Northern US
• Guided & unguided feral swine hunting
• More traditional hunting
• Guided hunting in an enclosed area
• Areas range from 80 to 1000s of acres
• Many operations have 500 – 1000 customers/year
• Prices normally are $500 - $700/hunt
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Supply Channels for Wild Boar Hunting Preserves
Free Range Wild Boar Hunting
Preserves
Enclosed Area Wild Boar Hunting
Preserves
Feral SwinePreexisting Feral Swine Population
Trapped Feral Swine
from Southern
US
Raised Eurasian or
Hybrid Swine From Canada
Primarily Southern US Primarily Northern US
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Known Feral Swine Diseases and Risks
Swine Brucellosis Pseudorabies Trichinosis Leptospirosis Toxoplasmosis Classical Swine Fever African Swine Fever Foot and Mouth Disease Anthrax Hepatitis E
PRRSTularemia West Nile virus E. coli Salmonella Bovine Tuberculosis Influenza Streptococcus Ticks, Fleas, Lice Internal parasites
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Infects cloven hooved animals African buffaloes maintenance hosts
Last outbreak in the US: 1929
22,214 deer killed in CA outbreak, 1925
Unexpected for feral swine to be reservoirs but could play a role in limited disease spread
Foot and mouth disease (FMD)
Photo courtesy of California Dept. of Fish and Game
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Bulgaria 2011 outbreaks and role of wild boar
No virus was isolated from wildlife except for the index case
Introduction of FMDV by wildlife is less likely than introduction due to movement of domestic animals or animal products
FMD will not be sustainable within a wild boar and deer host system alone but limited spread of FMDV in time and space may occur Continued cross-over of FMDV between domestic and wildlife
population may prolong virus circulation Wildlife population is not able to maintain FMD in the
absence of FMDV infection in the domestic host population
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African Swine Fever (ASF)
Infects domestic/wild swine European wild boar get sick, African wild swine do not
Probably a tick virus with pigs as accidental hosts Competent Vectors in US
O. coriaceus: Pacific coast Calif. & Mexico O. turicata: Southern U.S. up to Kansas
Direct and indirect transmission Acute and chronic disease forms
Recovered pigs may be carriers for life (up to 25% estimated in Russia)
Ornithodoros sp.
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African Swine Fever (ASF)
Up to 100% morbidity Mortality varies with virulence (0-100%)
Virus usually disappears from wild boar when disease is controlled in domestic swine Lower virulent strains are emerging Can be very difficult to diagnose
Historically present in Sub-Saharan Africa & Sardinia Virus escaped Africa via pork products Spread in 2007 to the Caucasus and then Russia Serious threat to Europe (wild boar & smuggled pork)
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ASF: Geographic Distribution
Source: World Animal Health Information Database (WAHID), OIE
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Classical Swine Fever (CSF)
Highly contagious, economically costly viral disease of swine; Hog Cholera
Natural Hosts: pig and wild boar Enveloped RNA virus, one serotype
family Flaviviridae, genus Pestivirus Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVD)
U.S. declared CSF free in 1978 after a 16 year eradication campaign
Cost $140 million (est. cost over $525 million today) Assumed disease not maintained in feral/wild pigs
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CSF: Continual Risk of Introduction
Worldwide distribution
Ease of access to the virus
Currently circulating viral strains are predominately low/moderately virulent, may delay detection
Source: World Animal Health Information Database (WAHID), OIE
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Outbreaks not necessarily self- limiting
CSF endemic in some wild boar populations
Germany: 1990-98, ~59% of outbreaks due to direct/indirect contact with infected wild boars
Economic costs due to control measures ~US $1.5 billion
Italy – Illegal to hunt
CSF in Wild Boar
CSF outbreaks in wild boar, 1990 – 2001Source: Artois et al. 2002
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Factors influencing disease spread in feral swine
1. Population distribution and density
2. Social and spatial structure
3. Movements
4. Habitat connectivity
5. Inter-species contact
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Factors influencing disease spread in feral swine1. Population distribution/density
Distributions continue to increase in the US Natural dispersal from existent populations Release or escape of domestic swine that then become feral Escape from hunting preserves or confinement operations European wild boar importation Purposeful translocation and release by humans for sport hunting
Feral swine are extremely adaptable Reliable and adequate food and water supply and vegetation cover Opportunistic omnivores, lack of predators Densities higher in resource-rich areas Human environment change has made habitat more favorable for feral swine
Behaviorally adaptive, difficult (impossible) to eradicate
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2. Social and spatial structure Form social groups called
sounders Consist of two or more sows
and their young Majority younger pigs
Adult boars are usually solitary
Territorial Interaction during breeding, at common water/food sources
Usually nocturnal, seldom move during the day
Factors influencing disease spread in feral swine
Photo courtesy of Fred Parker
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3. Population dynamics Highest reproductive capacity of all large, free-ranging mammals
1-2 litters of 4–8 piglets per year Populations can double in 4 months 70% of population would need to be killed to keep current status quo
Populations are resource driven
Survival of piglets dependent on rainfall, food availability and predation rates
In good years, populations rapidly recover to large numbers after high mortality
Factors influencing disease spread in feral swine
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Factors influencing disease spread in feral swine
4. Movements Sedentary within their home range
Home range typically 3-5 square miles, up to 20 square miles Sex, age, habitat, food availability, and temperature
Movement is not random across the landscape
GPS data courtesy of Drs. H. Morgan Scott and Susan Cooper
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5. Habitat connectivity Connectivity of populations across fragmented landscapes
Interaction between social groups
Population structure
Overlapping home ranges – where?
Landscape barriers
Factors influencing disease spread in feral swine
Photo courtesy of Drs. H. Morgan Scott and Susan Cooper
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6. Intra- and inter-species contact Feral swine are sympatric with outdoor domestic livestock and other
wildlife species Predation on calves, lambs, goat kids, exotic game
Factors influencing disease spread in feral swine
Photos courtesy of Henry Coletto
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Interplay of ecological and epidemiological factors affecting disease spread in feral swine
Source: Kramer-Schadt et al. 2007
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The Problem GAO (2009): “If wildlife became infected [with a foreign animal disease]…
response would be greatly complicated and could require more veterinarians and different expertise.”
US response plans Assess the risk wildlife present and
strategies to prevent domestic/wildlife interaction – how?
What we do not know: Fade-out or become endemic? Time to detection? Potential domestic/wild pig interaction? Control and mitigation strategies?
Lack of data to develop a wildlife epidemic model with confidence
Photo courtesy of Henry Coletto
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CA Wild Pig Project: The Approach
Collect empirical data on California wild pigs Global positioning systems (GPS) Geographic information systems (GIS) Landscape genetics
Data collection and analyses based on factors important to disease spread: Habitat, movements, contacts, population
connectivity
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Wild Pigs in California Estimated population varies
from 200,000-1 million
Non-native, invasive species
Year-round hunting, no bag limit
Hybrid: feral swine/Eurasianboar
California Dept. of Fish & Game
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CA wild pig project
3 study areas representing different ecoregions
North Coast Redwoods, oak
Central Coast Oak, grasslands
San Joaquin Valley Oak, grasslands, riparian
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The Data Sampling sounders and boars Locations monitored
Collar stays on pigs for 10 wks GPS locations every 15 min
(7pm-7am); every 1 hr (7am-7pm) Blood samples – USDA:APHIS WS
ASF, FMD, CSF, influenza, PRV, brucellosis, trichinella, tularemia, Hepatitis E, E. coli, toxoplasmosis
Genetic samples Hair, tissues, blood
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Movement patterns How do pigs move through different habitat
types?
Factors associated with habitat selection
Where do pigs spend their time?
Habitat connectivity What is the spatial extent of contact between
(sub)populations?
Data Analyses
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Analyses focus on parameters used in current wildlife disease models
Movement parameters Day/night, daily, weekly, monthly movements; hog type Environmental and seasonal assessments
Probability of contact between social groups (herds of wild pigs)
GPS data analyses
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Mendocino County, CA
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August 12, 2011
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August 17, 2011
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Wild pig GPS data: July-Oct 2011
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Data analyses
Longitudinal analyses; seasonality will be assessed after all data collected
Current feral swine disease model parameters: Random movement of wild pigs within circular home ranges; 1km
daily movement distance1-3
Mobility models sensitive to daily herd movement distances1-2
Study siteHog type (number)
Distance traveled during the day
Distance traveled in preferred habitat
Distance traveled per day (CI)
North Coast
Boar (9)
Sounder (8)
54% less 49% less8.89 km (7.893, 9.887)
5.97 (5.20, 6.74)
Central Coast
Boar (3)
Sounder (4)
58% less 45% less7.77 km (6.45, 8.26)
4.53 (3.87, 5.28)
Texas
Boar (9)
Sounder (31)
65% less 43% less6.45 km (5.44, 7.46)
4.43 km (3.71, 5.14)
1. Cowled et al. 20122. Kramer-Schadt et al. 2009 3. Milne et al. 2008
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Aim: To assess the association between landscape pattern and habitat selection
Adapted from Chetkiewicz et al. 2006
Data Analyses:(2) Factors associated with habitat selection
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Population connectivity
Landscape genetics = population genetics + landscape ecology + spatial statistics
Characterizes areas between habitats and their influence on biological/ecological processes (connectivity) Landscape metrics Gene flow/relatedness Effective population size Barriers to gene flow
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Expected Outcomes
Adapted from Chetkiewicz et al. 2006
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Implications for foreign animal diseases
Understanding potential FAD spread requires knowledge of wild pig distribution Habitat selection
Understanding movements and potential contact Spatial extent/velocity of disease spread
Identifying areas of increased disease spread Where to look?
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Implications for disease control Identifying areas to focus mitigation strategies
Disconnect subpopulations of wild pigs?
Future directions: Data generalizations Wildlife epidemic model Domestic/wildlife interaction Disease control strategies
Photo courtesy of Henry Coletto
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Acknowledgements
Supported by the Foreign Animal Disease Modeling Program of the U. S. Department of Homeland Security Science & Technology Directorate
Drs. Pam Hullinger, Tim Carpenter, Este Geraghty (UC Davis), Morgan Scott (Kansas State Univ.)
Collaborators USDA/APHIS Wildlife Services – Shannon Chandler CA Dept. of Fish & Game – Ben Gonzales, Marc Kenyon Dick Seever, Rural Pig Management, CA Private land owners, CA
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Questions?