Current Status of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic Hail M. Al-Abdely, MD Consultant, Infectious Diseases.
Dr Lee Tau Hong Consultant Department of Infectious ...€¦ · Extended spectrum beta-lactamases...
Transcript of Dr Lee Tau Hong Consultant Department of Infectious ...€¦ · Extended spectrum beta-lactamases...
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Extended spectrum beta-lactamases
Dr Lee Tau HongConsultantDepartment of Infectious DiseasesNational Centre for Infectious Diseases
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Beta-lactam antibiotics
• Large class of antibiotics• Betalactam ring structure
àPenicillins : amoxicillin, cloxacillin, ampicillinàCephalosporins: cefazolin, cephalexin, cefoxitin, cefuroxime,
cefexime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefepime, ceftaroline, cefiderocol
àCarbapenems: ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, doripenem
àBL-betalactamase inhibitors (BLBLI): amoxicillin-clavulanate, ampicillin-sulbactam, piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftalozone-tazobactam, ceftazidime-avibactam, imipenem-relebactam, meropenem-vaborbactam
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Beta-lactamases
• Enzymes that open up the beta-lactam ring, therby inactivating the antibiotic
• Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) inactivate expended spectrum cephalosporins with oxyimino side chain (ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime) and aztreonam
• Many types of ESBLs, not all are equal: TEM, SHV, CTX-M, OXA, others
• Typically inhibit penicillins, 1-3rd
generation cephalosporin (but not cephamycin such as cefoxitin/ cefotetan) and are susceptible to BLBLI
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NEJM 2005
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Agents to treat infections caused by organismswith ESBL+/ 3rd generation cephosporin resistance
What NOT to use
• Not cephalosporins (including cephamycins such as cefoxitin or cefotetan) even if tested susceptible (?Loss of porin channels)
• Not aztreonam
• Not amoxicillin-clavulanate or ampicillin-sulbactam or piperacillin-tazobactam (?inoculum effect, ?other reasons)
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• Multi-centre RCT in 9 countries• E coli or K. pneumoniae bacteraemia• Resistant to 3rd GC but susceptible to pip/tazo and mero• Randomised 1: 1 (N= 391) to either agents for 4 days• Trial terminated early• 23 of 187 patients (12.3%) randomized to pip/tazo met the primary
outcome of mortality at 30 days compared with 7 of 191 (3.7%) randomized to meropenem (P = .90 for noninferiority)
• No difference in clinical/microbiological success at day 4
JAMA. 2018 Sep 11;320(10):984-994
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What you may use
• Carbapenems (first choice esp in severe infections/ ill patients)
• Fluoroquinolones
• Aminoglycosides
• Fosfomycin/ nitrofurantoin (cystitis only)
• Specific indications, less well studied: Tigecycline (only if alternatives not suitable) , eravacycline, plazomycin, ceftolozane-tazobactam, ceftazidime-avibactam, cefiderocol
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AmpC beta-lactamase
• Genes found on chromosome in ESCAPPM* bacteria
àInducible to different extend esp after antibiotic exposure
àAvoid 3rd GC and BLBLI esp in severe infections
• Some found on plasmids (e.g. E coli)
*Enterobacter spp, Serratia spp, Citrobacter fruendii, Aeromonas, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia spp, Morganella morganii