Dr. Lawson Brigham Deputy Director and Alaska office Director, US Arctic Research Commission PhD....
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![Page 1: Dr. Lawson Brigham Deputy Director and Alaska office Director, US Arctic Research Commission PhD. (Cambridge, 2000) M.S. (Rensselear Polytechnic Inst.,](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb25503460f94bb9628/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Dr. Lawson BrighamDeputy Director and Alaska office Director, US Arctic Research CommissionPhD. (Cambridge, 2000) M.S. (Rensselear Polytechnic Inst., 1979)
Current Research • Arctic Climate Impact Assessment • Future Arctic Marine Transportation • Future of the Russian Arctic and Northern Sea route.
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Changing Marine Access in the Arctic Ocean ARCUS 16th Annual Meeting & Arctic Forum 2004
Washington, D.C. 13-14 May 2004
Lawson Brigham Alaska Office, U.S. Arctic Research Commission
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Outline
• Arctic Icebreaker Operations 1977-2003
• Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) Observations
• ACIA Sea Ice Projections 2000-2100
• Canadian Archipelago/Northwest Passage
• Northern Sea Route
• Summary
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Icebreaker Transits to the North Pole and Trans-Arctic Voyages
1977-2003
• 44 transits to the North Pole(36 Russia, 3 Sweden, 2 Germany, 2 USA, 1 Canada)
• 5 trans-Arctic voyages (1991, 1994, 1996)
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8 May – 19 June
1987
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25 May 1987
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July – August 1994
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AOS 94
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AOS 94
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Polar Sea real-time satellite imagery AOS 94
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23 August 1994 near the North Pole
Historic Rendezvous: Polar Sea, Louis S. St-Laurent, & Yamal
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Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) Project of the Arctic Council
- Evaluate: climate variability, climate change, and increased UV and their consequences
- Use of General Circulation/Global Climate Models (GCMs) and Greenhouse Gas Scenarios
- Project future Arctic changes for: 2020, 2050, and 2080
- Sea ice changes for 20th and 21st Centuries
- Scientific report & synthesis released late 2004
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“The Arctic’s Response to Climate Change” (from ACIA)
Increases in winter surface air temperatures Increases in precipitation Thawing of previously permanently frozen ground Reductions in Arctic sea ice extent and thickness Variations in the ranges of animals and ecosystems Increases in storm surges and coastal erosion Increases in Siberian river outflows to the Arctic Ocean Warming of Arctic oceanic waters Record low levels of stratospheric ozone Increases in ground levels of ultra violet radiation
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Sea IceSea Ice Observational data show Observational data show a decrease of coveragea decrease of coverage
• Decrease isDecrease is largest inlargest in summersummer
• Decrease isDecrease is largest sincelargest since late 1980slate 1980s
Sea
Ice
Ext
ent
(km
2 )
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16 September 200216 September 2002
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16 September 200316 September 2003
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16 September 200216 September 2002 16 September 200316 September 2003
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Arctic Climate Impact AssessmentArctic Climate Impact AssessmentClimate model projections of sea ice extent:Climate model projections of sea ice extent:
2000 - 21002000 - 2100
MarchMarch SeptemberSeptember
MAR SEPT
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Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
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Challenges of the Canadian Archipelago and the Northwest Passage
•GCM resolution constraints
•High inter-annual variability of sea ice coverage
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Regional Eastern Arctic
ll
Minimum Ice CoverageEastern Arctic
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
196919711973197519771979198119831985198719891991199319951997199920012003Year
Minimum Ice Coverage
(sq.Km)
Canadian Ice Service (2004)
km2
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Regional Western Arctic
Minimum Ice CoverageWestern Arctic
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
196919711973197519771979198119831985198719891991199319951997199920012003Year
Minimum Ice Coverage (sq.Km)
Canadian Ice Service (2004)
(km
2)
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The Northern Sea Route
Ob’ and Yenisey Rivers
INSROP (1999)
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INSROP (1999)
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ACIA Regional NSR Sea Ice Projections
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Northern Sea Route: Navigability Northern Sea Route: Navigability Projected for 2000 – 2100 (50% ice cover)Projected for 2000 – 2100 (50% ice cover)
Year
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Summary Points- Observed retreat of Arctic sea ice is real.
- Icebreakers have operated in the Central Arctic Ocean during summer since 1977.
- Extensive & increasing open water areas in summer around the Arctic Basin (and Alaska) projected throughout the 21st Century.
- Sea ice projections for Russia's Northern Sea Route indicate an increasing length of the navigation season.
- Possibility for regular marine surface navigation in the Central Arctic Ocean in summer by 2050.
- Quantification of Arctic marine access/navigation proving challenging; testing the limitations of GCMs; recognition of the need for Arctic regional models.
- Arctic Climate Impact Assessment: guide to current and future Arctic climate trends & consequences.
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Relevant Upcoming Events
•CITF Experts Meeting, Cambridge (September 2004)•Arctic Maritime Security Workshop, D.C. (October 2004)•ACIA Symposium, Reykjavik (9-12 November 2004) •International Conference –Arctic Marine Transportation, Anchorage (Spring/Summer 2005)
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