Dr. Karsten Berger Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain.
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Transcript of Dr. Karsten Berger Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain.
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OVERVIEW OF ASTROPARTICLE
PHYSICS
Dr. Karsten Berger Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain
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Your detector is here
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Our detectors are here...
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And here...
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And here...
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And here...
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Actually, in some cases the whole Universe is our detector...
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Which makes things a little bit more complicated...But let’s start from the beginning.
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DISCOVERY OF “COSMIC RAYS” IN 1912
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DISCOVERY OF “COSMIC RAYS” Composition: ca. 90%
protons, 10% helium, heavier ions and “electrons”, only 0.01% photons, neutrinos?
Energy spectrum: power law with some features
What are the sources of these cosmic rays?
How do they produce them?
How do they accelerate the cosmic rays?
What is the maximum energy? Energy (eV)
Flu
x (
m2 s
r s
eV
)-1
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HOW THE EARTH PROTECTS US FROM COSMIC RAYS
Interaction with air molecules (pair production in coulomb field, interactions with nucleus) produce e+/e- pairs, pions, k-mesons, neutrinos, etc.
Cascading effect, development of particle showers
Shape and composition of showers unique tracer for primary particle Primary particle: Gamma Proton
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AGREEMENT BETWEEN INSTRUMENTS
Greissen Zatsepin Kuzmin cutoff
Ethres = 60 EeV
Halzen, ISVHECRI 2010
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AUGER OBSERVATORY
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GZK SUPPRESSION The highest energy cosmic rays must be from nearby
extra galactic sources < 50 Mpc
PAO 2010
Black dots: Arrival directions of cosmic rays E>55 EeVBlue dots: AGNs of the Véron-Cetty and Véron Catague
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WHAT IS AN AGN?
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AGNS AS THE SOURCE OF COSMIC RAYS?
-> HighRes did not observe such a correlation in the northern hemisphere...
PAO 2010
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COSMIC RAY PROPAGATION
Protons deflected by magnetic fields (extra galactic magnetic fields poorly constraint)
Photons and neutrinos point directly towards the source
VHE photons interact with IR radiation of early stars and galaxies and produce e+/e- pairs -> “EBL” absorption limits the g-ray horizon
Cosmic neutrinos could be detected over vast distances -> interesting to probe the early universe and young cosmic ray emitters
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Detection principle
Sensitive to Neutrinos in the 1011 to 1021 eV range
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ICECUBE
Interaction with nuclei produces Muons, Tauons
They produce Chrenkov light
Detected by PMTs in strings in the arctic ice
Reconstruction of shower composition and direction/energy
Completion in 2011 Very low event rate -> only
few events from external (not atmospheric) Neutrinos expected, detection of GZK Neutrinos more likely
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Yes, we can... also use the Moon as a detector!
Ice Cube Coll. ICRC 2009
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ICE CUBE POINT SOURCE SEARCH
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E. Strahler, et al. (IceCube Coll.), 31st ICRC LodzIs this significant or
not?NO!!! You have to consider trials... Only 2.2s effect!
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CR ELECTRON SPECTRUM• Good agreement between Fermi and HESS!• ATIC excess probably overestimated• Explainable by nearby pulsar or dark matter
annihilation
HESS 2009
Fermi 2009
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Swift, uniform distribution, high redshift!
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GRB LIGHTCURVES: AN EXAMPLE
Data from Fermi Cosmic distances Probe EBL, QG
effects Most extreme
explosions in the universe
Still poorly understood
Time delayed emission at higher energies
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WAITING FOR THE RIGHT GRB TO BE OBSERVED FROM GROUND
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• Fermi discovered g-ray emission of GRBs up to 30 GeV -> exciting prospects for detection with MAGIC (until now only upper limits)
• Fast slewing allows quick repositioning (< 20sec)
• Low zenith angles needed due to high redshift
• Why target GRBs from ground?• Poor statistics at high energies -> cut off
unknown -> important constraint for emission processes
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STARBURST GALAXIES AS COSMIC ACCELERATORS
M82 HST
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STARBURST GALAXIES AS COSMIC ACCELERATORS
M82 Veritas at VHE g-rays
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Supernova Remnants are our best guess galactic cosmic ray producers
SNR RX J 1713.7-3946 in VHE g-rays (HESS Collaboration)
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Galaxy full of VHE g-ray emitters -> many candidate cosmic ray sources
H.E.S.S. GALACTIC PLANE SCAN
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MANY VHE G-RAY SOURCES ARE UNIDENTIFIED
No cut-off visible! Flat spectra, flux >100 TeV???
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UNIDENTIFIED TEV G-RAY SOURCES: DARK ACCELERATORS?
No obvious counterpart in radio or X-rays! PWN from unknown pulsars? Pulsations seen by Fermi? E.g. TeV 2032 -> pulsars could be large
contributers to cosmic rays
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DIRECT CONNECTIONS BETWEEN LHC AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS
LHC data constraintshadronic interactionmodels (e.g. measure-ment of secondaryparticle production) Puzzles: higher muonrate (factor 1.5) in EASmeasured by AUGER,supported by IACT data would require increaseof multiplicity of protonair and pion-air collisions by an order of magnitudeover a wide energy rangeOstapchenko 2010: CMS data on pseudo-rapidity
density of charged particles in pp collisions vs model prediction
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AT UHE
PAO RICAP 2009
Change to heaver composition at the highest energies?
But decrease of RMS favours single component (proton)
Deeper EAS penetration into the atmosphere? would require factor 2 decrease for inel.
crossection p−air compared to current models
PAO, Phys Rev Letters 104, 2010
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DARK MATTER
The Bullet Cluster (NASA): hot gas in red, dark matter in blue
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DARK MATTER A realistic explanation
must satisfy astrophysical observations (rotation curves, clusters, g-ray signature?) and results from particle accelerators
And of course it would always help to know what we are searching for...
Fermi Coll. 2010
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EXTREME VARIABILITY
Sources are flaring rapidly
(V)HE g-ray sky changes every day (every minute)
Variability time scale correlates with source extension -> important independent measurement of production process and region
Fermi LAT Collaboration
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Thank you!
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EXTREME VARIABILITY IN G-RAYS
Fermi LAT / NASA
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Backup
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M82 EXPLANATION