Dr Kana Mutombo – TNPA Research & Development

Could a deep Offshore port be a plausible futuristic green development solution for South Africa?

• Serve the economy and meet the needs of the port users in a manner that is economically and environmentally sustainable.

• Enhance South Africa’s global competitiveness and facilitate the expansion of the South African economy through socially and environmentally sustainable port development.

• Promote the development of an efficient and productive South African port industry capable of competing in international markets.

• Ensure proactive integration of social, economic and biophysical environmental aspects during the early stages of port planning and throughout the port development cycle.

NATIONAL COMMERCIAL PORTS POLICY

Recognises that economic activities and environmental protection can be achieved complementarily - The adoption of green growth principles

Extends beyond environmental to the Triple Bottom Line

People, Planet and Profit

SUSTAINABILITY & GREEN PORTS

Typical perspectives

Bearable Equitable

ViableEnergy & Climate

Climate change

Shipping emissions

Economic activityMobility

Employment & safety

Research & innovation

Nature & environment

Society

Safety and security

Source: Adapted from Antwerp Port Authority

SUSTAINABILITY & GREEN PORTS

GREEN PORT DEFINITION

Source: Offset. Le Port, Reunion

NATURAL HERITAGE SITE

MANGROVES AND MUDFLATS

MANGROVES AND MUDFLATS

WETLAND

NATURAL FOREST

EXISTING CARGO HANDLING

VOPAK LEASE SITE

PROPOSED CONSERVATION SITE

Environmental constraints at ports

CURRENT CONSTRAINTS IN PORTS

Motivation

Environmental constraints at ports

Onshore environmental impacts

CURRENT CONSTRAINTS IN PORTS

Motivation

Environmental constraints at ports

Onshore environmental impacts

Land availability

Reducing or balancing dredge and fill volumes at shallow foreshore areas

CURRENT CONSTRAINTS IN PORTS

•A new paradigm is needed that promotes economic development, while at the same time, ensuring climatic and environmental sustainability.

•Balance between business needs for growth and soft issues

•Green ports have a better and more sustainable future.

•TNPA seeks to position itself as GREEN PORTS

•An open (offshore) deep seaport might be a plausible futurist green port development solution for TNPA

MOTIVATION FOR THE OFFSHORE EXPLORATORY STUDY

“The idea behind offshore ports is very simple, if the ship is not able to come to the port, the port has to come to the ship” by Sven Klusen

VIDEO ON VENICE OFFSHORE-ONSHORE PORT SYSTEM

Source: Adapted from Antwerp Port Authority

Port of Khalifa

• Country: U.A.E.

• Port Authority: Abu Dhabi Ports

• Function: Container, Roro & dry bulk

• Construction: Offshore reclamation

• Entrance channel: 13km

• Site characteristics: Shallow foreshore, main breakwater is at -7m LAT

Offshore Ports

Source: Adapted from Antwerp Port Authority

Ras Al Khair

• Country: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

• Port Authority: Mawani

• Function: Phosphate and grain

• Construction: Offshore reclamation

• Entrance channel: 20km

• Site characteristics: Shallow foreshore, main breakwater is at -4m LAT

Offshore Ports

Source: Adapted from Antwerp Port Authority

Cape Lambert

• Country: Australia

• Port Authority: Pilbara

• Function: Iron ore

• Construction: Offshore jetty

• Entrance channel: 28km

• Site characteristics: Shallow foreshore, natural depth near berth is at - 13m LAT

Offshore Ports

Concept 01

Port: VOOPS (Venice offshore onshore port system)

Location: Italy

Design vessel: 20 000+ TEU

Distance From Shore 15km

Status: Phase 1 Design Consultation Contract 2017

Reasons Behind Concept /Challenges

o Access for ULCVo Provide access to large oil carriers that cannot enter the Venice

Malamocco Channel o Compete for market shareo Availability of lando Environmental (regulatory and environmental constraints on the

development of navigational channels within Venice Lagoon)

Advantages

o Access of ULCVo Distribute goods to the European and Italian markets exploiting the most convenient land

port (potential GATEWAY to Europe) o Container hub (central link between the existing logistics centre and the maritime traffic

generated by global trade)o Benefit the economyo Environmental( reduction in greenhouse emissions, reduce the need to dredge port

channels) o Vessels will spend 5 days less at seao Increase the safety of navigation in the lagoono More than 25% reduction in the overall cost per TEU o Long term sustainable port operations

Concept 02

Port: Portunus

Location: United State of America (USA)

Design vessel: 19 000+ TEU

Distance From Shore 30-64 km

Status: No indication on realization of this concept

Reasons Behind Concept /Challenges

o Security (prevent and mitigate potentially catastrophic incidents-since 9/11)

o Economic benefits- Access for ULCVo Improve freight logistics -capacity & efficiencyo Compete for market share o Container hub o Environmental o Strategic Site

Advantages

o Access of ultra large container ships o Short-sea shipping (domestically)o Reduced freight offload times o 20%-30% savings on direct freight cost from the Far East (all water

economy of larger shipping/economies of scale)o 30%-40% savings on direct freight costs (shorter overland transport)o 20%-50% savings on emissions (lower fuel consumption) o protect lives and critical infrastructure o energy security (production of clean energy resources, wind and wave

power)o Potential- wind and wave power, desalination and aquaculture o Long term sustainable port operations

Concept 03

Port: Port of Khalifa

Location: Abu Dhabi

Design vessel: 19 000+ TEU

Distance From Shore 5km

Status: Phase 1 Opened in 2012 and in operation

Reasons Behind Concept /Challenges

o Security (prevent and mitigate potentially catastrophic incidents-since 9/11)

o Economic benefits- Access for ULCVo Improve freight logistics -capacity & efficiencyo Compete for market share o Container hub o Environmental o Strategic Site

Advantages

o Access of ULCV and general cargo vessels o Diversity in the economy of Abu Dhabi (dependent on petroleum

sector)o Top-notch integrated information and communication

technologies and automated marine serviceso Largest greenfield port in the world o Smart Sustainable and Safeo Khalifa Port the first in the Gulf handling Capesize Vessels

(2017)o Hub port connecting Emirates to Major hub ports along the Belt

and Road Initiative(BRI)

Concept 04

Port: Grand Port de Guyane

Location: South America

Design vessel: 13 000 TEU

Distance From Shore Floating multi use terminal 20 km offshore

Status: Planning to operate Phase 1 by 2020/25 (100 000 TEU per annum)

Reasons Behind Concept /Challenges

o Regular expensive dredging of river ports

o Access of new generation of Panamax container vessels

Advantages

o Container hub

o Oil and Gas hub

o Aquaculture support

o Unlock multi-use of space in the offshore economy

Concept 05

Port: Louisiana International deep water gulf transfer terminal (LIGTT)

Location: United States of America

Design vessel: 20 000+ TEU

Distance From Shore <5km

Status: 2014 Preconstruction designs, 2015 obtained

funding for the first phase

Reasons Behind Concept /Challenges

o Handle the larger ships of tomorrow while increasing the utilization and efficiency of extensive inland waterway system.

o Transshipment and logistics' centero High cost of maintaining passageway connecting the

Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico.o Re-establish Louisiana as the gateway to North America o Strengthen and grow all ports in Louisiana focusing on

ULCVo Economic development

Advantages

o game-changing project which will create America's first large transfer terminal designed to handle containers, bulk cargo, and petroleum products entering and leaving the United States

o will serve as the centerpiece of a hub-and-spoke distribution system

o The impacts of the LIGTT facility will extend throughout the interior of the United States, reaching 33 states

o enabling security screening of 100% of cargoo increase the efficiency of America’s existing supply chain o will allow the new post-Panamax ships from the Panama Canal

expansion – and even larger vessels – to enter an effective transmodal shipping system

Concept 06

Port: Gateway to Asia (Manila)

Location: Philippines -Southeast Asia

Design vessel: 20 000+ TEU

Distance From Shore not indicated

Status: Planned for 2030

Reasons Behind Concept /Challenges

o Logistics hub - international airport, seaport and urban logistics and development facilities

o Promote economic reform o Provide an international container complexo Create an International Logistics Hub to facilitate

economic development and social developmento Attract Investmentso The country is looking for genuine sustainability

Advantages

o Alleviate the pressure on the existing port terminals

o Reduce congestion in the road network in the center of Manila

o Secure optimum export/import conditions for the future development of nearby Economic and Export Processing Zones

• Strategically assess future port developments in South

Africa with specific emphasis on considering logistic

efficiency, sustainability, port concepts and siting.

• This study will focus on evaluating the existing

container logistics costs in comparison to a hub and

spoke strategy using the cost of container

transportation as a key indicator.

• The consideration of offshore ports as an alternative to

the existing South African port expansions is an

important aspect which will be assessed.

OBJECTIVES OF OFFSHORE EXPLORATORY STUDY

A need to alter global shipping pattern!!!!

CONCLUSION

We believe a deep offshore hub in South Africa will

significantly alter the trade pattern of the world.

This still needs to be proven though!!!!