Dr. John Patience - Effects Of Reduced Oil Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles And Soybean Oil On...

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION

EFFECTS OF REDUCED OIL DISTILLERS DRIED GRAINS WITH SOLUBLES AND SOYBEAN OIL ON DIETARY FAT, FIBER, AND AMINO ACID DIGESTIBILITY IN CORN BASED DIETS FED TO GROWING PIGS

N. A. Gutierrez, N. V. L. Serão, and J. F. Patience

Iowa State University, Ames, IA


Nutritional impact of dietary fiber in corn co-products

• Dietary inclusion of corn co-products increases the concentration of dietary fiber

NRC, 2012

• Fiber in corn and its co-products is rich in polymers of glucose (cellulose), xylose and arabinose (arabinoxylans)

Insoluble Low fermentable

Bach Knudsen, 1997; Gutierrez et al., 2014

• Substitution of highly digestible dietary carbohydrates with fiber suppose a reduction in the dietary energy supply

May have an effect on other dietary nutrients


Effect of “Xylose” concentration on the metabolizable energy (ME) of “9” different corn co-products

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

NSP Xylose, %

ME,

Mca

l/lb

ME (Mcal/lb) = 1.914 - 0.236*(X) + 0.035*(X2) - 0.002*(X3)

P < 0.001 R2 = 0.71

⌃

Gutierrez et al., 2014 (a)


Introduction• Digestibility of dietary energy decreases with the dietary fiber content

Noblet and Perez, 1993

• Fermentation of fiber may contribute little to the overall energy supply of the growing pig,

• Fermentability of fiber from corn and its co-products is limited

Le Goff and Noblet, 2001; van Milgen, 2006, Bach Knudsen, 2011

• Need for external fat to maintain an adequate concentration of energy in the final diet

Extracted fat – SBO, corn oil etc. Intact fat – contained in feed ingredients


Introduction

• Fat may impair microbial fermentation in the hindgutDegen et al., 2009

• Fat may increase the retention time of digestaMateos et al., 1982; Cervantes-Pahm and Stein, 2008

– Slow passage rate may improve fermentability of dietary fiber

• Increase of dietary fiber may stimulate bowel movement and reduce the transit time of digesta

Bastianelli et al., 1996; Schneeman, 1998; Bindelle et al., 2008


Objective

To determine the effects of the dietary increase of fiber and fat from reduced oil distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS-RO) and soybean oil (SBO)

• Apparent digestibility of AA, acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF)


Materials and methods

Experimental design

• 18 ileal cannulated growing pigs (BW = 74.5 ± 4.9 lbs)

• Individually housed in pens

• 6 dietary treatments

• 3-period (14 d) incomplete Latin Square design 9 d adaptation

2 d fecal collection

3 d ileal collection

Feed was supplied as 90% ad-libitum

• 9 replications / treatment


Chemical composition of diets

SBO,% 2 6DDGS-RO,% 0 20 40 0 20 40

Ingredient, %

Corn 81.7 61.7 41.7 77.7 57.7 37.7

Casein 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5

DDGS-RO 0.0 20.0 40.0 0.0 20.0 40.0

Soybean oil 2.0 2.0 2.0 6.0 6.0 6.0

Chromic oxide 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Others 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3


Chemical composition of diets

SBO,% 2 6Item DDGS-RO,% 0 20 40 0 20 40

AEE, % 4.4 5.7 6.3 8.4 9.1 10.1NDF, % 6.9 11.0 14.6 6.8 9.7 14.0

AEE = Acid hydrolyzed ether extract


Materials and methods

1. Sample analysis: Feed, ileal digesta, and fecal samples:

NDF and acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE)

Diets and ileal digesta: Total AA

2. Measured traits: Apparent ileal (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD):

• NDF and AEE AID of Lys, Met, Thr


Results

Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of Lys, Met, and Thr


Effect of low-fat DDGS and soybean oil (SBO) on the AID of Lys, Met, and Thr

SBO, % 2 6 P-value

DDGS-RO, % 0 20 40 0 20 40 SEM SBO DDGS-RO SBO * DDGS-RO

AID, %

Lys 88.9a 85.2b 84.6b 90.2a 84.3b 84.7b 0.82 0.629 <0.001 0.127

Met 92.8a 90.0b 89.6b 93.7a 90.1b 90.1b 0.44 0.008 <0.001 0.223

Thr 81.4a 75.4b 74.6b 82.8a 74.7b 75.6b 1.18 0.371 <0.001 0.434

a,b,c,d Means within a row lacking a common superscript letter are different (P < 0.05)

Least squares means of 9 pigs per diet


Effect of dietary increase of corn co-products on the AID of AA

1. Decrease in AID of AA was attributed to heating and addition of solubles during manufacture of DDGS

• e.g. AID of Lys is less in DDGS than in corn(Urriola et al., 2009)

2. Insoluble dietary fiber (corn-fiber) has minor effects on the AID of dietary AA

(Zhu et al., 2005)

3. Apparent ileal digestibility of Lys, and most AA, is not predictable from

the dietary fiber concentration (NSP-Xylose) in corn co-products(Gutierrez et al., 2014)


Results

Apparent digestibility of NDF


Effect of low-fat DDGS and soybean oil (SBO) on the AID of dietary NDF

DDGS-RO = low-fat DDGSSBO = Soybean oil

SBO * DDGS-RO2

P = 0.037

R2 = 0.53

DDGS-RO, %

SBO, %

2

6

AID of NDF, %

02040

50

40

30

20

10


Effect of low-fat DDGS and soybean oil (SBO) on the ATTD of dietary NDFATTD of NDF, %

DDGS-RO, %SBO, %

55

50

45

406

2 020

40

SBO * DDGS-RO

P = 0.004

R2 = 0.36



Summary

• Apparent digestibility of NDF was greatest in diets with high extracted-fat (SBO) and low fiber (DDGS-RO) content

High fat and low fiber intake may increase the retention time of digesta

Increase of time exposure of NDF to intestinal microbiota This observation is offset by increase of DDGS-RO

• At low levels of extracted-fat from SBO, the apparent digestibility of NDF was not affected by fiber increase from DDGS-RO


Results

Apparent digestibility of acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE)


Effect of low-fat DDGS and soybean oil (SBO) on the AID of dietary fat (AEE)

SBO * DDGS-RO

P = 0.003

R2 = 0.68

AID of AEE, %

DDGS-RO, %SBO, %

85

80

75

7040

20

02

6



Effect of low-fat DDGS and soybean oil (SBO) on the ATTD of dietary fat (AEE)


ATTD of AEE, % SBO * DDGS-RO

P = 0.004

R2 = 0.79

SBO, % DDGS-RO, %

80

75

70

65

60

2

6

40

20

0


Effect of nutrient content on measured values of apparent, standardized and true digestibilities

Stein et al., 1997


True ileal digestibility (TID) of total fat (AEE)

SBO, % 2 6 P-value

DDGS-RO, % 0 20 40 0 20 40 SEM SBO DDGS-RO SBO * DDGS-RO



TID, % 94.0 92.5 94.1 94.8 93.8 93.2 1.06 0.586 0.467 0.506

AID, % 72.5a 75.9bc 79.1b 83.5a 83.4a 83.9a 1.05 <0.001 0.005 0.011


True total tract digestibility (TTTD) of total fat (AEE)

SBO, % 2 6 P-value

DDGS-RO, % 0 20 40 0 20 40 SEM SBO DDGS-RO SBO*DDGS-RO



TTTD, % 93.6 91.5 93.2 93.7 92.0 93.9 1.31 0.587 0.108 0.959

ATTD, % 62.6d 67.6c 71.6b 77.5a 77.0a 80.4a 1.30 <0.001

<0.001 0.008


Summary

• Inclusion of co-products from the corn-ethanol distillation industry may decrease the AID of dietary AA

Decrease in AID of AA may be the product of heat damage

• The AID of AA was not affected by the dietary increase of SBO

• Apparent digestibility of NDF was modulated by the dietary fat and fiber intake from SBO and DDGS-RO

Increase the retention time of digesta due to high fat and low fiber intake Increase of time of exposure of NDF to intestinal microbiota


Summary• Apparent digestibility of AEE was modulated by the dietary

concentration of fat from SBO and DDGS-RO

• Low values of apparent digestibility of AEE in diets with low dietary fat concentrations are the result of endogenous losses of AEE

• No differences were observed among treatments for true digestibility of AEE


Thank You

Appreciation is expressed to the National Pork Board for financial support, and to DSM and Ajinomoto Heartland for in-

kind support.

Dr. John Patience - Effects Of Reduced Oil Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles And Soybean Oil On...

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