Dr. Ellen Vorenkamp Assessment Consultant Wayne RESA.

Dr. Ellen VorenkampAssessment Consultant

Wayne RESA

The Michigan Assessment Consortium professional development series in common assessment development is funded in part by the Michigan Association of Intermediate School Administrators in cooperation with…

The various types of learning targets

What each learning target assesses

The different methods of assessment, and

The best method of assessment for each type of learning target

Not all learning targets are created equal

Some targets will require more test items than others and some will require different types of assessment methods• Number of test items• Types of test items• Length of time to complete items or tasks

Knowledge Mastery Reasoning Proficiency Skills Ability to Create Products Dispositions

These targets are often stated using verbs such as knows, lists, names, identifies, and recalls.

Targets can either be know outright or by reference.• What we teach students to memorize vs.

what we teach students to find.

Recognize Describe Understands Explains Knows Identifies Comprehends

Stiggins, R., Arter, J., Chappuis, S. & Chappuis, F. (2004) Classroom Assessment forStudent Learning: Doing It Right—Using It Well. Assessment Training Institute, Portland, OR.

Students will locate negative rational numbers (including integers) on the number line; know that numbers and their negatives add to 0, and are on opposite sides and at equal distance from 0 on a number line.

Reasoning targets represent mental processes such as predicts, infers, classifies, compares, concludes, summarizes, evaluates, hypothesizes, and generalizes.

6 general types of reasoning taxonomies

Reasoning Taxonomies• Inductive/Deductive Reasoning• Analytical Reasoning• Comparative Reasoning• Classifying• Evaluative Reasoning• Synthesis

Use Analyze Evaluate Make Decisions Formulates

questions Make predictions Verifies Compares Contrasts

Sets goals Strategize Distinguishes

between Examines data and

proposes meaningful interpretation

Using insights and conclusions from data to generate potential solutions


Students will compare their viewpoint about a classroom issue with the viewpoint of another person.

Skill targets are objectives that must be observed or demonstrated in order to be assessed.

• Examples include oral fluency, speaking a second language, serving a volleyball, or playing a musical instrument.

Measures Reads aloud Dribbles and passes Participates Uses simple equipment Demonstrates relationships Pronounces Collects Data


Students will demonstrate skillful use of appropriate vocabularies, tools, instruments, and technologies of the visual, performing, or applied arts discipline.

Certain targets require students to create a product, such as tables, graphs, essays, or data displays.

There are differences between “tasks” and product targets.

Constructs graphs Develops a plan Creates a product to support a

thesis Constructs models Creates a scripted scene Writes simple directions Generating a viable action plan

to address the problem


Students will construct simple charts from data and observations.

These targets reflect attitudes and feelings.

They represent valuable affective outcomes we hope students attain as a result of their educational experiences.

Likes mathematics Chooses to read for enjoyment Plays basketball for fun Intends to vote in every election Looks forward to science Understands the ethics of the scientific

method Wants to participate in community theatre Enjoys opportunities to converse in Spanish Commitment to active and sustained

learning Exhibit a passion for learning


Written Response• Selected Response• Short Answer Response• Extended Response/Essay

Performance Assessment Observation/Conversation

Students will be enthusiastic about writing and learning to write.

•Multiple Choice

•True-False•Matching

Selected Response

•Diagram•Fill-in-the-blank (words, phrases)

•Essay•Short answer (sentences, paragraphs)

•Web•Concept Map

•Flowchart•Graph•Table•Matrix•Illustration

•Presentation

•Movement•Science lab •Athletic skill•Dramatization

•Enactment•Project•Debate•Model•Exhibition•Recital•Performance Task

•Oral questioning

•Observation•Interview •Conference•Process description

•Checklist•Rating scale•Journal sharing

•Thinking aloud a process

•Student self-assessment

•Peer review

ConstructedResponse

Performance Assessment

Observations/Conversations

Adapted from the work of Dr. Robert Marzano

•Multiple Choice

•True-False

•Matching

Selected Response





•Presentation



•Oral questioning





•Peer review

ConstructedResponse




•Multiple Choice

•True-False•Matching

Selected Response





•Presentation



•Oral questioning





•Peer review

ConstructedResponse




Types of learning targets What learning targets assess Types of assessment methods

Matching the most appropriate method of assessment with each type of learning target…

Target Selected Response

Extended Written Response


Observation/Conversation

Knowledge

Yes! Yes-Understandings of relationships among elements of knowledge

Nope- too time consuming

Maybe (question, evaluate answers, infer mastery –but time consuming

Target Selected Response

Extended Written Response


Observation/Conversation

Product No Maybe-if product is written

Yes! No

Determine the type of learning target Determine the most effective

assessment method for that learning target

Determine the number of items for each assessment method

Determine the amount of time required to answer each item type

Determine the amount of points each item is worth

Dr. Ellen Vorenkamp Assessment Consultant Wayne RESA.

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