Dr Elham Ahmadnezhad is a researcher at the Department of Disaster and Emergency Management,...

Dr Elham Ahmadnezhad is a researcher at the

Department of Disaster and Emergency

Management, National institute of health

research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

I’m a medical doctor and now I am studying

PhD of Epidemiology. My interest is Disaster

Epidemiology. My Email:

[email protected]/21/23Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 2

Briefly History

Why Mixed Methods?

Type of Research designs

Criteria for Choosing a Strategies

Alternative Strategies and Visual Models

Data Collection Procedures

Data Analysis and Validation Procedures

Report Presentation Structure

04/21/23 3Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods

1959: Concept of mixing different methods by Campbell &

Fiske. (Psychologists)

1973: Combined the Qualitative & Quantitative data by

S.D. Sieber.

1979: Converging or triangulating different Qualitative &

Quantitative data sources by Jick.

1989-2003: Expanded procedures for Mixed methods By

Tashakkori & Teddli and then Creswell.


Quantitative data can reveal generalizable information for a

large group of people

› These data often fail to provide specific answers, reasons,

explanations or examples

Qualitative research provides data about meaning and

context regarding the people and environments of study

› Findings are often not generalizable because of the small

numbers & narrow range of participants

Both methods have strengths and weaknesses

› When used together, these methods can be

complimentary04/21/23Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 5

Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods

Quantitative research Methods

Qualitative research Methods

Mixed Methods Research Methods

• Experimental

designs

•Non-

Experimental

designs, such

as survey

• Narratives

•Phenomenologi

es

•Ethnographies

•Grounded

theory

•Case Studies

• Sequential

•Concurrent

•Transformative


Four decisions go into selecting a mixed methods strategy

Implementation

PriorityIntegrationTheoretical Perspective

No Sequence

ConcurrentEqualAt data

collectionExplicit

Sequential- Qualitative

firstQualitative

At data analysisAt data

interpretation

Implicit Sequential- Qualitative

first

Quantitative

With some combination


What is implementation sequence of the quantitative and

qualitative data collection in the proposed study?

What priority will be given to the quantitative and

qualitative data collection and analysis?

At what stage in the research project will the quantitative

and qualitative data and finding be integrated?

Will an overall theoretical perspective (e.g., gender, race/

ethnicity, lifestyle, class) be used in the study?


Sequential Explanatory Design

QUAN Data Collection QUAN Data Analysis Qual Data Collection Qual Data Analysis

Interpretation of Entre analysis


Sequential Exploratory Design

QUAL Data Collection QUAL Data Analysis Quan Data Collection Quan Data Analysis

Interpretation of Entre Analysis


Sequential Transformative Design

QUAN qualVision, Advocacy, Ideology, Framwork

QUAL quanVision, Advocacy, Ideology, Framework


Concurrent Triangulation Strategy

QUAL Data Collection QUAN Data Collection

QUAN QUALQUAL

Quan Data Analysis

Qual Data Analysid

Data Results Compared


Analysis of Findings Analysis of Findings


Concurrent Nested Strategy

Concurrent Transformative Strategy


Identify and be specific about the type of data. Some forms

of data such as interviews and observations can be either

quantitative or qualitative. Although reduction information

to numbers is the approach used in quantitative research,

it is also used in qual. Research.

Recognize that quantitative data often involve random

sampling, so that each individual has no equal probability

of being selected and the sample can be generalized to the

larger population. In qualitative data collection, purposeful

sampling is used to that individuals are selected because

they have experienced the central phenomenon.04/21/23 15Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods

Relate the procedures specifically to the visual model. For

e.g, in a sequential explanatory model, the general

procedures can be detailed even further. A discussion of

this approach might include describing the use of survey

data collection followed by both descriptive and infertial

data analysis in the first phase. Then qualitative

observations and coding and thematic analysis within an

ethnographic design might be mentioned for the second

phase.


It’s related to the type of research strategy chosen for the

procedures. Some of the more popular approaches:

Data transformation: In the concurrent strategies involve

creating codes and themes qualitatively, then counting the

number of times they occur in the text data. This

quantification of qualitative data enables a researcher to

compare quantitative results with the qualitative data. For

instance, in a factor analysis of data from a scale on an

instrument, the researcher may create factors or themes

that then can be compared with themes from the qualitative

database.


Explore outliers: In a sequential model, an analysis of quantitative data in

the first phase can yield extreme or outlier cases. Follow-up qualitative

interviews with these outlier cases can provide insight about why they

diverged from the quantitative sample.

Instrument development: In a sequential approach, obtain themes and

specific statements from participants in an initial qualitative data

collection. In the next phase, use these statements as specific items and

the themes for scales to create a survey instrument that is grounded in

the views of the participants. A third, final phase might be to validate the

instrument with large sample representative of a population.

Examine multiple levels: in a concurrent nested model, conduct a survey

at one level (e.g. with families) to gather quantitative results about a

sample. At the same time, collect qualitative interviews (e.g., with

individuals) to explore the phenomenon with specific individuals in

families.


It is necessary the validation of both

qualitative and quantitative phases of

study. Each of methods has the specific

ways, for the qualitative data, the

strategies that will be used to check the

accuracy of the findings need to be

mentioned.


For a sequential study, mixed method researcher typically

organize the report of procedures into quantitative data

collection and qualitative data analysis followed by qualitative

data and collection and analysis. Then, in the conclusions or

interpretation phase of the study, the researcher comments

on how the qualitative findings helped to elaborate on or

extend the quantitative results. Alternatively, the qualitative

data collection and analysis could come first followed by the

quantitative data collection and analysis. In either structure,

the writer typically will present the project as two distinct

phases, with separate headings of each.


In concurrent study. The quantitative and

qualitative data collection may be presented in

separate section, but the analysis and

interpretation combines the two forms of data

to seek convergence among the results. The

structure of this type of mixed methods study

does not as clearly make a distinction between

the quantitative and qualitative phases.


In a transformative study, the structure typically

involves advancing the advocacy issue in the

beginning of the study and then using either the

sequential or concurrent structure as a means of

organizing the content of the study. In the end of

the study, a separate section may advance an

agenda for change or reform that has developed

as a result of the research.


Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design. Sage publication.

Tashakkori, A., & Tedllie, C. (2003). Handbook of mixed methods in

the social and behavioral sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.


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