Dr. Ed Gilman, professor emeritus Environmental ... · Book: Illustrated Guide to Pruning, third...
Transcript of Dr. Ed Gilman, professor emeritus Environmental ... · Book: Illustrated Guide to Pruning, third...
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Trees from the ground down
Dr. Ed Gilman, professor emeritusEnvironmental Horticulture Department
University of Florida
Web site: google Ed Gilman
Book: Illustrated Guide to Pruning, third edition, 201238 per section
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Seeds to maturity: Growing a better root system on shade trees
Dr. Ed Gilman, professor emeritusEnvironmental Horticulture Department
University of Florida
Web site: google Ed Gilman
Book: Illustrated Guide to Pruning, third edition, 201238 per section
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Roots are complicated!
I dug my first tree roots up in 1977 and I am still learning!
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I routinely killed perfectly healthy trees (Gilman et al. 2010)
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That’s how we learn about roots (Gilman 2007)
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I will show you• Natural vs. nursery-grown root systems• Source and consequences of root defects• How to grow quality root systems in
containers and field nurseries• Removing root defects at landscape planting• Tree stability after planting
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Outline for today
Current situation Growing systems Planting issues
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In nature, slow-impact root shift occurs
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Deep roots dominate early, shallow roots later
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Roots grow down and out in drained soil
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Sinker roots
Root flare Straight horizontal surface root
Flat trunk diving into soil
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Roots graft to roots of like species
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Prominent root flare
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Small treeLarge trees
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Large trees – visible root flares
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Small tree – suppressed root flare, inclusion around trunk leads to slow growth
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Circling root from container
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Root defects (Gilman et. al 2010)
Kinked root
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Root kinked in propagation container
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Circling root from 3 gallon container
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Circling root lead to instability
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Circling roots in container
leave an imprint
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Stem-girdling roots can lead to poor anchorage
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The challenge
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Typical established urban root system: is shallow
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Typical established urban root system: is shallow
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Typical root ball shape field nursery
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Want deep roots?
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or shallow and deep roots?
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Typical root ball shape container nursery
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Want deep roots?
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or shallow and deep roots?
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Gilman et al. 2013
Photo Keith Warren
Straight roots deep
Straight roots, some at surfaceWhich
root ball is best suited for planting
40 cm
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Gilman et al. 2013
Photo Keith Warren
Straight roots deep
Straight roots, some at surface
Which root ball is best suited for planting
40 cm
The goal!
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So this would be the ideal root system
Swietenia
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1/3
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1) Trees begin in the field2) Trees begin in a container
How does a deep root system develop in the nursery?
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Seeds into field soil
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Seeds germinating in nursery field soil
Photo: Gary Watson
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Here’s what’s going on in the root system
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Photo: Gary Watson
Sudden impact
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Pruning induced branching
Hewitt and Watson, 2010
No roots
Sudden impact
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Pruning induced branching
Hewitt and Watson, 2010
No roots
Sudden impact But only here
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That is the origin of deep roots in root ball
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1) Trees begin in the field2) Trees begin in a container
How does this happen?How does a deep root system develop in the nursery?
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Roots grow primarily out the bottom
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This has a better chance to turn into this than the other two
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Working Hypothesis: This is ideal root system
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Quercus seeds into containers, Acercutting into container
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Roots are confined to container
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Root system too big for containers so roots deflect
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Root defects in containers
• Circling• Diving• Ascending • Kinks
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Diving
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Lets wash this container out
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Few lateral roots
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New roots primarily coming out bottom of liner pot
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Natural branching Container branching Slow impact
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Many of the main roots have emerged and are set
Field-grown Acer
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Many of the main roots have emerged and are set
Inclusions and vascular constrictions
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Many of the main roots have emerged and are set
Inclusions and vascular constrictions
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Outline of container
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Question: Can we develop a root system that resembles a natural root system? YES
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Outline for today
• Current situation• Growing systems• Planting issues
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3” wideModel of how a great root system develops
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3” wide
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3” wide
Air pruning
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3” wide
Air
prun
ing
Air
prun
ing
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3” wideA
ir pr
unin
g
Air
prun
ing
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3” wideA
ir pr
unin
g
Air
prun
ing
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3” wide
Ready
Air
prun
ing
Air
prun
ing
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3” wide
Ready
Shift to a 3 gallon
Air
prun
ing
Air
prun
ing
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3” wide
Ready
Air
prun
ing
Air
prun
ing
3 gallon container
That retards root growth at the bottom
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Air pruning container
Photos: Brian Kempf
Pioneer potAir pot?Fabric pot?Jiffy potEllepot
Air pruned at bottom
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So, yes we can grow a better root system
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So want this instead of this?
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2/3
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Big roots at bottom
Big roots distributed vertically
Gilman et al. 2014
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Smooth
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Porous sides
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This should make a great whip to go into a field nursery
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40 of each went into the ground
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10 months later
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Winched trees to simulate about a 60 mph wind
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18 degree lean 28 degree lean
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18 degree lean 28 degree lean
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18 degree lean 28 degree lean
Wood mass is more widely distributed in root system on the left
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Wood orientation
18 degree lean 28 degree lean
Wood mass is more widely distributed in root system on the left
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Factors correlated with anchorage
• Straighter roots = more anchorage; r = 0.84• Lower imprint rating = more anchorage; r = 0.78
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Conclusion: Superior root ball root system shown above
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Conclusion: Superior root ball root system shown above
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Removing the outer “shell” of roots Gilman et. al 2013
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Root pruned Acer
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No root pruning
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Oct 2008
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One year later
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No pruning
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No pruning
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Root pruned
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Root pruned
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Thank you very muchEd Gilman
University of Florida
Web site: google Ed Gilman
Book: Illustrated Guide to Pruning, third edition, 2012