Dr. Dominique Potvin Museum...
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Song in the city: the effects of urban noise on communication patterns and population genetics
of an Australian passerine
Dr. Dominique Potvin Museum Victoria
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Overview
• Introduction – Acoustic Adaptation
– Silvereyes
• Part I: Urban Silvereyes – The role of noise, morphology, genetics, meme use
and plasticity
• Part II: Island Silvereyes – The role of morphology, genetics, founder effects
and habitat
• Conclusions
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Introduction: The Basics What is song?
• complex • learned trait • usually males • mate attraction, territory defense • dialects • Calls: not learned (innate?), used for contact/alarm, both sexes
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Song Call
Introduction: The Basics
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Acoustic Adaptation
• Morton 1975 • vocalizations should be modified to minimize degredation by environment
• HOW?
–sing simpler songs, avoid frequencies present in background noise
Nicholls & Goldizen 2006
Introduction: The Basics
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what shapes a song?
Introduction: The Question
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Part I: Urban silvereyes
• birds sing higher in cities: – great tits, blackbirds, song sparrows
• acoustic adaptation? – songs in the same frequency range
as urban noise (1-4kHz) may not be heard
– singing higher avoids masking (overlapping) by urban noise
…. BUT…???
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Questions • are urban and rural silvereye
vocalizations different? (How?)
• possible mechanisms behind the change – Cultural evolution, plasticity,
morphological/genetic change
PART I : urban silvereyes
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• abundant
• expansive range
• island colonization
• song 2-8 kHz
• DNA microsatellites
• three vocalization types
My study species: Zosterops lateralis
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Methods – the field study PART I : urban silvereyes
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• silvereyes sing AND call at a higher pitch in cities… and sing slower
Results
Potvin et al. 2011. Proc. R. Soc. B.
PART I : urban silvereyes
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Silvereye sounds PART I : urban silvereyes
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… How about alarm calls?
• Urban silvereyes have LOWER alarm calls!
PART I : urban silvereyes
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Are urban silvereyes using different syllables?
• urban silvereyes use similar memes in songs: slower syllables, more trills
Potvin & Parris 2012. Ecol & Evol
Urban Rural
% trills
in s
ongs
PART I : urban silvereyes
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Do urban silvereyes have their own city dialect?
• RDA: habitat features (urbanization, noise) predict 24% of repertoire similarity between populations
• this is comparable to geographic effects on dialect formation!
Potvin & Parris 2012. Ecol & Evol
PART I : urban silvereyes
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What’s going on?
• Are city silvereyes evolving? • Can look at genetic differences, body size/shape differences
• Are silvereyes just really flexible? • Do they respond quickly to noise?
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Are there morphological/genetic differences?
• high gene flow between urban/rural populations (Fst)
• urban silvereyes aren’t more or less inbred
• urban and rural silvereyes look pretty much the same
Potvin et al 2013. Evol Ecol.
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Results • silvereyes won’t sing in captivity on demand
• silvereyes also don’t respond to playback in captivity
• two silvereyes won’t do much of anything in captivity
• conclusion: Silvereyes are uncooperative and difficult (albeit cute)
….but then…!
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Methods – captive study
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Results – the captive study
• silvereyes adjust calls immediately in response to noise – whether low OR high
Quiet Low F.N. High F. N.
Call
frequency (
Hz)
Potvin & Mulder Behav Ecol: in Press
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Conclusions - Part I • urban and rural silvereyes are
morphologically and genetically similar
• urban silvereyes sing/call higher, are able to immediately adjust the pitch of vocalizations to avoid noise
= real time flexibility
• urban silvereyes use similar memes, and have possibly converging repertoires
= acoustic adaptation via cultural evolution!
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Conclusions - Part I • THIS IS NOT A RULE
• alarm calls are LOWER in cities, and well-masked by urban noise
• maybe some changes are/seem maladaptive
– physiological, developmental effects of living in the city (i.e. stress when developing vocal apparatus)?
– different current predator risks in urban environment?
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Part II – Island Silvereyes
• islands are ideal places to study song evolution: isolated populations should show rapid acoustic adaptation to environment
• can also consider the effects of genetic isolation/colonization, environment and connectivity on song dialect
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Part II: Island Silvereyes
• Isolated populations should show rapid acoustic adaptation to their environments
• However, other factors can play into an island population’s dialect
– Cultural drift/founder effects
– Morphological/genetic changes
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Questions • how does an island dialect develop?
– Are island repertoires well-suited to/predicted by their environment (Acoustic Adaptation)?
– how does morphology affect song?
– do song repertoires experience cultural drift and founder effects? Meme flow?
– are these associated with genetic founder effects?
PART II : island silvereyes
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Methods: The island study PART II : island silvereyes
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Results: The island study
• silvereyes on islands are BIGGER
• this size difference coincides with lower frequency songs, contact calls AND alarm calls
PART II : island silvereyes
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Results: the island study
• island dialect similarity is predicted by habitat (.45), geographic proximity (0.32), genetic similarity (0.44)
• effective founder sizes of islands do not affect repertoire sizes (no evidence for repertoire bottleneck)
PART II : island silvereyes
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Conclusions – Part II • island dialects may be affected by
morphology (affecting frequency)
• genetic connectivity & habitat both predict some level of repertoire similarity
• no evidence for lasting bottleneck or founder effects on song
PART II : island silvereyes
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Discussion
• what factors contribute to the evolution of vocalizations? 1. morphology
2. genetics (?)
3. ENVIRONMENT
4. plasticity 5. sexual selection
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Discussion
• environment plays a large part in the structure of vocalizations
• plasticity allows vocalizations to change: birds can be selective in their meme use (cultural evolution), adjust tempo or frequency real-time/within lifetimes
• sometimes, changes may appear maladaptive, must consider other possibilities
• also important to consider isolation, morphology and founder effects when analyzing song
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A few interesting unanswered questions:
– how does city living affect development? stress
levels? song learning?
– exactly what syllables are kept in specific habitats? are different syllables “sexy” in different habitats?
– what are the implications for changed songs and calls in cities? Can rural and urban birds communicate effectively?
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Acknowledgments • Supervisors: Raoul
Mulder, Kirsten Parris
• Jeremy Kruckel
• Many many banders, local experts and rangers
• Academic help: Mick McCarthy, Henrik Brumm & lab; Sonya Clegg; Gonçalo Cardoso; Evolution and Behaviour Group at U of M
• Funding: Holsworth WRF, Birds Australia (Victoria, Tasmania and national groups, now Birdlife), Australian Geographic Society, University of Melbourne
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…. Questions?