Dr. Bob Bors Department of Plant Sciences...Breeding Program History Our goals & methods Our...
Transcript of Dr. Bob Bors Department of Plant Sciences...Breeding Program History Our goals & methods Our...
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Dr. Bob Bors
Department of
Plant Sciences
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Outline of talk
� Introduction� Breeding Program
� History
� Our goals & methods
� Our Varieties
� Training
� Harvester types
� Establishment & Pruning
� Growth and Production
� Conclusion
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Plant Hardiness Zones of Canada 2000
Fruit Breeding in Canada
Zone 2
-40OF
every winter
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Fruit Program Field Plots
(started in 1920)
1.17 km
Apples
Apples
ApplesCherries HaskapHaskap
S’toons
Choke
Cherries
Misc.
////////////////
///
Haskap
Haskap
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Outline of talk� Introduction
�Breeding Program
�History� Our goals & methods
� Our Varieties
� Training
� Harvester types
� Establishment & Pruning
� Growth and Production
� Conclusion
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Les KerrLes Kerr
‘‘NewNew’’ Prairie Sour CherriesPrairie Sour Cherries
70 Years in the making70 Years in the making
� Shelterbelt breeder for Feds
� Began crosses in early 1940’s
� Hybridized Mongolian with Tart Cherries
� Bulk Pollen and distribution of seedlings
to farmers
� No Records
� Bequeathed germplasm to U of SK in
1982
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‘‘NewNew’’ Prairie Sour CherriesPrairie Sour Cherries
70 Years in the making70 Years in the making
Stewart NelsonStewart Nelson
• Hort Professor at U of SK
• 1968 Obtained ‘Mongolian’
(hybrid?) Cherries from
Siberian Botanical
Gardens
• 2 generations of mass
selection
• Retired 1982
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‘‘NewNew’’ Prairie Sour CherriesPrairie Sour Cherries
70 Years in the making70 Years in the making
Cecil Cecil
StushnoffStushnoff
• Hort Dept. Head,
physiology of cold
hardiness
• 1983 Obtained germplasm
from Ontario, Minnesota, to
cross with Uof Sk and
Kerr’s Mongolian cherries
• Left in 1989
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‘‘NewNew’’ Prairie Sour CherriesPrairie Sour Cherries
70 Years in the making70 Years in the making
Rick Rick
SawatzkySawatzky
• Head Technician Fruit
Program, 1971-present
• Continued making crosses
after Dr. Stushnoff left
• Emphasis on fruit size and
quality
• Also breeding apples,
pears, hazelnuts
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1971 1971 -- presentpresent
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‘‘NewNew’’ Prairie Sour CherriesPrairie Sour Cherries
70 Years in the making70 Years in the making
Bob BorsBob Bors
• Started in 1999
• Head of Fruit Program
• Arrived as the second
‘family’ of dwarf sour
cherries was beginning to
bear fruit
• Emphasized cherry
breeding
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Les KerrLes Kerr
1940 1940 --
1982 1982
‘‘NewNew’’ Prairie Sour CherriesPrairie Sour Cherries
70 Years in the making70 Years in the making
19681968--
19821982
Stewart NelsonStewart Nelson
Cecil Cecil
StushnoffStushnoff
19831983--19891989
BobBobRickRick
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Outline of talk� Introduction
�Breeding Program� History
�Our goals & methods� Our Varieties
� Training
� Harvester types
� Establishment & Pruning
� Growth and Production
� Conclusion
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Breeding material for improved fruit quality
Centre of
Diversity
Cold Hardy
Mongolian
Cherries
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The genetic base of
current varieties (1990’s Breeding)
� Thousands of ‘Improved Mongolian’ cherries
seedlings distributed
� Only best 2 mongolians used in breeding
� Pure Sour Cherry Cultivars:
� North Star
� Cicanski Rubin
� Planteskole og Frohandel
� Kelleris 14
� Note: others used but progeny not selected
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Half
Mongolian
3 types of sour 3 types of sour
cherries on the cherries on the
prairieprairie1/4th Mongolian
(U of S hybrids)
Pure Sour Cherries
Hardy
Frequent Dieback
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Commercialization
• Mechanical
harvesting
• Tissue culture
• Grower manual
• Extension
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Selection for
Mechanical
harvesting &
processing
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Initial Selection
For Upright harvesters
�Low Suckering
�Upright Growth
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The genetic base of
Future varieties (2000’s Breeding)
� 3000 ‘Improved Mongolian’ seedlings evaluated,
~seeds grown from best 25
� Obtained 10 more Sour Cherry Cultivars
� U of Guelph
� Cross with Mongolian pollen
� Intercross the above hybrids
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X
XX
Parents: Quite
different
1st Generation
‘uniform average’
2nd Generation
Recombination
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2nd Generation
Recombination
Sour
Susceptible
Short
tall
Bitter
Sweet
Suckers
Large Fruit
Upright
Small fruit
Resistant
Not
adapted
Cold
HardyWeeping
Firm
SoftBright
Dark
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Current Selection
For Sideways harvesters
�Multiple trunks
�Suckering OK
�Spreading growth
�Small diameter, flexible
branches
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Current Selection
For Sideways harvesters
�Why?
�Harvester of choice for
Saskatoon and Haskap Growers
�Less Fruit Damage
�Less Pruning required
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JuneJune JulyJuly AugustAugust
Haskap
(Blue Honeysuckles) Saskatoons Sour Cherries
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Trung Li’s Thesis
Quality at harvest time
4 varieties
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Cherry Quality Thesis
Trung Le� CJ and most of
Romance series
� Timed harvest of
cherries
� Every 3 or 4 day
harvested for 8 times
� Measured Sugar, pH,
total acidity, colour,
sugar, fruit size,pit size.
� When is the optimum
time to harvest?
Fruit Size
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Outline of talk� Introduction
�Breeding Program� History
�Our goals & methods
�Our Varieties� Training
� Harvester types
� Establishment & Pruning
�Conclusion
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How do Saskatchewan
Cherries differ from
Montmorency?� Genetically Dwarf, on their own roots
� 8 ft tall or so
� Most are dark
� Sweeter (Saskatchewan environment?)
� Normal Year: 16-21 Brixs
� Cold Year: 15-17 Brixs
� Survives in Hardiness Zone 2
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Dark Cherries selected in
breeding
�Focus on less
traditional markets
�Darker juice
�Higher anthocyanins
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CarmineCarmine
JewelJewel
EvansEvans
CranberryCranberry(all 4 cups are (all 4 cups are
full strength for full strength for
comparison)comparison)
undiluted 50% 25% 5%undiluted 50% 25% 5%
Juice extracted by freeze/thawJuice extracted by freeze/thaw
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Our Varieties� 1999 Carmine Jewel
� Most widely planted
� Currently is in production
� 2003
� 5 numbered selections released for testing
� Later became the Romance series:
� Romeo, Juliet, Cupid, Valentine, Crimson Passion
� Canadian nurseries can’t ship to USA
� Against their contracts
� Don’t have virus-free certified material
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Differences between our
cherry varieties
�Cold hardiness
�Flavour
�Tree size
�Fruit and juice colour
�Time of ripening
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Carmine
Jewel
Romeo Juliet
ValentineCrimson
Passion
Cupid
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CherriesSpring 2009 Observationsat U of SK
� No Winter Damage:
� Cupid
� St. Valentine
� Juliet
� Slight Damage:
� Carmine Jewel
� ~25% injury
� Romeo & Crimson Passion
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Cherry Bloom, June 1, 2009
Juliet
CupidValentine
Carmine
Jewel
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Cherry Bloom, June 1, 2009
Romeo
Crimson
Passion
Crimson
Passion
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Cherry Bloom, June 11, 2009
Cupid
Cupid
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Plant Breeders Rights for
‘Juliet’ and ‘Valentine’
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Juliet Cherries 2009+No Winter damage
+Best Flavour
+Tart enough for pies
+Good Size
+Productive
+1st to go dormant in fall
+Good Mech Harvest
- 1st bloomer
- (we didn’t lose any)
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Carmine Jewel + Darkest Cherry
+ Earliest to ripen
+ Good Flavour
+ Productive
+ Good Mech Harvest
- Slight winter damage
- Uneven bloom and
ripening this year
- Smallest fruit size
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Valentine
+sweeter than previous
evals
+/- average bloom time
+/- only bright red
- Some damage from
mech harvester
(bushes too vigourous,
will need more pruning)
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Cupid+ Darkest Cherry
+ last to bloom
+ Good Flavour
+ Productive
+ Good Mech Harvest
+ No winter damage
+/- Fruit so large ½ of fruit
wouldn’t fit in pitting
machine holes
(specialized use?)
- Needs extra year to
come into production?
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Romeo + Excellent flavour
+ No mech harvester
damage
+ production a year
earlier than other
varities
+/- average bloom time
+/- medium red
- 25% winter damage
(overproducer?)
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Crimson Passion + Excellent flavour
+ Best firm cherry
- 25% winter damage
- low vigour & slow to
root:
- Smaller plants>Poor
establishment
- Lower yields
? Might be best for
gardeners
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Juliet & Valentine
Plant Breeders Rights
Completed in 2009
� 25 page forms
comparing many
botanical differences
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Worst pests in SK
� Deer: Major
� Cherry Fruit Fly: Minor
� Bacterial Canker (?): Minor
� Bacterial Leaf Spot:
extremely rare in fall
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Outline of talk� Introduction
� Breeding Program
� History
� Our goals & methods
� Our Varieties
�Training
�Harvester types � Establishment & Pruning
� Growth and Production
� Conclusion
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Type of harvester you will
use should impact your
planting and training
plans
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Upright harvesters
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Choosing an Orchard
tractor� Small enough to fit between rows for
cultivation
�Will you be pulling a harvesting machine?
� 30+ hp
� Hydrostatic Drive
� Harvest machines often pulled at very slow
speeds
� Not designed for high yield!
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Outline of talk� Introduction
� Breeding Program
� History
� Our goals & methods
� Our Varieties
�Training� Harvester types
�Establishment & Pruning�Growth and production
� Conclusion
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Dwarf Sour Cherries grown on own roots
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Planting Density�Within Rows: 5 to 6 ft
�Between Row: 13 to 16 ft
�~800 bushes per acre
�Exception: Crimson Passion
�Within Rows: 3 to 4 ft
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}
Typical planting stock:
1 year old plugs from
tissue culture
Side shoots form here
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Shallower Planting for
Upright Harvesters
� Reduced suckering
� But eventually will sucker
from roots
� More likely to heave during 1st
winter if fall planted
� Single trunk more vulnerable
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Deep Plantingfor sideways harvesters
� Increased suckering
� May need thinning
� Less likely to heave
during 1st winter
� Multiple trunks less
vulnerable
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� If plug plants too small
plant in trench and fill in
when taller
� 1st spring after planting:
prune back to a few buds to
encourage multiple stems
Deep Plantingfor sideways harvesters
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Sideways Planting
� Taller plants
� Multistem but in a line
� May establish roots
faster
� Good on a drought year
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Establishment : 2 bad
ideas? �Grass roots will compete
with bushes
� Plant grass when bushes are
full size
� Could work if site is overly
fertile and gets enough water
� Plastic can lead to shallow
root systems
� Sideways harvesters have
pulled plants out
� Upright harvesters are more
gentle on the bushes
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Establishment � Common to have partial
dieback 1st spring after
establishment especially
if summer or fall planted
� Greenhouse plants out
of sync with season?
� Too much water and
nutrients causing late
growth?
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Pruning�Tree form or narrow base bushes for
upright harvesters
� similar to other tree fruits
�Bush form for sideways harvesters
� Renewable shrub
� similar to blueberries or saskatoons
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Pruning�Most bearing occurs on 1 year old
wood
�Some varieties have spurs
�production on 2 or 3 year old wood
�Late winter / early spring
�never late summer or fall
�Remove 25% or less
� too much reduces yield
� tree has reduced hardiness if grows
too fast
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Pruning Bush Cherries�Minimal pruning during
establishment years
�Start pruning
�After bushes come into full
production
�Too tall or wide or too crowded
�Machinery is damaging thicker trunks
�Thin: Remove branches at base
�Open Center
�Allow new shoots to renew bush
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Suckering of Dwarf Sour
Cherries (on their own roots)
� North-South rows have less suckers than East-
West Rows
� More shade mid day
� Usually originate from roots 2 ft down
� Cultivation doesn’t cause more
� Not worth effort to propagate that way
� Useful for rejuvenating orchard and filling in rows
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Outline of talk� Introduction
� Breeding Program
� History
� Our goals & methods
� Our Varieties
�Training� Harvester types
� Establishment & Pruning
�Growth and Production
� Conclusion
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0 1 2 3 4
Cherry tree growth over 4 years
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August 2004
August 2005
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Carmine Jewel Yields
on better farms
�3rd Year 2-4 lbs
�4th year: 20 – 30 lbs
�5th & 6th years: 25 to 50 lbs
�Fluctuating yields?
�20 to 40?
�Winter damage possible after several bumper crops? But mainly on old branches
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Carmine Jewel, 4 yrs old
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Photo by Bob Mason
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Photo by Bob Mason
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Photo by Bob Mason
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Photo by Bob Mason
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Outline of talk� Introduction
� Breeding Program
� History
� Our goals & methods
� Our Varieties
� Training
� Harvester types
� Establishment & Pruning
� Growth and Production
�Conclusion
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Our Varieties in the USA
& Gardens Alive Inc.
� 2007
� Gave grant for fruit research to U of Sask.
� Funding for virus-free cleanup and certification
� Selected plants at U of SK for testing in USA
� 2009
� Received 5 virus-free certified selections for propagation (only some of Romance Series)
� Exclusive distribution rights
� 2010
� Providing plants to MSU and other locations for trials
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Will Saskatchewan Cherries do well in Michigan?
�Bred in a colder, drier climate &
shorter growing season
�Taller?
�Earlier harvest?
�Higher Sugar content?
�Earlier bloom?
�More disease?
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Evans Sour cherry
�Discovered in Canada but not from a breeding program
�A seedling of Meteor?
�Montmorency was a parent of meteor� Hardiness depends on grower & location
� poor in zone 2
� fair to poor zone 3,
� good zone 4
� bright red: pie cherry
� yellow flesh oxidizes quickly
� large tree (by our standards)
� large long pits
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9
12
15
18
21
24
27 Jul 31 Jul 4 Aug 8 Aug 12 Aug 16 Aug 20 Aug 24 Aug
Soluble solids (Brix)
Date
Soluble solids of five cherry selections in 2000
Crimson
Passion
Juliet
7-32-5.4
Carmine
Jewel
Evans
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Ease of harvesting five cherry
selections in 2000
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
27 Jul 31 Jul 4 Aug 8 Aug 12
Aug
16
Aug
20
Aug
24
AugDate
Fruit retention force
/ g
7-21-16.3
7-21-31.0
7-32-5.4
SK C.J.
Evans
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Gardens Alive
www.fruit.usask.ca
www.cherryproducers.com
U. of Sask. Fruit Program:
Cherry Grower Group: