DQPDU - themimu.info...seedling transplanting methods, pest management and low-cost water management...

Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood

DRR Good Practices in Myanmar

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) – Myanmar is pleasedto present a compilation of "Good Practices on Disaster Risk Reductionin Myanmar". This publication has been developed under“Strengthening Disaster Risk Reduction Practice in Myanmar throughResearch and Enhanced Inter-agency Coordination Project'' supportedby the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil ProtectionDepartment through its Disaster Preparedness Programme (DIPECHO)of the Seventh DIPECHO Action Plan for South East Asia. The casestudies presented in this publication encapsulates the innovative workconducted by a number of agencies, UN, international and national forintegrating disaster risk reduction perspectives into developmentprogrammes.

UNDP Myanmar would like to express its gratitude to the variousagencies who contributed their time in the guidance, development andsubmission of the case studies; a special thanks to the Disaster RiskReduction Working Group members for their support in reviewing casestudies and most importantly to the communities and field staff, whogave their time and shared their stories; without them these casestudies could not have been completed.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

aus;Zl;wifvTm

ukvor*¾zGHUNzKd;rItpDtpOf (,ltifef'DyD) jrefrmtaejzifh jrefrmEkdifiH

twGif; ]]ab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;}}ukd pkpnf;wifjycGifh

&onfhtwGufESpfaxmif;tm;&jzpfrdygonf/þpmapmifukd ]]Oa&myaumfr&Sif

vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;rItultnDqkdif&mtzGJU½kH;}}? ab;tEÅ&m,fBudKwif

jyifqifa&;tpDtpOf\ ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'otwGuf owårajrmufvkyfief;

pDrHudef;\yHhykd;axmufyHhrIjzifhaqmif&Gufaom ]]okawoeESifh tzGJUtpnf;

tcsif;csif;n§dEIdif;aqmif&GufrIjzifhjrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;ab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;

tavhtusifhrsm;tm;aumif;apa&;pDrHudef;}}rS jyKpkjcif;jzpfygonf/þpmapmif

wGifwifjyxm;aomtaMumif;t&mrsm;onfab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;ukdzGHUNzKd;rI

tpDtpOfrsm;wGifyg0ifvma&;twGuf ukvor*¾? jynfwGif;ESifhEkdifiHwum

tzGJUtpnf;rsm;uaqmif&Gufaom qef;opfaomvkyfaqmifrIrsm;ukdazmfjy

xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/

tzGJUtpnf;toD;oD;rS þpmapmifjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf vrf;ñTef

ay;jcif;? pmrIrsm;a&;om;jyKpkay;ykdYjcif;wkdYtwGuf ,ltifef'DyD rS aus;Zl;

Oyum&wif&SdygaMumif; azmfjyvkdygonf/ ab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;vkyfief;

tzGJU\tzGJU0ifrsm;ukdvnf;pmrlrsm;zwf½IokH;oyf&mwGifulnDyHhykd;ay;cJhjcif;

twGuftxl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/&yf&Gmjynfolrsm;ESifh aus;&Gmrsm;wGifvkyfief;

aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS0efxrf;rsm;ukdvnf; þpmapmif

jzpfajrmufa&;twGuftcsdefay;vsuf ¤if;wkdY\tawGUtBuKHrsm;ukda0rQcJhonfh

twGufvnf; aus;Zl;wif&SdygaMumif;azmfjyvkdygonf/ tqkdyg tzGJUtpnf;

rsm;ESifh yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\yHhykd;ulnDrIrygbJvsuf þpmapmif ay:xGufEkdifrnf

r[kwfygaMumif; aus;Zl;wifpGmjzifh azmfjytyfygonf/

INTRODUCTION

1The European Commission Humanitarian Aid Department’s Disaster PreparednessProgramme (DIPECHO)

This compilation of Good Practices is an initiative aiming to explore and

document programs which mainstream disaster risk reduction in various

development sectors. The production of this document is supported by

the VIIth DIPECHO1 Action Plan for South-East Asia, and is a part of a seriesof publications being produced by other DIPECHO implementing partners,which include – Malteser International, ActionAid Myanmar and UNDPMyanmar.

Livelihoods in rural areas are intrinsically linked to the surrounding naturalenvironment. Natural disasters often have the worst impact on thelivelihoods of poor communities, causing further poverty andmarginalisation. Communities lose their assets and means of productionwhich further exacerbates other problems such as malnutrition, and foodinsecurity, keeping them bound in a cycle of poverty. Thus, ensuring thatDRR strategies are incorporated in livelihood interventions is essential toprevent losses and damages to communities.

The case studies documented in this publication capture disaster riskreduction initiatives which have been integrated into various livelihoodpractices such as agriculture, fisheries, livestock, etc. This sectionshowcases initiatives where local and international NGOs have workedwith communities, local government officials and other stakeholders indeveloping strategies to reduce the risks and vulnerability of communities.The case studies also reflect the importance of engaging policy makers inaddressing disaster related risks. The case studies additionally identifychallenges encountered the implementation of DRR initiatives and whatneeds to be considered when replicating these initiatives.

This document aims at providing insights and examples to agenciesconcerned with livelihoods on good disaster risk reduction practices andto help identify opportunities where the both can be integrated enablingcommunities to be better prepared and resilient to natural hazards.

þtavhtusifhaumif;rsm;pkpnf;wifjyrIpmapmifonf zGHYNzKd;a&;

u@toD;oD;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;udkaygif;pyfxnfhoGif;aqmif&Guf

onfh vkyfief;rsm;tm; avhvmjcif;twGuf ueOD;ajcvSrf;wpf&yfjzpfyg

onf/ þvkyfief;pOftwGuf Oa&myaumfr&Sifvlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;rI

tultnDqdkif&mtzGJY½Hk;? ab;tEÅ&m,f BudKwifjyifqifa&;tpDtpOf

(ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'otwGuf DIPECHO \ owÅrajrmuf vkyfief;

pDrHudef;)\yHhydk;rIjzifhaqmif&Gufygonf/ þpmapmifonf DIPECHO pDrHudef;

taumiftxnfazmfrI rdwfzuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzpfaom Malteser Inter-

national ? ActionAid (jrefrm)ESifh UNDP (jrefrm)wdkYrS jyKpkxkwfa0aom

ab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;qdkif&mtavhtusifhaumif;rsm;pkpnf;wifjyrIrsm;

teuf wpfcktygt0if jzpfygonf/

aus;vufa'orsm;&SdtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;rSm ¤if;wdkY\

obm0ywf0ef;usifESifh wpfom;wnf; qufpyfaeygonf/ obm0ab;

tEÅ&m,frsm;onftoufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;udktqdk;&Gm;qkH;zsufqD;

wwfNyD; &yf&Gmjynfolrsm;tm; qif;&JrGJawrIESifh ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;aom tajctae

rsm;odkY wGef;ydkYay;ygonf/ xdkYtjyif &if;jrpfrsm;? ukefxkwfvkyfrI pGrf;tm;pk

rsm;udk vufvGwfqHk;½IH;&ojzifh t[m&csKdUwJhrI? pm;eyf&du©m rvHkavmufrI

ponfhjyóemrsm;ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;vmcJh&NyD;qif;&JrGJawrIEGHtwGif;rSvGwfajrmuf

Ekdifjcif;r&SdMuawmhay/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; &yf&Gmvlxk\ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;

vkyfief;qdkif&mpGrf;tm;&if;jrpfrsm; ysufpD;qkH;½IH;rIrS umuG,fEkdifa&;twGuf

toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGif ab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;enf;AsL[m

rsm;udk xnfhoGif;azmfaqmifoGm;&efta&;MuD;ygonf/

þpmapmifwGif pdkufysKd;a&;? ig;vkyfief;? arG;jrLa&;ponfh toufarG;

0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;ü ab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;udk aygif;pyfazmfaqmifyHkudk

ed'gef;

vkyfief;pDrHudef;rsm;\tawGUtBuKHESifhxif[yfazmfjyxm;ygonf/ toufarG;

0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;qHk;½IH;Ekdifajc&Sdaom&yf&Gmjynfolrsm;twGufab;

tEÅ&m,faMumifhqkH;½IH;EkdifajcavQmhcsa&;enf;AsL[mrsm;a&;qGJ&mwGifjynfwGif;

jynfyrSvlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;taejzifh &yf&Gmvlxk? a'ocHtpdk;&tzGJY

tpnf;rsm;? tjcm;oufqdkifolrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufykHudk þpmapmifwGif

azmfjyxm;ygonf/ ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;eSifhqufpyfaeonfh qkH;½IH;Ekdifajcrsm;udk

&ifqdkifajz&Sif;&mwGif rl0g'csrSwfolrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI\ ta&;yg

ykHudkvnf; wifjyxm;ygonf/ xdkYtjyif þtavhtusifhrsm;udk yHkpH,l

aqmif&Gufvdkolrsm;twGuf vufawGUvkyfief;aqmif&Guf&mwGif BuHKawGU&

EkdifonfhtcuftcJrsm;udkygBudKwifpOf;pm;Ekdifa&;twGuf xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;

ygonf/

toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;e,fy,fwGif vkyfudkifaeolrsm;omru

ab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;aqmif&GufaeaomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;taejzifh u@

eSpfckudk aygif;pyfvkyfudkifjcif;jzifh aemifwGifBuHKawGUEkdifonfh ab;tEÅ&m,f

rsm;twGuf &yf&Gmjynfolrsm;rS rnfodkYjyifqifoGm;rnf? rnfodkY BuHhBuHhcH

&ifqdkifoGm;rnf paomtawG;tjrifrsm;? pHerlemrsm;udkvnf; þpmapmifudk

zwf&Ijcif;jzifh &&SdMurnf[k arQmfvifhrdygaMumif; . . . /

DRR Good Practices in Myanmar10

jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;jre frmE d ki fi HtwGi f ;ab;tEÅ&m,favQm hc sa&;tavhtxaumif;rsm;10

Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Livelihood 11

toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufjcif; 11

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is the mainstay of theMyanmar economy contributing tonearly 45% of the Gross DomesticProduct in 2007 with paddy beingthe primary crop. The devastationcaused by Cyclone Nargis in 2008impacted heavily on theavailability of food stocks, as wellas seeds and tools for the June-

July (main) planting season.Overall, it was reported that only25% of villages in the affectedareas had enough seeds. TheTownships of Labutta, Bogale,Pyapon, Dedaye, Kyaiklat wereamong the worst affected and didnot have enough seeds for theupcoming season.

Mercy Corps Approach to Food Security: the confluence of these four

pillars will result in more food security for households and community.



Since 2008, Mercy Corps hasworked in Myanmar to support therecovery of disaster-affectedcommunities with the objective ofbuilding resilient communitieswith increased economicopportunities and protection fromhazards, improved public healthand strengthened civil societynetworks. Through theirengagement with communities,Mercy Corps learnt that farmers

lost their agricultural seeds dueto their traditional practice ofstoring seeds in their house in anunsecured manner. When thecyclone struck, along with thehouse, the seeds were also lostor damaged.

Working directly or through localpartners, Mercy Corps has tried toensure that communities return totheir livelihood in a more resilient,prepared and productive manner.

THE INITIATIVE

Mercy Corps focused on ensuringthat farmers gained the know-howand skills for protecting seedsfrom future disasters. In order toachieve this, they facilitated theformation of a "Farmer ProducerEnterprise (FPE)" – a communityorganization to protect livelihoodsas well as link up with markets andother stakeholders such as privatecompanies and governmentdepartments. The FPE consistedprimarily of small land holdingfarmers who were the mostvulnerable to natural hazards. Toobtain membership to the group,a farmer needed to providerecommendations from three tofive peers. Each FPE consisted of20 to a maximum of 130 members

which sometimes coveredadjacent villages. To manage thisgroup effectively, a corecommittee was formed where 40%members were women.

To protect seeds from futurenatural hazards and ensure foodsecurity, the FPE established "RiceSeed Banks" as a common storagespace for members. A locationthat was safe from floods or strongwinds was identified by membersfor constructing this storagespace. Mercy Corps provided thecommunity with technical andfinancial support whichincorporated disaster riskreduction measures whilemembers provided labor for itsconstruction. To manage the rice



seed bankeffectively, the corecommittee wastrained onmanagement skills,savings and loansystem, and bookkeeping. Memberswere taught how tosecure seedstightly in plasticbags to protectthem from intrusionof water andmoisture. Thesaving and loansystem comprisedseeds loans takenby members. Theloan was repaidwith an extra bag ofseeds as interest.

levels of these households whiletaking into consideration disasterrisks. Mercy Corps providedtrainings to farmers in line withtheir farming cycle with supportfrom the Myanmar AgricultureService (MAS), under the Ministryof Agriculture and Irrigation.Topics such as land preparation,seedling transplanting methods,pest management and low-costwater management techniques,weeding, and use of organic

Rice seeds gained from theinterest were either used a bufferstock in times of emergencies orloaned out once more. In fewvillages, the rice seed bank wasalso used to generate revenue forthe group by allowing non-members to store their seeds at anominal fee.

Improving crop productivity wasalso essential for ensuring foodsecurity and raising the income



fertilizers were taught at thesetrainings.

Recognizing that weatherpatterns were becomingunpredictable and interfering withnormal farming practices, MercyCorps introduced a new variety ofrice seeds on a pilot basis. Theseseeds were introduced afterdiscussions with the communityas well as technical inputs fromthe MAS and in-house technicalexperts. These seeds werecertified by the MAS, as beingmore resistant and could be usedfor five sowing seasons. Theproduce was also expected tofetch a higher price than the

chain to ensure that the producewas sold at a good price. Millingwas a crucial step in the post-production of rice. The basicobjective of a rice milling systemwas to remove the husk andproduce an edible, white ricekernel that is sufficiently milledand free of impurities. It wasobserved that existing mills didnot have the machinery to ensuregood milling. Hence, Mercy Corpsplans to work with mills ownersto identify the improvements tomachines which would enablegood milling. Mercy Corps wouldprovide cash grants to the ownersfor upgrading or improving the

t r a d i t i o n a lvarieties thusincreasing theirincome. House-holds wereselected fromamong the FPEmembers bythemselves togrow theseseeds.

It was alsonecessary forMercy Corps towork with theentire market

machine wherethe grantamount wasthen trans-ferred to thefarmers interms of alower costcharged formilling. Over ashort term, thiswas seen as aw i n - w i nsituation forfarmers andmill owners.



GOOD PRACTICES

Before forming the "FarmerProducer Enterprise", theproject team explained itsbenefits, challenges, rolesand responsibilities to thelarger community. Thishelped the communitymembers to take aninformed decision toparticipate in the FarmerProducer Enterprise.

Staff capacities were builton agriculture, farmingprocess and climate changeprior to implementation ofthe project. This helped inbetter grounding of theproject.

The project linked variousactors in the processensuring an integratedapproach to the intervention.The farmers, rice millowners, Myanmar Agri-culture Services and PrivateSector were involved atvarious stages of theproject.

The importance of soundtechnical input cannot beundermined. Specializedstaff such as agronomist wasinvolved to provideinformation contributing tosound decisions bycommunities.

It can be seen that protectingagriculture from future naturalhazards requires a holisticapproach as various processes

and actors constitute thelivelihoods chain and no one actorcan be addressed in isolation fromthe other.

CHALLENGES

The private sector is hesitantto enter into such initiativesas it is very new for them andthey are yet to understandthe humanitarian sector andits approaches. Mercy Corpshad to gain the confidenceof the private sector through

demonstration that thecommunity-based initiativeswere sound.

It was sometimes difficult toencourage farmers in tryingout new variety of seeds asthey were unsure of its yield.



SUSTAINING THE GAINS MADE AND REPLICATION

The formation and capacitybuilding of the ‘FarmerProducer Enterprise’ is animportant strategy to ensurethat the initiatives are takenforward by this communitybased organization.

Linkages with thegovernment’s agriculturedepartment and privatesector are the key in enabling

the community to accesstechnical and marketresources in future.

This grain storage bank canbe used not only for rice butfor other grain and pulses aswell. The design is simpleenough to be adapted to anygeographical and climaticcontext in the country.



ed'gef;

jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;zGHYNzdK;rI

twGufqefpyg;udkt"duxm;pdkufysKd;

aomv,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;onf

ta&;ygqkH;u@wpfckjzpfNyD; 2007

ckESpf jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrIpkpkaygif;\

(45)&mcdkifEIef;eD;yg;&dSygonf/2008

ckESpfwGifwdkufcwfcJhonhf em*pf

rsKd;aphESihf pdkufysKd;a&;ud&d,mrsm;yg

ysufpD;qkH;½IH;apcJhonf/ a,bk,sqdk

&vQif rkefwdkif;'Pfoifha'orsm;&dS

aus;&Gmrsm;\ (25) &mcdkifEIef;twGuf

om rsKd;aphvkHavmufrI&SdaMumif; od&dS

&onf/ vyGwåm? bdkuav;? zsmykH?

a';'&JESifYusKdufvwfNrdKUe,frsm;onf

qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;\jyif;xefvS

onhfzsufqD;rIupm;eyf&du©modkavSmif

rIudkomru(t"du)pdkufysKd;&moD

jzpfonhf ZGefvESihfZlvdkifvrsm;twGuf

tqdk;0g;qHk;xdcdkufcH&onhf NrdKUe,f

rsm;jzpfNyD;aemufykdif;pdkufysdK;&moD

twGufrsdK;pyg;vkHavmufpGm r&dScJYay/



(2008)ckESpfrSpí rmpDaumhyf

onfab;oifhcHcJh&onhf&yf&Gmjynfolk

rsm;twGufpD;yGm;a&;tcGihftvrf;rsm;

wdk;wufaumif;rGefapjcif;jzifh ab;

tEÅ&m,frsm;rS MuHhBuHhcHEkdifapa&;?

ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;rStumtuG,fay;

a&;? &yf&Gmjynfolrsm;\usef;rma&;

apmifYa&SmufrIwdk;wufaumif;rGefap

a&;?t&yfzuftzGJYtpnf;rsm;csdwfquf

rIydkrdktm;aumif;apa&;ponfh&nf&G,f

csufrsm;jzifh ab;oifhcHcJh&onhf &yf&Gm

rsm;\ jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;

rsm;udkyHhydk;aqmif&GufcJYygonf/þodkY

&yf&GmvlxkESihfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;

rSwpfqifhrmpDaumhyfod&SdcJY&onfrSm

v,form;rsm;\ aetdrfrsm;wGif

oD;ESHrsKd;apYrsm;odrf;qnf;okdavSmif

ueOD;vkyfief;pOfrsm;

v,form;rsm;taejzif h

oD;ESHrsKd;aphrsm;ukd aemifBuHKawGY&rnfh

ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;rS tumtuG,f

ay;í vkHNcHKpGmodkavSmifEdkifa&;twGuf

enf;ynmESihf uRrf;usifrIrsm;&&dSap&ef

rmpDaumhyfrS tav;xm; aqmif&Guf

vsuf&dSygonf/ tqdkygvkyfief;

atmifjrifa&;twGuf ]]v,f,m

pd kufys d K;xkwfvkyfolrsm;toif;

(Farmer Producer Enterprise-

FPE) }} udk zGJYpnf;Edkif&efaqmif&GufcJYonf/ xdktzGJYonftoufarG;0rf;

ausmif;tvkyftukdifrsm;tumtuG,f

ay;a&;tjyifaps;uGufrsm;? yk*¾vdu

rIrSmvkHNcKHaumif;rGefrIr&dSonhftwGuf

oD;ESHrsKd;aphrsm;qkH;½IH;cJh&aMumif;

avhvmod&dScJh&onf/ em*pfrkefwdkif;

wdkufcwfvmonhftcg tqdkygrsdK;aph

rsm;onf a'ocHwdkY\ aetdrfrsm;ESihf

twl ysufpD;qkH;½IH;oGm;cJY&onf/

&yf&GmjynfolwkdYtaejzifh ¤if;

wdkY\ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;

rsm;,cifuxufab;tEÅ&m,f'Pf

BuHhBuHhcHEkdifapa&;? ab;tEÅ&m,f

twGuf ydkrdkjyifqifxm;Ekdifa&;? ukef

xkwfvkyfrI wkd;wufapa&;wkdYtwGuf

rmpDaumhyfrSwkduf½kdufaomfvnf;aumif;?

odkYr[kwf jynfwGif;rdwfzuftzGJU

tpnf;rsm;rSwpfqihfaomfvnf;aumif;

taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufcJh

onf/



ukrÜPDrsm;ESihf tpdk;&Xmersm;uJhodkY

qufET,fywfoufolrsm;ESihfcsdwfquf

aqmif&GufoGm;rnhf &yf&GmtzGJYtpnf;

wpfckjzpfonf/ FPE zGJYpnf;&mwGif

obm0 ab;tEÅ&m,frS xdcdkufcH&

tvG,fqHk;aomv,fuGuftenf;

tusOf;vkyfudkifonhf v,form;rsm;

udktajccHízGJYpnf;xm;onf/tqdkyg

tzGJYwGif tzGJY0iftjzpf yg0ifEdkif&ef

v,form;wpfOD;onf rdrdESihfb0wl

v,form;ig;OD;rSaxmufcH&efvdktyf

ygonf/ FPEtzGJYwdkif;udkv,form;

tzGJY0ifOD;a& (20)rS trsm;qkH; (130)

txd yg0ifzGJYpnf;xm;onf/ wpfcg

wpf&HwGif teD;ywf0ef;usifaus;&Gm

rsm;rSv,form;rsm;vnf;yg0if

avY&Sdonf/ tqdkygtzGJYtm;xda&muf

pGmpDrHcefYcGJEkdifa&;twGufA[kdaumf

rwDwpf&yfudk zGJYpnf;xm;NyD;? ,if;

aumfrwDwGif tzGJY0ifrsm;\ (40)

&mcdkifEIef;rSm trsdK;orD;rsm;jzpfonf/

v,f,moD;ESHrsKd;aphrsm;ukd

aemifwGifBuKHawGY&rnhf obm0ab;

tEÅ&m,frsm;rSvkHNcHKpGmodkavSmifxm;Ekdif

a&;ESihfpm;eyf&du©mzlvkHrI&dSapa&;

twGuf tzGJY0ifrsm;\ bkHodkavSmifa&;

ae&mwpfcktjzpf FPE onf

]qefpyg;rsdK;aphbPf(Rice Seed

Banks)} rsm;udk xlaxmifcJhonf/tqdkyg rsKd;aphodkavSmif½kH aqmufvkyf

a&;twGuf a&vTrf;rdk;rIESihf avjyif;

rkefwdkif;'PfrS vkHNcHKab;uif;onhf

ae&mwpfckudk tzGJY0ifrsm;uowfrSwf

ygonf/rmpDaumhyfrS ab;tEÅ&m,f

aMumihfqkH;½IH;EdkifajcavQmhcsa&;tpD

trHrsm;yg0ifonfhenf;ynmESih f

aiGaMu;ukdaxmufyHhay;NyD;oufqdkif

&m &yf&Gmjynfolrsm;rS taqmufttkH

aqmufvkyfa&;twGuf vkyftm;

pdkufxkwfygonf/ tqdkyg qefpyg;

rsKd;aphbPfudk xda&mufpGm pDrHcefYcGJa&;

twGuf wm0ef,laqmif&Gufrnhf

A[dkaumfrwD0ifrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJrI

qdkif&m uRrf;usifrIrsm;? pkaqmif;

rIESifh acs;,lrIpepfESihfpm&if;a&;oGif;

enf;wdkYudk avhusihfoifwef;ay;yg

onf/ tzGJY0ifrsm;udk rsKd;aphrsm; a&ESihf

a&aiGYaMumihfrysufpD;apa&;twGuf

yvwfpwpftdwfrsm;ESihf vkHvkHNcKHNcKH

xkyfydk;odrf;qnf;enf;rsm;oifMum;

ay;onf/ pkaqmif;rIESifh acs;,lrI

pepfwGiftzGJY0ifrsm;tm;rsKd;aphxkwfacs;



jcif;yg0ifonf/ xkwfacs;vdkufonhf

rsKd;aphtwGuf Nyefqyf&mwGif rsKd;aph

xkyfwpfxkyfudk twdk;tjzpf tydkay;

&onf/ twdk;&&dSonhf pyg;rsKd;aph

rsm;udk ta&;ay:tcsdefrsm;twGuf

t&efrsKd;aphrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?

xyfqifh xkwfacs;&eftwGuf vnf;

aumif;tokH;jyKygonf/aus;&GmtcsKdU

wGiftzGJY0ifr[kwfolrsm;tm;,if;wdkY

\rsKd;aphrsm;udkrsKd;aphbPfüowfrSwf

tcaMu;aiGjzihf tyfESHcGihfay;jcif;jzihf

tzGJUtwGuf 0ifaiG&&dSap&ef tokH;cs

Muygonf/

ab;tEÅ&m,faMumifh qkH;½IH;

EdkifajcukdxnhfoGif;pOf;pm;ouJhokdYyif

pm;eyf&du©mzlvkHrI&dSa&;ESihf tdrfaxmifpk

rsm;\ 0ifaiGjrihfrm;a&;twGuf oD;ESH

txGufEIef;wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;

rSmvnf; txl;ta&;ygygonf/ rmpD

aumhyfonf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;ESifh

qnfaNrmif;0efBuD;Xme? jrefrmhpdkufysKd;

a&;vkyfief;\ yhHyd k;ulnDrIjzih f



v,form;rsm;tm; ¤if;wd k Y\

v,f,mpdkufysKd;rIvkyfief;pOfrsm;ESihf

ukdufnDaomv,form;oifwef;rsm;

pDpOfay;cJhygonf/ ajrjyKjyifenf;?

ysKd;yifaygufrsm; ajymif;a&TUpdkufenf;

rsm;? ydk;rTm;a&m*g umuG,fa&;?

ukefusp&dwf oufompGmjzifh a&pDrH

cefYcGJrIenf;pepfrsm;? aygif;owfjcif;ESihf

obm0ajrMoZmtokH;jyKjcif; ponhf

taMumif;t&mrsm;udk tqdkyg

oifwef;rsm;wGifoifMum;ay;cJhonf/

rdk;av0ojzpfpOfrsm;onf

BudKwifcefYrSef;&ef rvG,fuljcif;

aBumifh ykHrSefpdkufysKd;a&;enf;vrf;rsm;

twGuft[efYtwm;rsm;jzpfay:vsuf

&dSonfudkowdjyKrdvmonhftavsmuf

rmpDaumhyftaejzihf rsKd;pyg;topf

rsm; prf;oyfpdkufysdK;&efrdwfquf

ay;cJhonf/ rmpDaumhyfonfoufqdkif

&m aus;&GmvlxkESihf aqG;aEG;onfh

tjyifv,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;ESifh qnf

aNrmif;0efBuD;Xme? jrefrmhpdkufysKd;

a&;vkyfief;rS uRrf;usifolrsm;\

enf;ynmqkdif&m yHhykd;rIrsm; &,lNyD;rS

tqdkyg rsKd;pyg;rsm;udk v,form;ESifh

rdwfqufay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ tqdkyg

rsKd;pyg;rsm;onf &moDOwkESihf ydk;

rTm;'Pfudk ydkrdkcHEdkif&nf&dSNyD; ysKd;BuJ

&moD(5)&moDtxd tokH;jyKEdkifaom

rsKd;tjzpf jrefrmhpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rS

twnfjyKcsufay;xm;onf/ xGuf&dS

vmonhf pyg;rsm;onf ykHrSefxGuf&dS

cJhonhfpyg;trsKd;tpm;rsm;xuf aps;

ydkrdk&&dSEdkifrnfjzpfonhftwGuf v,f

orm;wdkY\0ifaiGwdk;yGm;apygonf/

tqdkygpyg;rsKd;udktokH;jyK pdkufysKd;rnfh

tdrfaxmifpkrsm;udk FPE tzGJU0ifrsm;teufrS ¤if;wdkYudk,fwdkif a&G;cs,fay;cJh

Muygonf/

rmpDaumhyftaejzifh pdkufysKd;

xGuf&dSvmonhfpyg;rsm;aps;aumif;

&&SdEdkifa&;twGufaps;uGufESifhcsdwf

qufay;&efvnf;vkdtyfvmygonf/

xGuf&dSvmonhfpyg;rsm;udkBudwfcGJ

jcif;onfvnf;tvGefta&;BuD;aom

tqihfjzpfonf/ qefBudwfcGJNcif;pepf

\tajccH&nf&G,fcsufrSmtay:,H

pyg;cHGMurf;udkz,f&Sm;NyD;toihfpm;okH;

Edkifaom trIdufo½kdufuif;pifonfh

qefjzLqefaumif; &&Sda&;jzpfygonf/

avhvmrIrsm;t&vuf&dSBudwfcGJpuf

rsm;wGifqefaumif;BudwfcGJxkwfvkyf



Edkifonhfpufaumif;rsm;r&dSonfudk

awGY&onf/ odkYjzpfírmpDaumhyfonf

qefaumif;xGuf&dSap&efBudwfcGJay;

Ekdif&eftwGufpufud&d,mrsm;wkd;wuf

aumif;rGefvmapa&;twGufqefpuf

ydkif&Sifrsm;ESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef

pDpOfcJhygonf/ rmpDaumhyfonf

qefpufydkif&Sifrsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY\

BudwfcGJpufrsm;wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;

odkYr[kwf tqihfjr§ihfwifa&;twGuf

aiGaMu;rsm;axmufyHhay;ygonf/

xdkYaemufv,form;rsm;tm;BudwfcGJc

oufompGmjzihfpyg;rsm;BudwfcGJcGifh&

apjcif;jzifhtqkdygaxmufyHhaiGukd

v,form;rsm;rS wpfqifhcHpm;cGifh

&&Sd&ef pDpOfay;cJhygonf/ umvwkd

twGif;,ckuJYodkYaqmif&Gufonhf

enf;vrf;onfv,form;rsm;ESihf

BudwfcGJpufydkif&Sifrsm;twGuf ESpfOD;

ESpfzuftqifajyEdkifonhfenf;vrf;

jzpfaMumif; awGY&dS&onf/

v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;

rsm;udk obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;rS

tumtuG,fay;a&;onf trsm;ESifh

qufpyfyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&efvkdtyf

ygonf/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;

tvkyf tukdifrsm;ESifh ¤if;ESifhqufpyf

yg0if vkyfukdifaeolrsm;onf tqkdyg

jzpfpOf\tpdwftykdif;rsm;jzpfojzifh

wpfOD; wpfa,mufwnf; aqmif&Guf

ajz&Sif;ír&Ekdifyg/

tavhtusihfaumif;rsm;

• ]v,f,mpdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfol

rsm;toif;} rzGJYpnf;rDpDrHudef;

vkyfief;tzGJYonfxdktoif;

zGJYpnf;jcif;jzihf&&dSrnhftusKd;

aus;Zl;rsm;? tcuftcJrsm;?

aqmif&Guf&rnhf tcef;u@

rsm;ESihf wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk

aus;&Gmvlxktm;us,fus,f

jyefYjyefY&Sif;jycJhonf/xdkodkY&Sif;jy

onhftwGuftqdkygtoif;

tzGJY wGifyg0ifa&;? ryg0ifa&;

qkH;jzwf&mwGiftaxmuftul

jzpfapcJhonf/

• pDrHudef;taumiftxnfazmf

a&;twGufpdkufysKd;a&;?v,f,m

vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESihf&moDOwk



ajymif;vJrIwkdYESifhywfoufí

0efxrf;rsm;\ pGrf;aqmif&nf

jr§ihfwifa&;udk pDrHudef;rpwifrD

BudKwifaqmif&GufcJ honf/

xdkodkYaqmif&GufonhftwGuf

pDrHudef;vkyfief;rsm;taumif

txnfazmfa&;twGuftaxmuf

tuljzpfaponf/

• pDrHudef;vkyfief; aqmif&Guf&m

wGif aygif;pyfaqmif&GufrI&dSap

a&;twGufywfoufqufET,f

oltm;vkH;ESihfcsdwfqufxm;

onf/ v,form;rsm;? qef

pufydkif&Sifrsm;? jrefrmhpdkufysKd;a&;

vkyfief;ESihfyk*¾vdu@wkdYonf

pDrHudef;vkyfief;tqihfqihfwGif

yg0ifcJhMuonf/ jynhfpkHaumif;

rGefonhf enf;ynmqdkif&m

oGif;tm;pkrsm;onfvnf;

ta&;ygvSonf/ &yf&Gmjynfol

taejzihf rSefuefaom qkH;jzwf

csufrsm; csrSwfEkdifa&;twGuf

owif; tcsuftvufrsm; yHhykd;

ay;Ekdifonfh pdkufysdK;a&;ynm

&Sifrsm;uJhodkY ynm&yfqdkif&m

uRrf;usifolrsm;yg0ifcJhygonf/



tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; a&&SnfwnfwHha&;ESihf qifhyGm;ul;,ltokH;jyKEdkifa&;

• ]v,f,mpkdufysKd;xkwfvkyfol

rsm;toif;}zGJYpnf;a&;ESihfpGrf;

aqmif&nfjr§ihfwifa&;onf

tqdkyg&yf&GmtajcjyKtzG J Y

tpnf;rsm;uaqmif&Gufvsuf

&d SonhfueOD;vkyfief;rsm;

qufvufwd k;wufapa&;

twGuf ta&;BuD;onhfr[m

AsL[mwpf&yfjzpfonf/

• tpdk;& pdkufysKd;a&;Xmersm;ESihf

yk*¾vduu@wdkYESifh csdwfquf

aqmif&GufrIrsm;onfaemifwGif

enf;ynmESihfaps;uGuf&if;jrpf

tcuftcJrsm;

• yk*¾vduu@onfxdkodkYaom

vkyfief;rsK d;wGif0ifa&muf

vkyfudkif&efwkHYqkdif;wwfyg

onf/vlom;csif;pmemaxmuf

xm;rIqkdif&mtultnDay;a&;

u@ESihf¤if;\aqmif&GufyHk

enf;vrf;rsm;onfyk*¾vdu

u@twGuftopftqef;

Nzpfojzifh em;vnfEkdifjcif;r&Sd

ao;yg/ rmpDaumhyfonf

&yf&GmtajcjyKvkyfief;rsm;\

tm;omcsufrsm;udkazmfxkwfjy

Ekdifjcif;jzifhyk*¾vduu@\

,kHMunfrIudk&,lEdkifcJhygonf/

• v,form;r sm ;taejzi f h

¤if;wkdYukd,fwkdiftxGufEIef;

rod&ao;aom rsKd;pyg;topf

rsm;pdkufysKd;vmapa&;wkdufwGef;

&onfrSm &Hzef&HcgwGifcufcJ

wwfygonf/

rsm;ud k&yf&Gmjynfolrsm;rS

tokH;jyKEdkifa&;twGuf t"du

ta&;ygygonf/

• þ rsKd;apYbPfonf qefpyg;

twGufomrutjcm;oD;ES H

ESihfyJrsKd;pkHtwGufvnf;tokH;jyK

Edkifonf/ rsKd;aphodkavSmif½kH\

'DZkdif;ykHpHonfEdkifiHtwGif;tjcm;

a'orsm;\yx0Dqdkif&mtae

txm;ESihf&moDOwkqdkif&mtajc

taersm;ESihf vdkufavsmnDaxG

jyKjyifaqmufvkyfEdkif onhf

½kd;&Sif;onfhykHpHjzpfygonf/



INTRODUCTION

Livelihood is one of the keysectors which are severelyimpacted by natural disasters. Notonly does it destroy the presentand existing resources but alsocompromises future productivitythrough the loss of livelihoodassets (boats, nets, ploughingequipments) and intrusion ofsaline water to the fertile soil.

Cyclone Nargis in 2008 caused asimilar impact on the livelihoodsector of the Ayeyarwaddy Deltaregion. It impacted heavily on theavailability of food stocks, as wellas seeds and tools for the June-July (main) paddy plantingseason. Overall, only 25 percentof villages along the affectedareas reported having enoughseeds. It was noted that villagesin the townships of Labutta,Bogale, Pyapon, Dedaye, Kyaiklatwere among the worst affectedand did not have enough seeds forthe upcoming season. The totaldamage and losses estimated forthe agriculture sector range from570,000 million to almost 700,000million MMK.

When Cyclone Nargis hit, UNDPwas the only UN agency with field

offices in the Nargis-affecteddelta and was therefore able tomobilize resources within 24hours. UNDP teams were sent into assess the disaster, deliverrelief items and provide supportto the affected populations.

Building on its on-going IntegratedCommunity Development Project(ICDP), UNDP immediatelyengaged in the direct delivery ofrelief assistance, restoring basiccommunity infrastructure throughcash-for-work and revivinglivelihoods in cooperation withother UN agencies and NGOs.UNDP Myanmar’s long experiencewith community-baseddevelopment enabled it to swiftlyoperationalize their community-driven approach. This approachstrived to ensure that localcommunities were from the outsetempowered to identify their ownpriorities, design and implementtheir own initiatives andeffectively monitor and evaluatetheir own recovery. Importantly itestablished mechanisms andprocesses to maximizetransparency and accountabilityat the community level. Such



“bottom up” measures not onlyensured that the response effortsare appropriate and equitablytargeted, but also ensured localownership and sustainability ofrecovery results.

One of the main mandates forUNDP Myanmar was to restorepeople’s livelihood which wouldensure food availability andincome generation. It was also tobe seen that the possibleinterventions would build in adisaster reduction aspect whichcould have a lesser impact insubsequent disasters. It was also

necessary to look at the entirelivelihood chain which includedlinkages to market, storage andwarehousing, availability of creditetc which were all criticalcomponents for food security andincome generation. Along withthis, UNDP developed themechanism for community baseddisaster risk reduction through theimplementation of risk and hazardmapping, formation and trainingof Community DisasterManagement Committees andother task forces; and prioritizedmitigation works.

THE INITIATIVE

Through the support forsustainable livelihoods recoveryefforts of the poorest and mostvulnerable in Cyclone Nargisaffected Ayeyarwaddy Deltafunded by LIFT1, UNDP with thesupport of local partners, hasbeen implementing a livelihoodrecovery program in 95 villages,covering four townships of theDelta.

Information and access to marketsis critical for communities whoare vulnerable to disasters as they

need to know the places wherethey can procure raw materialsand equipments to help return totheir livelihoods at the earliest.Access to affordable credit is alsovital since informal money lenderscharge exorbitant rates of interestleaving borrowers in a permanentstate of debt which furtherexacerbates their vulnerability.UNDP was able to construct andfacilitate the setting up of tworural markets; one each in Bogaleand Labutta Townships, which are

1 Livelihoods and Food Security Trust Fund (LIFT) is a multi-donor fund for thepoorest and the most vulnerable people in Myanmar.



strategically located forsurrounding villages wherecommunity members could tradetheir produce at competitive ratesand even to the extent of reducingtheir dependency on middlemen.UNDP was also able to work withthe relevant governmentdepartments at the township levelfor the institution of the market.The infrastructure to the marketwas constructed with about 30%contribution of community. Atpresent, over 200 micro and smallscale enterprises as well as alarge number of individualhawkers are using these marketsas a regular trading place.

Villagers do not need to travel totownship centres for purchasingof food items and households’necessities thus saving a lot oftime and travel cost. The marketplace has also created secondarybusiness opportunities for thepeople in nearby villages such asoperators of boat transportationservices, traders and fishermenfrom the township markets sellingto hawkers and other marketvendors, handicraft selling, etc.

UNDP is also working with localcommunities in buildingawareness on appropriate DRRmeasures for protection oflivelihoods. Awareness raising



events on protecting livelihoodassets from disasters wereconducted where communitieswere shared information on howthey could protect their livelihoodequipments and inputs fromfloods and storms. Participatoryexercises were done wherecommunities were able to identifyand understand the appropriategovernment departments whichcould help in livelihoods supportand recovery thus empoweringthese communities with access tolocal government. VillageDisaster ManagementCommittees (VDMC), bringingrepresentatives from varioussegments of the community, wereformed in each of these targetvillages, where each committeeconsisted of 5-7 members. Thesecommittees, along with other

community members, jointlydeveloped community-baseddisaster preparedness andresponse plans throughcommunity risk assessment,resource mapping and hazardanalysis of the village wherevulnerabilities to livelihoods wasaddressed. Search and Rescue,First Aid and Early Warning taskforces have been formed undereach VDMC. These task forcemembers were trained on First Aidand Search and Rescue by trainedresource persons, out of whom 40-50% of the trained personnel arewomen. IEC materials on flood,cyclone, tsunami, earthquake andfire were distributed to thevulnerable population providingbasic understanding of Do's andDon’ts during any disaster on howthey should protect theirlivelihoods. For ensuring

nutritional supportand minimumsubsistence duringtimes of disastersalongside additionalincome revenues,homestead gardenshave been promotedwithin the morevulnerable group of



communities, especiallyhouseholds with smaller land.They have been educated on thechoice of varieties to use as persoil, temperature and nutritionalbenefits so that they couldmaximize the potential of theirland. It has been seen that thisinitiative has also been able topay off the debts.

GOOD PRACTICES

UNDP project teamsencouraged greaterparticipation of women in thevillages since the beginningof the project intervention.This is clearly illustrated inproject policies andguidelines and the followingsteps were undertaken toensure active womenparticipation; for exampleevery committee and groupformed at the communitylevel consisted of at least40% of women members, andall members of committees

and groups were encouragedto attend various trainingsand workshops.

The most significant resultachieved is that, women fromthe villages were becomingmore involved in the decisionmaking processes of thevillage and growing inconfidence, as observationshave noted that they are now,on average, more pro-actively involved incommunity meetings andactivities.

CHALLENGES

Sometimes it was difficult toget the full support ofgovernment departments atthe local level to contribute

and collaborate in projectactivities. This was due to avariety of reasons includingother priorities where



SUSTAINING THE GAINS MADE AND REPLICATION

In order to maintain thesustainability of projectinterventions, community'stechnical and managerialcapacities, such asAgricultural ExtensionWorkers (AEW) andLivelihoods ExtensionWorkers (LEW), have beenbuilt and strengthened totake the initiatives forward ontheir own.

The institution and capacityof local community-basedorganizations such as farmergroups, fishers groups,livestock groups etc. havebeen able to absorb andretain the awareness andinformation gained within thevillages thus having thepossibility of sharing it withother members of thecommunity.

government officials werebusy with.

Working with specificvulnerable communities alsodecreases the engagement

with the better offhouseholds in the communityto a level of non-inclusiveness thus notmaking it entirely inclusive.Though the project’sobjective is to improve theconditions of poor andmarginalized sections of thecommunities, the othergeneral project activitiessuch as awareness raising ondisaster preparedness needsto be expansive in nature andcover the entire communityirrespective of economiccondition.



ed'gef;

obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;

aMumifh tBuD;tus,fysufpD;qkH;½IH;cJh

&aomu@rsm;wGif toufarG;

0rf;ausmif;vkyfief; u@onfvnf;

wpfcktygt0if jzpfygonf/&&SdNyD;

jzpfaomt&if;tjrpfpGrf;tm;pkrsm;

udk omru toufarG;0rf;ausmif;

vkyfief;qdkif&mt&if;tESD;rsm;jzpf

aomavS? ig;zrf;ydkuf? v,f,m

vkyfief;okH;ud&d,mrsm;udkygqkH;½IH;&

jcif;ESifh ajrqDvTmrsm;twGif; qm;iH

a&0ifa&mufrIwdkYaMumifhtem*wf

twGuf xkwfvkyfEdkifpGrf;udkyg xdcdkuf

apwwfygonf/

2008 ckESpfwGif wdkufcwfcJY

aomem*pfqd kifuvkef;rkefwd kif;

aMumifh {&m0wD jrpf0uRef;ay:a'o

\ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;

u@rSm tvm;wlxdcd kufr Iud k

BuHKawGUcJ Y&ygonf/rkefwdkif;'Pf

aMumifh pm;eyf&du©m&&SdEdkifrIudkrsm;pGm

tcufBuHKapcJYNyD; t"duqefpyg;

pdkufysdK;&moDjzpfaom ZGef? Zlvkdifv

twGuf rsKd;pyg;rsm;ESifh v,f,mokH;

ud&d,mrsm;yg ysufpD;qkH;½I H;cJ Y&

ygonf/xkdtcsdefwGifrkefwdkif;'Pf

oifhaus;&Gmrsm;teuf25&mcdkifEIef;ü

omvQif rsKd;pyg; vkHavmufaMumif;

avYvmcsufrsm;t&od&Sd&onf/

vyGwÅm? bdkuav;? zsmykH? a';'&JESifh

usdKufvwfNrdKUe,frsm;&S daus;&Gm

rsm;rSmxdcdkufysufpD;rItrsm;qkH;j zpfNyD;

vmrnf hp d ku fy s d K ;&moDtwGuf

rsdK;pyg;tvkHtavmuf r&SdcJ hyg/

pdkufysdK;a&;u@twGuf xdcdkufqkH;½IH;

rI yrmP pkpkaygif;rSm jrefrmusyfaiG

oef;aygif; (570,000) rS (700,000)txd &Sdrnf[k cefYrSef;&onf/

,ltifef'DyDonf rkefwdkif;

wdkufcwfpOftcsdefu jrpf0uRef;ay:

a'owGife,fajr½kH;cGJ &Sdaeonfh wpfck

wnf;aomukvor*¾tzGJUtpnf;

jzpf&mvdktyfaom pGrf;tm;pkrsm;udk

24 em&DtwGif;pkpnf;EdkifcJYonf/

obm0ab;tEÅ&m,faMumifh xdcdkuf

cH&rIudkqef;ppf&ef? u,fq,fa&;

ypönf;rsm;jzefYjzL;ay;&efESifh ab;'Pf

oifh jynfolrsm;tm; ulnDaxmufyHY

Edkif&efwdkYtwGuf,ltifef'DyDtzGJU

rsm;udk apvTwfcJhygonf/



jrpf0uRef;ay:a'owGif

taumiftxnfazmfvsuf&Sdonfh

&yf&GmzGHUNzdK;rI (ICDP) udk A[kdjyKí

u,fq,fa&; taxmuftyHhrsm;

wdkuf½dkufay; tyfjcif;? aiGaMu;ESifh

vkyftm;zvS,frI tpDtpOfjzif h

&yf&GmtajccH taqmuftODrsm;

jyefvnfjyKjyif wnfaqmufjcif;?

tjcm;aom ukvor*¾ tzGJUtpnf;

rsm;? vlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh

yl;aygif;í toufarG;0rf;ausmif;

vkyfief;rsm; jyefvnf azmfxkwfjcif;wdkYudk

aqmif &GufcJYonf/ &yf&GmtajcjyK

zGHYNzdK;a&; vkyf ief;rsm;ESifhywfoufí

,ltifef 'DyDonf tawGYtBuHKrsm;pGm

&SdNyD;jzpfojzifh vsifjrefpGm taumif

txnfazmfEdkifcJYygonf/

¤if;enf;jzifh &yf&Gmjynfolrsm;

ukd,fwkdif OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;rsm;udk

azmfxkwf owfrSwfEdkifjcif;? pDrHudef;

vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; ukd,fwkdifa&;

qGJNyD; taumiftxnfazmfEdkifjcif;?

jyefvnfxlaxmifrI vkyfief;rsm;udk

vnf; ¤if;wdkYbmom xda&mufpGm

tuJjzwfqef;ppfEkdifjcif; ponfwkdY

&&Sdapygonf/ xdkYxufydkí ta&;BuD;

onfrSm &yf&GmtqifhwGif yGifhvif; jrif

omrI? wm0efcHEdkifrIwdkYudk tjrifhrm;

qkH; jzpfaprnfh enf;pepfrsm;? vkyfief;

pOfrsm;udk wnfaqmufEdkifcJYjcif;jzpfyg

onf/ ,ckuJYodkY ]atmufajcrStay:

odkY} pD;qif;onfhpepfrsm;aMumifh wkHYjyef

aqmif&GufrIvkyfief;rsm;onf &yf&Gm

ESifh udkufnDNyD; nDwlcHpm;cGifh&&SdEdkif

onfhtjyif jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;

vkyfief;rsm;\ tusdK;&v'frsm;

tay: a'ocHrsm;u rdrdwkdYukd,fydkif

tjzpf rSwf,lvsuf a&&SnfwnfwHh

apa&; xdef;odrf;Murnfjzpfygonf/

pm;eyf&du©m zlvkHrIESifh 0ifaiG

wdk;wuf&&SdrIwdkY\ tajccHjzpfaom

toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;rsm;

jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;onf

,ltifef'DyD\ t"duvkyfief;wpfck

yifjzpfonf/ tem*wf obm0

ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;ESifh &ifqdkifBuHKawGU

&mwGifvnf; xdcdkufepfemrIrsm;

avQmhcsEdkifa&;twGuf pDrHudef; vkyf

ief;rsm;wGif obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f

avQmhcsa&;tjrifjzifh aqmif&GufoGm;

aMumif;udkvnf; awGY&ygonf/

xdkYtjyif toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyf



vkyfief;pOfrsm;

em*pfrkefwdkif;'Pf cHpm;cJY

&onfh {&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:a'orS

tqif;&JqkH;ESifh ab;tEÅ&m,fus

a&mufvG,fqkH;rsm;twGuf a&&Snf

wnfwHYrnfh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;

vkyfief;rsm; jyefvnfxlaxmif

a&;twGuf LIFT \ axmufyHYrI?

a'owGif; rdwfzuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;

\ yHYydk;rIjzifh ,ltifef'DyDonf jrpf0

uRef;ay:a'o\ NrdKUe,f (4) ck&Sd

aus;&Gm (95) &GmwGif toufarG;0rf;

ausmif;vkyfief; jyefvnf xlaxmif

a&;udk vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sdygonf/

aps;uGufESifh ywfoufonfh

owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&Sda&;?

aps;uGuf&&SdEdkifa&;wdkYonf ab;

tEÅ&m,f usa&mufvG,fonfh &yf&Gm

rsm;twGuftvGefyif ta&;BuD;ay

onf/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyf

ief;rsm; aqmvsifpGm jyefvnfxl

axmifEdkifa&;twGuf ukefMurf;

ypönf;rsm;? vkyfief;okH;ud&d,mrsm;

0,f,l&&SdEdkifrnfh ae&mrsm;udk odxm;

&ef vkdtyfygonf/ aus;&GmtwGif;&Sd

aiGacs;iSm;olrsm;rSm rwefwq

twdk;EIef;rsm; &,lMuojzifh aiGacs;

ief;\ qufpyfjzpfpOf wpfckvkH;wGif

yg0ifaeonfh aps;uGufcsdwfqufrI?

ukefypönf;odkavSmifrI? aiGacs;,lEdkifrI

ponfwkdYonfvnf; pm;eyf&du©m

zlvkHa&;ESifh 0ifaiGwdk;wuf&&Sda&;

wdkYtwGuf ta&;ygonfh tpdwf

tydkif;rsm;yifjzpfonf/ ,ltifef'DyD

onf xdkvkyfief;pOfrsm;omru ab;

tEÅ&m,faMumifh qkH;½IH;EdkifajcESifh

ab;jzpfEdkifajcqdkif&m ajrykHa&;qGJjcif;?

&yf&Gmab; tEÅ&m,f pDrHcefYcGJrI

aumfrwDESifh tjcm;vkyfief;tzGJUrsm;?

zGJUpnf;jcif;? avYusifhoifwef;ay;

jcif;? ab;tEÅ&m,favsmhyg;a&;

vkyfief;rsm; OD;pm;ay; vkyfaqmifjcif;

wdkY yg0ifonfh &yf&GmtajcjyK ab;

tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;vkyfief;pepfrsm;

azmfxkwfjcif;wdkYudk aqmif&GufcJYyg

onf/



,loltzdkY ta<u;EGHtwGif;rS ½kef;

rxGufEdkif jzpfaeMu&m ab;jzpfvG,f

rI tajctaeukd ydkrdkqkd;&Gm;vmap

aomaMumifh xdkufoifhaom twdk;

EIef;jzifh aiGacs;,lEdkifrIudk odxm;&ef

tvGef ta&;BuD;ayonf/ vyGwÅmNrdKU

e,fESifh zsmykHNrKdUe,frsm;twGif;rS

tcsuftcsmusonfh aus;&GmwGif

aus;vufaps;wpfckpDudk ,ltifef'DyD

u wnfaxmifay;EdkifcJYojzifh teD;

ywf0ef;usif aus;&Gmrsm;rS &Gmol&Gm

om;rsm;tzdkY rdrdwdkY\NcHxGuf oD;ESH

rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm a&mif;0,fazmuf

um;Edkifojzifh aps;ydk&onfhtjyif

yGJpm;rsm;tay: rSDcdkae&jcif;rSvnf;

oufomvmcJYonf/ tqdkyg aus;

vufaps; azmfaqmifEdkifa&;twGuf

,ltifef'DyDonf NrdKUe,ftqifh

oufqdkif&m tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0ef&Sdol

rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifcJYonf/

aus;vufaps;ESifh ywfoufonfh

tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udkvnf;

&yf&GmrSyl;aygif;yg0ifrI (30)&mcdkifEIef;

jzifh azmfaqmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ,ck

qdkvQif tao;pm;vkyfief;&Sif (200)

cefYtjyif acgif;&GufAsyfxdk; aps;onf

tajrmuftjrm;onf tqdkyg aus;

vufaps;tm; ykHrSefa&mif;0,fazmuf

um;&m ae&mtjzpf us,fus,fjyefY

jyefY tokH;jyKaeMuNyDjzpfygonf/

&Gmom;rsm;tzdkY pm;aomufukefrsm;?

tdrfwGif;tokH;taqmif rsm;0,f,l

&eftwGuf NrdKUodkYoGm;p&mrvdkawmh

ojzifh tcsdefukefoufomonfh

tjyif c&D;p&dwfukefusrIudkvnf;

avQmhcs EdkifaeNyDjzpfonf/ avS ul;wdkY

orm;rsm;? ukefa&mif; ukef0,folrsm;?

NrKdUaps;uGuf twGuf ig;&Smay;olwHig

vkyfom;rsm;? acgif;&GufAsyfxdk; aps;

onfrsm;? tjcm;aps;rsm;rS aps;onf

rsm;? vufrIypönf;a&mif;csolrsm;

a&mif;0,faeNyDjzpfojzifh teD; ywf

0ef;usif &Gmrsm;twGuf wpfqifhcH

aps;uGufBuD; wpfckjzpfvmaeNyDjzpf

onf/

toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyf

ief;rsm;tm; tumtuG,fay;Edkif

a&;twGuf obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f

avQmhcsa&; tpDtrHrsm;ESifh ywfouf

onfh todynmA[kokw&Sdapa&;

twGuf a'ocHjynfolrsm;ESifh yl;

aygif;aqmif&GufcJYygonf/ touf



arG;0rf;ausmif; vkyf

ief;qd kif&m t&if;

tESD;rsm;udk obm0

ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;rS

tumtuG,fay;Edkif

a&;twGuf ynmay;

vkyfief;rsm; aqmif

&Gufjcif;jzifh aus;&Gm

jynfolrsm;onf rdrdwdkY

\ toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;

okH; ud&d,mrsm;? vkyfief;rsm;udk rkef

wdkif;ESifh a&BuD;rI tEÅ&m,fwdkYrS rnf

odk Y umuG,fxm;Ed kifaMumif;udk

tcsif;csif;jyefvnf a0rQay;cJ Y

Muonf/ trsm;yl;aygif;yg0ifonfh

enf;vrf;ukd usifhokH; aqmif&Gufjcif;

jzifh aus;&GmjynfolwkdY taejzifh

toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;rsm;

udk yHYydk;ay;Edkifrnfh oufqdkif&m tpdk;&

Xmersm;udkvnf; od&S dvmMuNyD;

0ifxGuf oGm;vmEkdifMuNyDjzpfonf/

aus;&GmjynfoltwGif;&S d tvTm

toD;oD;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; (5)OD;rS

(7) OD;txdyg0ifonfh obm0ab;

tEÅ&m,f pDrHcefYcGJrIqdkif&m aus;&Gm

aumfrwD (VDMC) rsm;udkvnf;

&Gmwdkif;wGif zGJUpnf;ay;EkdifcJYygonf/

tqdkyg aumfrwDrsm;onf aus;&Gm

vlxkESifh yl;aygif;í &yf&GmtwGif;

ab;tEÅ&m,faMumifh qkH;½IH;Ekdifajc

tuJjzwfcsuf? &if;jrpfjyajrykHESifh

tEÅ&m,fjzpfEd kifajcqef;ppfcsuf

rsm;aqmif&Gufum toufarG;0rf;

ausmif;vkyfief;rsm; twGuf xdckduf

vG,frIudkazmfxkwf&eftygt0if

obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f Bud Kwi f

jyifqifxm;&SdrIESifhwkHYjyefrIqdkif&m

tpDtpOfrsm;udk a&;qGJ cJhMuonf/

aumfrwDwdkif;wGifvnf; &SmazGh

u,fq,fa&;? a&S;OD;jyKpk jcif;?

Bud Kwifowday;pepf ponf h

vkyfief;tzGJUrsm;udkvnf; zGJUpnf;ay;

ygonf/ vkyfief;tzGJUrS tzGJU0ifrsm;udk



vnf; a&S;OD;jyKpkjcif;? &SmazGu,f

q,fjcif; enf;pepfwkdYukd oufqkdif

&m uRrf;usifynm&Sifrsm;rS oifwef;

rsm; ykdYcsay;cJYygonf/ oifwef;NyD;

ajrmufatmifjrifol(40)rS(50)

&mcdkifEIef;onf trsdK;orD;rsm; jzpf

Muonf/ a&BuD;jcif;? qdkifuvkef;?

qlemrD? ivsif? rD; ponfhab;

tEÅ&m,frsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh

ynmay; vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk

ab; tEÅ&m,fusa&mufEdkifolrsm;xH

jzefYjzL;ay;xm;ojzifh aqmif&ef^

a&Smif&ef tcsufrsm;udk em;vnf

oabmaygufEdkifNyD; ab;tEÅ&m,f

wpfck usa&mufvmyguvnf; rdrdwdkY

\ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;

rsm;tm; rnfod k Y

umuG,fxm;&rnf

udkvnf; odjrifvmap

onf/

tykd0ifaiG&&Sd

&efomru ab;

tE Å & m, f r s m ;u s

a&mufcsdefwGif tpm

tm[m& &&SdEkdif&efESifh

r&Sdrjzpf tedrfhqkH; vkd

tyfcsufrsm; jznfhqnf;Ek dif&ef

&yf&GmtwGif;&Sd xdckdufvG,fqkH; rdom;

pkrsm; txl;ojzifh ajrydkifqdkifrI

enf;yg;onfh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;

twGuf wpfEdkifwpfykdif O,smOfNcH

pdkufysdK;a&;aqmif&Guf&ef yHhykd;ay;EdkifcJY

onf/ ajrqDvTm trsdK;tpm;?tyl

csdefESifh tm[m&wefzkd;rsm;tay:

rlwnfí rnfodkYaom tyifrsKd; a&G;

cs,f pdkufysdK;&rnfukd oifMum;ay;cJY

&m ¤if;wkdY\ ajruGufudk taumif;

qkH; tokH;csEdkifvmonf/ þenf;jzifh

¤if;wdkYtay: wif&Sdaeonfh ta<u;

rsm;udkvnf; jyefvnf ay;qyfEdkifvm

aMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/



tavYtusifhaumif;tjzpf owfrSwfEdkif&jcif;

• ,ltifef'DyDrS

pDrHudef;tzGJU

rsm;onfaus;

&Gm twGif;rS

trsdK;orD;rsm;

ydkrdkyg0ifvmMu

ap&eftwGuf

pDrHudef; pwif

pOfuyif wdkuf

• aus;&Gmrsm;rS trsdK;orD;rsm;

onf aus;&GmESifhywfouf

onfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf

qkH;jzwfcsufcs&mwGif ydkrdk

yg0ifvmMuNyD; rdrdudk,fudk

,H k MunfrI jrif hrm;vmMu

onfrSm txl; jcm;qk H ;

&v'fwpfckyifjzpfonf/

,ckqdkvQif xdktrsKd;orD;

rsm;rSm aus;&Gmtpnf;

ta0;rsm;? vkyfief;pOfrsm;

wGif a&SUqkH;rSwuf<upGmyg

0ifvmMuonfudk avYvm

awGU&Sd&ygonf/

wGef; tm;ay;cJYonf/ trsdK;

orD;rsm; wuf<upGm yl;

aygif;yg0ifvma&;twGuf

pDrHudef;rl0g'ESifh vrf;ñTef

csufrsm;wGif &Sif;&Sif;vif;

vif;xnfhoGif;xm;ygonf/

Oyrmtm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;

onfh aumfrwDwdkif; tkyfpk

wdkif;wGif trsKd;orD; tzGJU0if

tenf;qkH;(40)&mcdkifEIef;yg0if

&efESifh aumfrwDtzGJU0ifwdkif;

u d kvnf ;oi fwe f ;r sm ; ?

tvky f½kH aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wuf

a&mufMu&ef tm;ay;

vIHYaqmfEdkifcJYonf/



&&SdvmonfhtusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; a&&SnfwnfwHYa&;ESifh qifhyGm;tokH;csEdkifa&;

• pDrHudef;vkyfief;rsm; a&&Snf

wnfwHYEdkifapa&;twGuf

&yf&Gm\ enf;ynmESifh pDrHcefY

cGJrI qdkif&m pGrf;&nfrsm; jzpf

onfY pdkufysdK;a&;wdk;csJU vkyf

om;rsm;ESif h toufarG;

vkyfief; wkd;csJUvkyfom;rsm;udk

arG; xkwfay;NyD;vQif udk,fydkif

tpGrf;tpjzifh &yfwnfEdkifMu

onftxd tm;ay;oGm;&ef

vdkygonf/

tcuftcJrsm;

• aus;&Gmtqifh pDrHudef;

vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif yg0if

jznfhqnf;ay;&ef? nd§EIdif;

aqmif&Guf&ef tpdk;&Xme

rsm;rS yHYydk;rIrsm;&&Sda&;onf

wpfcgw&H rvG,fulvSay/

enf;ynm uGm[rIE Si f h

tjcm;ta&; BuD;udpörsm;

aMumifh rtm;vyfjcif;ponfh

tcsufrsm;aMumifh jzpfEdkifyg

onf/

• xdckduftvG,fqkH; tkyfpkrsm;

u d k O D ;pm ;ay;taumi f

txnfazmf&onfhtwGuf

aus;&GmtwGif;rS pD;yGm;a&;

awmifhwif;aomtdrfaxmif

pkrsm;yg0ifrIrSmavsmhenf;

oGm;&wwfojzifh trsm;

yl;aygif; yg0if aqmif&GufrI

enf;vrf;rsK d;[k rqdkEd kif

awmhay/ pDrHudef;\ OD;

wnfcsuftaejzifh qif;&J

olrsm;? vlrItodkif;t0dkif;

twGif;rS z,fMuOfcHxm;

&olrsm;tm; jr§ifhwifay;&ef

qdkaomfjim; ab;tEÅ&m,f

Bud Kwif jyi fqifr I E Si f h

ywfoufí todynmay;

jcif;uJYodkYaomvkyfief;ukdrl

us,fjyefYpGm aqmif&Guf&

rnfhtjyif "etiftm; udk

xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif; rjyK bJ

&yf&GmwpfckvkH; vTrf;NcHKEdkif

&efvkdtyfygonf/



aus;&GmtwGif;rS &&Sdvm

onfhtodtjrifrsm;?owif;

tcsuftvufrsm;udk xdef;

odrf; vdkufemEdkifMuonfrSm

v,form;tpktzGJU? a&vkyf

om;rsm; tpktzGJU? arG;jrLa&;

vkyfief;&Sifrsm; tpktzGJU

ponfh &yf&GmtajcjyK tzGJU

tpnf;rsm;\ zGJUpnf;rIESifh

pGrf; &nfrsm;yifjzpf&m &yf&Gm

twGif;&Sd tjcm;aom tzGJU

0ifrsm;odkYvnf; jyefvnf

a0rQEdkifayrnf/



INTRODUCTION

In 2008, Cyclone Nargis, causedwidespread damage and loss tothe fishery sector both in terms ofinfrastructure as well asequipment. Sea and in-land fisherfolk were severely affected by theloss of boats, fishing gears andother fishing equipment resultingin loss of livelihoods and incomeuntil they will could recover theirassets. Daily laborers involved inthe fishing sector also lost theirjobs due to the destruction/damage of large off-shore and in-shore boats and vessels, andprocessing farms. For small scalefisher-folk, this situation onlyheightened their risk to futurenatural hazards and poverty. Theydid not have enough financialreserves to restart their

livelihoods and were forced totake loans from local moneylenders at exorbitant rates whichpushed them further into debt.They had less bargaining poweras they had to repay the loans byselling their catch at discountedprices to the money lenders thuscompounding their losses andprolonging their repaymentschedule. The small-scale fisher-folk did not have access to formalcredit, extension services, andlacked information about theinstitutional mechanisms whichcould support them in such crises,thus preventing their recoveryfrom the disaster.

Concerned about the situation ofmany small-scale fishers affected

by Cyclone Nargis,Network ActivitiesGroup (NAG), withsupport from Oxfamand MyanmarFisheries Federationinitiated a partner-ship for a project thatsupported the re-covery of vulnerablesmall scale fishingcommunities and



building resilience to futurenatural hazards.

The project sought to improve thesituation of small scale fisher-folkby organizing them in groups,building their capacities,increasing access to formal creditinstitutions, creating linkages

with the Myanmar FisheriesFederation (MFF) and otherstakeholders in the market chain.The project also aimed to identifyand develop alternative incomeopportunities based on fishproducts for the fisher-folk,especially women.

THE INITIATIVE

At the village level, the projectestablished strong socialinstitutions (Village DevelopmentCommittees - VDCs) that couldmobilize the small scale fisher-folk. The VDCs comprised villageleaders and influential personssuch as school teachers, villageelders and monks. VDCsidentified the beneficiaries,organized the Fisher Groups (FG)and were the focal points forcommunication between FGs andthe NAG project team. The FisherGroups comprised fisher folkpracticing a similar type of fishing.Simultaneously, a F ishers’Development Committees (FDC)within the Fisher Groups wasestablished comprising ofrepresentatives from each of theFGs to ensure representation of allthe fishery communities towardsVDC. Women represented about

12%-15% of the members of thesegroups.

One of the major concerns of theFisher Groups (FG) was thedifficulty and limited access theyhad over their means of production- the community fishing areas andaccess to fishing licenses. Thesefactors were the biggestchallenges for the fisher-folk interms of prohibitive costs and interms of the power relationsamong the richer fisher-folk thatcontrolled the fishing sites andlicenses.

In the aftermath of cycloneNargis, NAG observed that thefisher-folk had limited knowledgeof the regulations regarding thecommunity fishing areas, thebusiness rent process of tenderand leasable fishing areas, and towhat extent that the fishery laws



set the limitations on tender andlease fishing areas. Due to thelack of awareness in small fisher-folk, more than often thesecommunity fishing areas wereencroached upon by licensedfishing areas. As a result, smallfisher-folk had to unfairly pay forfishing in the encroached areas asthey were incorrectly informedthat they were fishing in licensedareas.

NAG met with the localDepartment of Fisheries (DoF) inPyapon Township and motivatedthem to conduct outreach

activities of the department in thetargeted villages. Through thisprocess, the DoF also came torecognize the needs of the FGs.Simultaneously, FG members weretrained on rules, regulations andtechnical support from the DoF.Fisher-folk now had a betterunderstanding of the differenttypes of fishing areas and theirown fishing rights. Subsequently,NAG facilitated a platform whichbrought together representativesfrom the Fishers’ DevelopmentCommittee, Department ofFisheries and owners of licensedfishing areas. This provided the



opportunity for small fisher-folk toclaim their rights for fishing incommunity fishing areas whichhad been encroached upon by thelicensed fisher-folk.

NAG also distributed cash grantsto beneficiaries in these projectvillages to support theirlivelihoods. The average size of agrant was USD65 per person. Themain utilization of these grantswere for the purchase of fishinggears as well as the necessity ofpaying back other debts taken athigher interest rates. An officialbank account was set up for theFishers’ Development Committeesin the Myanmar Livestock andFisheries Development Bank. Thegrants were managed in the formof ‘revolving funds’ with loansbeing provided to members forimproving their livelihoodsituation. A committee com-prising a member each from theFishers’ Group, FDC and VDC wasresponsible for managing the‘revolving fund’ process and theflow of cash from the bank tobeneficiaries.

A portion of the total grant ineach community was kept asideas an emergency fund for disasterpreparedness such as training,

building bridges, roads andjetties. Another portion of thegrant was used as membershipfee for registering the FGmembers in the MFF.

Through the organization ofFishers’ Group, the projectadvocated for membership of thesmall fisher-folk to the MFF.Through this membership, there isa sense of association andsecurity among the small fisher-folk community. They have beenable to access information onvarious issues related to fishinglaws and rehabilitation packages.MFF issued identity cards to theirmembers and using thismembership, they will be able toaccess fishing equipment such asboats and nets at no cost in theaftermath of a natural disaster.Membership with the MFF givesthe small fisher-folk leverage toraise local concerns at thetownship level and createsustainable livelihood strategies.Until September 2011, NAG wasable to register more than 650small fisher-folk through thisproject and fisher-folk are nowregistering themselves with MFF.

Capacity building and informationdissemination was done through



establishing a ‘Local ResourceCentre’ (LRC) at Pyapon Township.The LRC was also platform forcoordinating various activitiessuch as collection anddissemination of weeklyinformation on market prices forfish products, maintenance ofreference books, manuals and IECmaterials relevant to fishingactivities, and a venue fortrainings. The DoF providedtrainings on fishing rules andregulations, sustainable andresponsible fishing, and other skilltrainings such as small-scalefishing, crab, shrimp and eelfarming and fattening. The projectprovided trainings on book-

keeping and cash management.Through this initiative, it can beseen that reducing vulnerabilitiesof small fisher-folk needs a multi-dimensional approach especiallytargeting the underlying causes ofvulnerabilities not only for anensuing natural hazard event butalso in a post-disaster situationwhere risks and vulnerabilitieshave increased.

NAG has planned to organize atownship-level representationalbody of small and medium fishingfolk, which will, in the long-term,play a strategic role in assertingand defending the rights, andpromoting livelihood oppor-tunities of small and medium



fishing folks in Delta. Theorganization will also share itsexperiences and best practices to

GOOD PRACTICES

It wasnecessary towork withvarious stake-holders thatincluded smallfisher-folk, fishsellers, privatebusiness com-munity andgovernment inaddressing theissues of small

change in attitude of thesmall fisher-folk towardsdepartment officials whonow were able to see theirvalue and resourcefulness.

The revolving fund had apercentage reserved forinvesting in actions whichreduced disaster risks.Members have used thisfund for building jetties,bridges and road whichwould help them to accesssafe places in a securedmanner.

fisher groups in other regionswhere fishery sector is intensive.

fisher-folk communities.NAG also instituted plat-forms where these stake-holders could discuss andaddress issues in an openand transparent manner.

The DoF was a keystakeholder in negotiationprocess between small scalefisher-folk and license fisher-folk over fishing areas. Theywere also able to educatesmall fisher-folk on theirrights, responsibilities andduties. This created a



CHALLENGESWomen participationincreased through projectactivities such VillagesDevelopment Committeesand around the small-scaleaquaculture. However bigchallenges such astraditional roles of womencreated friction for a moremeaningful inclusiveness ofwomen in project’s activities.

Fisher-folk are interested tobe part of MFF, but themembership fees is slightlyhigh on joining and theregistration process is noteasily accessible in townshiplevel due to the lack of theMFF infrastructure andsometimes, Yangon becomesthe closest location forregistration.

Too much emphasis wasgiven to train NAG projectfacilitators on topics specificto fisheries activities, basedon the expectations that thefacilitators would replicatethis information (rules andregulations, aquaculture)among fisher-folk. Moreefficiency would have beenexpected if the projectfacilitated the training offisher-folk directly by DoF orMFF.

The use and benefits of theLocal Resource Center werelimited to users at theTownship level. Access ofsmall-scale fishers to thisfacility was weak due tovarious reasons such as lackof transportation and limitedfinancial resources.

SUSTAINING THE GAINS MADE AND REPLICATIONNAGs advocacy with theDepartment of Fisheriesmotivated them to engagewith and address theconcerns of the fisher- folk.It also established a strongrelationship between the two

stakeholders that continueseven after the conclusion ofthe project.

Membership in the MFF wasan important strategy for thesmall fisher-folk that created



a sense of solidarity with alarger network that protectstheir rights.

The community-basedorganizations such as theFishers’ Group and Fishers’Development Committeehave received adequatetraining and information toaccess and continue the

processes initiated throughthe project.

This model can be replicatedto other geographical areasbut need a thorough needssituational and stakeholderanalysis which would form thebasis of the interventionstrategy.



ed'gef;

2008 ckESpfwGif wdkufcwfcJh

onhf em*pfqdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;aMumihf

a&vkyfief;u@wGiftajccHtaqmuf

tODydkif;omruig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;yg

BuD;BuD;rm;rm; ysufpD;qkH;½IH;rIjzpfcJh

onf/ yifv,fjyifESihf jrpfacsmif;rsm;

wGifa&vkyfief;vkyfudkifaeolrsm;onf

ig;zrf;avSrsm;? ig;zrf;ydkufESihfig;zrf;

ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;ysufpD;qkH;

½IH;rIaMumihf qdk;qdk;0g;0g; xdcdkufcJh&NyD;

toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;ESihf

0ifaiGrsm; qkH;½IH;&jcif;qdkonhf&v'f

qdk;rsm;jzpfay:vsuf¤if;wdkY\ydkifqdkifrI

rsm;jyefvnfxlaxmifrItwGuf,cktxd

vkyfudkifEdkifjcif;r&dSao;ay/ urf;eD;

urf;a0;ig;zrf;avSrsm;?ig;zrf;oabFm

rsm;ESihfjyKjyifxkwfvkyfrI vkyfief;rsm;

BuD;rm;pGmxdcdkufysufpD;cJhjcif;aMumihf

a&vky fief;u@wGif0ifa&muf

vkyfud kifaeMuonhfys Hustvkyf

orm;rsm;onfvnf;tvkyftudkif

rsm;qkH;½IH;cJhMu&onf/a&vkyfom;i,f

rsm;twGufþtajctaeonf¤if;wdkY

tem*wfwGif BuKHawGY&rnfh ab;

tEÅ&m,faMumifh qHk;½IH;EdkifajcESihf

qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIrsm; ydkrdkBuD;rm;ap

cJhonf/ ¤if;wkdY\toufarG;0rf;

ausmif;vkyfief;rsm; jyefvnfpwif

Ed kif&eftydkaiGaMu;vkHavmufpGm

r&dSonhftwGuf xdktajctaeu

a'ocH aiGwdk;acs;olrsm;xHrStvGef

jrifhonhf twdk;EIef;jzihfaiGacs;,l

&onhftjzpfodkYa&muf&dSapNyD;ta<u;EGH

twGif;odkY¤if;wdkYtm;wGef;ydkYvsuf

&d Sonf/aiGacs;xm;

ojzihf tqdkygacs;aiG

rsm;udkrdrdwdkYzrf;qD;

&rdonfh ig;? ykpGefrsm;

udka&mif;csíay;qyf

&mwGif aps;aumif;&&dS

&efwif;cHEkdifpGrf;r&dSbJ

aiGwdk;acs;olrsm;odkY



wef&mwefaMu;atmufavQmhí

a&mif;&onhftwGuf¤if;wdkY\rlv

qkH;½IH;rItay:xyfqifhíqdk;0g;apNyD;

ta<u;oHo&mydkí&Snfaponf/

a&vkyfom;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY BuKHawGY

ae&onhf xdkodkYaomtusyftwnf;

rsm;udkaxmufyHhulnDay;Edkifonhf

tzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESifYvkyfief;pepfqdkif&m

owif;tcsuftvufrsm;vkHavmuf

pGmr&&dSjcif;? oufompGmacs;,lEdkif

onhfacs;aiGrsm;r&&dSjcif;? ulnDapmihf

a&SmufrIrsm; r&&dSEdkifjcif;wdkYaMumihf

¤if;wdkY\ab;tEÅ&m,frS jyefvnf

xlaxmifrIvkyfief;rsm;udkwm;qD;

ydwfyifvsuf&dSaeonf/

em*pfqdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;

'PfoifYa&vkyfom;i,frsm;\tajc

taetay:tav;xm;v su f

Network Activities Group (NAG)

onfOxfamESihfjrefrmEdkifiHig;vkyfief;

tzGJ YcsKyf (Myanmar Fisheries

Federation)wdkY\yhHydk;ulnDrIESihftwl

xdckdufcH&vG,faomwpfydkifwpfEdkif

ig;zrf;vkyfief;vkyfudkifMuonhf a&

vkyfom;xkwpf&yfvHk;\jyefvnf

xlaxmifa&;udktaxmuftul ay;

rnhfpDrHudef;vkyfief;wpfcktwGuf

rdwfzufyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrItpD

tpOfwpf&yfudkpwifvkyfaqmifNyD;

tem*wfwGifjzpfay:vmEdkifonhf

obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;udk BuHUBuHUcH

&ifqdkifEdkifpGrf;rsm;jr§ihfwifay;vsuf

&dSonf/

pDrHudef;vkyfief;rsm; taejzihf

tzGJYi,frsm;zGJYpnf;ay;jcif;? ¤if;wdkY\

pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm;udkjr§ihfwifay;jcif;?

twdk;EIef;oufompGm aiGxkwfacs;rnhf

tzG J Ytpnf;rsm;rSacs;aiGrsm;yd krd k

&&dSatmifvkyfaqmifay;jcif;? jrefrm

EdkifiHig;vkyfief;tzGJYcsKyf? ¤if;wdkYESihf

qufpyfvsuf&d Sonhfaps;uGufrS

tusdK;wlpD;yGm;zufrsm; tquf

toG,f&atmifjyKvkyfay;jcif;jzihf

a&vkyfom;i,frsm;\tajctaersm;

wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmap&efBudK;yrf;

ay;vsuf&dSonf/ xkdYtjyifig;zrf;

olrsm;?txl;ojzihf trsKd;orD;rsm;

twGuf ig;ykpGefxkwfukefrsm;tay:

tajccHonhftjcm;0ifaiG&&dSEdkifap rnhf

tcGihftvrf;rsm;azmfxkwfa&;ESihf

zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufapa&;twGufvnf;

&nfrSef;aqmif&Gufvsuf&dSonf/



ueOD;vkyfief;pOfrsm;

pDrHcsuft&aus;&Gmtqihfü

cdkifrmonhfaus;&GmzGHYjzdK;a&;aumfrwD

(Village Development Committees

- VDCs)rsm;uJYodkYaomvlrIa&;toif;tzGJYrsm;zGJYpnf;xlaxmifay;cJhNyD;

¤if;tzGJYrsm;rSwpfydkifwpfEdkifig;zrf;

olrsm;tm;aqmfMopnf;½kH;EdkifcJhonf/

VDCaumfrwDrsm;udkaus;&GmvlBuD;rsm;?

MoZmwduúr&dSolausmif;q&mrsm;?

a&SUrDaemufrDyk*d¾Kvfrsm;ESifYbkef;awmf

BuD;rsm;jzihfzGJUpnf;xm;onf/tqdkyg

VDCaumfrwDrsm;onftusKd;cHpm;cGihf

&dSolrsm;udkazmfxkwfay;cJhonf/ig;zrf;

olrsm;tzGJU(Fisher Groups-FG)rsm;

zGJUpnf;ay;cJhonf/ig;zrf;olrsm;tzGJUESihf

NAG pDrHudef;vkyfief;tzGJUtMum;quf

oG,faqmif&GufrItwGufwm0ef,l

aqmif&Gufay;cJhonfig;zrf;olrsm;

tzGJUudkig;zrf;enf;wlnDaomig;zrf;

olrsm;jzihfzGJUpnf;cJhonf/wpfcsdefwnf;

rSmyifig;zrf;olrsm;tzGJUtwGif;ig;zrf;

olrsm;zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&;aumfrwD

(Fishers’ Development Com-

mittee)wpf&yfudktqdkygtzGJUtoD;oD;rSudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzihf zGJUpnf;ay;cJhNyD;

aumfrwDwGifig;zrf;vkyfief;vkyfudkif

olrsm;tm;vkH;udk,fpm;jyKyg0ifEdkifap

&efaqmif&Gufay;cJhonf/tqdkygtzGJU

rsm;wGiftzGJU0ifrsm;\(12)&mcdkifEIef;rS

(15)&mcdkifEIef;onftrsKd;orD;tzGJU0if

rsm;jzpfonf/

ig;zrf;olrsm;tzGJY\ t"du

pdk;&drfrIrsm;teufwpfckrSm ¤if;wdkY\

ukefxkwfvkyfrIenf;vrf;jzpfonhf

bkHig;zrf;uGufrsm;ESihf ig;zrf;vdkifpif

&&dSrItwGuftcuftcJESihftuefY

towfrsm;jzpfay:aejcif;yifjzpfonf/

tqdkygtaMumif;&if;cHrsm;onfig;zrf;

olrsm;twGufxdef;csKyfuefYowf

aeaomaMumifYvnf;aumif;? ig;zrf;

uGufrsm;ESihf vdkifpifrsm;udk xdef;csKyf

xm;onhfcsrf;omMuG,f0onhfa&vkyf

ief;ydkif&Sifrsm;ESifY MoZmtmPm&SdrIESifh

qufpyfívnf;aumif;tBuD;rm;qkH;

pdefac:rIrsm;jzpfonf/

em*pfqdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;

'PfcH&jyD;aemuf ig;zrf;vkyfief;vkyf

udkifolrsm;onf bkHig;zrf;uGufqdkif&m

pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;? wif'gqGJonhf

vkyfief;rsm;ESihfig;zrf;ae&mrsm;avvH



wifjcif;? ig;zrf;uGufrsm;wif'gac:

,ljcif;ESihf avvHwifjcif;twGuf ig;

vkyfief;Oya'wGif csrSwfxm;onhf

uefYowfcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufonhf

A[kokwrsm;csKdUwJhvsuf&dSonfudk

avhvmawGY&dS&onf/ wpfydkifwpfEkdif

ig;zrf;vkyfief;vkyfudkifolrsm;wGif

tqdkyg A[kokwcsKdUwJhrIaMumifh bkH

ig;zrf;uGufrsm;onfvdkifpif&ig;zrf;

uGufrsm;tjzpfodk Ywjznf;jznf;

a&muf&dSoGm;NyD;wpfydkifwpfEkdifig;zrf;

olrsm;onfbkHig;zrf;uGufwGifig;zrf;

jcif;jzpfaomfvnf;vdkifpifjzihfzrf;

qD;&onhftuGuftwGif;0ifa&muf

zrf;qD;aeaMumif;rrSefruefowfrSwf

cH&NyD;w&m;rQwrIr&dSonhfvdkifpif

aMu;rsm;ay;aeMu&onf/

NAG tzGJYonfzsmykHNrdKUe,ftwGif;&dS ig;vkyfief;OD;pD;XmeESihf

awGUqkHNyD; pDrHudef;aus;&Gmrsm;wGif

Xmevkyfief;rsm;aqmif&GufEkdif&ef

wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf/tqdkygvkyfief;pOf

rSwpfqihfig;vkyfief;OD;pD;Xmetaejzihf

vnf;ig;zrf;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\vdktyf

csufrsm;udkoabmaygufodjrifcJhonf/

wpfcsdefwnf;wGifig;zrf;olrsm;tzGJUrS



tzGJU0ifrsm;tm; pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;

Oya'rsm;em;vnf ap&ef oifwef;

ay;jcif;? ig;vkyfief;XmerS enf;ynm

yHhydk;ulnDjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfay;cJhonf/

,ckqdkvQif ig;zrf;vkyfief;vkyfudkif

olrsm;onfrwlnDonhf ig;zrf;uGuf

trsdK;tpm;rsm;ESihf¤if;wdkY\ ig;zrf;

qD;cGihf tcGihfta&;rsm;udk ydkrdk

em;vnfvmMuNyDjzpfonf/ aemuf

ydkif;wGifNAGonf ig;zrf;olrsm;

zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;tzGJUrSudk,fpm;

vS,frsm;? ig;vkyfief;OD;pD;XmeESihf

vdkifpif&ig;zrf;uGufydkif&Sifrsm;awGYqkH

aqG;aEG;EdkifrnhftzGJYwpfzGJUjzpfajrmuf

a&;twGufaqmif&Gufay;cJhonf/

þodkYNzifha&vkyfom;i,frsm;taejzihf

vdkifpif&ig;zrf;olrsm;uusL;ausmf0if

a&mufzrf;qD;vsuf&dSonhfbkHig;zrf;

uGufrsm;wGifvGwfvyfpGmig;zrf;qD;cGihf

tcGihfta&;rsm; awmif;qdkEdkifonhf

tcGihfta&;rsm;&&dSaponf/

NAG onf tqdkygpDrHudef;

aus;&Gmrsm;rStusdK;cHpm;cGihf&dSolrsm;

tm;¤if;wdkY\toufarG;0rf;ausmif;

vkyfief;rsm;taxmuftyHhjzpfapa&;

twGufaxmufyHhaiGrsm;ay;tyfcJh

onf/ tqdkygaxmufyHhaiGysrf;rQ

yrmPrSm vlwpfOD;vSsif tar&duef

a':vm(65)a':vmjzpfonf/tqdkyg

axmufyHhaiGrsm;udkig;zrf;ydkufESihfig;zrf;

ud&d,mrsm;0,f,la&;tjyiftwkd;EIef;

BuD;rm;pGmjzihfacs;,lxm;onhfaiGrsm;

jyefvnfay;qyf&mwGifvnf; t"du

tm;NzifhtokH;jyKonf/ ig;zrf;olrsm;

zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&;aumfrwDrsm;twGuf

jrefrmharG;jrLa&;ESihfa&vkyfief;zGHUNzdK;

wdk;wufa&;bPfwGifbPfpm&if;wpfck

zGihfvSpfay;xm;onf/axmufyHhaiGrsm;

udktzGJU0ifrsm;tm;¤if;wdkY\toufarG;

0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;tajctaersm;

wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;twGufaiGyif

aiG&if;axmufyHhay;jcif;ESihftwl

]]vnfywf&HykHaiG}} ykHpHrsdK;jzihf pDrHcefYcGJ

cJhonf/ig;zrf;olrsm;tzGJU?ig;zrf;ol

rsm;zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&;aumfrwDESihf

aus;&GmzGHUNzdK;a&;aumfrwDtoD;oD;rS

tzGJY0ifwpfOD;pDjzihfzGJYpnf;xm;aom

aumfrwDwpf&yfonf ]]vnfywf&HykH

aiG}}vkyfief;pOfESihftusKd;cHpm;cGihf&dSol

rsm;bPfrSaiGxkwf,lNcif;udpörsm;udk

pDrHcefYcGJaqmif&Gufay;vsuf&dSonf/



&yf&GmtoD;oD;wGif pkpkaygif;

axmufyHhaiGrSa0pkwpfpkudk oifwef;

ay;jcif;? wHwm;rsm;? vrf;rsm;? qdyfcH

wHwm;rsm;wnfaqmufjcif;uJhodkY

aomab;tEÅ&m,fBudKwifjyifqif

rItwGufta&;ay:&Hyk HaiGtjzpf

oD;oefYowfrSwfxm;onf/tjcm;a0pk

wpfpkudkjrefrmEdkifiHig;vkyfief;tzGJUcsKyf

wGifig;zrf;olrsm;tzGJYtjzpfrSwfykH

wifjcif;twGuf tzGJY0ifaMu;tjzpf

tokH;jyKonf/

ig;zrf;olrsm;tzJGU zJGYpnf;jcif;

rSwpfqihfjrefrmEkdifiHig;vkyfief;tzGJU

csKyfwGifwpfydkifwpfEdkifig;zrf;vkyfief;

vkyfudkifolrsm;tzGJY0ifjzpfvma&;

twGuf pDrHudef;vkyfief;u axmufcH

tm;ay;cJhonf/ xdkodkYtzGJU0ifjzpfvm

jcif;jzihf toif;tzGJYqdkif&m tod&dS

vmNyD; a&vkyfom;i,frsm;twGif;

vkHNcKHpdwfcsrI&&dSvmaponf/ olwkdY

taejzihf ig;vkyfief;Oya'rsm;ESihf

jyefvnfxlaxmifrItpDtpOfrsm;

qufpyfaeonhfudpötrsKd;rsKd;ESifh

oufqdkifaomowif;rsm;&&dSEdkifpGrf;

&dSvmonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHig;vkyfief;

tzGJYcsKyfrSm ¤if;\tzGJU0ifrsm;udk

oufaocHu'frsm;xkwfay;cJhNyD;

tqdkygtzGJU0ifjzpfrIudktokH;jyKí



Photo@UNESCO

obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f'PfcH&NyD;

aemufydkif;wGifp&dwfukefus&efrvdkbJ

ig;zrf;avSrsm;?ydkufuGefrsm;uJhodkYaom

ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm; &&dSrnfjzpfonf/

jrefrmEdkifiHig;vkyfief;tzGJUcsKyfwGif

tzGJY0iftjzpfyg0ifjcif;onf wpfydkif

wpfEdkifig;zrf;vkyfief;vkyfudkifolrsm;

taeNzifhNrdKUe,ftqihfwGif ¤if;wdkY\

udpö&yfrsm;aqG;aEG;Edkif&eft&dSefjr§ihf

ay;EdkifNyD;a&&SnfwnfwHhonhftouf

arG;0rf;ausmif;rI r[mAsL[mrsm;udk

azmfxkwfay;cJhonf/ 2011 ckESpf?

pufwifbmvtxd NAG onf

þpDrHudef;rSwpfqihf wpfydkifwpfEkdif

ig;zrf;vkyfief;vkyfudkifol(650)

xufrenf;udk rSwfykHwifay;EkdifcJhNyD;

,ckqdkvQif ¤if;wdkYudk,fwdkif jrefrm

EdkifiHig;vkyfief;tzGJUcsKyfwGif rSwfykHwif

jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfvsuf&dSonf/

pGrf;aqmif&nfjr§ihfwifjcif; ESihf

owif;tcsuftvufrsm;jzefYa0ay;

jcif;wdkYudk zsmykHNrdKUe,fwGif ]]a'oEÅ&

&if;jrpfpGrf;tm;pkXme}} (Local

Resource Centre - LRC) xlaxmif

ay;jcif;rSwpfqihfaqmif&Gufay;cJh

onf/ LRC onfig;vkyfief;xGufukef

aps;EIef;owif;rsm;tywfpOfaumuf,l

NzefYa0Ncif;?ig;zrf;vkyfief;ESifhywfouf

onhf &nfñTef;pmtkyfrsm;?vufpGJ

pmapmifrsm;ESihf oifaxmufulypönf;

rsm;xdef;odrf;xm;Ncif;?oifwef;ae&m

yHYydk;ay;Ncif;ponfjzihfvkyfief;trsdK;rsdK;

twGufaygif;pyfñdSEdIif;vkyfaqmifEdkif

onhfae&mvnf;jzpfonf/ ig;vkyfief;

OD;pD;Xmeonf ig;vkyfief;pnf;rsOf;

pnf;urf;qdkif&moifwef;rsm;?a&&Snf

wnfwHhNyD;wm0ef,lrI&Sdaomig;zrf;

jcif;oifwef;? wpfydkifwpfEdkifig;zrf;

jcif;? *Pef;?ykpGefESihfig;&SOfUarG;jrLjcif;

ESihftxGufwdk;a&;uJhodkYaomuRrf;usifrI

qdkif&moifwef;rsm; zGihfvSpfydkYcsay;

cJhonf/pm&if;a&;oGif;jcif;ESihf aiGaMu;

pDrHcefYcGJrIqdkif&moifwef;rsm;udkvnf;

oifMum;ay;cJhonf/ þyPmr

vkyfief;rSwpfqihfa&vkyfom;i,frsm;

\xdcdkufcH&vG,frIrsm;avQmhcsa&;

wGif ½IaxmifhpHkrS csOf;uyfrIwpf&yf

vdktyfaMumif; odjrifEdkifygonf/

txl;ojzihf xdcdkufcH&vG,frIESifh

qHk;½IH;Edkifajcwdk;vmEdkifaom obm0

ab;tEÅ&m,fESifh ab;tEÅ&m,f

usa&mufNyD;aemufydkif;tajctaersm;



udk &nfrSef;csOf;uyfaqmif&Guf&ef

vdktyfaeonf/

NAG tzGJUonfa&vkyfom;

i,frsm;ESihftvwfpm;ig;zrf;vkyfief;

vkyfudkifolrsm;\ NrdKUe,ftqihfudk,f

pm;jyKtzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfzGJUpnf;&ef

pDpOfay;cJhonf/ a&&SnfwGif tqdkyg

tzGJUonf ¤if;wdkY\tcGihfta&;rsm;

ckcHumuG,fawmif;qdka&;ESihfjrpf0

uRef;ay:a'owGifa&vkyfom;i,frsm;

ESihftvwfpm;ig;zrf;vkyfief;vkyfudkif

olrsm;\toufarG;0rf;ausmif;tcGihf

tvrf;rsm;jr§ihfwifa&;wGifr[mAsL[m

usaomtcef;u@rSyg0ifaqmif&Guf

rnfjzpfonf/tqdkygtzGJUonf¤if;wkdY

\tawGYtMuKHrsm;ESihftaumif;qkH;

aom vufawGUvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk

ig;vkyfief;udk t"duxm;vkyfudkifae

Muonhftjcm;aoma'orsm;&dSig;zrf;

oltzGJYrsm;odkYNzefYa0ay;oGm;rnf

jzpfonf/

tavhtusihfaumif;rsm;

• a&vkyfom;i,f

rsm;? a&xGufukef

a&mif;csolrsm;?

yk*¾vdupD;yGm;

a&;vkyfief;rsm;

ESihf ¤if;wdkYESihf

oufqdkifonhf

u dp ör sm ; ud k

udkifwG,faqmif

&Gufvsuf&dSonhf

tpd k;&Xmersm;

ponfwdkYyg0if

onhf qufET,f



ywfoufoltkyfpktrsdKrsdK;wdkY

twlwuGyl;aygif;vkyfaqmif

&efvdktyfonf/ NAG tzGJYrS

vnf;tqdkygqufET,fywfouf

olrsm;taejzihf ¤if;wdkY\

jyóemrsm;udk xifomjrifom

&dSonhf enf;vrf;rsm;jzihf yGihfyGihf

vif;vif;aqG;aEG;EdkifrnhftcGifY

tvrf; tpDtrHrsm; zGJUpnf;ay;

cJhonf/

• ig;vkyfief;OD;pD;Xmeonf a&vkyf

om;i,frsm;ESihfvdkifpif&ig;zrf;

olrsm;Mum;ig;zrf;uGufrsm;

wGifig;zrf;a&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;

aphpyfn§dEIdif;aqG;aEG;Mu&mwGif

t"duta&;ygygonf/ tqdkyg

Xmeonfa&vkyfom;i,frsm;

tm;¤if;wdk Y\&ydkifcGif Yrsm;?

wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;ud kod& d S

vmatmifynmay;rIrsm;jyKvkyf

ay;cJhonf/xdkodkYjyKvkyfay;jcif;

jzifha&vkyfom;i,frsm;\cH,l

csufoabmxm;rsm;ajymif;vJ

apcJhNyD; XmerSwm0ef&dSolrsm;

taejzihfvnf; tqdkygig;zrf;

olrsm;\wefzdk;ESihfvkyfudkifEdkif

pGrf;rsm;udk odjrifcGifY&Mu

ygonf/

• vnfywf&Hyk HaiGwGif ab;

tEÅ&m,faMumihfqkH;½IH;Edkifajc

avQmhcsa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif

xnh f0i fok H ;p G Ja&;twGuf

&mcdkifEIef;wpfckudk oD;oefY

xm;&dSonf/ tzGJY0ifrsm;onf

tqdkyg&HykHaiGudkab;uif;vkHNcKH

rI&dSonhf ae&mrsm;odkY tEÅ&m,f

uif;pGmjzihfoGm;vmEdkifrnhfqdyfcH

wHwm;rsm;? wHwm;ESihfvrf;rsm;

wnfaqmuf&mwGif tokH;jyK

onf/

tcuftcJrsm;• aus;&GmzG H Y jzdK;a&;aumfrwD

rsm;ESihfwpfydkifwpfEdkifvkyfudkif

onhf a&xGufukefvkyfief;rsm;

ponhf pDrHudef;vkyfief;rsm;rS

wpfqihftrsKd;orD;rsm;yg0ifrI

onfwdk;yGm;vmcJhonf/odkY&m

wGifpDrHudef;vkyfief;rsm;wGif

trsKd;orD;rsm; ydkrdkt"dyÜm,f&dS&Sd

yg0ifvma&;twGufrlrd½dk;zvm

t&&SdaecJhonfh trsKdd;orD;rsm;



tay:tqifhowfrSwfxm;rIrsm;

utzktxpfrsm;NzpfapcJYonf/

• jrefrmEdkifiHig;vkyfief;tzGJUcsKyf

wGiftzGJ Y0ifjzpfvmjcif;jzihf

ig;zrf;olrsm;twGuftusdK;pD;yGm;

jzpfapaomfvnf; tzGJU0ifaMu;

tenf;i,fNrifhNcif;? ig;vkyfief;

tzGJYcsKyf\taqmufttHkr&Sd

oNzifYtzGJYcsKyfwGifrSwfykHwifa&;

twGufte D ;q k H ;ae&mr Sm

&efukefNrdKUjzpfjcif;aMumihftzGJUESihf

qufoG,fa&;? rSwfykHwifa&;

ESifh ywfoufítzGJY0ifjzpf&ef

ukefusrnhfaiGrSmtwefi,f

jrihfrm;vsuf&dSonf/

• ig;zrf;olrsm;Mum;wGif tqdkyg

owif;tcsuftvufrsm;

(pnf;rsO f ;pnf;urf;rsm;?

a&xGufukefxkwfvkyfjcif;)udk

qihfyGm;tokH;csEdkif&efarQmfvihf

csufay:wGif tajccHum NAG

pDr Hude f; jzpfajrmufatmif

aqmif&Gufay;olrsm;onf

ig;vkyfief;qdkif&m aqmif&Guf

csufrsm;twGuf tao;pdwf

taMumif;t&mrsm;udk oifMum;

ay;&ef txl;tm½kHpdkufcJhonf/

tu,fí pDrHudef;vkyfief;

taejzihf ig;vkyfief;OD;pD;Xme

odkYr[kwf jrefrmEdkifiHig;vkyfief;

tzGJYcsKyfwdkYrS oifwef;rsm;

wdkuf½d kufyk d Ycsay;Ekdifatmif

yhHydk;ulnDay;Edkifrnfqdkygu,ck

xufydkrdktusdK;jzpfxGef;Edkifrnf

jzpfonf/

• a'oEÅ&&if;jrpfpGrf;tm;pk

Xmersm;udk tokH;jyKrIESihf tusKd;

aus;Zl;rsm;onfNrdKUe,ftqihf

wGif tokH;jyKolrsm;twGuf

tuefYtowfrsm;&dSaeonf/

c&D;vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;csKdUwJh

rIESih faiGaMu;qdkif&mtuefY

towfaMumihftqdkygtaxmuf

tyHhrsm;udk a&vkyfom;i,frsm;

tokH;jyKrItm;enf;vsuf&d S

aeonf/



• ig;vkyfief;OD;pD;XmeESihftwl

NAG tzGJY\axmufcHrIu

ig;zrf;olrsm;\ pdk;&drfylyefrI

rsm;udkazmfxkwf&ef? ajz&Sif;

aqmif&GufEdkif&efESihfta&;udpö

rsm;wGifwuf<upGmyg0ifaqmif

&Gufay;&ef tm;ay;cJhonf/

tvm;wlyif pDrHcsufvkyfief;

rsm;NyD;qkH;oGm;onhfwdkifatmif

qufvufaqmif&GufoGm;Edkif

aprnhf tusKd;wl pD;yGm;zuf

ESpfzuftMum; cdkifrmonhf

qufqHa&;udk qufvuf

Nzpfay:aprnfNzpfonf/

• jrefrmEdkifiHig;vkyfief;tzGJYcsKyf

wGiftzGJU0iftjzpfyg0ifjcif;

onfa&vkyfom;i,frsm;twGuf

tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;a&&nfwnfwHha&;ESihf qifhyGm;tokH;csjcif;

ta&;BuD;onhf

r[mA s L[m

wpf&yfjzpfyg

onf/ xdkodkY

tzGJY0ifjzpfjcif;

tm;jzihf¤if;wdkY

\&ydkifcGihfrsm;

udkumuG,fay;

rnfhydkíBuD;rm;aomuGef&uf

rsm;ESihftcdkiftrmyl;aygif;vkyf

aqmifrIudk od&Sdvmaponf/

• ig;zrf;olrsm;tzGJUESihfig;zrf;

olrsm;zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&;aumfrwD

uJhodkYaom &yf&Gmvlxk tajcjyK

tzGJYtpnf;rsm;onf pDrHudef;rS

wpfqihfueOD;azmfxkwfay;vdkuf

onhfvkyfief;pOfrsm;qufvuf

aqmif&Gufa&;twGufvkHavmuf

onhfavhusihfoifMum;rIrsm;ESihf

owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&&dScJh

onf/

• ,ckaqmif&Gufaeonhf vkyfief;

udk tjcm;a'orsm;wGiftokH;jyK

Edkifrnfjzpfaomfvnf; taumif

txnfazmfrI r[mAsL[mqdkif&m



tajccHrsm;Nzpfay:Edkifa&;twGuf

wdusaomtajctaevdktyf

csufrsm;ESihftusKd;pD;yGm;zuf

qef;ppfavhvmrIrsm;udk pepf

wusaocsmpGm aqmif&Guf&ef

vdktyfygonf/

DQPDU - themimu.info...seedling transplanting methods, pest management and low-cost water management...

Documents

Transcript of DQPDU - themimu.info...seedling transplanting methods, pest management and low-cost water management...