DQ 'XSRQW ,VVXH -XQ SS
Transcript of DQ 'XSRQW ,VVXH -XQ SS
http://www.jstor.org/stable/25043303
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available athttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unlessyou have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and youmay use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.
Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained athttp://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=wef.
Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printedpage of such transmission.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
Water Environment Federation is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal(Water Pollution Control Federation).
http://www.jstor.org
Fate and Effects of Pollutants
41. Grant, J., "Sensitivity of Benthic Community Respiration and Pri
mary Production to Changes in Temperature and Light." Mar. BioL
(W. Ger.), 90, 299 (1986). 42. Pulich, W., Jr., and Rabalais, S., "Primary Production Potential of
Blue-Green Algal Mats on Southern Texas [USA] Tidal Flats." Southwest. Nat, 31, 39 (1986).
43. Pringle, C, et al, "In situ Nutrient Assays of Periphyton Growth in a Lowland Costa Rican Stream." Hydrobiologia, 134,207 ( 1986).
44. Lowe, R. L., et al, "Periphyton Response to Nutrient Manipulations in Streams Draining Clearcut and Forested Watersheds." J. N. Am.
Benthol Soc, 5,221(1986). 45. Noel, D. S., et al, "Effects of Forest Clearcutting in New England
[USA] on Stream Macroinvertebrates and Periphyton." Environ.
Manage, 10,661(1986). 46. Mclntire, C. D., and Amspoker, M. C, "Effects of Sediment Prop
erties on Benthic Primary Production in the Columbia River Estuary [Washington, Oregon, USA]." Aquat Bot, 24, 249 (1986).
47. Cazaubon, A., and Loudiki, M., "Microdistribution of Epilithic Algae on the Stones of a Corsican [France] Stream; the Rizzanese." Ann.
Limmnol, 22, 3(1986). 48. Lobo, E., and Buselato-Toniolli, T. C, "Exposure Time on Artificial
Substrates for Periphyton Community Settlement in the Low Part of the Cai River, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil." Rickia (Portuguese), 12,35(1985).
49. Jenkerson, C. G, and Hickman, M., "Interrelationship among the
Epipelon, Epiphyton, and Phytoplankton in a Eutrophic Lake." Int.
Revueles. Hydrobiol, 71, 577 (1986). 50. Grant, J., et al, "The Interaction between Benthic Diatom Film
and Sediment Transport." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Set, 23,
225(1986). 51. Baillie, P. W., "Oxyg?nation of Intertidal Estuarine Sediments by
Benthic Microalgal Photosynthesis." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Sei., 22, 143(1986).
52. Luttenton, M. C, and Rada, R. G, "Effects of Disturbance on Epi phytic Community Architecture." J. Phycol, 22, 230 (1986).
53. Rushforth, S. R., et al, "Algal Communities of Springs and Streams in the Mt. St. Helen's Region, Washington, U.S.A. Following the
May 1980 Eruption." / Phycol, 22, 129 (1986). 54. Robinson, C. T., and Minshall, G. W., "Effects of Disturbance Fre
quency on Stream Benthic Community Structure in Relation to
Canopy Cover and Season." / N. Am. Benthol. Soc, 5,237 (1986). 55. Cattaneo, A., and Kalff, J., "The Effect of Grazer Size Manipulation
on Periphyton Communities." Oecologia, 69, 612 (1986). 56. Howard, R. K., and Short, F. T., "Seagrass [Halodule wrightii]
Growth and Survivorship under the Influence of Epiphyte Grazers."
Aquat. Bot, 24, 287(1986). 57. Lodge, D. M., "Selective Grazing on Periphyton: A Determinant of
Freshwater Gastropod Microdistribution." Freshwater BioL, 16, 831
(1986). 58. Vaughan, C. C, "The Role of Periphyton Abundance and Quality
in the Microdistribution of a Stream Grazer, Helicopsyche borealis
(Tricoptera: Helicopsychidae)." Freshwater BioL, 16, 485 (1986). 59. Fuller, R. L., et al, "The Importance of Algae to Stream Inverte
brates." J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc, 5, 290 (1986). 60. Kamura, S., and Choonhabandit, S., "Algal Communities Within
Territories of the Damselfish Stegastes apicalis and the Effects of
Grazing by the Sea Urchin Diadema spp. in the Gulf of Thailand."
Galexia,5, 175(1986). 61. Liddell, W. D, and Ohlhorst, S. L., "Changes in Benthic Community
Composition Following the Mass Mortality of Diadema at Jamaica
[West Indies]." J. Exp. Mar. BioL Ecol. (Neth.), 95, 271 (1986). 62. Pratt, J. R., et al, "Effects of Seasonal Changes on Protozoans In
habiting Artificial Substrates in a Small Pond." Arch. Protistenkd.
(Ger.), 131,45(1986). 63. Baldock, B. M., "Peritrich Ciliates Epizoic on Larvae of Brachycen
trus subnubilus (Tricoptera): Importance in Relation to the Total Protozoan Population in Streams." Hydrobiologia, 131,125 (1986).
64. Smith, M. E., "Distribution Patterns and Seasonal Occurrence of
Rhabdostyla sp. (Peritricha: Epistylididae) on Dew nivea (Oligo chaeta: Naididae)." Am. Midi Nat, 116, 348 (1986).
65. Kyle, D. E., and Noblet, G. P., "Seasonal Distribution of Ther motolerant Free-Living Amoeba: I. Willard's Pond [South Carolina, USA]." / Protozool, 33, 422 (1986).
66. Strayer, D., and Likens, G. E., "An Energy Budget for the Zoobenthos of Mirror Lake, New Hampshire [USA]." Ecology, 67, 303 (1986).
67. Wallace, R. L., and Edmondson, W. T., "Mechanisms and Adaptive Significance of Substrate Selection by a Sessile Rotifer." Ecology, 67,314(1986).
68. Sarvala, J., "Patterns of Benthic Copepod Assemblages in an Oli
gotrophic Lake." Ann. Zool Fenn., 23, 101 (1986). 69. Lundalv, T., et al, "Long-Term Trends in Algal Dominated Rocky
Subtidal Communities on the Swedish West Coast-A Transitional
system?" Hydrobiologia, 142, 81 (1986). 70. Coull, B. C, "Long-Term Variability of Meiobenthos: Value, Syn
opsis, Hypothesis Generation and Predictive Modelling." Hydro biologia, 142, 21 \ (1986).
71. Herman, P. M. J., and Heip, C, "The Predictability of Biological Populations and Communities: An Example From the Meioben thos." Hydrobiologia, 142, 281 (1986).
Human health effects
assays Ronald C. Sims, Judith L. Sims, R. Ryan Dupont
CURRENT APPROACH Health risk assessment of individual environmental chemicals,
risks of drinking water supplies, methods for evaluating toxicity, and structure-activity relationships and response-surface meth
odology represent the focus for 1986. A report of the Steering Committee on Identification of Toxic and Potentially Toxic Chemicals for Consideration by the National Toxicology Pro gram found that, for the majority of substances they examined, data essential for human health hazard assessment were lacking.1
Milestone publications concerning human health effects aspects include works by Mortelmans et al,2 Busch et al,3 Hartman et
al,4 Rein,5 Gentile,6 Hodgson,7 and Tagashira and Omura.8
Public health aspects of hazardous waste disposal were addressed at a meeting of the Universities Associated for Research and Education in Pathology.9 Baram and Kenyon10 discussed several areas of the law that provide rights of access and duties to disclose risk with regard to chronic health and environmental hazards arising from exposure to chemical substances under "routine"
operations. The general areas of estimation of health risks and assessing
chemical hazards of environmental chemicals were addressed
by Kenaga,11 Cothern et al,12 Hoel et al,n and Ricci.14 The use
of risk assessment for making decisions for industrial chemicals already on the market was considered by Schultze and Mucke.15
Specific chemicals addressed using risk assessment included vinyl chloride,16 dioxin,17 and zinc, cadmium, and calcium.18 A special issue of The Science of the Total Environment was devoted to
June 1987 601
Fate and Effects of Pollutants
risk management in chemical safety.19 Validation methods for hazard assessment mathematical models were discussed by Burns.20
Assessment of drinking water for carcinogens and for exposure was discussed by Dixon et al.21 Ram et al.f22 and Munro and
Travis.23 The association of water contaminants with cardio
vascular disease and cancer was summarized by Craun.24 The
U. S. EPA Technical Support Document provided guidance for each step in the water quality-based toxics control process from
screening to compliance monitoring.25 Finally, chemical qualities of water that contribute to human health in a positive way were
discussed by Hopps and Feder.26 Analysis of data obtained from health effects assays were dis
cussed by Bois et al.27 for the Microtox test, and by Mitchell and Brice28 for the in vivo micronucleus test. A computer pro
gram in BASIC was designed by Abou-Setta et al.29 for deter mining probit and log-probit or logit correlation for toxicology. Clayson and Krewski30 examined three areas of difficulty with the concept of negativity in experimental carcinogenesis, in
cluding: the existence of chemicals that do not induce cancer, the melding of positive and negative assay results, and the pos
sibility of thresholds. A review of structure-activity relationships among mutagens
and carcinogens was presented by Frierson et al.31 The relation
ship between specific molecular connectivity indexes and tera
togenicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity was discussed by Murakami and Fukami for carbamate pesticides32 and for chlo
rinated benzenes.33 The application of response-surface meth
odology to detect interactions of genotoxic agents in cultured mammalian cells was used by Wilson et al.34 for statistical design and analysis of experiments involving multiple variables.
Modeling approaches to health effects assays were addressed
specifically for neurotoxicology by Veronesi35 and for environ
mentally induced cancer using the multistage model of carci
nogenesis by Gaffney and Altshuler.36 Evaluation and compar ison of the National Toxicology Program battery of short-term tests with an alternate battery for 70 noncarcinogens were de
scribed by Ennever and Rosenkranz.37 The relationship between chemically induced patterns of turimorigenesis in rodents and of in vitro genetic toxicity was evaluated for 73 substances by Tennant et al3S A comparison of m vivo mammalian assay results
with in vitro results for predicting mutagens was presented by Natarajan and Obe.39 The effect of sex differences on toxic sus
ceptibility was summarized in a book by Calabrese.40 A compar ison of routes of administration of test chemicals in in vivo animal studies (intraperitoneal and gavage), and a case for the continued
use of the intraperitoneal route of exposure were presented by Shelby.41 A comparison of singular versus synergistic modulation
of lymphocyte mitogenesis by carcinogenic xenobiotics was conducted by McCabe and Nowak.42 A continuous liquid-liquid extraction system for concentrating trace organic chemicals in
the presence of humic materials was designed and evaluated by Baker and Suffet.43
Levin and Ames44 reported the development of two additional strains of Salmonella for detecting base changes, in addition to the strains presently used to detect base pair substitution mu
tations. The strains were used for classifying mutagens as to
their specificity in causing the six possible base changes (tran sitions and transversions).
Automation of microbial mutagenicity test systems by re peated optical density measurement of liquid cultures was dem
onstrated and discussed by Gocke and Schupbach.45 Automation was considered a promising way to reduce the manual work
load of a test laboratory.
TEST SYSTEMS
Recent biological test systems developed for identification of genetic toxicity included whole organism and cell assays iden tified in Table 1. Staining techniques were developed for eval uating the induction of aneuploidy in mammalian cells,65 mech anisms of chemically induced aneuploidy were discussed,66'67 and testing approaches were reported.68 However, differential
staining of chromosomes and spindle was not useful for iden
tifying the effect of cancer promoters on primary cultures of human fibroblasts.69
Comparisons of results using in vivo and in vitro assays were reported for cytogenic assays,70 and high performance liquid chromatography was used to confirm some differences between in vitro and in vivo metabolism of the polycyclic aromatic hy
drocarbon fluoranthene.71 Statistical analyses for in vitro cyto
genic assays using CHO cells were also summarized.72 Interlab
oratory testing was used to compare enhancement of Simian
Adenovirus SA7 transformation in Syrian Hamster Embryo Cells for environmental chemicals.73"75
Test systems using multiple genetic endpoints were used to evaluate the agents aminofluorene and dimethylnitrosamine.76 The endpoints included mutations at the sodium/potassium ATPase (ouabain resistance) and HGPRT loci, SCEs in Chinese hamster V79 cells, and mutation of Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA 100. Modification of the SOS Chromotest system, including automation and optimization of the method, increased the sensitivity of the test for progenotoxicity.77
A method for preliminary screening of polycyclic mutagens within 20 minutes was introduced by Tomoda et al.7* The method uses a biomimetic electrode composed of an oxygen electrode and a copper-phthalocyanine membrane.
ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES
Results of assays of drinking waters and surface waters are presented in Table 2, while results for municipal wastewaters, industrial wastes, and other environmental samples of concern
are presented in Table 3.
SPECIFIC CHEMICALS
Information concerning assays of individual organic chemicals or classes of chemicals and individual inorganic chemicals that have been evaluated for public health impacts has been presented in Tables 4 and 5, respectively.
SPECIAL ASPECTS OF HEALTH EFFECTS ASSAYS
The preparation of water soluble fractions of crude oils for toxicity assays was addressed.216 Conditions of mammalian cell
tissue cultures, including low pH and high osmotic levels, that may cause genotoxicity were addressed at a workshop held at
the 16th Annual Meeting of the Environmental Mutagen So ciety.217 Special aspects of conducting human health effects assays that were identified and evaluated are summarized in Table 6.
602 Journal WPCF, Volume 59, Number 6
Fate and Effects of Pollutants
Table 1?Miscellaneous cell and whole organism assays used for genotoxic evaluation of environmental chemicals.
Assay Endpoint Chemical(s) Reference
E. coli K-12 SOS chromotest
Soybean test system
Drosophila melanogaster
Metallothionein protein variants in rat liver
Marine fish S9?Salmonella
preincubation
Micronucleus test using newt
peripheral blood erythrocytes
Aspergillus nidulans Strain XD83
Toadfish kidney cells
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Cell culture (human and mon
key growing cells)
Human lymphocyte SCE
Human IMR-90 fibroblasts
Salmonella typhimurium (TA 1538/TA 1978), E. coli K
12, E. coli WP2
Mouse liver tumors
Syrian hamster embryo/simian adenovirus SA7 (SHE/SA7) viral enhancement assay
Whole blood cultures (WBC) and plasma leukocyte cul tures (PLC)
Oyster toadfish and American eel peripheral lymphocyte test
Murine colonie tissue SCE
[3H]thymidine incorporation
Cell filamentation induced by DNA
damaging agents
Somatic mosaicism for detection of
genetic and/or chromosomal structural changes
Microsomal monooxygenase activity
Ethylation of nucleic acids as pro
mutagenic lesions
Mutagenicity
Cytogenetic damage, mutagenicity
Chromosome malsegregation, mi totic crossing-over, forward muta tion induction
Chromosomal aberrations and SCEs
Forward mutation, back nuclear frameshift and base-pair substitu tion mutation, nuclear intragenic and intergenic recombination, and mitochondrial forward point mutations and deletions
Aquatic toxicity
Sister chromatid exchanges
DNA-synthesis, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity
Bacterial DNA damage
Carcinogenicity
Transformation of primary SHE tar
get cells
SCE induction in human and pig cultures
SCE induction
SCE frequency
In vivo evaluation of [3H]thymidine incorporation into mouse organs
44 chemicals
EMS
2,3,7,8-TCDBF
Diethylnitrosamine
Seven genotoxic carcinogens
BaP, EMS, DES, ENNG
10 chemical carcinogens ("false negative" in bacterial
mutagenicity assays)
EMS, cyclophosphamide
Ultraviolet light
Cd, Cu, Zn
Mutagens
7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene
26 pesticides and pesticide degradation products
Mouse liver carcinogens
BaP
Ultraviolet light
Mitomycin C, EDB, dimethoate
1,2-dimethylhydrazine
1,2-dibromoethane, 1,2-di chloroethane
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
Table 2?Results of health effects assays of drinking waters and surface waters.
Type of sample Assay Comments Reference
Drinking water
Chlorinated drinking water Various mutagenicity assays
Review of drinking water and cancer mortality 79
Results of studies of mutagenic activity in chlorinated 80-86
drinking water, including identification and/or isola tion of mutagenic constituents
June 1987
(Table 2 Continued)
603
Fate and Effects of Pollutants
Table 2?(Continued)
Type of sample Assay Comments Reference
Drinking water disinfectants and disinfection by-products
Acrylamide (ACR) in drinking wa ter (flocculant used in water
treatment)
Fluoride (potential drinking water
additive)
Drinking water contaminated with
4-chloro-3-methylphenol (CMP), a cutting oil
Water from Nishitakase River,
Kyoto City, Japan
Water from Torch Lake, Michigan
Organic river sediment pollutants
Extracts of blooms of blue-green
algae
Humic acids in water
Surface waters contaminated with phenols
Reproductive toxicity in rats and hepta-cellular DNA
repair
Lipid peroxidation in liver, brain, and intestine of
rats; DNA-repair in human fibroblasts and rat hepa tocytes
Ames and subacute toxicity in rats
Ames
Ames
Activity of mixed-function oxidases in rat liver
Toxicity to rat hepatocytes and to female mice
Mutagenicity
Permeation through hairless mouse skin
Symposium on health effects
ACR produced adverse reproductive effects in rats, but was not genotoxic in isolated rat hepatocytes
Results of studies of fluoride effects on lipid peroxi dation and mutagenic potential
Drinking water in Denmark contaminated with CMP,
probably from water pipes
Six different frameshift mutagens, all requiring meta bolic activation, were present
Lake water has high levels of dissolved copper from
copper mining activities
Evaluation of metabolic enzyme induction by sedi ment from mouth of Tama River in Japan, which receives domestic sewage and industrial waste
water
Hepatocyte-toxicity assay system potentially useful for screening for contamination by blue-green algae
Humic acid was not mutagenic and inhibited muta
genicity of benzo-[a]pyrene and 3-aminoanthra cene
Permeation dependent on pH of surface water
87
88-89
90-91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
Table 3?Results of health effects assays of municipal wastewaters, industrial wastes and other environmental samples.
Type of sample Assay Comments Reference
Municipal wastewaters
Tuskegee wastewater
Urinary mutagens in municipal sewage workers
Complex hazardous wastes
Paper mill effluent
Ames
Black bullhead fish
Ames
Modified version of TLC/ Salmonella assay
Induction of micronuclei in peripheral erythro
cytes of fish
Evaluation of mutagenicity at various
stages of conventional treatment
processes
Neoplasms developed on fish, al
though chemical analysis failed to indicate presence of mutagenic or
carcinogenic chemicals
Sewage workers had higher risk for uri
nary mutagens than water treatment workers
Evaluation of technique that involves direct application of Salmonella as
say to thin-layer chromatogram of 10 hazardous wastes (inorganic and
organic wastes in solid, semi-solid and liquid forms)
Evaluation of use of an aquatic verte brate for potential genotoxic effects
99
100
101
102
103
604 Journal WPCF, Volume 59, Number 6
Fate and Effects of Pollutants
Table 3?(Continued)
Type of sample Assay Comments Reference
Spent bleaching liquors from
sulphite and kraft pulps
Soils amended with two refinery wastes
Soils amended with two refinery wastes and two wood pre servative wastes
Petroleum-derived complex mixtures
Crude and refined oils
Used crankcase oils (UCO) from diesel and spark igni tion automobiles
Coal gasification wastes
Hydrotreatment of shale oil
Mutagenicity
Ames and Aspergillus methionine
Ames
Modified Ames
Mutagenicity using uni
cellular alga Chlamy domonas reinhardtii
Ames
Short-term bacterial mu
tagenicity
Ames
Mutagenicity from spent liquors from
sulphite pulps less than from kraft
pulps
Mutagenic potential of both wastes re duced by soil incorporation
Mutagenic potential of refinery wastes
generally reduced by soil incorpora tion but potential of wood preserva tive wastes at higher loading rates not reduced
Prescreening study recommended us
ing range of S9 concentration and
S9 preparations from different spe cies
Study of use of typical marine biota for determination of mutagenic po tential in aquatic environments
Health risks of UCO from diesel en
gines not significantly different of UCO from gasoline engines
Isolation and identification of muta
gens
Photomutagens and promutagens present in parent crude but only photomutagens present in hydro treated material
104
105
106
107
108
109
110-111
112
Table 4?Health effects assays of specific inorganic chemicals or classes of environmental concern.
Chemical Assay Comments Reference
Aliphatic epoxides
Aliphatic and polyhalogen ated carcinogens
Aromatic amines
Azapyrenes
Benzo(a)pyrene(BP) BP-diones
Furan analogues of BP and their 2-nitro d?riv?tes
Nitro-BP isomers
Benzyl chloride
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlordane
Chlorolefins
June 1987
Ames
Ames
Ames and anchorage indepen dent survival
Syrian hamster fibroblasts
Ames and SOS chromotest
Hepatocyte-mediated Salmonella
mutagenicity
rat fetal development; rat liver functions
Acute, subacute, and sub
chronic studies in rats
Ames
36 compounds comprising 6 subclasses tested
Mechanisms of carcinogenic actions
Investigation of induction of mixed function oxi dases and relationship to mutagenicity
Compounds tested were mutagenic; some were carcinogenic
Health effects assessment
BP-3,6-dione found to be mutagenic, cytotoxic, and to induce DNA damage
Responses in two test systems correlated; re
sponses to 2-nitro derivatives high; lower re
sponses with furan analogues
Hepatocytes capable of producing metabolites different from those of S9
Evidence of fetotoxicity and hepatomalfunction
Evidence of hepatic injury
Health effects assessment
Evidence of indirect mutagenic activity
113
114
115
116
117 118
119
120
121-122
123
124 125
(Table 4 Continued)
605
Fate and Effects of Pollutants
Table 4?(Continued)
Chemical Assay Comments Reference
Cyclophosphamide
DDT
Diazinon
Diazinon
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropro pane (DBCP)
DBCP
DBCP
DBCP
p-Dichlorobenzene
1,1-Dichloroethane
Dimethoate
Dinitrobenzene
Dioxins
Dioxin (TCDD) Dioxins (nitropolychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins)
Ethylbenzene
Formaldehyde
Lindane
Malathion
4,4-Methylenedianiline
Monosodium methanear sonate
Naphthalene
M-Nitrobenzaldehyde
Mono-nitrobenzene deriva tives
4-Nitrobiphenyl
Nitrobiphenyls
Nitropyrene and derivatives
Cytogenetic and embryo-toxic ef fects in chick embryo
Calcium transport and thymidine uptake of bovine lymphocytes
Heart and skeletal muscle en
zyme activities
Alterations in peripheral blood
lymphocytes
Mouse spot test
Mouse-specific locus
Drinking water reproduction study in rats
Modified Ames
T?ratologie
Drosophila melanogaster ge netic damage
Reproductive performance, sperm quality, and reproduc tive organ histology in male rats
Ames
Chortophaga (grasshopper) em
bryos
RNA polymerase activity of all nuclei and transcription prod ucts in lymphocyte culture
Carcinogenicity
Hematology, growth, and repro duction of mice
Ames and DNA breakage in rat
hepatocytes
Ames and rec
Ames
Ames
Various
Teratogenicity associated with mutagenic activity
Study of relationship between chemically in duced leukemias and DDT exposure
Chronic low levels had little effect
Study of mutagenic potential
Demonstrated to be mutagenic in somatic cells
Negative results for induction of heritable gene mutations
No adverse reproductive effects demonstrated
Study of DBCP biotransformation and induction of acute extrahepatic toxicity
Teratogenicity not demonstrated
Health effects assessment
Slight increase in frequency of point mutations
Potent testicular toxicant
Symposium proceedings, including toxicologi cal, epidemiological, and risk aspects of hu man exposure
Health risk assessment approach
Newly identified class of compounds contains some bacterial mutagens
Health effects assessment
Induction of acentric chromosome fragments and chromosome stickiness
Drinking water criteria document
Decrease in polymerase activity and inhibition of RNA synthesis
Evidence of carcinogenicity
Decrease in reproductive capabilities; no effect on hematology or growth
Health effects assessment
Demonstration of weak genotoxic activity
Rec assay gave more positive results than Ames for 37 derivatives
Bladder tissues contained metabolic capability to activate carcinogenic potential
Study of relationship between mutagenic potential and chemical structure of nitro
biphenyls
Studies of mutagenicity and genotoxicity
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134 135 136
137
138
139 140
141 142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152-158
606 Journal WPCF, Volume 59, Number 6
Fate and Effects of Pollutants
Table 4?(Continued)
Chemical Assay Comments Reference
Dialkyl N-nitrosamines
N-Nitrosopropylamines
Oxygen free radicals
N-substituted phenanthrene 9,10-imines
Phenol
Phosphamidon
Pirimiphos-methyl
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Polycyclic aromatic hydro carbons
Solvents
Tetrachloroethylene
Thimet 10-G
Toluene
Trichlorfon
Vinylidene chloride
Xylenes
Hamster hepatocyte V79 cell mediated
Ames liquid incubation assay
E. coli DNA-repair
Ames and Chinese hamster V79 cells
Histopathological and biochemi cal changes in mouse liver
Micronucleus and sperm mor
phology
Serum analytes
Mixed-function oxidase (MFO) activity in various mouse lym phoid tissues
Ames, Mycobacterium, micronu
clei formation in mice, and SCE in human lymphocytes
Teratogenicity
Study of relationships between structure, meta bolic activation, and mechanisms of muta
genic activity
Study of organ-specific metabolic activation
Mutagenic and cytotoxic effects
Mutagenic effects
Health effects assessment
Study of effects on liver
Study of mutagenic properties
Study of relationship between PCBs and serum
analytes to assess health effects
Induction of MFO activity varied with type of
lymphoid tissue
Review of toxicology
Carcinogenicity assessment
Insecticide not mutagenic in the 4 test systems
Drinking water criteria document
Evidence of teratogenicity and fetotoxicity at
high dose levels
Review of mutagenicity
Review of toxicological information and health effects
159
160 161 162
163-164
165
166
167
168
169 170 171
172 173
174 175-176
Table 5?Health effects assays of specific inorganic chemicals of environmental concern.
Chemical Assay Comments Reference
Asbestos
Arsenic
Arsenic trioxide and sodium arsenate
Sodium arsenite
Beryllium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Human excision DNA repair
Chinese hamster ovary and
human skin fibroblasts
Pathophysiological
Chinese hamster ovary
Male rat reproduction func
tions
Chronic health effects
Health effects assessment
Evidence of inhibition of DNA repair
Enhancement of clastogenicity and
mutagenicity of DNA cross-linking agents
Health effects assessment
Review of toxicology of cadmium
Studies of effects on cardiovascular
system, erythropoiesis, and ner vous system; lifetime effects of Itai-itai disease
Effects on cell division and chromo somes
Study of response characteristics in
terms of age and dose
177 178 179
180
181 182
183-187
188
189
June 1987
(Table 5 Continued)
607
Fate and Effects of Pollutants
Table 5?(Continued)
Chemical Assay Comments Reference
Chromium
Cobalt
Lead
Lead
Mercury
Mercury
Mercuric chloride
Methylmercury
Methylmercury
Nickel and nickel salts
Organometals
Sodium selenite
Dioctyltin dichloride
Vanadium
Various mutagenic and patho
physiological
Ames
Pathophysiological
Hematology in chickens
Pathophysiological
Blood pressure in sponta neously hypertensive rats
Glutathione peroxidase activity
Mutagenicity
Neurotoxicity
Peripheral leukocytes in fe male mice
Mouse immune responsive ness to self and heterolo
gous cell membrane com
ponents
Rat intestinal absorption of calcium
Studies of effects of various chro mium compounds
Increased mutagenicity due to for mation of complexes between co
balt cation and organic chemicals
Review of health hazards
Studies of effects on rat tissues and mouse reproduction
Health effects assessment
Study of interaction of mercury and water deprivation
Studies of effects on liver and kidney functions
Studies of toxicity, including sex dif ferences
Inhibition of liver activity
Studies of mutagenic potential and mechanisms of action
Review of macrophysiological inves
tigations
Decreased levels following treatment
Suppression of immunocompetence
Study of calcium transport into duo denum
190-196
197
198-199
200-201
202 203
204-205
206-207
208 209-211
212
213
214
215
Table 6?Special aspects of human health effects assays.
Assay Comments Reference
Salmonella typhimurium/hepaiocyte
Salmonella typhimurium
Salmonella typhimurium
Salmonella typhimurium/erythrocyte
Salmonella typhimurium forward mutation assay
Cultured C3H/10T1/2 cells
CHO cells
In vitro mutagenicity assays
L5178Y Mouse lymphoma
Effect of source of hepatocytes (monkey and man) evaluated
Effect of toadfish hepatic postmitochondrial fractions on activation and deactivation of promutagens
Effect of human hepatocytes versus human liver S9 on mutagenic activity. Results also compared with results obtained with rat liver preparations
Comparison of washed red blood cells of mice and S9 fraction from Aro
clor-1254-induced rats for activation of 2-aminofluorene (2-AF)
Permits measurement of cell survival following mutagen treatment by plat
ing the culture on specially supplemented plates at same concentration
used to measure mutant yield
Development of methods to assess and to improve the efficiency of deliv
ering a petroleum sample (complex hydrophobic mixture) to assay cells
for genotoxicity studies
Differences in effects of types of sera (newborn versus fetal bovine), amounts and batches of sera
Behavior of benzene and formaldehyde in culture medium as affected by fetal calf serum greatly affects testing protocol
Effect of agar on results were characterized on basis of agar suppliers
(agar type)
218 219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
608 Journal WPCF, Volume 59, Number 6
Fate and Effects of Pollutants
Table 6?(Continued)
Assay Comments Reference
Animal cell DNA polymerase fidelity Provides information on DNA polymerases from animal cells to comple- 227 ment DNA polymerase from other eukaryotic organisms
Chinese hamster V79 spheroids Model of mutagen "penetrability" by providing several layers of cells 228
growing with tissue-like packing
Micronucleus test Sex differences suggest that use of male mice is sufficient for general 229
screening of clastogens
SCE Comparison of two external metabolizing systems, Aroclor-induced rat liv- 230 ers and hepatocytes, used for activation of human lymphocytes and V79 cells
Ronald C. Sims, Judith L. Sims, and R. Ryan Dupont are with Utah State University. Correspondence should be addressed to Ronald C. Sims, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State
University, Logan, UT 84322-8200.
REFERENCES 1. "Toxicity Testing, Report of the Steering Committee on Identifi
cation of Toxic and Potentially Toxic Chemicals for Consideration
by the National Toxicology Program." National Academy Press,
Washington, D.C.( 1984). 2. Mortelmans, K., et al, "Salmonella Mutagenicity Tests: II. Results
from the Testing of 270 Chemicals." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8
(Supplement 7), 1 (1986). 3. Busch, D. B., et al, "A Protocol for the Combined Biochemical
and Serological Identification of the Ames Mutagen Tester Strains as Salmonella typhimurium. "Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 741 (1986).
4. Hartman, P. E., et al, "Target Sequences for Mutagenesis in Sal
monella Histidine-Requiring Mutants." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 631 (1986).
5. "Molecular Basis of Cancer. Part A: Macromolecular Structure,
Carcinogens, and Oncogenes, and Part B: Macromolecular Rec
ognition, Chemotherapy, and Immunology." Robert Rein (Ed.), Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, N. Y.
6. Gentile, J. M., "Genetic Toxicology?An Academic Perspective." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 653 (1986).
7. "Reviews in Environmental Toxicology 2." E. Hodgson (Ed.), El
sevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1986). 8. "P-450 and Chemical Carcinogenesis." (GANN Monograph on
Cancer Research No. 30), Y. Tagashira and T. Omura (Eds.), Tokyo and New York: Japan Scientific Societies Press and Plenum Press
(1985). 9. "Health Aspects of Hazardous Waste Disposal." Environment, 28,
3,38(1986). 10. Baram, M. S., and Kenyon, P., "Risk Communication and the
Law for Chronic Health and Environmental Hazards." The Environ.
Professional, 8, 165 (1986). 11. Kenaga, E. E., "Assessing Chemical Hazards." Environ. Sei. Tech
nol, 20,660(1986). 12. Cothern, C. R., et al, "Estimating Risk to Human Health." Environ.
Sei. Technol, 20, 111(1986). 13. "Risk Quantit?ten and Regulatory Policy." D. G. Hoel, et al. (Eds.),
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. (1985). 14. "Principles of Health Risk Assessment." P. F. Ricci (Ed.), Prentice
Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J. (1985). 15. Schultze, H., and Mucke, W., "Priority Setting for Industrial
Chemicals of Health and Environmental Relevance." Chemosphere,
15,771(1986). 16. Olson, C. S., and Schaeffer, D. J., "Application of the 'Filter Model'
to a Risk Assessment for Vinyl Chloride." / Toxicol. Environ.
Health, 17, 1 (1986).
17. McKone, T. E., "Dioxin Risk Management at Times Beach, Mis
souri: An Evaluation." The Environ. Professional, 8, 13 (1986). 18. Matsubara, J., et al, "Risk Analysis of Multiple Environmental
Factors: Radiation, Zinc, Cadmium, and Calcium." Environ. Res.,
40, 525 (1986). 19. "Risk Management in Chemical Safety." Sei. Total Environ., 51,
1 (1986). 20. Burns, L. A., "Validation Methods for Chemical Exposure and
Hazard Assessment Models." EPA/600/D-8 5/297, U. S. EPA, Athens, Ga.( 1985).
21. Dixon, D. A., et al, "Methods for Assessing Exposure to Chemical Substances. Volume 5. Methods for Assessing Exposure to Chemical Substances in Drinking Water." EPA/560/5-85/005, U. S. EPA,
Washington, D.C.( 1985). 22. "Organic Carginogens in Drinking Water: Detection, Treatment
and Risk Assessment." N. M. Ram et al (Eds.), John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., Somerset, N. J. (1986). 23. Munro, N. B., and Travis, C. C, "Drinking Water Standards: Risks
for Chemicals and Radionuclides." Environ. Sei. Technol, 20,768
(1986). 24. Craun, G. F., "Overview of Statistics on Acute and Chronic Water
Contamination Problems." EPA/600/D-86/039, U. S. EPA, Re
search Triangle Park, N. C. (1986). 25. Brandes, R., et al, "Technical Support Document for Water Qual
ity-Based Toxics Control." EPA/440/4-85/032, U. S. EPA, Wash
ington, D. C. (1985). 26. Hopps, H. C, and Feder, G. L., "Chemical Qualities of Water that
Contribute to Human Health in a Positive Way." Sei. Total En
viron., 54,207 (1986). 27. Bois, F., et al, "Multiple Regression Analysis of Toxic Interactions:
Application to the Microtox Test and General Comments." Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 36, 707 (1986). 28. Mitchell, I. de G., and Brice, A. J., "Investigations into Parametric
Analysis of Data from In Vivo Micronucleus Assays by Comparison with Non-parametric Methods." Mutation Res., 159, 139 (1986).
29. Abou-Setta, M. M., et al, "A Computer Program in Basic for De
termining Probit and Log-Probit or Logit Correlation for Toxicology and Biology." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 36, 242 (1986).
30. Clayson, D. B., and Krewski, D., "The Concept of Negativity in
Experimental Carcinogenicity." Mutation Res., 167, 233 (1986). 31. Frierson, M. R., et al, "Structure-Activity Relationships (SARs)
Among Mutagens and Carcinogens: A Review." Environ. Muta
genesis, 8,283(1986). 32. Murakami, M., and Fukami, J., "Relationship Between Specific
Molecular Connectivity Indexes and Teratogenicity, Carcinoge
nicity, and Mutagenicity of Carbamate Pesticides." Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol, 37, 326 (1986). 33. Murakami, M., and Fukami, J., "Relationship Between Specific
Molecular Connectivity Indices and Teratogenicity, Carcinogenic
ity, and Mutagenicity of Chlorinated Benzenes and a Biphenyl." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 37, 633 (1986).
June 1987 609
Fate and Effects of Pollutants
34. Wilson, J. D., et al, "Application of Response-Surface Methodology to Detect Interactions of Genotoxic Agents in Cultured Mammalian
Cells." J. Toxicol Environ. Health, 19, 173 (1986). 35. Veronesi, B., "/? Vitro Modeling in Neurotoxicology." U. S. EPA,
Research Triangle Park, N. C. (1986). 36. Gaffney, M., and Altshuler, B., "Public Health Implications of
Carcinogenic Exposure under the Multistage Model." Amer. J. Ep idemiol, 124, 1021 (1986).
37. Ennever, F. K., and Rosenkranz, H. S., "Short-Term Test Results for NTP Noncarcinogens: An Alternate More Predictive Battery."
Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 849 (1986). 38. Tennant, R. W., et al, "Comparison of Multiple Parameters of
Rodent Carcinogenicity and In Vitro Genetic Toxicity." Environ.
Mutagenesis, 8, 205 (1986). 39. Natarajan, A. T., and Obe, G., "How Do In Vivo Mammalian
Assays Compare to In Vitro Assays in Their Ability to Detect Mu
tagens?" Mutation Res., 167, 189 (1986). 40. Calabrese, E. J., "Toxic Susceptibility?Male/Female Differences."
Wiley Interscience Publications, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, U.K. (1985).
41. Shelby, M. D., "A Case for the Continued Use of the Intraperitoneal Route of Exposure." Mutation Res., 170, 169 (1986).
42. McCabe, M., and Nowak, M., "Synergistic Modulation of Lym phocyte Mitogenesis by Carcinogenic Xenobiotics." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 37, 187 (1986).
43. Baker, R. J., and Suffet, I. H., "Evaluation of a Continuous Liquid Liquid Extraction for Isolation and Concentration of Nonpolar
Organics for Biological Testing in the Presence of Humic Materials."
EPA/600/D-86/019, U. S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, N. C.
(1986). 44. Levin, D. E., and Ames, B. N., "Classifying Mutagens as to Their
Specificity in Causing the Six Possible Transitions and Transver sions: A Simple Analysis Using the Salmonella Mutagenicity As
say." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 9 (1986). 45. Gocke, E., and Schupbach, M., "Mutagenicity Testing Experiments
with the Cobas Bact." Mutation Res., Ill, 1 (1986). 46. Mamber, S. W., et al, "The Escherichia coli K-12 SOS Chromotest
Agar Spot Test for Simple, Rapid Detection of Genotoxic Agents." Mutation Res., Ill, 83 (1986).
47. Fujii, T., and Ta?o, S., "Mutagenic Activities of EMS on Somatic
(MO and Recessive (M2) Mutations in the Soybean Test System." Environ. Exp. Bot., 26, 191 (1986).
48. H?llstr?m, I., "Effects of Pretreatment with 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodi benxofuran on Microsomal Monooxygenase Activity in Drosophila melanogaster." Mutation Res., 174, 93 (1986).
49. Jauch, A., and Lutz, W. K., "Metallothionein Protein Variants Generated in Rat Liver as a Result of DNA and RNA Ethylations by the Carcinogen Diethylnitrosamine." Mutation Res., 164, 361
(1986). 50. Guobaitis, R. J., et al, "The Effects of Pretreatment with Cyto
chrome P-450 Inducers and Preincubation with a Cytochrome P
450 Effector on the Mutagenicity of Genotoxic Carcinogens Me
diated by Hepatic and Renal S9 from Two Species of Marine Fish."
Mutation Res., 164, 59 (1986).
51. Jaylet, A., et al, "A New Micronucleus Test Using Peripheral Blood
Erythrocytes of the Newt Pleurodeles waltl to Detect Mutagens in
Fresh-Water Pollution." Mutation Res., 164, 245 (1986). 52. Crebelli, R., et al, "A Comparative Study on Selected Chemical
Carcinogens for Chromosome Malsegregation Mitotic Crossing Over and Forward Mutation Induction in Aspergillus nidulans."
Mutation Res., Ill, 139 (1986). 53. Maddock, M. B., et al, "Induction of Sister-Chromatid Exchanges
and Chromosomal Aberrations in Hematopoietic Tissue of a Ma rine Fish Following In Vivo Exposure to Genotoxic Carcinogens."
Mutation Res., Ill, 165 (1986). 54. Dixon, M. L., and Mortimer, R. K., "A Yeast Screening System
for Simultaneously Monitoring Multiple Genetic Endpoints." Mu tation Res., 161,49(1986).
55. Mochida, K., "Aquatic Toxicity Evaluated Using Human and
Monkey Cell Culture Assays." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol,
36,523(1986). 56. Nagaya, T., and Toriumi, H., "Spontaneous and Induced Sister
Chromatid Exchanges in Lymphocytes of Healthy Persons." En viron. Res., 40, 181 (1986).
57. Bower, E. A., and Kaji, H., "Characterization of Human IMR-90
Fibroblasts as a Model System for the Study of Chemical Carci
nogenesis In Vitro." J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 19, 165 (1986). 58. Rashid, K. A., and Mumma, R. O., "Screening Pesticides for Their
Ability to Damage Bacterial DNA." J. Environ. Sei. Health, B21, 319(1986).
59. Pereira, M. A., "Mouse Liver Tumor Data: Assessment of Carci
nogenic Activity." Toxicol. Ind. Health, 1, 311 (1985). 60. Lubet, R. A., et al, "Influence of Various Parameters on
Benzo(a)pyrene Enhancement of Adenovirus SA7 Transformation of Syrian Hamster Embryo Cells." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 533
(1986). 61. Larramendy, M. L., and Reigosa, M. A., "Variation in Sister Chro
matid Exchange Frequencies Between Human and Pig Whole
Blood, Plasma Leukocyte, and Mononuclear Leukocyte Cultures." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 543 (1986).
62. Ellingham, T. J., et al, "In Vitro Induction of Sister Chromatid
Exchanges and Chromosal Aberrations in Peripheral Lymphocytes of the Oyster Toadfish and American Eel." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 555 (1986).
63. Couch, D. B., et al, "Induction of Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Murine Colonie Tissue." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 579 (1986).
64. Hellman, B., and Brandt, I., "Effects of Carcinogenic Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons on [3H]thymidine Incorporation into Various Organs of the Mouse: A Comparison Between 1,2-Di bromoethane and 1,2-Dichloroethane." Mutation Res., 163, 193
(1986). 65. Tice, R. R., and Dellarco, V. L., "Aneuploidy Test Development:
Kinetochore Staining in Mammalian Systems." EPA/600/8-88/ 006, U. S. EPA, Washington, D. C. (1986).
66. Oshimura, M., and Barrett, J. C, "Chemically Induced Aneuploidy in Mammalian Cells: Mechanisms and Biological Significance in
Cancer." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 129 (1986). 67. Hofmann, G. R., et al, "A Review of the Symposium on Aneu
ploidy: Etiology and Mechanisms." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 643
(1986). 68. Dellarco, V. L., et al, "An Introduction to a Series of U. S. En
vironmental Protection Agency Special Committee Reports on
Testing Approaches for the Detection of Chemically Induced
Aneuploidy." Mutation Res., 167, 3 (1986). 69. Kirsch-Volders, M., "Differential Staining of Chromosomes and
Spindle Cannot Be Used as an Assay to Determine the Effect of Cancer Promoters on Primary Cultures of Human Fibroblasts."
Mutation Res., 171, 177 (1986). 70. Thompson, E. D., "Comparison o? In Vivo and In Vitro Cytogenetic
Assay Results." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 753 (1986). 71. Palitti, F., et al, "An In Vitro and In Vivo Study on Mutagenic
Activity of Fluoranthene: Comparison Between Cytogenetic Studies
and HPLC Analysis." Mutation Res., 174, 125 (1986). 72. Margolin, B. H., et al, "Statistical Analyses for In Vitro Cytogenetic
Assays Using Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells." Environ. Mutagenesis,
8, 183(1986). 73. Tu, A., et al, "An Interlaboratory Comparison of Transformation
in Syrian Hamster Embryo Cells With Model and Coded Chemi cals." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 77 (1986).
74. Hatch, G. G., et al, "Chemical Enhancement of SA7 Virus Trans
formation of Hamster Embryo Cells: Evaluation by Interlaboratory
Testing of Diverse Chemicals." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8,515 (1986). 75. Schechtman, L. M., et al, "Analysis of the Interlaboratory and
610 Journal WPCF, Volume 59, Number 6
Fate and Effects of Pollutants
Intralaboratory Reproducibility of the Enhancement of Simian Adenovirus SA7 Transformation of Syrian Hamster Embryo Cells
by Model Carcinogenic and Noncarcinogenic Compounds." En viron. Mutagenesis, 8,495 (1986).
76. Langenbach, R., et al, "Rat and Hamster Hepatocyte-Mediated Induction of SCEs and Mutation in V79 Cells and Mutation of Salmonella by Aminofluorene and Dimethylnitrosamine." Mu tation Res., 161,29(1986).
77. Marzin, D. R., et al, "Kinetic Determination of Enzymatic Activity and Modification of the Metabolic Activation System in the SOS Chromotest." Mutation Res., 164, 353 (1986).
78. Tomoda, R., et al, "Use of a Copper-Phthalocyanine Membrane Electrode for Rapid Preliminary Detection of Polycyclic Mutagens."
Mutation Res., 164, 203 (1986). 79. Clark, R. M., and Goodrich, J. A., "Drinking Water and Cancer
Mortality." Sei. Total Environ., 53, 153 (1986). 80. Maruoka, S., "Analysis of Mutagenic By-Products Produced by
Chlorination of Humic Substances by Thin Layer Chromatography and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Sei. Total En
viron., 54, 195(1986). 81. Bull, R. J., et al, "Evaluation of Mutagenic and Carcinogenic
Properties of Brominated and Chlorinated Acetonitriles: By-Prod ucts of Chlorination." Fundamental Appl. Toxicol, 5, 1065 (1986).
82. Kowbel, D. J., et al, "Mutagenicity Studies in Salmonella: Residues of Ozonated and/or Chlorinated Water Fulvic Acids." Environ.
Mutagenesis, 8, 253 (1986). 83. Vartiainen, T., and Liimatainen, A., "High Levels of Mutagenic
Activity in Chlorinated Drinking Water in Finland." Mutation Res.,
169,29(1986). 84. Borlakoglu, J. T., and Kickuth, R., "Chlorination of 4-Hyrdoxy
cinnamic Acid and Its Toxic Risk as a Natural Occurring Water Contaminant." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 37, 866 (1986).
85. Hemming, J., et al, "Determination of the Strong Mutagen 3
Chloro-4(Dichloromethyl)-5-Hydroxy-2(5H)-Furanone in Chlo rinated Drinking and Humic Waters." Chemosphere, 15, 549
(1986). 86. Cheh, A. M., "Mutagen Production by Chlorination of Methylated
a,0-Unsaturated Ketones." Mutation Res., 169, 1 (1986). 87. Fowle, J. R., Ill, and Kopfler, F. C, "Water Disinfection: Microbes
Versus Molecules?An Introduction of Issues." Environ. Health
Perspectives, 69, 3 (1986). 88. Zenick, H., and Hope, E., "Reproductive Toxicity Associated with
Acrylamide Treatment in Male and Female Rats." J. Toxicol. En
viron. Health, 17, 457 (1986). 89. Miller, M. J., and McQueen, C. A., "The Effect of Acrylamide on
Heptacellular DNA Repair." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 99 (1986). 90. Shayiq, R. M., et al, "Fluoride and Lipid Peroxidation: A Com
parative Study in Different Rat Tissues." Bull. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol, 37,70(1986). 91. Skare, J. A., et al, "DNA-Repair Studies with Sodium Fluoride:
Comparative Evaluation Using Density Gradient Ultracentrifu
gation and Autoradiography." Mutation Res., Ill, 11 (1986). 92. Madsen, C, et al, "4-Chloro-3-Methylphenol: Salmonella/Mam
malian Microsome Mutagenicity Test and Subacute Toxicity Test in Rats." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 37, 651 (1986).
93. Maruoka, S., et al, "Isolation of Mutagenic Components by High Performance Liquid Chromatography from XAD Extract of Water
from the Nishitakase River, Kyoto City, Japan." Sei. Total Environ.
57,29(1986). 94. Keen, R. E., et al, "Assessment of the Toxicity and Mutagenic
Potential of Water of Torch Lake, Houghton County, Michigan." USGS/G-913-02, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.
(1985). 95. Tabata, M., et al, "Metabolic Enzyme Induction in the Rat by
Organic River Sediment Pollutants." Bull. Environ. Contam. Tox
icol, 37, 180(1986).
96. Aune, T., and Berg, K., "Use of Freshly Prepared Rat Hepatocytes to Study Toxicity of Blooms of the Blue-Green Algae Microcysties aeruginosa and Oscillatoria agardahii." J. Toxicol. Environ. Health,
19,325(1986). 97. Sato, T., et al, "Desmutagenic Effect of Humic Acid." Mutation
Res., 162, 173(1986). 98. Huq, A. S., et al, "Permeation of Water Contaminative Phenols
Through Hairless Mouse Skin." Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol,
15,557(1986). 99. Meier, J. R., and Bishop, D. F., "Evaluation of Conventional
Treatment Processes for Removal of Mutagenic Activity from Mu
nicipal Wastewaters." EPA/600/J-85-252, U. S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio (1985).
100. Grizzle, J. M., "Black Bullhead: An Indicator of the Presence of Chemical Carcinogens." EPA/600/D-86/035, U. S. EPA, Gulf
Breeze, Florida (1986). 101. Scarlett-Kranz, J. M., et al, "Urinary Mutagens in Municipal Sew
age Workers and Water Treatment Workers." Amer. J. Epidemiol, 124,884(1986).
102. Houk, V. S., and Claxton, L. D., "Screening Complex Hazardous Wastes for Mutagenic Activity Using a Modified Version of the
TLC/Salmonella Assay." Mutation Res., 169, 81 (1986). 103. Das, R. K., and Nanda, N. K., "Induction of Micronuclei in Pe
ripheral Erythrocytes of Fish Heteropneustes fossilis by Mitomycin C and Paper Mill Effluent." Mutation Res., 175, 67 (1986).
104. M?ller, M., et al, "Mutagenic Properties of Spent Bleaching Liquors from Sulphite Pulps and a Comparison with Kraft Pulp Bleaching Liquors." Mutation Res., 112, 89 (1986).
105. Brown, K. W., et al, "Mutagenic Activity of Soils Amended with Two Refinery Wastes." Water, Air, Soil Pollut, 29, 1 (1986).
106. Sims, R. C, et al, "Waste-Soil Treatability Studies for Four Com
plex Industrial Wastes: Methodologies and Results, Volumes 1 and 2." EPA/600/6-86/003a and b, U. S. EPA, Ada, Okla. (1986).
107. Carver, J. H., et al, "Application of Modified Salmonella/Micro some Prescreen to Petroleum-Derived Complex Mixtures and
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons." Mutation Res., 174, 247
(1986). 108. Vandermeulen, J. H., and Lee, R. W., "Lack of Mutagenic Activity
of Crude and Refined Oils in the Unicellular Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 36, 250 (1986).
109. Dutcher, J. S., et al, "Mutagenicity of Used Crankcase Oils from Diesel and Spark Ignition Automobiles." Environ. Res., 40, 155
(1986). 110. Haugen, D. A., and Stamoudis, V. C, "Isolation and Identification
of Mutagenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from a Coal Gas ifier Condensate." Environ. Res., 41, 400 (1986).
111. Haugen, D. A., et al, "Isolation of a Highly Mutagenic Amino
phenanthrene from a Coal Gasification Process Tar." Environ. Res.,
39,60(1986). 112. Selby, C. P., et al, "Effect of Hydrotreatment on the Photomu
tagenicity of Shale Oil." Environ. Res., 39, 19 (1986). 113. Canter, D. A., et al, "Comparative Mutagenicity of Aliphatic Ep
oxides in Salmonella." Mutation Res., 112, 105 (1986). 114. "Chemical Induction of Cancer: Structural Bases and Biological
Mechanisms. Volume III B. Aliphatic and Polyhalogenated Car
cinogens." Y. Woo, et al, (Eds.), Academic Press, New York, N. Y. (1985).
115. Steele, C. M., and Ioannides, G, "Induction of Rat Hepatic Mixed
Function Oxidases by Aromatic Amines and Its Relationship to
Their Bioactivation to Mutagens." Mutation Res., 162,41 (1986). 116. Tanga, M. J., et al, "Bacterial Mutagenicity and Carcinogenic Po
tential of Some Azapyrene Derivatives." Mutation Res., 172, 11
(1986). 117. U. S. Environ. Prot. Agency, "Health Effects Assessment for
Benzo(A)Pyrene." EPA/540/1-86/022, U. S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio
(1984).
June 1987 611
Fate and Effects of Pollutants
118. Lesko, S. A., et al, "Somatic Mutation, DNA Damage and Cy totoxicity Induced by Benzo[a]pyrenedione/Benzo[a]pyrenediol
Redox Couples in Cultured Mammalian Cells." Mutation Res., 161, 173(1986).
119. Quillardet, P., et al, "Genotoxic Activity of Two Furan Analogues of Benzo[a]pyrene and Their 2-nitro Derivatives." Mutation Res.,
172,223(1986). 120. Hass, B. S., et al, "Hepatocyte-mediated Mutagenicity of Mononi
trobenzo[a]pyrenes in Salmonella typhimurium Strains." Mutation
Res., 171, 123 (1986). 121. Skowronski, G., and Abdel-Rahman, M. S., "Teratogenicity of
Benzyl Chloride in the Rat." J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 17, 51
(1986). 122. Dahab,G.M.,??/tf/., "Effect ofBenzyl Chloride on Rat Liver Func
tions." J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 18, 431 (1986). 123. Bruckner, J. V., et al, "Oral Toxicity of Carbon Tetrachloride:
Acute, Subacute, and Subchronic Studies in Rats." Fundamental
Appl. Toxicol, 6, 16(1986). 124. U. S. Environ. Prot. Agency, "Health Effects Assessment for
Chlordane." EPA/540/1-86/023, U. S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio
(1984). 125. Neudecker, T., and Henschler, D., "Mutagenicity of Chloroolefins
in the Salmonella/Mammalian Microsome Test." Mutagen Res.,
170, 1 (1986). 126. Novotna, B., and Jelinek, R., "A Comparison of Mutagenic and
Embryotoxic Effects of Cyclophosphamide on the Chick Embryo." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 241 (1986).
127. McCabe, M., and Yin-Foo, D., "Effects of DDT on the Calcium
Transport and Thymidine Uptake of Bovine Lymphocytes." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 37, 523 (1986).
128. Wilkinson, J. G., et al, "Diazinon Treatment Effects on Heart and Skeletal Muscle Enzyme Activities." / Environ. Sei. Health, B21, 103(1986).
129. Lopez, D., et al, "In Vitro Induction of Alterations in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes by Different Doses of Diazinon." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 37, 517 (1986).
130. Sasaki, Y. F., et al, "Mutagenicity of l,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropro pane (DBCP) in the Mouse Spot Test." Mutation Res., 174, 145
(1986). 131. Russell, L. B., et al, "Mouse Specific-Locus Test for the Induction
of Heritable Gene Mutations by Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)." Mutation Res., 170, 161 (1986).
132. Johnston, R. V., et al, "Single-Generation Drinking Water Re
production Study of l,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane in Sprague Dawley Rats." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 37, 531 (1986).
133. Miller, G. E., etal, "Mutagen Activation of l,2-Dibromo-3-Chlo ropropane by Cytosolic Glutathione S-Transferases and Microsomal
Enzymes." /. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 19, 503 (1986). 134. Giavini, E., et al, "T?ratologie Evaluation of p-Dichlorobenzene
in the Rat." Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 37, 164 (1986). 135. U. S. Environ. Prot. Agency, "Health Effects Assessment for 1,1
Dichloroethane." EPA/540/1-86/027, U. S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio
(1984). 136. Velazquez, A., et al, "Indication for Weak Mutagenicity of the
Organophosphorus Insecticide Dimethoate in Drosophila mela
nogaster" Mutation Res., Ill, 237 (1986). 137. Linder, R. E., et al, "Testicular Toxicity and Infertility in Male
Rats Treated with 1,3-Dinitrobenzene."/ Toxicol. Environ. Health, 19,477(1986).
138. "Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds 1985." Chemo
sphere, IS, 1079(1986). 139. Mukerjee, D., et al, "Health Risk Assessment Approach for 2,3,7,8
Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin." EPA/600/8-85/013, U. S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio (1985).
140. Donnelly, K. C, et al, "The Bacterial Mutagenicity of Nitropoly chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins." Mutation Res., 169, 17 (1986).
141. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, "Health Effects Assessment for Ethyl benzene." EPA/540/1-86/008, U. S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio (1984).
142. Dowd, M. A., et al, "Formaldehyde-Induced Acentric Chromo some Fragments and Chromosome Stickiness in Chortophaga
Neuroblasts." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 401 (1986). 143. Thompson, W., and Melzer, M., "Drinking Water Criteria Doc
ument for Lindane (Final Draft)." EPA/600/X-84/182-1, U. S.
EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio (1985). 144. Wiszkowska, H., et al, "The Effect of Malathion on RNA Poly
merase Activity of Cell Nuclei and Transcription Products in Lym phocyte Culture." Environ. Res., 41, 372 (1986).
145. Lamb, J. G, et al, "Carcinogenesis Studies of 4,4-Methylenedi aniline Dihydrochloride Given in Drinking Water to F344/N Rats and B6C3F, Mice." J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 18, 325 (1986).
146. Prukop, J. A., and Savage, N. L., "Some Effects of Multiple Sub lethal Doses of Monosodium Methanearsonate (MSMA) Herbicide on Hematology, Growth, and Reproduction of Laboratory Mice." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 36, 337 (1986).
147. U. S. Environ. Prot. Agency, "Health Effects Assessment for Naph thalene." EPA/540/1-86/014, U. S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio (1984).
148. Sargent, E. V., and Bradley, M. O., "Genotoxic Activity of m
Nitrobenzaldehyde." Mutation Res., 175, 133 (1986). 149. Shimizu, M., and Yano, E., "Mutagenicity of Mono-Nitrobenzene
Derivatives in the Ames Test and Rec Assay." Mutation Res., 170, 11(1986).
150. Swaminathan, S., and Hatcher, J. F., "Xanthine Oxidase-Mediated
Mutagenicity of the Bladder Carcinogen 4-Nitrobiphenyl." Mu tation Res., 112, 37 (1986).
151. Hirayama, T., et al, "Relationship Between Mutagenic Potency in Salmonella Typhimurium Strains and the Chemical Structure of Nitro Biphenyls." Mutation Res., 163, 101 (1986).
152. Eddy, E. P., et al, "Dichotomy in the Mutagenicity and Genotox
icity of Nitropyrenes: Apparent Effect of the Number of Electrons Involved in Nitroreduction." Mutation Res., 161, 109 (1986).
153. Ball, L. M., et al, "S9-Dependent Activation of 1-Nitropyrene and 3-Nitrofluoranthene in Bacterial Mutagenicity Assays." EPA/600/
D-86/003, U. S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, N. G (1985). 154. Heflich, R. H., et al, "An Examination of the Weak Mutagenic
Response of 1-Nitropyrene in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells." Mu tation Res., 161, 99 (1986).
155. Horikawa, K., et al, "Results of the itec-Assay of Nitropyrenes in the Bacillus subtilis Test System." Mutation Res., 174, 89 (1986).
156. El-Bayoumy, K., and Hecht, S. S., "Mutagenicity of K-Region Derivatives of 1-Nitropyrene; Remarkable Activity of 1- and 3
nitro-5H-phenanthro[4,5-bcd]pyran-5-one." Mutation Res., 170, 31 (1986).
157. Haugen, A., et al, "Nitropyrene-Induced DNA Repair in Clara Cells and Alveolar Type-II Cells Isolated from Rabbit Lung." Mu tation Res., 175, 259 (1986).
158. Edwards, M. J., et al, "Toxicity and DNA Damage Induced by 1
Nitropyrene and Its Derivatives in Chinese Hamster Lung Fibro blasts." Mutation Res., 163, 81(1986).
159. Langenbach, R., "Mutagenic Activity and Structure-Activity Re
lationships of Short-Chain Dialkyl N-Nitrosamines in a Hamster
Hepatocyte V79 Cell-Mediated System." Mutation Res., 163, 303
(1986). 160. Mori, Y., et al, "Activation of Carcinogenic N-Nitrosopropylamines
to Mutagens by Lung and Pancreas S9 Fractions from Various Animal Species and Man." Mutation Res., 160, 159 (1986).
161. Yonei, S., et al, "Mutagenic and Cytotoxic Effects of Oxygen Free Radicals Generated by Methylviologen (Paraquat) on Escherichia coli with Different DNA-Repair Capacities." Mutation Res., 163, 15(1986).
162. Glatt, H., et al, "Mutagenicity of N-Substituted Phenanthrene 9 10-Imines in Salmonella typhimurium and Chinese Hamster V79
Cells." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 829 (1986).
612 Journal WPCF, Volume 59, Number 6
Fate and Effects of Pollutants
163. U. S. Environ. Prot. Agency, "Health Effects Assessment for Phe nol." EPA/540/1-86/007, U. S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio (1984).
164. Bruce, R. M., "Summary Review of the Health Effects Associated with Phenol: Health Issue Assessment." EPA/600/8-86/0O3F, U. S. EPA, Washington, D. C. (1986).
165. Bhatnagar, P., and Jain, N. "Morphofunctional Changes in the Liver of Male Mice After Chronic Treatment with Phosphamidon." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 37, 767 (1986).
166. Rajini, P. S., et al, "Mutagenic Properties of Pirimiphos-Methyl in Male Mice." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 36, 680 (1986).
167. Steinberg, K. K., et al, "Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and
Lipemia on Serum Analytes." / Toxicol. Environ. Health, 19,369 (1986).
168. Griffin, G. D., et al, "Induction of Mixed-Function Oxidase Activity in Mouse Lymphoid Tissues by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocar
bons." / Toxicol. Environ. Health, 19, 185 (1986). 169. MacFarland, H. N., "Toxicology of Solvents." Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc.
J., 47,704(1986). 170. Chen, C. W., et al, "Updated Carcinogenicity Assessment for Te
trachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene, PERC, PCE): Addendum to the Health Assessment Document for Tetrachloroethylene (Per chloroethylene). External Review Draft." EPA/600/1-82/005FA,
U. S. EPA, Washington, D. C. (1986). 171. Pandita, T. K., "Evaluation of Thimet 10-G for Mutagenicity by
4 Different Genetic Systems." Mutation Res., Ill, 131 (1986). 172. Becker, J. M., and Neal, M. W. "Drinking Water Criteria Document
for Toluene (Final Draft)." EPA/600/X-84/188, U. S. EPA, Cin cinnati, Ohio (1985).
173. Courtney, K. D., et al, "Assessment of Teratogenic Potential of Trichlorfon in Mice and Rats." / Environ. Sei. Health, B(21), 207
(1986). 174. Jacobson-Kram, D., "The Reproductive Effects Assessment Group's
Review of the Mutagenicity of Vinylidene Chloride." Environ.
Mutagenesis, 8, 161 (1986). 175. Jori, A., et al, "Ecotoxicological Profile of Xylenes." Ecotoxicol.
Environ. Safety, 11,44 (1986). 176. U. S. Environ. Prot. Agency, "Health Effects Assessment for Xy
lene." EPA/504/1-86/006, U. S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio (1984). 177. Nati. Tech. Inf. Serv., "Asbestos: Chronic Health Effects. 1978
April 1986 (Citations From the Life Sciences Collection Database)." NTIS, Springfield, Va. (1986).
178. U. S. Environ. Prot. Agency, "Health Effects Assessment for Ar
senic." EPA/540/1-86/020, U. S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio (1985). 179. Okui, T., and Fujiwara, Y., "Inhibition of Human Excision DNA
Repair by Inorganic Arsenic and the Co-Mutagenic Effect in V79 Chinese Hamster Cells." Mutation Res., Ill, 69 (1986).
180. Lee, T.-C, et al, "Sodium Arsenite Potentiates the Clastogenicity and Mutagenicity of DNA Crosslinking Agents." Environ. Muta
genesis, 8, 119(1986). 181. U. S. Environ. Prot. Agency, "Health Assessment Document for
Beryllium." EPA/600/8-84/026B, U. S. EPA, Washington, D. C.
(1986). 182. "Cadmium in the Environment." H. Mislin and O. Ravera (Eds.),
Birkh?user Verlag, Boston, Mass. (1986). 183. Kagamimori, S., et al, "Case-Control Study on Cardiovascular
Function in Females with a History of Heavy Exposure to Cad
mium." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 36, 484 (1986). 184. Hogan, G. R., and Jackson, P. D., "Dichotomous Effects of Cad
mium and Selenium on Erythropoiesis in Mice." Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 36, 674 (1986).
185. Kunimoto, M., and Miura, T., "Density Increment and Decreased Survival of Rat Red Blood Cells Induced by Cadmium." Environ.
Res., 39,86(1986).
186. Saxena, D. K., et al, "Influence of Cadmium on the Distribution
of Cu, Zn, and Fe in Different Regions of Central and Peripheral Nervous System of Rats." Chemosphere, 15, 373 (1986).
187. Kawano, S., et al, "A Mortality Study of Patients with Itai-Itai Disease." Environ. Res., 40, 98 (1986).
188. Lakkad, B. G, et al, "Effect of Cadmium Chloride on Cell Division and Chromosomes in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 36, 342 (1986).
189. Laskey, J. W., et al, "Age-Related Dose Response of Selected Re
productive Parameters to Acute Cadmium Exposure in the Male
Long-Evans Rat." / Toxicol. Environ. Health, 19, 393 (1986). 190. LaVelle, J. M., "Chromium (VI) Comutagenesis: Characterization
of the Interaction of K2Cr04 with Azide." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8,717(1986).
191. Llagostera, M., et al, "Induction of SOS Genes of Escherichia coli
by Chromium Compounds." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8,571 (1986). 192. Uyeki, E. M., et al, "Chromium Effects on Chondrocytic Differ
entiation In Vitro." J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 19, 137 (1986). 193. Elias, Z., et al, "Cellular Uptake, Cytotoxic and Mutagenic Effects
of Insoluble Chromic Oxide in V79 Chinese Hamster Cells." Mu tation Res., 169, 159(1986).
194. Newton, M. F., and Lilly, L. J., "Tissue-Specific Clastogenic Effects of Chromium and Selenium Salts In Vivo." Mutation Res., 169, 61 (1986).
195. LaVelle, J. M., "Potassium Chromate Potentiates Frameshift Mu
tagenesis in E. coli and S. typhimurium." Mutation Res., Ill, 1
(1986). 196. Laborda, R., et al, "Nephrotoxic and Hepatotoxic Effects of Chro
mium Compounds in Rats." Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 36,
332(1986). 197. Ogawa, H. L, et al, "Combined Mutagenicity of Cobalt (II) Salt
and Heteroaromatic Compounds in Salmonella typhimurium." Mutation Res., 172, 97 (1986).
198. Nati. Tech. Inf. Serv., "Lead Exposure: Public and Occupational Health Hazards. 19^72-April 1986 (Citations from Pollution Ab
stracts)." NTIS, Springfield, Va. (1986). 199. Putnam, R. D., "Review of Toxicology of Inorganic Lead." Am.
Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 47, 700 (1986). 200. Karmakar, N., Saxena, R., and Anand, S., "Histopathological
Changes Induced in Rat Tissues by Oral Intake of Lead Acetate."
Environ. Res., 41,23(1986). 201. Johansson, L., and Wide, M., "Long-Term Exposure of the Male
Mouse to Lead: Effects on Fertility." Environ. Res., 41,481 ( 1986). 202. U. S. Environ. Prot. Agency, "Health Effects Assessment for Mer
cury." EPA/540/1-86/042, U. S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio (1984). 203. Grissom, R. E., and Thaxton, J. P., "Interaction of Mercury and
Water Deprivation on the Hematology of Chickens." J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 19, 65 (1986).
204. Chakrabarti, S., and Brodeur, J., "Influence of Mercuric Chloride on the Metabolism and Hepatotoxicity of Bromobenzene in Rats."
Environ. Res., 39, 50 (1986). 205. Fukino, H., et al, "Mechanism of Protection by Zinc Against Mer
curic Chloride Toxicity in Rats: Effects of Zinc and Mercury on
Glutathionine Metabolism." /. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 19, 75
(1986). 206. Tamashiro, H., et al, "Methylmercury toxicity in Spontaneously
Hypertensive Rats." Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 36, 668
(1986). 207. Tamashiro, H., et al, "Sex Differential of Methylmercury Toxicity
in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats." Bull. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol, 37,916(1986). 208. Hirota, Y., "Effect of Methylmercury on the Activity of Glutathione
Peroxidase in Rat Liver." Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 47, 556 (1986). 209. Dubins, J. S., and LaVelle, J. M., "Nickel (II) Genotoxicity: Po
tentiation of Mutagenesis of Simple Alkylating Agents." Mutation
Res., 162, 187(1986). 210. Biggart, N. W., and Costa, M., "Assessment of the Uptake and
June 1987 613
Fate and Effects of Pollutants
Mutagenicity of Nickel Chloride in Salmonella Tester Strains." Mutation Res., 175, 209 (1986).
211. Rodriguez-Arnaiz, R., and M. Ramos, P., "Mutagenicity of Nickel
Sulphate in Drosophila melanogaster" Mutation Res., 170, 115
(1986). 212. Dyer, R. S., "Macrophysical Assessment of Organometal Neuro
toxicity." EPA/600/D-85/271, U. S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, N. G (1985).
213. Hogan, G. R., "Decreased Levels of Peripheral Leukocytes Fol
lowing Sodium Selenite Treatment in Female Mice." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 37, 175 (1986).
214. Miller, K., et al, "Effect of Orally Administered Dioctyltin Di chloride on Murine Immunocompetence." Environ. Res., 39,434 (1986).
215. Witkowska, D., et al, "Influence of Intoxication with Vanadium
Compounds on the Intestinal Absorption of Calcium in the Rat." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 37, 899 (1986).
216. Maher, W. A., "Preparation of Water Soluble Fractions of Crude Oils for Toxicity Studies." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 36, 226(1986).
217. Brusick, D., "Genotoxic Effects in Cultured Mammalian Cells Produced by Low pH Treatment Conditions and Increased Ion Concentrations." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 879 (1986).
218. Neis, J. M., et al, "Mutagenicity Towards Salmonella typhimurium of Some Known Genotoxic Agents, Activated by Isolated Hepa tocytes of Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)." Mutation Res., 164, 139
(1986). 219. Milling, D. M., and Maddock, M. B., "Activation and Detoxication
of Promutagens by Toadfish (Opsanus tau) Hepatic Postmito chondrial Fractions in the Salmonella Assay." Mutation Res., 164, 81 (1986).
220. Neis, J. M., et al, "Activation of Mutagens by Hepatocytes and Liver 9000 X g Supernatant from Human Origin in the Salmonella typhimurium Mutagenicity Assay: Comparison with Rat Liver
Preparations." Mutation Res., 164, 41 (1986). 221. Cantelli-Forti, G., et al, "Genetic Activity of 2-Aminofluorene in
the Salmonella/Erythrocyte Mutagenicity Assay." Mutation Res.,
174, 169(1986). 222. Maliniack, M., et al, "An Internal Survival Standard for Salmonella
typhimurium Forward Mutation Assays." Mutation Res., 174,259 (1986).
223. von Hofe, E. H., et al, "In Vitro Genotoxicity Studies Using Com
plex Hydrophobie Mixtures: Efficient Delivery of a Petroleum
Sample to Cultured C3H/10T1/2 Cells Via Lipid Vesicle Incor poration." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 589 (1986).
224. Cantoni, O., et al, "Regulatory Role of Extracellular Medium
Components in Metal Induced Cyto- and Geno-Toxicity." Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 37, 883 (1986).
225. Proctor, B. L., et al, "Reactivity and Fate of Benzene and Form
aldehyde in Culture Medium With and Without Fetal Calf Serum; Relevance to In Vitro Mutagenicity Testing." Mutation Res., 160, 259(1986).
226. Meyer, M., et al, "Evaluation of the Effect of Agar on the Results Obtained in the L5178Y Mouse Lymphoma Assay." Environ. Mu
tagenesis, 8, 727 (1986). 227. Roberts, J. D., and Kunkel, T. A., "Mutational Specificity of Animal
Cell DNA Polymerases." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 769 (1986). 228. Olive, P. L., "Patterns of Mutagen Binding and Penetration in
Multicell Spheroids." Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 705 (1986). 229. The Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test, "Sex
Difference in the Micronucleus Test." Mutation Res., 172, 151
(1986). 230. Madle, E., et al, "Comparison of S9 Mix and Hepatocytes as Ex
ternal Metabolizing Systems in Mammalian Cell Cultures: Cyto genetic Effects of 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene and Aflatoxin BI."
Environ. Mutagenesis, 8, 423 (1986).
Effects of chemicals on microorganisms
John D. Walker
"Toxicity Testing Using Microorganisms," a two-volume text was published.1 The first volume contains a brief overview of screening procedures,2 and detailed chapters on several screening
procedures including bacterial growth,3 biochemical tests,4 bio luminescence assays,5 respirometric techniques,6 and microcal
orimetric studies.7 The second volume contains a brief overview2 and chapters on factors that affect microbial assays,8 toxicity screening for fungi and yeasts,9 phytoplankton,10 wastewater,11 soil,12 biod?gradation tests,13 and a perspective on microbial toxicity testing.14
BACTERIAL TOXICITY TESTS
Bioluminescence. P. phosphoreum was used in the Microtox?
test to: assess the toxicity of zinc and pentachlorophenol (PCP); determine that interactions between zinc and PCP were additive; and illustrate that use of the isobolographic method to estimate chemical interactions may lead to erroneous conclusions about
those interactions.15 Studies were conducted to determine the influence of exposure time, test temperature, pH, salinity, and alkalinity on the toxicity of cadmium, zinc, PCP, and benzene in the Microtox? test. Exposure time increased the toxicity of cadmium and zinc, but decreased the toxicity of benzene; in general, chemicals were more toxic at 20?C than at 15?C, at pH 6 rather than pH greater than 6, at 1.5% NaCI concentrations, and in soft water (Tables 2, 4, 8).16 P. phosphoreum was also used in a LBK-Wallach luminometer to measure differences in efficacy levels for a biocide-inhibitor stored for 3 months in steel containers and glass containers; storing the biocide-inhibitor in steel containers significantly reduced efficacy.17
Microcalorimetry. Fast-flow microcalorimetry was used to
determine the toxicity of copper, mercury, zinc, phenol, sodium
dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to mixed bacterial cultures; results were compared with the Microtox? test and with acute toxicity tests conducted with the aquatic invertebrate, Daphnia magna and the freshwater alga, Selenastrum capricornutum (Tables 4, 5, 6, 8, 9).18
Resazurin reduction. Details of a 20- to 30-minute resazurin
reduction screening method using Bacillus cereus to measure
toxicity of soluble and insoluble chemicals in waters or to assess toxicity-structure relationships were recently published.19 The
procedure was used to determine the effects of carrier solvents,
dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), methanol, ethanol, and acetone on the toxicity of PCP and seven chlorobenzenes (Tables 2,4). The authors concluded that toxic responses were independent of car
rier solvent, but for chemicals with low water solubility, DMSO should facilitate determination of chemical toxicity.20
Tetrazolium dye reduction. A 30-minute INT-dehydrogenase
assay (DIDHA) using the spent medium of Pseudomonas al caligenes was developed to directly measure (without Formazan
extraction and centrifugation) the toxicity of metals, phenol,
614 Journal WPCF, Volume 59, Number 6