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. . UNIT' 22 CLAY, STONE, WOOD AND :--. .r. . ,, . . .:<.a

I. - :

. . .:: -*; - 5 , METAL C m S ; , . . -

L - . .

Structure - . . .

22.2.1 Earthenware . .

2222 Ceramic 22.23 Main Centres

22.3 Stone Works . 22.3.1 The VarictyoPistsVe W6.IQ

223.2 Mah~Cknhes 2 4 Woodcraft

22.4.1 Varieties of Wood and Cam Work 22.4.2 Main Centras

22.5 Metal Craft " . 4 -+;.

225.1 VarictyofMctd iCraW i

225.2 Main Centrer i-219 22.6 Artisans and Craftsmen 22.7 Let US sum u p kh-. 1 ~ - & ~ u : 22.8 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises '

- -'C? . . I 22.0 OBJECTIVES .

In this Unit, WL will discuss the craft traditions in India specific to dav. stone. wood crafts. After going through this Unit you would know about

a brief history of cw, stme, w a d and metal crafts in In&

a the present state of the above stated crafts, ~ 9 2 ~ A.S

the main centres of production of these cr* m?ie% m 2

the organisation of production, and we wJt.; y g

the artisans and craftsmen engaged

it $ &

In Unit 21 of this Block, we have discussed about the commoditization of crafts. We &@ talked in general terms about the rich crafts tradition in India. Now in Units 22,23 and 2& we will discuss some specific crafts of India. In the present Unit we will specificaUy tlisaw clav. stone. wood and metal crafts. We will also ixiclude some other smaller crafts related to . , these &. :. . . ..: y 1 n 4 At,i;> , . :g!...? . . .krj g:zaJ-d .,-. :, ,7L!~-8 ; L: !! .:.: :,.. 73ar, ,%: a -:, . . - , . . . : . .+ , . .., , ,; , .? t'; 2 &:,.<>&+ p.. . ,,;- .+ei ,; ,.?,. b::;;*+ India has a rich tradition of crafts and artisan production. Prior i d h e industrial prodaction through machines all production was done through individual artisan production. With the coming of the machines and establishment of factories mass production of articles of daily use started. Even after the introduction of machines the tradition of production by artisans and craftsmen continued. At present, this production is of two types, i.e. (i) the common articles made for functional use, and (5) the articles made for decorative purpases. In'both these, we witness the skills and art of craftsmen. At times even the items of daily use are made with great skill and serve both fundona1 and decorative purposes. We will be mainly concentrating on the crafts where the skills and creativity of craftsmen is more evicl,ent. In a large country like India every region has its specific crafts where the skills and creativity of craftsmen provides a distinct colour to handicrap

In this Unit we will give yon a brief history and developnknt of each of these craft tradition Present state of development of these crafts wdi also be analyzed. We will try to identify th

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Handkrafls - Continuity main centres of production of the crafts under discussion. We would also like to familiarise and Change you with some techniques and arganisation of production of the crafts included in this Unit.

Let us begin with claycraft.

22.2 CLAY CRAFT AND POTTERY ' *

In India like elsewhere in the world clay craft is perhaps the earliest of craft forms. Clay pottery unearthed by excavations has greatly helped archaeologists and historians in reconstructing the history and society dating back to earliest times (You must have read about it in Block 6).

22.2.1 Earthenware

Harappan pottery is generally plain with some black painted decoration. Large number of terracotta figurines have been found here. They were mainly used as toys or cult figures. A variety of buds animals and male and female figurines are also found. Various models of tcrracotta carts are remarkable,

In Hindu mythology it is said that Brahma, the creator of life made man from clay

name of potter community as mapati.

In India simple eafthenware and glazed pottery made with superior cluality of clay or ceramic have been in use for centuries. Potters have traditionally been an integral part of village society.

The simple earthenware and utensils of daily use even today are made in almost every big village and towns in India. They are made with simple clay on traditional potter's wheel and are baked by them in their traditional ways. The items commonly include pitchers and pots for storing water, cooking vessels, earthen mugs plates and cups for drinking and eating objects for religious and ritual purposes and pots for growing .,x~ts. There is a great variation in shapes and forms in diierent regions. The craft is so widespread that it is difficult to list the places, forms and shapes. Here he will give more space to artistic products made with plain clay and glazed ceramic pottery made by craftsmen in sp:cific regions.

, The clay figurines or terracotta found in Harappan excavations are probably the earliest. Following it there is a long tradition of terracotta flouriqhing even today. These terracotta objects include figumes of gods, goddesses, items of daily use and decorative pieces. They have a dark red colour. The pots are getierally shaped

--, on potter's wheel and after that other art works and decorations are done. The figurines were made by hand. In some areas of Assam and Manipur even shaping of the clay for all earthenware is done by hand without the help of the wheel. In some places the size of

- -1is amazingly large exhibiting the skills of the workmen. In Gujarat pots as high as five feet are made. Around 1880 ~irdwood~epOKedm-o~clay f c r i s of 27 feet in height in and around Dacca.

The eGihen pottery hrs for centuries been glazed through various indigenous ~nethods. They are also made in bright colours. Especially the W e s of gods and goddesses are made in multi colours. The pots and utensils are also decorated with flowers, figures and geometrical patterns in brtght colours.

22.2.2 Ceramic

Potteries made with porcelain and ceramic also have a large variety. Unlike earthenware where all the stages of manufacture are performed purely by hand or traditional means, in ceramic pottery the help of machines is also taken. In some cases it is made with hand, painted and decorated by craftsmen but finally baked in modem furnaces. In some cases the shape is given through moulds but painting is done by hand and again baked in modern furnaces. There are a number of famous centres of this sort of pottery. In Rajasthim, Jaipur is an important centre. Here the pottery made with quarts has a blue colour. They are decorated with arabesque pattern arid animals and birds. In U.P., Khurja is renowned for its gla@ pottery with bright colours. A


Hnndicrcllb - Continuity 22.23 Main Centres

As already stated the pottery making is widespread in India. Here we will enumerate the centres making s p e d kinds of pottery.

In U.P. (Nizamabad and Chinhat) pottqwith lustrous body is made. N i i a b a d has a dark Waclr pottery. These g l d potteries have beautiful designs. Khmja specialists in ceramic ! p o w with bright colours. In Gorakhpur terradta horses and elephants are a spwdity. Here @ues of gods and godiiesses arc made for festivals. 1

.- - 1 For Durga Puja festival in Bengal large figures of gods, goddesses especially of goddess Durga are made. Wall panels and plaques in terrmtta are feahes of this region.

Orissa and Madhya Pradesh have a rich tradition of terracotta roof tiles. In Madhya Pradesh laand moulded figures are also made.

In Kashmi. special glazed pottery is made in Srinagar. The use of deep green, blue aMS brawn colours is prevalent. Tableware of all shapes and uses has a large variety. In this region other i m w a n t centres are Ladakh and Jammu Large storage jars of Jammu are famous. All addas of daily use, images and icons for Budhhkt monasteries are made in bright colours

, inhdakh.

In Gujwat, especially Kutch region is renowned for its e&nware. Toys, festival objects, ritual pots, and figures are made here. The unique feature is the pale creamy calour and richness of decoration.

Maharashtra has a long tradition of making Gpnesha, the main deity ofthis r ~ o q in& forms and shapes. Rajaathan has a special black coloured pottq. T h e are both p o W and porous.

In Karnataka also the black pottery is made. Here clay toys are a speciality. In T d Nadu the images of deities are very popular. These are made in almost all parts. V e h e and dampatti ake famous for using black and red colours. Ker* is Earnous for ritual pots made there. , .

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In the Ntxth-East, Manipur is famous far its pottery. H m t h W e r y is made d b l y by m e a d without the potter's wheel. &fore baking, the pds &e polished with stmes.

The earthenware made at Goa have a rich reci,$veQ surface. Y .z . ;


1) What are the main articEs made with clay other than articles of daily use?

Give a brief cbaiption of clay works m d c in ~arhmir'and Gujarat.

3) i) In what parts of lddia clay pottee idaade by women without the wheel :

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. . . . . . . - -.

ii) Khuja is famous for

iv) Large number df Durga idols of clay are made in . . . . .

_ , < - , . Stone is perhaps the earliest companion of'& in the'btory of h& civilida& The earlia tools available are of stone. A whole epoch of human civilisation is4enm.d as stme age. Stones of all wuieties have been worked u p far arti&-&w we, MIS;. houses, decorative objects, sculptures and even j a w k y . . . .

4 . .

- - . A , . - 223.1 Varieties of Stare Warlr . -

. . - . .

As already stated, the tools and articles of daily use were the first ~bjeas 9th spse. The Harappan c x a v a t i m h yielded a number of such articles. These idu&jam&tt+I bowls, saddle querns (for &dhg grain) and weights. O e tradition !ms w T + i i & u e

1 then. In all parts of indiat&ese objects are made frdm a wiety of stones f d in specific regions. We will discuss these in detail a little later. . .

- - ---.-. ----.. Use of stone for building purposes and sculptare also dates back to &&llgands sf yews; The . statues found in Harappan excavations are made from steatite alabder,. ~e $tbBg-fep

F sandstone and dark grey. stone. The most b o u s of these is ti 'b%&d &&d fa in Mobjodaro. Many d w s t a m are also faun4 Stone. sculp-tar@ d H m t h ~ W ~ region (Gandhara tradition) me famous. A famous statue of YaLBbi of DidarM (in B i k ) back to Maurya Per;od and is a finest pieoe of sculpture. The temples ad'BmW&t monasteries all m r India boasts d storre sculptures dating back to almast two rlr-d five hundred years.

use of stme for making houses and temples ~~ back to more than two dyems. We have a large number of structures surviving to this day. Beautiful palaw, forts and 0 t h structures made from stone during the medieval period are part of rick kdh heritage. Famous rock cut temples of Elleraand HimaId Pradesh are beautiful specimc;8s. In these temples, the whole structure is made from a single roclr. Many temples display ari& tradition


'd - ~on(indty of stone works. Sun temple at Konark, Jagannath temple at Puri, group of temples in dChsPlCc Khajuraho, Meenakshipuram and Rameshwararn temples in the South are only a few

examples.

Qutb Minar in Delhi, mapiticent forts at Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, Delhi, Jaipur and many other places are-examples of stone craft. In Taj Mahal the craft reached its zenith. Here in this Unit we will not go into details of stone craft used in architecture and sculpture aathcse have already been-discussed in Block 5 of this Course. Here we will mainly focus on the sto- works and centres of stone craft in contemporary India. 1 2232 Main Centres

The large variety of stones available in Rajasthan xlaakes it a prominent place for stone works. , . Presently it is tihe most important place for marble statues. These are supplied to aU parts of

India. The grinding stones of all types are supplied to the whole of North India by Rajasthan. However, the most delikate and famous work done at Rajasthan are screen and lattice (jali)

K work (perforated screens). Beautiful screens in red sandstone and marble are cut hcre. The finest samples of these are available in various forts, palaces, and houses. Besides these, bowls, containers suid stone boxes are also made.

In Tamil Nadu, Salem district is a centre of stone work. Here vessels, dishes, lamps and grinding stones are made in large numbers from soft grey and hard black stones. In Tamil Nadu icons of stone are also made at Ramanathpuram and Tirunelveli: These are also polished.

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I Taj Mahal with its magnificent decorative stone work has inspired stone cutters in Agra for centuries. Here, mainly marble is used for making models of the Taj and ' other buildings, wall plates, jewellery baxes and other decorative pieces. Different coloured scones are inlaid in marble with a smooth finish. Floral patterns and

won= w o e or Orisse geometrical designs are inlaid.

In Bihar, Gaya is the main centre of stone works. Besides statues d gods and goddesses in stone, a host of other articles like bowls, glasses and d boxes are made. Here dhe can find a whole village of stone cutters (Patharkatti) dating back to almost four hundred years.

The stone cutters of Orissa also have a long history. Beautiful temples of Konark, Puri and Bhubaneshwar (there are many but most outstanding is L i i J temple) are testimony of skills of stone workers. Sandstone and soap'stoae (a type of soft stone) are the main varieties of stones used here. Models of temples, vessels, statues of gods and goddesses are the main articles.

Gthiawar region in Gujaraa -0th important centre of stme work. The stone cutters here live in close knit social structures. These crafts~ilea were also employed for reco-g the famous temple of Somnath. Here, again vessels and statues are the main it-. Keralahas a long tradition of granite stone works; Here grinding stones, ritual objects and decorative pieces are made.

In Kashmir cups and plates of a stone called sang- inahvat are made. These are grey, yellow and green. Cooking vessels, jugs and lamps etc. are also made. A variety of stone called

. serpenthe was also used for- jugs and bowls which were quite popular.

1) Write a brief note on stones and stone works of Rajasthan.

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clay, stout, wood and MeWC-.

I Floral Paneme on Mubk, UP. . . . . t .. . . - - . . . . , .. , .. .

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2) What is special feature of stone works at Agra and Kashmir? Downloaded from http://SmartPrep.in

House facade in Wood


~andier~rts - Conlinutty Hoshiarpw, Jdandhar and Amritsar in Punjab are known for furnitures and the caJving in d Change low relief d t in geometric ~atterns. R a i d a n is also famous for bowls aud plates made with

Robida wood. h e s e objicts are pap& thin. Here some folk figures and deities are also - made. ,

) Goiillso has agood d d tradition of rich use of wood in demratiqg houses a d making elegant M t P r e .

r . The tribal reghas in India aIso have their specificwood works. S m , bowls, molcing.pias r- a d ; O ~ N hbns&oM items are made in abutiboe.. N a g h d i s ofre of the prominent p k s

where h e mod-wmk is done. Assam also has this craft widely practiced.

An:othsr impaftant skill in the area af wood c& is the wood lacquer work done in Bi,

d O h a and maay parts of the South especially Karnataka.

Barasbsod-

l'he tribal ~odefies with rncjr'dePcndagc tb h s t p d u c f a have developed the art of . sing bamboos In various f c r m In the North East region of Inch, kssam is the biggest centre r f fumhm. H-ere the chairs, baskets, garden wings and household items are made A& crane. A variety af baskets with diffefent 'tygeps of cane are mdde. Mats of bamboo hrvps are quite common. In Mizom 10% baskets aith broad tops and narrow tapering ottem are made. Workers in tea plantations of Assam use bamboo huts. ShiWpatT mats

d e an exquisite variety of mats made in Assam. These are made with reeds. Bengal also

I makes good miety of mats. In Tripura the h e . lp+mboo . straps are woven in DM@ \wiPh the W p d aWin4hreads.

Itt W 8 . a pb.calle?d Pi%ma&i is faugous f&,& quality ofmtts.. Here thin s t r d of

J &iiw strgwoyea with cotton thread. Another fEne variety of mada in &erala is made with the lf%am.of wrewpine plant. The dining table mats and coasters in bright colours are also m d e here. ;.

The baskets, hand fans and grain separators of sikki grass and bamboo are

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... . . . .(

. . . . .


H-cmfiS - Conllnuit~ 2) Which regions in India have the entire houses made of wood? d C h n n g c

I * 5) i) Wbi$region is famous for s a n m d : . . - - wood carving is done maMy ak

adai in brala is famum for:

22.5 '- !@ETAL CRAFT

Like o4hw crafts, metals of all types are worked upon ialndk. In* Section we &&cuss different %ypes of objects made with various d s in d Wia. We **ever,

he. 'l'k.se WWM b discussed in.$@zwxt Unit - . & ;$

Excavations at Harappa have yielded objects naadc of h ceafler aad ?&@a@. 'They date back to around 2500 B.C. The copper was the most wideiy w&d'metal in India before the introduction of iron. Harappan finds include utensils, bangles, other jewellery items, statues, axe heads, arrow heads and daggers etc. made of copper. There is evidence to suggest that moulds were used for cgsting many copper objects. The polishing is also evident.

Brome is an alloy of copper and tin and Harappan excavations have yielded a few bronze objects also, though very few as compared to copper. The best example of bronze work is the statue or of a dancing girl found at Mohenjodaro. Bronze saw, some figurines a d few other objects haw been found from various sites of Harappan civilisation.


Clay, Stonc, Wood and The tradition of metal crafts has continued thro@ the histaical the. Mare than two Metal CrPfle

' thousand pars old capper statue of Budha from Sultanganj is me of its m kind. Amthr example is the iron pillars& DeIhi (near Qutb hllinat) from F o d Centmy A.D. 'This iron pillar is 23 feet high. It is h from rust even &er Wing exposed to w m t k fen IBtI y&ars. A large number of Chon guns, huge iron gates and fine o b j a of d8erent mpW manufactured during 16th and 17th centuries also speak highly of the h o w ~ e of metalkrt-gy

i and sldls of the craftsmen. Except the mi~UEdcture' of arms all the traditions of metal CT&S

continue in Indian towns and villages.

22.5.1 Variety of Metal Crafts . ,

Like other craft traditions the metal crafts also have two aspects. The meis thendchg of the articles of every day we and the objects of art for decorative and other uses. The first category of metal work we prevalent in &mist all t m anmldkqp. Of the most common is ironsmith or lohar prodding took and implements tu rural aaas. Tb utensils for every day use such as kadbais (frying p w ) and tawa are alma~t almymde of iron. Cooking pam and storage vessels are made mostly with kcin, copper, b r m & brass (the latter two are alloys). Metals play a rob in the religious life of pegde a h . The idols of gods and goddesses and almost all the pots used for rituals and wcmhip are

'

made of metals of different t y p s in different rcgiotls. Hcmrrer pots, s t a m o m n 4 ,

decor& pieces and toys bf'tii%rmt types are made in all puts of the camtry. With the coming of the madim% and industry the work of artism has become sim@fM to some extent. Now the met& and their alloys mailable to craftmen in varim sizes and shapes, although in some regiom e m preparation of raw material k don& by the Bmnse dmr at City Palace,

a r t k m themselves.

The skills of craftsmen in their work on metak is of various types. A few we l&d b l m

i) The respousse or e m b a b g is the m&hd of raking Phe designs in relid'

ii) The art of engraving i s used to thasEufiwed&emetd. are^ through cutting, etching and s pUefns a d designs, ,

iii) By making patterns or designs for dewrating one metal surfamwith the uhc of w b cm i

pattern of other metd andfllSfixhg in the surf& of base metd.

iv) Artistic shapes given to objects with h e help of moulds or h d s .

v) The use of colours on eagraved surfaces. - -

V;) M&hg of vabus of +lap with d x b g wals in d&te p~~ to @ them s'trenlph, parti* Ilne awl polished s u t h . In miaiytwes ~~~ di5k

(alloy of copper atrd t h g and b m (doy of copper and zinc). The pnzsence of bmaze objects in Harappa is esfabhbd while brass k i~ use for almost two thowsd years.

~stetoesvcrslluderhhktplhya.TheQ.liat&~plradmb~*abmre . , The other two important alloys were IbddkL (five metal alloys) and AshWhm. A (eight metal alloys). In case of PanehaBPla the metals used were tppperi zinc, gold, silver.andlea8. ~hea~oldhat ta hadzinc, copper,pM, ~p~d,r,iron, tin, leada&dkmry,

Let us a m s m y the main ceWw of metal & m amtempomy India a d the& qdl3c features.

Like other crafts metal work ;rlso h8s haha i r and hdakh as two oftbe impmaat cmweg. Srinirgar is the main ceutte in Ihdunk w b copper vessels and.t#& for tw are made. These vedsels hve specific shapes. TLcy include omLiqB pots, &ma p w , { hubbbbubble (huLka) bas% water jugs, p k , ba&s d lotm.(w-atm ph), They me decorated with floral carviagrf and cdigrapQ. In Zamka fegt8n the iron stones and huge locks are made. Besides being ehiegJ af everyday use: these iye highly

1-

ornameaal aad &bit god cr-p. The capper objwts made in Zslagkar itre great pieces of azt. Tea bowls, ket&ks, jugs and othw articles of copper are decorated with flaral Brese-of-EQU

patterns i&d de@p made in silver aaha bras. pndcpb.


Ham&mt@ - Continuity .snd- 1 '

In Uttar Radesh, Moradabad, Aligarh and Varanasi are the main centres of metal craft. Moradabd has a tradition of almost 400 years of brass work. Here flower pots, ashtrays, .h, bow&+ plates, lotas, wdle stands and aU sorts of dwixatiae items are made. The

and fBhg of brighr d u r s in

s not only hwpper

1 ' , 7

i ' : desigu M bass sheets which are used fw malcing various dcles. Among ritu;Mc items 3 . I , , * temple bek are a h made here.

, A'. bL.-~8 , .4 4 , In MorthBastern region, Assam and Manjpur h m a 1~ng tradition of making large? plates, i - ; '"st _ 1 vtssd§d.ritual pots.

7- x:: ' I

, - -?,, .>; . .. - i .; .'. ,, .: CMmI k weill kwm far its mtt wmks

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a). Here water Wels,, W e t pami are made. M a w of rit and temple lamps dvwious. h is- to &d& Table lanrps, at h lh k t ttigtr, with mirror like s lhe MI bell- metal made in Aranmalk olit the bank of river h&ba itre fanous. Here the poIls%g is a s p d skill and crafttiman-. T d Nadu also has a few q:

Iran where it came to

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are made by tribals with their primitive t&ques. En Bustar region of Madhya Pra&sh use like toys, images of deities, lanaps and tools are

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As & ~ # y aohd India has ~ & & h ~ ) r u ~ y ~ ~ .-I . regim &mrycx;i~ have their viahim.

wtying different names


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Sbianiog Copper and lksss wwe ia a shop

A coppersmith at work.

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1) Write a note on techniques used for decorating metal objects.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.......,,..,.

The most famous statue of dancing girl found at Mohenjodaro is made oE

ii) The iron .pillar near W b in Dehi is almost


22.7 LET US SUM UP

In this Unit we have discussed four main craft traditions of India i.e. clay,stone, wood and metal crafts. Potteries made of clay are the most widely practiced craft. All these crafts are of two types. One is making of objects and articles for every day use across the land. Second is the artistic and decorative articles aesthetically made. The former remains mainly as a form of production with limited skills while the latter exhibits a high level of skill and mastery on the part of the craftsmen. Kashmir, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Kerala and some pockets of U.P. and Bengal have emerged as important centres of the crafts discussed here.

We also noticed that the craft traditions continue to be family and caste based. The craftsmen with all their skills remain at the lower rung of social hierarchy. We also discussed the efforts made to help craftsmen in marketing their crafts and getting their share of the profit for their skills and labour.

22.8 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS EXERCISES

Check Your Progress-1 I 1) See Sub-sections 22.2.1 and 22.2.2

2) See Sub-section 22.2.3

3) (i) Manipur (ii) Ceramic Pottery (iii) Maharashtra (iv) Bengal

!

'Check Your Progress3 I 1) See Sub-section 22.3.2

,1.2) See Sub-section 22.3.2

3) (i) Ellora (ii) Konark in Orissa (iii) Patharkatti (iv) Cups and Plates

Check Your Progress - 3 a 1) Plough and bullock carts.


3) See Sub-section 22.4.2 (wood)

I 1) See Sub-section 22.4.2 (bamboo)

5) (i) Karnalaka (ii) Saharanpur (iii) Mats (iv) Kangris

Check Your Progress-4 I 1) See Sub-section 22.5.1


3) See Subsection 22.5.2 '* \. . 4) (i) Bronze (ii) 15 hundred (iii) Kerala (iv) Tamil Nadu

Clay, Stone, Wood am' Metal Crafts


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