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THE CODESGUIDEBOOK FOR

INTERIORS

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THE CODESGUIDEBOOK FOR

INTERIORSSeventh Edition

Katherine E. KennonSharon K. Harmon

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This book is printed on acid-free paper. ♾Copyright © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 ofthe 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorizationthrough payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permissionshould be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201)748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:Names: Kennon, Katherine E., author. | Harmon, Sharon K., author.Title: The codes guidebook for interiors / by Katherine E. Kennon and Sharon K. Harmon.Description: Seventh edition. | Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons,

Inc., [2018] | Includes index. |Identifiers: LCCN 2017030433 (print) | LCCN 2017035571 (ebook) | ISBN

9781119451105 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119451136 (epub) | ISBN 9781119343196(cloth)

Subjects: LCSH: Building laws—United States. |Buildings—Specifications—United States. | Interiorarchitecture—Specifications—United States.

Classification: LCC KF5701 (ebook) | LCC KF5701 .H37 2018 (print) | DDC343.7307/8624—dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017030433

Cover Design: WileyCover Image: © Kennon | Calhoun Workshop

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

About the International Code Council

The International Code Council is a member-focused association. It is dedicated to developing model codes andstandards used in the design, build, and compliance process to construct safe, sustainable, affordable, and resilientstructures. Most U.S. communities and many global markets choose the International Codes. ICC Evaluation Service(ICC-ES) is the industry leader in performing technical evaluations for code compliance fostering safe and sustainabledesign and construction.

500 New Jersey Avenue, NW, 6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001-2070

Regional Offices: Eastern: Birmingham, AL; Central: Chicago, IL; Western: Brea, CA

1-888-422-7233

www.iccsafe.org

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This book is dedicated to the special men in my life who have encouraged andsupported me in this continued endeavor:James, Drake, and Noel. And not forgetting, Caleb and Toby.

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CONTENTS

INSET INDEX xiii

PREFACE xv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xix

INTRODUCTION: HOW TO USE THIS BOOK xxi

CHAPTER 1: ABOUT THE CODES 1

A Brief History 2Code Publications 3Federal Regulations 21Standards Organizations 24State and Local Codes 33Research and Documentation 34

CHAPTER 2: ACCESSIBILITY 36

Comparing the Codes 37Accessibility Guidelines 38Level of Accessibility 47Enforcement and Responsibility 52Research and Documentation 54

CHAPTER 3: OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATIONSAND LOADS 55

Understanding Occupancy Classifications 56Comparing the Codes 58Description of Occupancies 60New versus Existing Occupancies 80

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viii ❑ CONTENTS

More Than One Occupancy Type 82Accessibility Requirements 90Determining Occupant Loads 94Using the Occupant Load 106Research and Documentation 106

CHAPTER 4: CONSTRUCTION TYPESAND BUILDING SIZES 108

Understanding Construction Types 108Comparing the Codes 112Combustible versus Noncombustible 113Determining Construction Types 115Sustainability Considerations 122Understanding Building Height and Area 124Height and Area Limitations 125

CHAPTER 5: MEANS OF EGRESS 133

Comparing the Codes 134Means of Egress Components 136Exit Accesses 141Exits 160Areas of Refuge 168Exit Discharges 170Means of Egress Capacity 172Arrangement of Exits 186Signage 196Emergency Lighting and Communication 200Research and Documentation 201

CHAPTER 6: FIRE AND SMOKE RESISTANTASSEMBLIES 203

Comparing the Codes 205Compartmentation in a Building 207Fire Walls 208Fire Barriers, Horizontal Assemblies, and Fire Partitions 210Smoke Barriers and Smoke Partitions 226Sound Attenuation Partitions 230

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CONTENTS ❑ ix

Opening Protectives 232Through-Penetration Protectives 244Test Ratings 249Using Rated Materials and Assemblies 252Sustainability Considerations 255Research and Documentation 256

CHAPTER 7: FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS 257

Comparing the Codes 258Detection Systems 261Alarm Systems 265Extinguishing Systems 270Sustainability Considerations 285Research and Documentation 285

CHAPTER 8: PLUMBING AND MECHANICALREQUIREMENTS 287

Comparing Plumbing Codes 288Number of Plumbing Fixtures 289Plumbing Fixture Requirements 298Toilet and Bathing Facilities 309Plumbing Sustainability Considerations 323Comparing Mechanical Codes 326Mechanical Requirements 328Mechanical Sustainability Considerations 335Research and Documentation 336

CHAPTER 9: ELECTRICAL AND COMMUNICATIONREQUIREMENTS 338

Comparing Electrical Codes 339Electrical Components and Devices 342Grounding and Circuit Interrupters 355Light Fixtures 359Required Electrical Systems 363Electrical Sustainability Considerations 366Comparing Communication Codes 371Communication Components and Devices 372

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x ❑ CONTENTS

Types of Communication Systems 379Communication Sustainability Considerations 386Research and Documentation 387

CHAPTER 10: FINISH AND FURNITURESELECTION 389

Types of Finishes and Furnishings 390Comparing the Codes 392Standards and Testing 394Determining Finish Classifications 419Obtaining Test Results 424Accessibility Requirements 430Other Code Restrictions 436Sustainability Considerations 439Research and Documentation 446

CHAPTER 11: CODE OFFICIALS ANDTHE CODE PROCESS 447

Authority Having Jurisdiction 447Code Review and Enforcement 451The Code Process 454Documentation and Liability 466Present and Future 475

APPENDIX A: SUSTAINABILITY 477

Green Rating Systems 479Sustainable Standards and Certification Programs 484Life Cycle Assessment 487Environmental Product Declarations 489Additional Tools 490

APPENDIX B: EXISTING AND HISTORICBUILDINGS 493

Existing Buildings 495Historic Buildings 499Sustainability Considerations 501

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APPENDIX C: FAMILY RESIDENCES 503

Construction Types and Building Size 504Means of Egress 504Fire and Smoke Resistance 506Fire Protection 506Plumbing 508Mechanical 508Electrical and Communication 509Finishes and Furniture 511Accessibility Considerations 512Sustainability Considerations 512

GLOSSARY 515

INDEX 539

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INSET INDEX

Code and Standards Changes 5ICC Evaluation Service 12Codes and Standards in Other Countries 18Testing Agencies and Certification 29UL Labels 32ADA-ABA Accessibility Guidelines Development 46Risk Factors and Hazards in Occupancies 59Custodial Care versus Medical Care 76Rooms and Spaces 81–82Design Loads 94Combustible Materials 116Atriums and Mezzanines 120Protected or Unprotected 122High-Rise Buildings 131Elevators 168Special Egress Strategies 169Travel Distance Factors 195Smoke and How It Travels 228Carbon Monoxide Detection 263Fire Technology 265Integrated Alarms 271Plumbing Systems 294Mechanical Systems 327Power and Electrical Systems 341Low-Voltage Cabling Systems 371Building Automation Systems 377

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xiv ❑ INSET INDEX

Fire Development Stages 391Industry Standards 400CAL 133–Tested Products 420Flame Retardant Treatments 429Plastic Finishes 440Administration Chapter 452Knowing What Is New in the Code 457Options in Codes 467Performance Codes 473ISO Standards for Sustainability 485Federal Sustainability Certifications 488The Red List 489

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PREFACE

Codes and standards continue to change and evolve. Even federal regula-tions are amended and updated. Why does this seem like a never-endingprocess? Because the many organizations and individuals that developthe codes, standards, and federal regulations strive to make the built envi-ronment as safe as possible: we learn from recent events and apply thisknowledge to our future buildings and spaces.

A wide variety of factors are taken into consideration. Recent build-ing fires, natural disasters, and even acts of terrorism shed light on howbuilding safety can be improved. Industry trends, new building products,and improved technology provide additional options for addressingbuilding safety. Instantaneous sharing of information worldwide affectsevery aspect of our lives including building safety. Changing concernsfor safety and health in our buildings and for our environment havecatapulted sustainability, energy efficiency, and green practices into thecodes, standards, and federal regulations—at a much faster rate than everanticipated. All of these influences continue to lead to new opportunitiesfor collaboration between various organizations and future changesto the codes and standards. These ongoing changes challenge designprofessionals to stay up to date.

This book concentrates on the interior of a building because thecodes, standards, and federal regulations affect projects on the interior ofa building as much as the building shell. And most projects, whether newconstruction, renovation, or interior build-out, will have to consider thecodes directed to the interior of a building. The goal is to make the codesuser-friendly and to provide a good overall understanding of the variouscodes, standards, and federal regulations.

What sets this book apart is that it does more than just repeat thecode requirements; it explains how various requirements and conceptswork together to create building safety. This book considers the require-ments from more than one specific code. It discusses the relationship ofthe various code publications and other related documents and indicateshow different requirements may correlate in a project. Understandingthe overall code process creates safer buildings. When the objective of

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xvi ❑ PREFACE

code research is clear, the process can be more efficient, saving time andenergy and allowing more time to be spent on the design process. Thisseventh edition of The Codes Guidebook for Interiors includes the most recentchanges and updates to the codes, standards, and federal regulations. Thefollowing previews what is included.

❑ Focuses on the most current and widely used building code, the 2015International Building Code (IBC), as well as other related InternationalCode Council (ICC) codes, such as the 2015 International Fire Code.

❑ Discusses how to use the NFPA’s 2015 Life Safety Code (LSC) in con-junction with the IBC regarding the various code topics presented,ranging from selecting occupancy classifications to determiningmeans of egress and fire-resistant assemblies.

❑ Incorporates information on the many standards referenced by thecodes or used by the building and interior industry.

❑ Discusses the relationship of the ICC accessibility standard (ICCA117.1) and the 2010 ADA Standards and how to use them in con-junction with the codes. The differences between the original 1991Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) andthe new 2010 ADA Standards are also explained.

❑ Explains sustainability practices as they relate to the existing codesand newly developed green codes and standards, including the Inter-national Green Construction Code (IgCC) and the ASHRAE/USGBC/IES189.1, Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green BuildingsExcept Low-Rise Residential Buildings.

❑ Describes the relationship between the energy codes, such as the 2015International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), sustainability codes,and federal energy regulations, and the IBC.

❑ Includes interior-related electrical code requirements based on the2014 and 2017 National Electrical Code (NEC).

❑ Explains plumbing codes (and plumbing fixtures), using the 2015International Plumbing Code, and mechanical codes as they pertain tointerior projects.

❑ Discusses the newest information on finish and furniture standardsand testing, including the most current sustainability and life safetyissues.

❑ Presents the role of alternative materials and methods and perfor-mance codes to allow creative options for meeting prescriptive coderequirements.

❑ Explains the terms, concepts, and requirements of the codes,standards, and federal regulations in a simple, organized

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PREFACE ❑ xvii

format—explaining the differences, which codes to use, andhow to use them together.

❑ Includes multiple examples and sample floor plans covering a widevariety of building types and occupancy classifications.

❑ Includes many diagrams combining code and accessibility-relatedrequirements for items such as means of egress, toilet and bathingrooms, and finish- and furniture-related items.

❑ Includes the latest information on working with code officials anddocumenting your projects using prescriptive, performance, and/orsustainability codes.

❑ Addresses a variety of building and project types, both large andsmall, and includes information on existing buildings, historic build-ings, and single-family homes.

❑ In past editions, individual checklists were included at the end of thechapter. New to this edition, access to a comprehensive code check-list in digital format is provided with the purchase of this book. Thisinteractive checklist can be downloaded and used to assist you incode research and documentation for projects.

❑ If you are an instructor, student, or new professional, additionalinformation is available for the use of this book. For instructors,PowerPoint presentations and suggestions for classroom activitiesare available in the Instructor’s Manual. If you are a design studentor new professional, flash cards and similar study materials areavailable. These are available online with the purchase of this book.

❑ Supplementing the information in this book, a Study Guide is alsoavailable. It is a valuable resource to test your understanding of theterms, concepts, and requirements presented in the Guidebook.

I hope that this book is helpful to you.

Katherine E. Kennon, AIA

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am often asked how I became interested and subsequently so involvedwith building codes and accessibility issues. I always relate it back toan event early in my professional career. It began with a sign-up sheetcirculating around the office with an offer to attend a code seminar com-pliments of the firm. At the time, not knowing a whole lot about codesfrom the brief introduction in design school and wanting to take advan-tage of the free education, I signed up. Days later, my boss, Richard But-cosk, called me into his office. He was wondering why I wanted to go toa code seminar, considering that I had been hired to be part of the designteam, not particularly because of such pragmatic interests. My responsewas that if not being familiar with code requirements could negativelyaffect my designs, then I viewed them as critical design information. Iwas allowed to attend, the first of many. Shortly after that, the Americanswith Disability Act was passed and again another series of seminars. Andso began an interest intertwined in my design career.

Later, I taught a design studio class that integrated the teaching ofcodes and accessibility as related to a commercial project. This led to memeeting Sharon K. Harmon, who was the author of the assigned text book.That book was the first edition of what was to become this book. Begin-ning with the second edition, Sharon and I became co-authors of the book.She has now moved onto a different emphasis in her career, and start-ing with the sixth edition, the book has been my opportunity to continueto present codes and accessibility issues to design students and design-ers (architects and interior designers). The common thread continues tobe the importance of knowing code and accessibility requirements as wedesign buildings, particularly their interior layout and components.

For the book to continue to be relevant and accurate, having industryprofessionals give perspective on the content is essential. I luckily findpeople willing to take the time to read, comment, and make suggestionson sections and chapters within their professional purview. For this edi-tion, I want to thank David Garrett for his contribution to the content ofthis edition. I appreciate your time and professional perspective.

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xx ❑ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I want to thank the International Code Council (ICC) and NationalFire Protection Association (NFPA), who continue to allow the use of theirsource material and to clarify code requirements so that they can be accu-rately represented in this text.

I want to thank the building and associated industry representa-tives who continue to allow the use of their images and products suchAPCO Graphics, Steelcraft Manufacturing, Underwriters Laboratories,and ACT. They make it possible to give real examples and images ofcode-related elements.

Even though this book is on its seventh edition, the creation of thefinal product is defined each edition by new technologies, processes,and people. For perspective, the submission process for the secondedition involved a large amount of paper and shipping time for thephysical delivery of edited material: now, the process occurs almostinstantaneously and completely through cyberspace. So, for this edi-tion, I specifically appreciate Amanda Shettleton, Kalli Schultea, andJayalakshmi Thevarkandi at John Wiley & Sons, Inc., who helped methrough nuances of the process for this edition, including moving thechecklists for each chapter to digital format. I appreciate all those at JohnWiley who continue to be advocates for this book, to value its uniqueplace in the industry and have been integral to its development, past andpresent.

I would particularly like to thank the readers, who continue to buyand recommend the book. Whether you use this book as an educator orstudent or for your own personal professional development, your feed-back and support of the book is what motivates me to keep this endeavorup to date and pertinent to the industry. I hope that this relationship con-tinues to benefit the design community and safe building environments.

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I N T R O D U C T I O N

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

Codes, standards, and federal regulations are an essential part of design-ing building interiors. The Codes Guidebook for Interiors is designed to assistin the process of determining which codes and regulations apply, whetheryou are space planning the interior of a new building, designing a newtenant space in part of a building, or making some minor changes inan existing building. Incorporating these requirements should become anatural part of every interior project. And this book is intended to helpwhether you are an architect, interior designer, engineer, builder, build-ing owner, or facility manager. Most of the code publications addressthe entire building—exterior and interior—as well as the structure of thebuilding itself. This book concentrates on the codes that pertain to theinterior of a building, helping you to minimize your research time. It willmake the many interior codes, standards, and federal regulations moreuser-friendly.

NoteThis book is accompaniedby a book companion site:www.wiley.com/go/codesguidebook7e.

In this seventh edition of the Codes Guidebook, each section hasbeen updated to inform you of the most current interior-related codes,standards, and federal regulations. Using the 2015 edition of the codes,this book concentrates on the requirements of the International BuildingCode and the Life Safety Code, two of the most widely used codes. Themost current accessibility and sustainability requirements are discussedas well, including the 2010 ADA Standards. Some chapters also dis-cuss interior-related information from the fire codes, the electrical andenergy-related codes, and the plumbing and mechanical codes, includingany pertinent information on performance and alternative requirements.

Because it explains how the various codes, standards, and federal reg-ulations must be used together, this book will assist you in your coderesearch. It will provide you with multiple examples, explanatory dia-grams, and checklists to help you design effectively, to eliminate costlymistakes and time-consuming changes in a project.

NoteThis book deals withinterior codes only. Unlessotherwise noted, it isassumed that the exteriorwalls—including doors andwindows—and the existingshell of the building areeither existing or alreadydetermined.

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DEFINITIONS

Certain terms when used by the codes have specific meanings. Sometimesthese means are different than how we may use them in our typical use.For example, although the terms corridor, passageway, and hallway may besomewhat interchangeable in our daily language, they are very differentin code language. It is important to understand the specific definition ofterms when using the codes. Each code typically has a chapter of termsused in the code to clarify how each term in defined. Here are some com-mon terms used throughout this book. Additional terms are defined inthe glossary in the back of the book.

ACCESSIBLE: Unless otherwise noted, this term refers to areas, prod-ucts, or devices usable by persons with disabilities, as required by thecodes, federal legislation such as the Americans with Disabilities Act, andaccessibility standards.

AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION (AHJ): Used by the codeorganizations to indicate organizations, offices, or individuals thatadminister and enforce the codes. In this book, we designate these as codejurisdictions, code departments, and code officials, respectively.

CODE OFFICIAL: Also known as a building official; an employee ofa codes department who has the authority to interpret, administer, andenforce the codes, standards, and regulations within that jurisdiction. Acode official can have several different titles, including plans examiner,building inspector, and, sometimes, fire marshal. Also generally referredto as the AHJ by the codes.

CODES DEPARTMENT: A local government agency that adminis-ters and enforces the codes within a jurisdiction. Some small jurisdictionsmay have a codes department that consists of only one person or code offi-cial, while some large jurisdictions may include many different agenciesand departments. Also generally referred to as the AHJ by the codes.

GREEN DESIGN: Design of products, environments, and buildingsthat treats environmental attributes as an important design objective. Itaims to minimize the potential harmful effects on human health and theenvironment by choosing eco-friendly building materials and construc-tion practices. It may also include systems that increase the efficiency ofa building so that it uses less materials, energy, and water. (See also Sus-tainable Design.)

JURISDICTION: A determined geographical area that uses thesame codes, standards, and regulations. Each jurisdiction passes a lawspecifying which codes and standards are required and how they willbe regulated. A jurisdiction can be as small as a township or as largeas an entire state. The code jurisdiction of a project is determined by

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HOW TO USE THIS BOOK ❑ xxiii

the location of the building. Also generally referred to as the AHJ bythe codes.

PERFORMANCE CODE: A code that is more generally describedand gives an objective but not specific instructions on how to achieve it.The focus is on the desired outcome, not a single solution, and complianceis based on meeting the criteria established by the performance code.(Engineering tools and methodologies are often used to substantiate theuse of the code criteria.)

PRESCRIPTIVE CODE: A code providing a specific requirement thatmust be met for the design, construction, and maintenance of a building.The focus is on a specific solution to achieve an objective or outcome basedon historical experience and established engineering. Historically, codesin the United States have been prescriptive in nature.

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN: More encompassing than green design,sustainability typically includes three main tenets: environmental respon-sibility, economic strength, and social responsibility. Buildings and spacesthat incorporate sustainable design are designed to lessen their impacton the environment, stimulate the economy, and provide improvementsto those involved in the development and the community.

NoteSustainable design andgreen design are not thesame; sustainable designis more comprehensive.

USING CODES IN THE DESIGN PROCESS

The best time to research codes and use this book is in the early stagesof a design project, preferably in the programming phase or schematicphase while the designs are still preliminary. It is especially advised toreview these requirements before construction documents are started andconstruction costs are estimated. Figure I.1 summarizes how the vari-ous phases of the typical design process relate to the steps taken duringthe suggested code review process. Refer to this chart as you work on aproject to make sure you are covering the necessary code steps. (A moredetailed flowchart of the code process is included in Chapter 11.) TheCodes Guidebook is organized so that you can follow it while working ona design project from beginning to end, in the order in which you wouldtypically research the codes.

ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK

Chapter 1 in The Codes Guidebook for Interiors gives a brief history of codesand provides some background on each of the main code publications,federal regulations, and standards organizations. Although this edition

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Design Process Code Process Description

Programming/Predesign

PreliminaryResearch

● Determine applicable codes, standards, and federal reg-ulations

● Preliminary code research to determine important codeissues such as occupancy type, occupancy load, etc.

● Determine level of sustainability required: code, stan-dard, rating system, and/or a green building program

Schematic/ConceptualDesign

● Incorporate code and sustainability compliance intodesign, keeping in mind means of egress, rated walls,etc.

DesignDevelopment

PreliminaryReview

● Meet with code official to review conflicting code require-ments (optional unless using performance codes, butcould be helpful)

● May also be done during Schematic Design Phase

ConstructionDocuments

● Check specific technical requirements such asaisle widths, stair dimensions, clearances, finishclassifications

● Compare code, sustainability, and accessibility require-ments

● Incorporate requirements into final design

● Specify and/or detail items as required to meet codes,standards, and federal requirements

Bidding Process PermittingProcess

● Contractor applies for building permit

Purchasing ● As items are ordered, confirm compliance with applica-ble codes and standards

ConstructionAdministration

InspectionProcess

● Code officials review work by contractor to confirm thatwork complies with approved construction documents,including any incorporated performance and/or sustain-ability requirements

Client Move-in Final Inspection ● Final code approval of construction must occur and acertificate of occupancy issued by the jurisdiction beforeclient can move in

Post-OccupancyEvaluation

● Provide clients with documentation necessary for themto maintain building and/or contents as required forcodes and standards (including performance and sus-tainability items)

Figure I.1 Comparison of design and code process.

concentrates on the International Codes® (I-Codes®) by the InternationalCode Council (ICC), there are other widely used codes, such as the NFPA101 Life Safety Code (LSC) and the National Electrical Code (NEC). Chapter 1explains these individual codes. Chapter 1 is helpful in determiningwhich codes and standards publications and which federal regulations

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HOW TO USE THIS BOOK ❑ xxv

apply to an interior project. Chapter 11, the last chapter in this book,discusses code officials and the code process. It describes how theywork and how to work with them, as well as how to document thecodes information for your project. If you are new to codes research, youmay want to review Chapter 1 and Chapter 11 together to gain a basicunderstanding before reading the rest of the book.

NoteAll codes can be dividedinto two types. In the past,most codes wereconsideredprescriptive-type codes.These codes requirespecific compliance. Today,more performance-typecodes are being developed,which allow more than onesolution to achieve thesame results.

Each of the remaining chapters pertains to a specific code concept anddiscusses the related code, standard, and federal requirements for thattopic using the publications summarized in Chapter 1. The chapters havebeen organized in the order in which these issues are typically consideredduring an interior project. Once you have used Chapter 1 to determinewhich publications apply to your project, we suggest you research thecodes and standards in the following order:

Accessibility (Chapter 2)Occupancy Classifications and Loads (Chapter 3)Construction Types and Building Sizes (Chapter 4)Means of Egress (Chapter 5)Fire and Smoke Resistant Assemblies (Chapter 6)Fire Protection Systems (Chapter 7)Plumbing and Mechanical Requirements (Chapter 8)Electrical and Communication Requirements (Chapter 9)Finish and Furniture Selection (Chapter 10)

Like the code publications, most of the chapters in this book build onand add to the preceding ones. For example, the occupancy classificationsin Chapter 3 are important because many of the other codes are based onthe occupancy of a building or space. Therefore, it is suggested that thefirst-time user read this book in the order in which it is written and use itas a guide while referencing the actual codes, standards, and federal pub-lications. Each chapter in the book includes the most current code tables,realistic design examples, summary charts, helpful diagrams, and projectchecklists. Each chapter also includes relevant accessibility regulations,sustainability requirements, and performance code information.

An index is provided so that you can refer to specific topics of inter-est. As you become familiar with the codes, use the index and the tableof contents to direct you to the section of the book that applies to a spe-cific code issue. Then refer to the appropriate code, standard, and federalpublication to get the specific details.

NoteA project may be governedby more than onejurisdiction. For example,both a city and a state mayregulate a particularproject.

The appendixes in this book are intended to address additional codeissues that may apply to your research or project. Appendix A addresses

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concepts pertaining to sustainability that are not currently required bythe codes but may influence the development of a project. (See the section“Sustainability Requirements” later in this introduction.)

NoteWhen using the codetables, be sure to check allfootnotes specify extraconditions or exceptionsthat may apply. They oftenspecify extra conditionsthat may apply to a project.

Appendix B briefly describes the additional codes and regulationsthat may apply to existing and historic buildings. Most of this discussionconcentrates on the requirements in the ICC International Existing BuildingCode (IEBC), which may be adopted in some jurisdictions. Special consid-eration must also be given to historic buildings, since they usually aresubject to further regulations on a local or even national level. AppendixC briefly discusses codes relating to the interior of private residences,referred to by the codes as “one- and two-family dwellings.” This book isprimarily intended to cover codes and regulations that apply to commer-cial and public projects. Compared to the number of codes for these typesof projects, there are fewer interior regulations for private residences. Pri-vate residences, in fact, have a separate ICC code publication, titled theInternational Residential Code (IRC). A brief overview of some of the typicalrequirements is given in this appendix.

The bibliography for this book has been organized by topic tohelp you start or add to your personal reference library. The completelist can be found on the companion website, www.wiley.com/go/codesguidebook7e.

AVAILABLE CODES AND STANDARDS

There are currently two main code organizations: the International CodeCouncil (ICC), which publishes a comprehensive set of codes knownas the International Codes, or I-Codes; and the National Fire ProtectionAssociation (NFPA), which publishes another set of codes sometimesreferred to as the C3-Codes. The I-Codes continue to be the “family” ofcodes most widely used in the United States. At least one of the serieshas been adopted by a code jurisdiction in every U.S. state. Often, severalof the I-Codes are included in a jurisdiction’s enforceable codes. In somecases, jurisdictions that had custom codes in the past have now adoptedone of the I-Codes or modified it as their custom code. Although theInternational Building Code is more often chosen as the building code thanthe NFPA 5000 (building) code, several of the NFPA codes are used aswell. (See Chapter 1.)

Overall, this seventh edition of The Codes Guidebook for Interiors con-centrates on the requirements and code tables from the 2015 InternationalBuilding Code (IBC), as well as other current code publications from theICC such as the International Plumbing Code (IPC) and the International

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Energy Conservation Code (IECC). Because many jurisdictions also useNFPA’s Life Safety Code (LSC) and National Electrical Code (NEC), both ofthese codes are explained throughout this book in relation to the I-Codes.(See Chapter 1.)

NoteMany jurisdictionsthroughout the UnitedStates are using theInternational Building Code(IBC) or a custom codebased on the IBC.

Certain standards are referenced by the codes and, therefore, arerequired by a jurisdiction. Others have become standard practice toincorporate in a project, often for the health, safety, and/or welfare ofthe building occupants. Many of these standards are explained in thisbook. Some of them are explained in Chapter 1 as the various standardsorganizations are described; this includes standards by the ICC and theNFPA. Additional standards are discussed in other chapters based onthe relevant topic.

PRESCRIPTIVE AND PERFORMANCE

Both the ICC and the NFPA now include performance criteria in additionto prescriptive requirements in their codes. (See preceding “Definitions”section.) The NFPA includes the performance-based requirements as aseparate chapter within many of its publications. By contrast, the ICCproduces a separate performance code publication that can be used inconjunction with its other codes when recognized by the code jurisdiction.Where a jurisdiction has not adopted the performance code, you have theoption of using sections in the International Building Code that allow forsome flexibility from the prescriptive code. The most common is titledSection 104.11, Alternative Materials, Design and Methods of Construction andEquipment. (See the subsection “Performance Codes” in Chapter 1.)

NoteWhen discussingprescriptive codes, theterm requirements is oftenused. However,performance codestypically set criteria, goals,or objectives.

The performance codes are meant to be used in conjunction with theprescriptive codes. A project with an unusual design may require theuse of a performance code. Most often, performance-based criteria willbe used for a particular part of the project and the standard prescriptivecodes will be used for the rest. It would be unusual for an entire projectto be designed using only performance codes. When a performance coderequirement is used, there is more responsibility on the designer. Not onlymust the performance-related criteria be correctly documented, but it alsomust be proven that these criteria are being met with the use of fire mod-els, testing, and so on.

Various performance codes are mentioned in each chapter of this bookas they relate to the corresponding prescriptive codes. Chapter 11 dis-cusses how to document the use of performance codes for codes review.Ultimately, performance codes can be used to explore unique designs andallow for the use of new technology. Even if you do not typically use them,

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by becoming familiar with the various performance requirements youwill gain more insight into the prescriptive codes. They will also giveyou insight into using IBC Section 104.11.

NoteNFPA’s Life Safety Codeand National ElectricalCode are widely usedthroughout the UnitedStates. ACCESSIBILITY REGULATIONS

Today, most interior projects are required to be designed to be accessibleto persons with various disabilities. The building codes include accessibil-ity requirements and reference the ICC accessibility standard ICC A117.1.In addition, federal laws require buildings both privately and federallyowned to be accessible based on individual standards. The ICC standardand the various federally required accessibility regulations are summa-rized in Chapter 1.

However, since accessibility affects all aspects of a design, accessibil-ity standards and the ADA are also discussed throughout this book asthey relate to each relevant topic. (The information focuses on the 2009ICC standard and the 2010 ADA Standards.) For example, accessible toiletfacilities are discussed in the plumbing chapter (Chapter 8), and accessibleramps are discussed in the chapter on means of egress (Chapter 5).

Like the codes discussed in this book, not every specific accessibilitydimension and requirement has been mentioned. For specific require-ments and additional information, you must still consult the ADA andits related guidelines or standards, specific chapters within the buildingcodes, and any other accessibility regulations required by a jurisdiction.(When discrepancies are found between the ADA standards and ICCstandard, the strictest requirements are typically discussed.)

NoteWith the adoption of the2010 ADA Standards by theDepartment of Justice(DOJ), the original ADAAGis now referred to as the1991 ADA Standards. Theupdated ICC A117.1, the2017 edition, is planned forpublication in July 2017.

NoteUniversal design is a termoften used in relation toaccessibility. However,universal design is moreinclusive: It involvesmaking sure a designconsiders the needs ofdifferent age groups aswell as persons withdisabilities.

SUSTAINABILITY REQUIREMENTS

Sustainability (and green) codes and standards add a whole new dimen-sion to the code process, affecting design as well as material, equipment,and product selection. There have been code requirements, standards,and federal regulations that promote or require sustainable practicessuch as energy efficiency, water usage (waterless urinals), graywaterrecycling systems, and so on for several code cycles. Green and sus-tainable codes and standards are quickly increasing in developmentand use. The two most prominent are the ASHRAE/USGBC/IES 189.1,Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings Except Low-RiseResidential Buildings, and the International Green Construction Code (IgCC),both of which are discussed throughout this book. In addition, the