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Umberto® NXT
(v7.1)
Tutorial 1
ifu Hamburg GmbH Max-Brauer-Allee 50
22765 Hamburg / Germany www.ifu.com
DocVersion: 2.5 Date: October 2014 Publisher: ifu Hamburg GmbH
http://www.umberto.de
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Umberto
® is a registered trademark of ifu Hamburg GmbH
Microsoft and MS are registered trademarks. Windows and Excel are trademarks of Microsoft Corp. Other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.
Information in this manual is subject to change without notice. No liability for the correctness of the information in this manual. All figures are for demonstration purposes only and contain fictitious data. Reproduction or translation of any part of this manual in any form (electronic or mechanic) without prior written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for permission should be addressed to ifu Hamburg GmbH, Hamburg, Germany.
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 1 Page 1
Tutorial 1:Umberto NXT Simple Example
Time: 1 h Pages: 20 Level: New User Requirements: none
What you will learn:
• Umberto NXT work area and window handling
• Create a project, a model and a first process
• Specify a process
• Calculate a small model
• View the calculation results
• Create Sankey diagrams
• Use the Module Gallery
Tutorial 2a: U NXT LCA/UNIV
Time: 1-2 h Pages: 40 Level: Beginner
Requirements: Tutorial 1 or experience
with Umberto 5 for Life Cycle Assessment
and general knowledge about LCA
What you will learn:
• Working with activity datasets
• Product life cycle phases
• LCA calculation and results
• Disposal and transport activities
• Function and parameters
• Group-By Box
• Material type
• Calculation log
Tutorial 2b: U NXT EFF/UNIV
Time: 3-4 h Pages 40 Level: Beginner
Requirements: Tutorial 1 or experience
with Umberto 5
What you will learn:
• User defined process specification
• Create subnets
• Analysis of input/output inventory
• Function and parameters
• Cost accounting for MFA
• Allocations
• Generic materials
• Co-products
• Sankey diagrams
• Advanced Features
Tutorial 4: U NXT UNIV
Time: 1-2 h Pages: 15 Level: Advanced
Requirements: Tutorial 1 and 2 for LCA and
Efficiency and 3 or experience with Umberto
5 for Life Cycle Assessment and knowledge
about LCA
What you will learn:
• Integrate costs LCA
• Material Mapping
• Calculate Selection
Tutorial 3: U NXT LCA/UNIV
Time: 1-2 h Pages: 48 Level: Advanced
Requirements: Tutorial 1 and 2 or
experience with Umberto 5 for Life Cycle
Assessment and knowledge about LCA
What you will learn:
• Allocations
• Generic materials
• Set multiple virtual reference flows
• Co-products
• Working with functional units
• Sankey diagrams
• Results by products
• Print and export results
• Advanced Features
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Page 2 Tutorial 1
Introduction
Welcome to the tutorial section of Umberto NXT.
It is divided into five independent tutorials of increasing complexity. Each
tutorial has its focus on a different topic. The first tutorial introduces the basic
features of Umberto NXT. The four following tutorials provide more complex
modeling and information about advanced features.
The first tutorial gives an introduction on how to create a basic model as well
as the handling of general settings. This is done by using a simple example.
In the second tutorial for LCA the focus is set on the creation of a model for a
Life Cycle Assessment. It is shown how to work with a database and how to
use different impact assessment methods. In the second tutorial for Efficiency
the focus is set on cost accounting and efficiency analysis. Part of both second
tutorials is also to visualize the results via Sankey diagrams.
The third tutorial for LCA has its main focus on more advanced topics of Life
Cycle Assessment. It provides additional information about useful features of
Umberto NXT LCA and gives further modeling hints.
The fourth tutorial for Universal has the main focus on the integration of costs
into LCA and therefore required material mapping.
For further information about the functions covered in this tutorial
have a look at the Umberto NXT LCA User Manual. The user
manual can be accessed directly in the software via the Help
menu.
ifu Hamburg GmbH
Tutorial 1
Tutorial 1: Sim
This tutorial covers th
create a first simpl
example which is n
Nevertheless it succe
software Umberto NX
Content
• Umberto NXT wor
• Create, rename or
• Create, rename or
• Building up a grap
• Calculate a netwo
• Analyzing calculat
Getting Started
The first thing that a
page offers some i
commands for creati
example project files
In Umberto NXT the
database where the
be created in one p
calculation. Every ma
within one project.
All change
in the pro
save the w
Before a model can b
There are three ways
File' on the start pag
entry 'New'. The third
the main toolbar at th
A file save dialog will
hard disk. Please find
'Tutorial 1'.
Now that a new proj
Umberto NXT shows
ple Network Model
he basic handling of Umberto NXT. It is
le model. Therefore, the tutorial sta
not exemplary for a typical LCA or
essfully demonstrates the basics of how
XT.
rk area and windows
r delete a project, a model, a module a
r delete a net element
phical network model
rk model
tion results
ppears after opening Umberto NXT is t
information about the software and
ing a new Umberto project file as well
of this tutorial.
topmost data structure is a project file
models and materials are stored in. S
project file. A model typically contain
aterial defined in a project can be use
es made while working on a project ar
oject database. Therefore, it is not nec
working progress.
be created a new Umberto project file n
s to do that. Either, follow the link 'Ne
ge, or navigate to 'File' in the menu b
d possibility is to click on the 'New Proje
he top.
ll be shown asking whether to save the
d an adequate name for the Umberto p
ject file has been opened, the graphic
the workspace: There are four windows
Umberto NXT
Page 3
s also shown how to
arts with a simple
r MFA calculation.
w to work with the
nd a material
the start page. This
provides links to
ll as to opening the
e. A project file is a
Several models can
s one network for
ed for every model
re instantly written
cessary to actively
eeds to be opened.
ew Umberto Project
bar and choose the
ject File' button in
e project file on the
project file, such as
al user interface of
s on the screen.
Umberto NXT ifu Hamburg GmbH
Page 4 Tutorial 1
Figure 1: Graphical User Interface of Umberto NXT LCA
The largest window is called 'Net Editor'. The net editor allows for creating a
graphical model.
The window pane on the top left is the so called 'Project Explorer'. It shows all
models and materials which are contained in the respective Umberto project
file.
At the bottom left there is the 'Property Editor' window pane. The first
information on the top of this window shows the type and name of the
selected element. Further properties of this element are also displayed and
can be edited here.
Below the net editor the 'Specification Editor' is located. It allows for specifying
the elements of the model. This pane is also used to show the calculation
results. Since no network has been created yet, the specification editor is
empty.
A model can be renamed by selecting it within the Project
Explorer. Navigate to the property editor, type a new name into
the name field and confirm by pressing the return key or by
simply leaving the field.
ifu Hamburg GmbH
Tutorial 1
To create
'Models' in
context m
Otherwise
toolbar.
Creating a Netwo
After having created
first network model.
flow in a simple pro
material which will be
Start by clicking on t
cursor changes to a
click in the middle of
To draw
mode, do
double-cli
icon indic
exit the m
Name the process by
process. Navigate to
field 'Text'. It is also
while it is selected.
elsewhere in the net
Figure 2: A first process
The process will nee
place (symbol with
left of the process b
toolbar (symbol wi
on the right side of
respectively.
a new model within the current projec
in the Project Explorer and choose 'Ne
menu, which can be opened by the
e press the 'New Model' button in th
rk Model
a new project and a new model, pleas
In this example processes that supply
oduction chain will be developed. Ther
e processed in two production steps.
the process symbol in the toolbar of
cross, indicating that the design mo
f the net editor to draw the first process
several elements in a row without e
ouble-click on the desired element in
licking on an element a small pin is sh
ating that multiple elements can be cr
ulti-draw mode, use the right mouse b
y clicking the process's text label locat
the property editor and enter the nam
o possible to change a text label by
Apply the change by hitting the tab
editor.
d an input place and an output place
h a green line and a vertical trace on th
by clicking there. Then, select the out
ith a red line and a vertical trace on the
f the process. Name the elements 'In
Umberto NXT
Page 5
ct, select the folder
ew Model' from the
right mouse click.
he Project Explorer
se start to build the
a system reference
re will be an input
the net editor. The
de is active. Next,
s.
exiting the editing
the toolbar. After
hown in the button
reated → . To
button.
ted right below the
e 'Process 1' in the
clicking on its text
key or by clicking
. Choose the input
he left) and place it
tput place from the
e right) and place it
nput' and 'Output',
Umberto NXT
Page 6
Another way to c
select the desired
context menu wh
model editor.
The next step is to connect
materials or substances flow
general rule, places always
connect to a place. Never d
place, or a process directly to
To connect the input place to
in the toolbar. Place the
appears, drag the cursor on
button pressed). Watch the
cursor comes close to a con
element automatically as the
now connected with an arrow
In the same way, draw an
first very simple network mo
Figure 3: A process with inputs and
The process shows a small r
unspecified.
The function 'Sna
used to easily ali
which is indicated
this feature, clic
disappear. The gr
enabled and disab
ifu Ha
create elements is to use the 'Draw' m
d element. Alternatively, choose 'Draw
hich pops up by right clicking on the a
t the three elements with arrows, on
w into the process and out of the pro
s connect to a process, and proces
oes an arrow connect a place directly
o another process.
o the process with an arrow, click the a
cursor over the input place. When a
nto the process symbol (keeping the
e arrow emerging from the element.
nnectable target element, the arrow sn
e mouse button is released: the two el
w leading from the input place to the pr
arrow from the process to the output
del should now look like Figure 3 below
d outputs, the start of a process chain
red warning sign. This means, that the
ap to Grid' in the net editor's toolb
lign elements. By default, this feature
d by a blue square around the symbol.
ick on the symbol and the blue s
rid to which the elements are aligned c
bled by using the 'Show Grid' button
amburg GmbH
Tutorial 1
enu and to
w' from the
area of the
n which the
ocess. As a
sses always
to another
rrow button
grey filling
left mouse
. When the
naps to this
lements are
rocess.
t place. The
.
e process is
lbar can be
is enabled
. To disable
square will
can also be
.
ifu Hamburg GmbH
Tutorial 1
Defining Materials
To specify a process,
or outputs, and to sp
Depending on the Ve
materials (master m
create LCA models. H
new materials. Mater
are shown as folders
The material group
project. In the Projec
Press the 'New Mater
context menu to crea
Figure 4: Project Explorer
The properties of the
below the Project Ex
stage of the tutorial t
Create a second mate
ls
, it is necessary to add materials to the
ecify their quantitative relationship.
ersion Umberto NXT may come with a
aterial data from ecoinvent v3) whic
However, in this example it is demonstr
rials are categorized into material grou
in the Project Explorer.
'Project Materials' contains all mater
ct Explorer select the folder 'Project Mat
rial' button in the Project Explorer's
ate a new material.
r
e material are managed in the Propert
xplorer). Rename the material to 'inpu
there is no need to change other mater
erial entry named 'product'.
Umberto NXT
Page 7
e process as inputs
a large database of
ich can be used to
rated how to create
ps. Material groups
rials used within a
terials'.
s toolbar or use the
ties editor (situated
ut material'. At this
rial properties.
Umberto NXT
Page 8
Figure 5: Property Editor
Material groups
directory for the
the 'New Materi
toolbar. Another
material group
groups are useful
A material group
editing the name
ifu Ha
and sub groups can be created by s
group within the Project Explorer an
ial Group' symbol on the Project
option is using the context menu to cr
by pressing the right mouse button
l for large projects with a variety of ma
can be named and renamed by selec
field within the Property Editor.
amburg GmbH
Tutorial 1
selecting a
nd pressing
t Explorer's
reate a new
n. Material
terials.
cting it and
ifu Hamburg GmbH
Tutorial 1
Specifying Proces
To specify the proces
in the net editor. Wh
net editor shows two
and the right section
Materials from the m
side using drag&drop
'input material' in the
of the specification e
the cursor, release th
section of the process
Proceed the same w
section of the process
Materials
at the bo
button pr
group, na
As there is still a wa
not fully specified. It
and output materials
in the specification pa
In this first illustrati
quantity of the outpu
there are no addition
not required to spec
quantity is determin
quantity of the prod
nothing more than a
For the sake of sim
material and the prod
is lost, and the proce
Figure 6: Process specifica
ss
ss with input and output material entrie
en a process is selected, the Specificat
o sections: the left section for the inp
for its outputs (see Figure 6).
aterial's list can easily be added to t
p. Click and hold the left mouse butto
e 'Project Materials' group and drag it t
editor. When a little square with a plus
he mouse button. Then, the material is
s.
ay with the material 'product' and ad
s.
can also be added to a process by usin
ottom of the Specification editor belo
rompts a dialog which allows searchin
me, display unit and source.
rning marker on the process element,
It is necessary to determine the ratio
. This can be done by adding coefficien
ane for this process.
ive example the quantity of the inpu
ut material (product) are defined equa
nal inputs or outputs (e.g. losses, reje
cifically enter a coefficient "1", becau
ned in each calculation by the actua
duct being produced. Hence, the proc
"recipe" that is linearly scaled up or do
plicity, enter a coefficient of '1.00' f
duct. The unit is 'kg' for both entries,
ss is mass-balanced.
ations
Umberto NXT
Page 9
es, click the process
tion pane below the
puts of the process
the input or output
ton on the material
to the input section
s sign appears near
s added to the input
dd it to the output
ng the button
ow the table. This
g for materials by
, the process is still
between the input
nts to the materials
t material and the
al. This means that
ect). It is, however,
use the actual flow
al process level or
cess specification is
wn.
for both, the input
so that no material
Umberto NXT
Page 10
After entering the coefficien
disappears.
Alternatively a co
to obtain a ratio
very helpful in c
process requires
material. Both v
instead of calcula
Note that adding the materi
respective font to bold and
because the product is con
leaves the system. Any pr
reference flow and is assum
network.
For further infor
functional units i
User Manual. Th
software via the
Expanding the Model
In this example the process
input material to the (interm
Enter a new input place ab
Name the new input place 'E
name label of the input plac
above the place.
Figure 7: The expanded model with
A material entry for the inc
Insert a new material entry
choose “Energy” as unit type
ifu Ha
ts the process is specified and the w
oefficient of '100' could be entered on
of 1:1. The possibility to enter any coe
case of unknown values of a proces
70 kg of input material to produce 120
alues can be written in the specifica
ting the ratio.
rial on the output side results in a cha
of the 'Material Type' to 'Reference Fl
nnected to a system output place an
roduct that leaves the system is co
med to be (one of) the functional un
rmation about the topics of reference
in Umberto NXT have a look at the Um
he user manual can be accessed dire
Help menu.
labeled 'Process 1' needs electricity to
ediate) product.
bove the process and connect it to th
Energy'. To avoid the arrow crossing t
ce simply drag the label to another po
h an energy input to Process 1
coming energy has to be added to th
called “electricity, high voltage” and m
e.
amburg GmbH
Tutorial 1
arning sign
both sides
efficients is
ss. E.g.: a
0 kg output
ation editor
ange of the
low'. This is
d therefore
onsidered a
it(s) of the
flows and
mberto NXT
ectly in the
process the
the process.
through the
osition, e.g.
the process.
ake sure to
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 1 Page 11
The field 'Place' in the specification editor now shows three question marks for
the newly added material. The reason for that is that there are now two input
places for the process.
Click the field 'Place' and choose the right input place for the newly inserted
flow.
Next, add a coefficient for the entry 'electricity, high voltage'. Let us say the
process requires 0.5 MJ of electricity to produce 1 kg of product.
Change the unit of the electricity in the specification editor to MJ and enter a
coefficient of '0,5'.
A comma (',') is used as the decimal point. Type '0,5' not '0.5' for
the coefficients in the process specification window. Otherwise a
message will be prompted to confirm the right value.
Figure 8: Specification of 'Process 1' with electric energy input
The first process of the exemplary production network is complete by now and
will be the basis for the first network calculation.
Calculating the Flows of the Model
The network is specified and almost ready to be calculated. In order to
calculate the network a starting point for the calculation has to be defined. In
Umberto this is the so-called 'manual flow'.
A manual flow determines the process level, or, in other words, how much of a
product is actually produced. This can be one unit of the product (e.g. with a
weight of 500 grams), but also, for example, the yearly production output of a
process (e.g. 250 tons). Such a manual flow is entered in an arrow. In most
cases it is the output flow at the end of the process chain, but a manual flow
can also be placed as an internal flow anywhere else within the network.
To set the manual flow in the network, select the arrow between Process 1
and the output place: From the list of materials in the Project Explorer drag
Umberto NXT
Page 12
the entry 'product' to the S
selected!).
Next, the quantity of the ma
quantity of the manual flow,
Watch the arrow turn purple
triggers the model calculatio
be calculated.
Figure 9: Arrow specification for a m
To calculate the flows of th
'Calculate' button in the ne
from this menu. Alternative
from the 'Calculation' menu i
After a successful calculation
(except for the manual flow
open up in the Specification
the processes of the mode
exchanges leaving the system
Figure 10: Input/Output Inventory
Note that at this stage of
inventory only contains a fe
models that are much more c
Expanding the Model
The model will now be expan
First, change the type of the
activating the output place a
Editor.
ifu Ha
Specification pane (make sure the ar
anual flow has to be defined. Enter 10
for example.
indicating that this is where the manu
n has been entered. The network is no
manual flow
he model open the dropdown menu n
et editor toolbar and choose 'Calculate
ely, choose the command 'Calculate T
in the main toolbar.
n all arrows change their color from gr
, which stays purple). Additionally a n
pane at the bottom. It lists all materia
el with their quantity on the left sid
m on the right side.
the tutorial and with a very basic
ew entries. But the same procedure is
complex..
nded.
e output place to connection. This can
and choosing the type 'Connection' in t
amburg GmbH
Tutorial 1
rrow is still
0 kg as the
ual flow that
ow ready to
next to the
Total Flows'
Total Flows'
rey to black
new tab will
ials entering
de, and the
model, this
applied for
be done by
the Property
ifu Hamburg GmbH
Tutorial 1
Figure 11: Property Editor
Now add another pro
the label of this proce
Add an output place
Apart from the conn
further input place
delivered. The model
Figure 12: Expanded proc
r for the place
rocess to the right of the new connect
ess and rename it to 'Packaging'.
e to its right and connect the 'Packag
nection to 'Process 1', the packaging
from where the packing material,
l should now look similar to Figure 12.
cess model
Umberto NXT
Page 13
tion place. Activate
ging' process to it.
g process needs a
namely boxes, is
Umberto NXT ifu Hamburg GmbH
Page 14 Tutorial 1
Note, that the former output place (P2) is not a system boundary any more,
but lies in the middle of the model. If desired, rename the place P4 to 'Box of
12 units' and remove the label 'P2 Output' by unchecking 'Display ID' and
'Display Text Label' from the Properties pane of the connection place (compare
to Figure 11).
The packaging process is still not specified. To do so, some additional flows
(materials) are required: Add two new materials to the 'Project Materials'
group named 'packaged product' and 'corrugated board box'. Both materials
have the unit type Mass (kg), and both do have the material type 'Good'.
Next, add the material 'product' to the input side of the packaging process.
Add the material 'packaged product' to the respective output side. The
'corrugated board box' is another input material.
Imagine that the weight of the carton board box for 12 units of product
amounts to 600 grams. One product has a weight of 250 grams. Hence, the
total weight of 12 units of product adds up to 3 kg. The filled box including the
packaged products has a total weight of 3,6 kg.
There are two ways of specifying the packaging process. The first way is to
work with the total weight of 12 units that are packaged in one box.
Figure 13: Alternative process specification for the packaging: per 12 units…
Alternatively, the weight of the 'corrugated board box' input can be scaled to
one unit (600 grams weight divided by 12 units = 50 grams per unit). The
field 'Function' can be used to type in a formula, and to determine the
coefficient value.
Type 0.25+0.6/12 in the 'Function' field, which will convert to '0,30' kg.
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 1 Page 15
Figure 14: …or per one unit
Note that it is not important which way the process is specified, as long as the
relation between the flows remains the same. The actual flow quantities are
determined during the calculation of the full model only, and depend on the
quantity of the manual flow entered for the model calculation.
Analyzing the Results
After specifying the packaging process, calculate the model once again.
For the calculation to work usually only one manual flow in the network has to
be defined. This manual flow does not have to be located in an arrow that
leads to an output place, but can also be placed elsewhere within the model.
Only the 'Total Flows' (SHIFT+F9) need to be calculated. At this stage only the
actual physical flows (material and energy flows) related to the process
system are considered.
Figure 15: Inventory of the process model, including a production and a packaging process
Sankey Diagrams
Next to the calculation button in the network editor toolbar there is the button
for the Sankey diagram mode. With this button the Sankey visualization can
be switched on or off. Once a network has been calculated it is possible to
visualize all material flows with Sankey arrows.
Sankey diagrams have been invented by Cpt. Sankey in the late
19th century. He used them to visualize the energy (in-)efficiency
of steam engines. Each arrow width corresponds to the flow
quantity, so that an increase of a quantity by 50% leads to a
Sankey arrow with a 50% wider arrow magnitude.
If the Sankey mode is not enabled use the Sankey button to switch it on. The
model in the Sankey diagram mode should now look similar to the figureFigure
16 below.
Umberto NXT
Page 16
Figure 16: Sankey diagram of the m
In the Properties pane a t
available. Bring the respectiv
down. Each unit type (here
even switched off so that im
overloading the image.
Figure 17: Scaling of Sankey Diagra
Please notice that the arrow
from the place 'Packaging M
a spike. Hence, it is not expli
To visualize even small arrow
to:' with a value of 5 px. Or
Both options are available in
it to front, click on an emp
'Properties' from the context
ifu Ha
model with arrows displaying the flow quantity
tab called 'Scaling of Sankey Diagram
ive tab to front and scale the Sankey a
: Mass and Energy) can be scaled se
important information can be highligh
am
representing the flow of 'corrugated
aterials' to the 'Packaging' process doe
licitly clear in which direction the flow ru
w spikes, turn on the option 'Spikes fo
r, activate the option 'Always draw arr
n the Properties pane of the net diagram
pty area of the Net Editor, or use the
t menu of the net editor area.
amburg GmbH
Tutorial 1
ms' is now
rrows up or
eparately or
ted without
board box'
es not show
uns.
r arrows up
row spikes'.
m. To bring
e command
ifu Hamburg GmbH
Tutorial 1
Figure 18: Setting arrow s
Once the arrangemen
can be copied (CTRL
pasted to other appli
quickly be added to a
Using the Module
In the next step a
afterwards be pasted
The Modu
a model a
of any pro
editor dire
Go to the Project Exp
located at the bottom
'Create Module Grou
use the context menu
Rename the module
button from the to
spikes
nt of the model and the scaling of the
L+A to select all, CTRL+C to copy) to
lications. This way, actual representatio
a PowerPoint presentation or a report.
Gallery
a process will be copied to the 'Mo
to the same or another model.
ule Gallery in Umberto allows storing a
as a module. Stored modules can be us
oject by dragging it from the Module G
ectly.
plorer and bring the tab Module Gallery
m of this pane). Select the Folder 'Mod
p' button in the Module Gallery too
u.
group to 'Tutorial' by using the 'Rena
oolbar or the associated command from
Umberto NXT
Page 17
e arrows is done, it
o the clipboard and
ions of a model can
odule Gallery' and
model or a part of
sed in every model
allery onto the net
y to front (tabs are
ules' and press the
olbar. Alternatively,
ame Module Group'
the context menu.
Umberto NXT
Page 18
Select the process 'Process 1
the main toolbar. Note that w
selected and copied, too.
Instead of using
known shortcuts
applied.
Mark the module group 'Tu
Clipboard Data to Module G
(alternatively use the contex
Notice a preview thumbnail a
of the Module Gallery. To cha
'Rename selected Module' bu
Rename the module to 'Simp
Figure 19: Module Gallery
Now, that there is a basic p
Gallery that module can be c
Select the module and copy
button . Or simply add it
the left mouse button on the
ifu Ha
1' in the net editor and click the copy b
when copying a process all adjacent pl
g 'Copy', 'Cut' and 'Paste' commands
'CTRL+C', 'CTRL+X' and 'CTRL+V' ca
torial' in the Module Gallery and use
Group' button in the Module Gall
t menu).
and the name of the module in the bot
ange the name of the module select it a
utton (compare to Figure 19).
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Umberto® NXT
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Tutorial 2a
LCA
ifu Hamburg GmbH Max-Brauer-Allee 50
22765 Hamburg / Germany www.ifu.com
DocVersion: 1.50 Date: October 2014 Publisher: ifu Hamburg GmbH
http://www.umberto.de
Umberto® is a registered trademark of ifu Hamburg GmbH Microsoft and MS are registered trademarks. Windows and Excel are trademarks of Microsoft Corp. Other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. Information in this manual is subject to change without notice. No liability for the correctness of the information in this manual. All figures are for demonstration purposes only and contain fictitious data. Reproduction or translation of any part of this manual in any form (electronic or mechanic) without prior written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for permission should be addressed to ifu Hamburg GmbH, Hamburg, Germany .
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 2a Page 1
Tutorial 1: Umberto NXT Simple Example
Time: 1 h Pages: 20 Level: New User Requirements: none
What you will learn:
• Umberto NXT work area and window handling
• Create a project, a model and a first process
• Specify a process
• Calculate a small model
• View the calculation results
• Create Sankey diagrams
• Use the Module Gallery
Tutorial 2a: U NXT LCA/UNIV
Time: 1-2 h Pages: 40 Level: Beginner
Requirements: Tutorial 1 or experience
with Umberto 5 for Life Cycle Assessment
and general knowledge about LCA
What you will learn:
• Working with activity datasets
• Product life cycle phases
• LCA calculation and results
• Disposal and transport activities
• Function and parameters
• Group-By Box
• Material type
• Calculation log
Tutorial 2b: U NXT EFF/UNIV
Time: 3-4 h Pages 40 Level: Beginner
Requirements: Tutorial 1 or experience
with Umberto 5
What you will learn:
• User defined process specification
• Create subnets
• Analysis of input/output inventory
• Function and parameters
• Cost accounting for MFA
• Allocations
• Generic materials
• Co-products
• Sankey diagrams
• Advanced Features
Tutorial 4: U NXT UNIV
Time: 1-2 h Pages: 15 Level: Advanced
Requirements: Tutorial 1 and 2 for LCA and
Efficiency and 3 or experience with Umberto
5 for Life Cycle Assessment and knowledge
about LCA
What you will learn:
• Integrate costs LCA
• Material Mapping
• Calculate Selection
Tutorial 3: U NXT LCA/UNIV
Time: 1-2 h Pages: 48 Level: Advanced
Requirements: Tutorial 1 and 2 or
experience with Umberto 5 for Life Cycle
Assessment and knowledge about LCA
What you will learn:
• Allocations
• Generic materials
• Set multiple virtual reference flows
• Co-products
• Working with functional units
• Sankey diagrams
• Results by products
• Print and export results
• Advanced Features
Umberto NXT ifu Hamburg GmbH
Page 2 Tutorial 2a
Introduction
Welcome to the tutorial section of Umberto NXT.
It is divided into three independent tutorials of increasing complexity. Each
tutorial has its focus on a different topic. The first two tutorials introduce the
basic features of Umberto NXT. The third tutorial provides more complex
modeling and information about advanced features.
The first tutorial gives an introduction on how to create a basic model as well
as the handling of general settings. This is done by using a simple example.
In the second tutorial the focus is set on the creation of a model for a Life
Cycle Assessment. It is shown how to work with a database and how to use
different impact assessment methods. Part of the second tutorial is also to
visualize the results via Sankey diagrams.
The third tutorial has its main focus on more advanced topics of Life Cycle
Assessment. It provides additional information about useful features of
Umberto NXT and gives further modeling hints.
To be able to learn how to use Umberto NXT, the examples
presented in the three tutorials are designed to be independent of
LCI databases that require a license. Hence, the activity datasets
used in the tutorials 2 and 3 are sample datasets with fictitious
values that can be used even without having access to ecoinvent
data.
For more information about the functions covered in this tutorial
have a look at the Umberto NXT User Manual. The user manual
can be accessed directly in the software via the Help menu.
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 2a Page 3
Tutorial 2: Whiteboard Marker
This tutorial is based on the experience already gained in accomplishing
tutorial 1 of Umberto NXT. In this second tutorial a more complex network for
a real life product – a whiteboard marker will be created.
Working on this example further functionalities of Umberto NXT will be
introduced that support Life Cycle Assessment studies. In the course of the
example it will be demonstrated how to work with life cycle inventory (LCI)
databases, and how to use them to find life cycle inventory data for upstream
chains of raw materials.
The "whiteboard marker" example is based on trial datasets which contain
fictitious values only. Hence, the results of the LCA conducted in this tutorial
are not applicable. Please note, that the number of available datasets in the
trial version of Umberto NXT is limited to suit the examples of the tutorials.
The complete ecoinvent database is merely part of a full license of Umberto
NXT.
Contents
• Project overview
• Working with activity datasets
• Modeling a life cycle network
• Integrating product life cycle phases
• Calculation options for the LCI
• Using different LCIA factors
• Visualisation of material flows with Sankey diagrams
• Export of results
• Modeling of scenarios
Preparation
In order to work on this tutorial, tutorial 1 should have been completed.
Users who are working on this tutorial without holding an ecoinvent license
(such as the users of the 30-day trial version) will find all required datasets in
a separate database called "Tutorial Example" with a group "Tutorial
Activities". These datasets have fictitious values only. Please do not use the
trial version datasets for operative, actual LCA studies.
When working with a licensed version of Umberto NXT including the ecoinvent
database, all activity datasets needed, can be found in the master databases
shipped with the software.
The following table lists the free trial datasets and their corresponding actual
datasets from the ecoinvent database. Users holding an ecoinvent database
Umberto NXT ifu Hamburg GmbH
Page 4 Tutorial 2a
license may use ecoinvent data instead of trial data. However, please be
aware that the screenshots and results of the whiteboard marker example
always refer to the trial datasets.
Table 1: Trial datasets used in example of tutorial 2 and corresponding ecoinvent 3 activities.
tutorial/trial
dataset name ecoinvent activity
dataset name starch biopolymer production (ifu tutorial
dataset) [RER]
polyester-complexed starch biopolymer,
production [RER]
ethanol production from maize (ifu
tutorial dataset) [GLO]
ethanol, 95 % solution state, from
fermentation [GLO]
polypropylene production, granulate (ifu
tutorial dataset) [RER]
polypropylene production, granulate [RER]
injection moulding (ifu tutorial dataset)
[RER]
injection moulding [RER]
extrusion, plastic pipes (ifu tutorial
dataset) [RER]
extrusion production, plastic pipes [RER]
electricity, medium voltage (ifu tutorial
dataset) [NL]
market for electricity, medium voltage [NL]
transport, lorry 16-32 ton, EURO5 (ifu
tutorial dataset) [RER]
transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton,
EURO5 [RER]
treatment of waste polypropylene, MSWI
(ifu tutorial dataset) [CH]
treatment of waste polypropylene,
municipal incineration [CH]
treatment of waste plastic mix, sanitary
landfill (ifu tutorial dataset) [CH]
treatment of waste plastic, mixture,
sanitary landfill [CH]
Note: the suffix in square brackets indicates the geography: GLO =
global, RER = Region Europe, CH = Switzerland, NL = Netherlands
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 2a Page 5
Project Overview
This tutorial's example focuses on the life cycle of a whiteboard marker. The
example has been simplified for the purpose of this tutorial.
Figure 1: Picture of the whiteboard marker
The whiteboard marker is mainly made of a polypropylene tube with a cap
made of the same plastic (PP). The marker has a felt tip made of a biopolymer
and uses ethanol based ink1. In the manufacturing process the whiteboard
marker is assembled by using preproduced plastic pipes made of
polypropylene. For the sake of simplicity, tube and cap are not distinguished
at first but handled as one component of the whiteboard marker.
One whiteboard marker has a total weight of 20.75 g: it consists of 13.55 g of
plastic, 4.0 g of felt tip made of biopolymer and 3.2 g of ethanol.
After the assembly four whiteboard markers are packaged together in a
polypropylene box and shipped to the retail locations. In the use phase – as
the user writes a certain amount of text – the whiteboard marker is emptied
and the ethanol of the ink is released into the atmosphere. After the use the
whiteboard marker is disposed of, disassembled and incinerated (see Figure
2).
1The example in this tutorial is fictitious and has been simplified for training purposes. It does not resemble
the real production chain of a whiteboard marker. The example is used to illustrate the workflow of a life
cycle assessment and to introduce the features of the software.
Umberto NXT ifu Hamburg GmbH
Page 6 Tutorial 2a
Figure 2: Simplified life cycle model
Using the Activity Database
In tutorial 1 the 'Project Explorer' has already been used to create and change
materials and to add them to the process specification. One branch of the
project tree is called 'tutorial example'. In addition to creating new project
materials, in this example, material data from the included database will be
used. Even without holding a valid license for the ecoinvent database, there
are still two branches of the project tree called ecoinvent 2.2 and
ecoinvent 3. In the course of this tutorial free materials from the ecoinvent 3
database will be used. The respective data can be found in the project tree
under ecoinvent3/Exchanges/Intermediate Exchanges. A short introduction to
the structure and content of databases in Umberto NXT will be given at this
point. For more detailed information please have a look at the Umberto NXT
User Manual.
Users holding a licensed version, including the ecoinvent database,
can also obtain further information on the ecoinvent web page2.
Data(sets) of the tutorial example branch are subdivided in two main
categories: 'Activities', which are clustered in groups by their production
processes or processes of origin and 'Exchanges' (flows).
2 ecoinvent is the most comprehensive database for LCI available. All data derive from scientific LCAs reviewed by the ecoinvent centre http://www.ecoinvent.org/database/
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 2a Page 7
Figure 3: Grouping of datasets in the Project Explorer and sample of properties for one tutorial
dataset (activity), e.g. 'aluminium primary, cast alloy (ifu tutorial dataset) [GLO]'
Umberto NXT
Page 8
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ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 2a Page 9
Getting Started
Start this tutorial with the creation of a new project using the 'New Project'
icon on the menu bar. Give the project an adequate name, for example
'Tutorial 2 – Whiteboard Marker'.
A first model template named 'Model' with a drawing editor is already open.
After selecting the model in the Project Explorer, it can be renamed in the
'Properties' window. Call the first model, for example, 'Whiteboard Marker 1'.
Assembly Process
The processes of the manufacturing phase are usually best known in detail and
most data is available for this life cycle phase from primary sources.
Therefore, the modeling of this example will start with the manufacturing
phase of the whiteboard marker. The whiteboard marker is not sold
individually, but four whiteboard markers are packed together in a plastic box.
On these grounds, the manufacturing process consists of the following main
steps: the assembly of the marker, the production of the plastic box and the
packaging of the markers.
The whiteboard markers are made of plastic tubes; in this example they are
called 'marker shells'. Apart from the marker shell, each whiteboard marker is
protected with a cap which is also made of plastic. The production of the
marker shells takes place in an extrusion process; whereas the marker cap
and the plastic box are shaped in an injection moulding process. For all three
parts, polypropylene (PP) granules are used. The ink of the whiteboard marker
is based on ethanol and its felt tip is made of biopolymer.
Umberto NXT ifu Hamburg GmbH
Page 10 Tutorial 2a
Table 2: Materials used for the production of the whiteboard marker
Materials used in the Whiteboard Marker Production
Material name Source of material Use of material Ethanol, without water, in
95% solution state, from
fermentation
Ecoinvent Intermediates Assembly
Polyester-complexed starch
biopolymer
Ecoinvent Intermediates Assembly
Electricity, medium voltage Ecoinvent Intermediates Assembly
Whiteboard marker Project Material,
defined by user
Assembly / Packaging
Marker shell Project Material,
defined by user
Assembly / Extrusion
marker shell
Marker cap Project Material,
defined by user
Assembly / Cap
moulding
Extrusion, plastic pipes Ecoinvent Intermediates Extrusion Marker Shell
Polypropylene, granulate Ecoinvent Intermediates Extrusion Marker Shell
/ Box Production
Injection moulding Ecoinvent Intermediates Box production
Plastic box Project Material,
defined by user
Box production /
Packaging
Packaged markers Project Material,
defined by user
Packaging
Begin by dragging a process symbol onto the editor area. Name the process
'Assembly', add a connection place to the left hand side of the process and
another one to its right hand side. Connect the symbols with each other by
drawing arrows. Since the assembly process is not specified yet, a red circle
with a white cross shows up in the process symbol (see Figure 4).
Figure 4: First process of the whiteboard marker model
Start to specify the assembly process: Create the material 'whiteboard marker'
(display unit: 'kg', material type: 'Good'). Once created, add the material to
the output side of the assembly process using drag&drop. This is the main
product being studied in this LCA.
Furthermore, create the materials 'marker shell' and 'marker cap' (display
unit: 'kg', material type: 'Good') and add them to the input side of the
'Assembly'.
For the additional materials on the input side, we will be using predefined flow
names (exchanges) from the ecoinvent 3 material master data shown in the
Project Explorer.
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 2a Page 11
In order to find the material 'polyester-complexed starch biopolymer', type the
string 'polyester-' into the search field, then choose the 'Filter' button and
start the search by clicking the 'Find' button . Both, the activities that have
the search string in their name (here: grey process symbol) as well as the
exchanges (red and green triangle symbol) are shown.
Select the intermediate exchange 'polyester-complexed starch biopolymer'
from the intermediate flows group of the ecoinvent 3 master data and drag it
onto the input side of the assembly process in the 'Specification Editor' area.
Repeat this step for the materials 'ethanol, without water, in 95% solution
state from fermentation' and 'electricity, medium voltage'.
To find a specific material within the material list, use the project
explorer's search functions. There are two ways of finding a
material. One is to use the 'Incremental Find' button . This
feature shows the result of a search while the keyword is typed.
The incremental find feature marks a matching result yellow
without hiding the structure of the directory tree. Another way is
to use the 'Filter' button .The filter feature only shows entries
with an exact match of the search string. All other entries are
hidden. The filter function also works for parts of the material
name, for example the string '95% solution state' for ethanol.
The process 'Assembly' is now complete regarding the input and output flows.
The next step is to specify the process by assigning coefficients to the input
and output materials. One whiteboard marker has a total weight of 20.75 g. It
consists of 11.55 g marker shell, 2 g cap, 4.0 g biopolymer felt tip and 3.2 g
ethanol-based ink.
Please mind the units! Either enter the values in 'kg', or switch to grams 'g'
first to enter the coefficient value in grams.
The assembly process needs on average 0.02 kWh of electricity for one
whiteboard marker.
The specified 'Assembly' process should look like Figure 5. All flow entries
have been selected from the exchanges listed under the ecoinvent v3 master
material data.
Figure 5: Specification of the Assembly process
Umberto NXT ifu Hamburg GmbH
Page 12 Tutorial 2a
The number format can be changed by navigating to 'Tools' �
'Options' in the menu bar.
Now, add another process to the model. Name it 'Extrusion Marker Shell' and
connect it to the connection place that serves as input place of the 'Assembly'
process. Add the material ‘marker shell’ on the output side. The plastic tubes
for the marker shell are molded in an extrusion process using polypropylene
granulate. The intermediate exchange providing this service or work is called
'extrusion, plastic pipes' (most likely used for larger pipes than the plastic
tubes of the whiteboard marker, however, for this example it is fine to use this
extrusion process as an approximation). Add the exchanges 'polypropylene,
granulate' and 'extrusion, plastic pipes' to the input side of the process.
Then, add another process to the model again and name it 'Cap Moulding'.
Add the material ‘marker cap’ on the output side and the materials
'polypropylene, granulate' and the service input 'injection moulding' on the
input side. The specification of the 'Extrusion Marker Shell' process and the
'Cap Moulding' process will be done in the next chapter.
Packaging Process
Add a process named 'Packaging' to the right of the assembly process and
connect the process to the connection place that serves as output of the
assembly. Create an output place and connect it to the 'Packaging' process.
The small model should now look like Figure 6:
Figure 6: The first four processes of the whiteboard marker model
The whiteboard markers are shipped in packages of 4 markers of 20.75 g each
in a transparent polypropylene casing (in this example called 'plastic box') of
45 g. The total weight of the package is 128 g.
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 2a Page 13
Figure 7: Picture of the set of whiteboard marker
Add the materials 'packaged markers' and 'plastic box' to the project materials
list (both have the display unit: 'kg' and the material type: 'Good'). Goods are
products that have a value and are either purchased from or sold. All expenses
to produce typically have the green material type (Good) while emissions and
wastes (which are undesired "side-effects" of producing typically have the red
material type (Bad).
For more information on the role of the material type, please refer
to the Umberto User Manual.
Specify the 'Packaging' process with the materials 'whiteboard marker' and
'plastic box' on the input side and 'packaged markers' on the output side.
The flow 'packaged markers' on the output side is identified as the product of
the process (reference flow)
Add the corresponding coefficients according to Figure 8.
Figure 8: Specification of the packaging process
Umberto NXT ifu Hamburg GmbH
Page 14 Tutorial 2a
It is possible to use the column "Function" to calculate the coefficient value.
Try typing 4*20.75 as a function for the ‘white board marker’ to determine the
coefficient of '83'.
Mind the units: Either set to 'g' before entering the values, or use 'kg' for all
coefficient entries. Remember that it is only the mass relation of the
coefficients on the input and output side that matters, not the absolute
figures.
Add another process to the network, connect it to the input side of the
'Packaging' process and name it 'Box Production'.
Please add the material 'plastic box' to the output side of this process. In the
intermediate exchanges of the ecoinvent tree search for the entries 'injection
moulding' and 'polypropylene, granulate' and add them to the input side of the
process 'Box Production'. Note that since 'polypropylene, granulate' has
already been used in this project it also appears in the 'Project Material' group.
The plastic boxes are also produced in an injection moulding process using
polypropylene granulate. The work process for the injection moulding should
have the same coefficient as the amount of polypropylene granulate,
indicating that for moulding 1 kg of PP, we also have to consider the work
process 'injection moulding' with the same amount (1 kg). The work or service
process 'injection moulding' also accounts for losses. Therefore, it should be
used with the coefficient 1 for both inputs (material input and work process
input) but the coefficient 0.997 for the injection moulded material on the
output side (an explanation can also be found in the description of the activity
in the properties dialog).
Figure 9: Specification of the box production process
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 2a Page 15
Expanding the Model
In this step, we add all of the activities which deliver the specified flows or
intermediate exchanges to the model.
We can manually choose and place the delivering process in the model, or we
can let Umberto search and add an appropriate process from the list of
activities of the tutorial database.
Let us start with the 'Box production' process. It has two entries on the input
side 'injection moulding' and 'polypropylene, granulate'.
Browse for the activity 'injection moulding (ifu tutorial dataset) [RER]' in the
tutorial master data, either by opening the hierarchical group, or by using the
string search with a filter. Then, drag&drop the respective activity from the
'Project Explorer' onto the editor, to the left hand side of the box production
process.
Figure 10: List of activities for injection moulding, geography 'Europe'
The selection dialog shown in Figure 10 pops up. Please choose the 'Result'
(i.e. 'System Terminated') process and confirm by pressing 'ok'.
Result activities include all upstream activities and therefore also
include the system boundaries. The respective in- and outputs are
elementary flows. Unit activities, however, resemble the direct
production process. The respective inputs are intermediate
products; the outputs are only direct emissions from this process.
For more information on unit and result activities as well as
elementary and intermediate flows, please refer to the user
manual.
To replace a Result process by a Unit process (or vice versa) use
the function 'Replace result process with unit process'
(respectively, 'Replace unit process with result process'), which
can be found in the context menu of the process to-be-changed.
A model stub will be added in the model editor with an input and an output
place and a connection place, where the reference flow (or product) of the
process is delivered (compare to Figure 11). Connect the connection place as a
delivering input of the box production. Please check, if in the 'Specification
Editor' of the 'Box Production' the delivering place for the inputs is correctly
set.
Umberto NXT ifu Hamburg GmbH
Page 16 Tutorial 2a
Figure 11: Model stub of the selected activity, here: injection moulding, geography 'Europe'
In contrast to the processes which have been added to the model so far,
additionally a small lock symbol appears in the blue process box. This lock
indicates that a predefined process from a database is being used here. Such
processes can only be modified after unlocking. This can be done via the
context menu of the process. Before the process can be modified a further
inquiry is displayed (see Figure 12).
Figure 12: Further inquiry before unlocking an activity dataset
Manually adding the activities is the one option. If it is already known which
process delivers a certain product or service, then choosing the activity from
the master data will be another possibility. In some cases, however, the user
may want to research the different activities that can possibly deliver an input.
Therefore, please try the automatic 'Expand' feature next.
To add the production of 'polypropylene, granulate' use the 'Expand' button at
the bottom of the specification window. First, highlight the polypropylene,
granulate input and then press the 'Expand' button. Umberto will search for
activities that deliver this intermediate material.
Pick the corresponding 'Result' activity from the list (shown in Figure 13).
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 2a Page 17
Figure 13: List of activities which deliver the material polypropylene granulate, geography
'Europe'
After clicking 'OK', the complete activity will automatically be added to the
network.
Arrange the places in the model editor so that there are no overlapping
elements. The model should now look similar to this:
Figure 14: The expanded box production
Next, we will specify the extrusion process of the marker shell: Similar to the
injection moulding process used above, the extrusion production is also a work
process, using polypropylene granulate. Expand the material 'extrusion, plastic
pipes' on the input side of the 'Extrusion Marker Shell' process with the result
Umberto NXT ifu Hamburg GmbH
Page 18 Tutorial 2a
process 'extrusion, plastic pipes (ifu tutorial dataset) [RER]' and the material
'polypropylene production, granulate (ifu tutorial dataset) [RER]' with the
result process.
The work process for the extrusion production should have the same
coefficient as the polypropylene granulate. This means that for extruding 1 kg
of PP, we also have to consider the work process 'extrusion, plastic pipes (ifu
tutorial dataset) [RER]' with the same amount (1 kg). In contrast to the
service process 'injection moulding' no material losses occur. This is why the
extrusion process should be used with the coefficient 1 for both inputs
(material input and work process the input side) as well as for the extruded
material on the output side.
And finally, we will add the delivering activities to the 'Assembly' process.
Please always use the respective result (system terminated) process.
Start with the expansion of the material 'electricity, medium voltage'. Please
use the 'Expand' feature again to see the delivering processes contained in the
database. Select 'electricity, medium voltage (ifu tutorial dataset) [NL]' from
the available activities, or drag the respective activity onto the editor and
connect it to the 'Assembly' process. It is assumed that the assembly process
takes place in the Netherlands. In a full LCI library (e.g. ecoinvent v2.2 or
ecoinvent v3) there would be numerous activities (from all different kinds of
countries) for the production of 'electricity, medium voltage'.
As delivering process for the production of 'ethanol, without water, in 95%
solution state from fermentation' choose the activity 'ethanol production from
maize (ifu tutorial dataset) [GLO]'. Also, expand the polyester-complexed
starch biopolymer with the activity 'starch biopolymer production (ifu tutorial
dataset) [RER]'.
The current network should look similar to Figure 15, now. Regard, whether all
materials from the just added production processes enter the assembly
process at the right place.
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 2a Page 19
Figure 15: Model of the whiteboard markers manufacturing processes
Adding Life Cycle Phases
Life cycle assessment deals with all potential environmental impacts along the
life cycle of a product or service. To allow an analysis of the contribution of
each single process to the overall environmental impact, add phase frames for
each life cycle stage.
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Choose the command 'Life
cycle phase frames. The dial
types, or a certain number o
with 5 phases from the dropd
Figure 16: Life Cycle Phases selecti
The structuring of the life cyc
also the results later on.
If necessary, rearrange the
production, the assembly
moulding processes as wel
belong to the 'Manufacture p
Materials phase'. The produc
cycle phase in which the elec
To enlarge the life cycle phas
the frame to select the w
dimensions can be changed b
Figure 17: Change phase size and p
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Cycle Phases' from the 'Draw' menu
log allows choosing from a list of prede
of phases. Select the first entry 'Cradl
down list and click 'OK'.
ion dialog
cle model helps to arrange not only the
processes and phase frames as follow
including the extrusion marker she
ll as the packaging of the whiteboa
phase'; all upstream processes belong
ction and the supply of electricity belon
ctricity is used.
se frame in vertical direction click near
whole life cycle phase frame. Now
by using the small squares on the selec
phase frame size
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Tutorial 2a
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ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 2a Page 21
An element belongs to the phase in which most of the elements
structure is located. In case that an element is exactly centered
between two phases, it will be assigned to the phase on its left.
Figure 18: First part of the model for the whiteboard marker with Life Cycle Phase frame
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Modeling the Downstream Life Cycle Phases
To get a complete life cycle model for the product the phases
'Distribution/Retail' as well as 'Consumer Use' and 'Disposal/Recycling' still
have to be modeled in detail.
After its packaging the whiteboard marker has to be shipped to the retail
stores. In this example, use a freight lorry for transportation. During its
utilisation the whiteboard marker is emptied and the ethanol of the ink is
released into the atmosphere. Finally, at the end of its life the empty
whiteboard marker is being disposed of.
Start to expand the network by adding one process to each of the life cycle
phases 'Distribution/Retail' and Consumer Use'. Name each process
accordingly e.g. 'Distribution' and 'Use'.
In order to connect the new process of the 'Distribution/Retail' phase to the
output of the packaging process, change the type of this place from 'output' to
'connection'. As a connection place it links two processes while before, as an
output place it was part of the system boundary. Use the 'Type' panel in the
properties editor of the place to change the type.
Figure 19: Properties Editor of a Place
Distribution: Next, the distribution process will be specified. In this example
let us assume the whiteboard markers will be transported to the point of sales
by a freight truck. (The actual logistics might be more complicated including
i.e. long-haul shipping to a distribution center and short-haul regional
distribution. Also, the delivery, or customer shopping trip, from the point of
sales to the office building where the marker is used, is not included in this
first modeling approach.)
Open the specification window of the process 'Distribution' and add the
material 'packaged markers' to both sides of the process.
Furthermore, add the intermediate exchange 'transport, freight, lorry 16-
32 metric ton, EURO5' as service input to the input side of the distribution
process.
Expand this service upstream by using the 'Expand' button on the bottom of
the 'Specification' window or by choosing 'Expand delivering activity' from the
context menu of the service input) with the adequate 'Result' process (system
terminated process 'transport, lorry 16-32 ton, EURO5 (ifu tutorial dataset)
[RER]'.
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Tutorial 2a Page 23
Figure 20: The transport service is an input to the distribution process of the whiteboard
marker. It is an immaterial freight service input with the basic unit 'metric ton*km'
The transportation distance for the whiteboard markers from the packaging
location to the consumer is assumed to be 550 km, which is about the average
distance for a transport across Germany. The unit of the intermediate
exchange that represents the freight service input is 'metric ton*km'.
Since the whiteboard markers transported as cargo do not change their
weight, their input and output coefficients are the same. Choose any weight
for the transported markers, but make sure to calculate the value for the
transportation service input in relation to it: When choosing 1000 kg as
coefficient for the whiteboard markers for example, 550 metric ton*km have
to be used as coefficient for the transportation process. Alternatively the
process can be specified using any other representation of the same linear
ratio such as 1 kg for the whiteboard markers and 0.55 metric ton*km for the
transportation service input for example. Umberto will always scale the
specifications according to the reference flow leaving the production system.
Figure 21: Specification of 'Distribution' process
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In tutorial 3 the distribution phase will be further improved and
the impact of different distribution routes will be discussed.
Use Phase: In the use phase the whiteboard marker is used to write on a
whiteboard in an office. After some time (or to be more precise: after writing
script of a certain length) the whiteboard marker will by empty (dry). The
ethanol used as a solvent of the ink will be emitted during this process.
Part of the use phase is also the removal of the plastic box. It can be
assumed, that the plastic box is thrown away, since it is no longer needed.
Specify the 'Use' process by adding the material 'packaged markers' (128 g) to
the input side and the materials 'whiteboard marker' (4*20,75 g) and 'plastic
box' (45 g) to the output side. Add two output places to the
'Disposal/Recycling' phase and send one of the two output materials to one of
them.
Further, add the emission 'Ethanol [air/urban air close to ground]' to the
output side of the 'Use process'. Use the predefined elementary exchange
from the ecoinvent 3 master database. Please add an output place for the
emission and lead the ethanol to this place.
Figure 22: Specification of 'Use' process, defined for the box of four markers
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 2a Page 25
Observe in the specification of the 'Use' process, that the two output flows are
identified as reference flows of the process. This is due to the fact that they
have the material type "Good" and leave the system to an output place.
Hence, they are considered as "products", which at this stage (after use) is not
fully correct.
In fact, both the 'whiteboard marker' and the 'plastic box' are now a waste
that must be disposed of. The waste treatment is an additional expense that
also contributes to the whiteboard markers life cycle and still has to be
accounted for.
Start by changing the material type of the 'whiteboard marker' and the 'plastic
box' to red (Bad)!
Figure 23: Specification of 'Use' process, with material type of the (waste) whiteboard marker
and the (waste) plastic box changed to red (Bad).
In doing so, a red marker symbol will appear on the 'Use' process, indicating
that the system cannot be calculated as there is no system reference flow
available. That is true: in the whole life cycle model there is no more flow of
the green material type (Good) crossing the system boundary. Which one shall
the system reference flow be assigned to, now?
The whiteboard marker has fulfilled its function, when its material type turned
from 'Good' to 'Bad'. Therefore, it makes sense to assign the system reference
flow to the service that the whiteboard marker has fulfilled. This can be
indicated by adding an additional 'whiteboard marker' to the output side of the
process with its default material type green (Good). Then comes the important
part: choose the command 'Set Virtual Reference Flow Property' from the
context menu of the newly created whiteboard marker (right mouse click on
this entry in the table on the output side).
The coefficient of the whiteboard marker should be identical to the one on the
input side (namely 83.0 g). Please mind that the whiteboard markers on the
input side of the 'Use' process arrive packaged in a plastic box (45 g).
Figure 24: Specification of 'Use' process, with a virtual reference flow (material type green) that
represents the system reference flow.
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A hidden output place (labeled "RF") will be added to the model and the virtual
reference flow will be sent there (see the respective arrow leaving the use
process in Figure 26). This will play an important role in the LCIA Sankey
diagrams later on.
In tutorial 3 the topic of the system reference flow will be
addressed once again when the topic of the functional unit is
being discussed.
End of Life: After its use, the whiteboard marker has to be disposed of. The
treatment of different waste fractions takes place at the site of disposal
directly. Since the behavior of the consumer can only be guessed, the end-of-
life treatment routes of the whiteboard marker will be split: We assume that
half of the markers will be sent to a municipal waste incineration; the other
half to a sanitary landfill.
The assumption of the distribution of the whiteboard markers on
the market as well as their disposal at municipal waste
incineration and sanitary landfill may not be realistic. Both life
cycle phases depend on consumer behavior and on the end-of-life
treatment options available in the respective country. To this end,
the splitter process for the two treatment routes will be
parameterized and the parameters used for a sensitivity analysis
in tutorial 3.
Add a new process to the 'Disposal/Recycling' phase, name it 'End-of-Life
Route' and specify as follows: Add the material 'whiteboard marker' on the
input side. On the output side add the material flows, 'waste polypropylene'
and 'waste plastic, mixture' (both intermediate exchanges from the ecoinvent
3 database). 1 kg of 'whiteboard marker' on the input side is transformed to
0.5 kg 'waste polypropylene' and 0.5 kg 'waste plastic, mixture' on the output
side.
Make sure the material type of the 'whiteboard marker' on the input side (to
be more precise: the empty, used whiteboard marker, now considered to be
waste) is set to red (Bad), since this is the material type of the corresponding
flow out of the use phase.
Change the output place of the whiteboard marker leaving the 'Use' process to
a connection place and connect it to the 'End-of-Life Route' process.
Next, add the activity 'treatment of waste plastic mix, sanitary landfill (ifu
tutorial dataset) [CH]' from the tutorial activities group. Choose the result
version of the activity and connect the model stub to the 'End-of-Life Route'
process on the output side. Observe that the treatment process has the
reference flow on the input side: The intermediate exchange 'waste plastic,
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 2a Page 27
mixture' with the material type red (Bad) appears on the input side. On the
output side there are only emissions (elementary exchanges) listed.
In addition to the flows that have a green material type (Good)
on the output side, also the exchanges that have a red material
type on the input side are identified as reference flows.
Then, go back to the 'End of Life route' process and expand the material
'waste polypropylene' with the result dataset for 'treatment of waste
polypropylene, MSWI (ifu tutorial dataset) [CH]'.
Finally, please check if all of the flows are properly assigned to their respective
in/ and output places. The 'End-of-Life Route' process should look like Figure
25.
Figure 25: Specification of 'End-of-Life Route'
Figure 26: Specified 'Disposal/Recycling' phase
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The 'Disposal/Recycling' phase should now be completely specified and look
similar to Figure 26.
Preparation for Calculation of the Model
Before the model can be calculated, specify a manual flow (compare to
tutorial 1).
First, open the arrow that contains the virtual reference flow. That is the one
leaving the 'Use' process vertically to the top. If it is not visible highlight the
elements around the 'Use' process, an arrow leading 'nowhere' should appear.
In the specification editor for this arrow add the material whiteboard marker
with a quantity of 0.02075 kg. When closing the arrow specification, observe
that the arrow has turned its color from grey to purple, indicating that a
manual flow has been defined here.
At this stage of the tutorial we calculate the model for one unit of
whiteboard marker with a weight of 20.75 g. One might argue
that a weight-based reference flow is not appropriate. In tutorial
3 the topics of the system reference flow and the functional unit
will be discussed further.
The current life cycle model should look similar to the one in Figure 27 below.
Figure 27: Model of the whiteboard marker
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Tutorial 2a Page 29
Life Cycle Model Calculation and Inventory
The life cycle model is now ready to be calculated. In the section above have
the reference flow has already be defined. Calculate the model by clicking on
the button with the calculator icon in the toolbar. If the model is fully specified
and no problems occur all arrows will turn their color from light grey to black.
If errors occur during the calculation a warning will be displayed
asking whether the calculation log shall be opened. This log
allows identifying the causes of errors. The calculation log is
accessible in the main toolbar under 'Calculation' → 'Show
Calculation Log' at any time.
After the calculation has finished two new tabs will appear in the 'Specification'
window at the bottom. These windows display the calculation results and the
inventory results (named 'Results – Whiteboard marker' and 'Inventories –
Whiteboard marker').
Let us start by looking at the inventory results. Open the inventories window,
to display the overall physical flows associated with the product life cycle of
the whiteboard marker: On the left hand side there are the inputs from the
surrounding system (biosphere/nature) into the modeled system, and on the
right hand side there are the respective outputs from the system (into
nature).
Figure 28: Inventory of Input/Output Flows
The input/output places serve as the boundary of the life cycle model. The
flows listed in the inventories table are the flows that run on the arrows from
the input places (input flows) and to the output places (output flows).
All flows are based on the quantity of the manual flow for which the life cycle
model has been calculated (in this case one whiteboard marker of 20.75 g).
Umberto NXT
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The manual flow could also
service, or any other proport
The inventory table can be so
header, e.g. to see the large
column header to the area ab
example, try grouping by the
Figure 29: Grouping results in the i
In the grouped view the sect
on the group header.
Figure 30: Grouping by unit
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Tutorial 2a
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ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 2a Page 31
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
In the previous step, the life cycle model with its associated physical flows
(the inputs into and the outputs from the processes along the product life
cycle) has been calculated. In this section it will be demonstrated how to
assess the environmental impacts of the whiteboard marker by applying one
or more LCIA impact assessment factors.
Umberto supplies some twenty or more LCIA methods to choose from
(compare to Figure 31).
Figure 31: List of available LCIA Factors in Umberto NXT
For the assessment of a life cycle analysis it is necessary to select either an
LCIA Method or individual LCIA Factors. Please choose an impact assessment
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method by navigating to the 'Menu' and selecting 'Tools' � 'LCIA factors'. All
available impact assessment methods are listed.
A method can be activated by right-clicking and choosing 'Activate Group'. It is
possible to select or deselect individual impact categories and combine
different impact assessment methods in order to meet the specific demands of
the study.
Note: The impact assessment method ReCiPe Midpoint (H) w/o LT
is activated by default (compare to Figure 32).
When opening the context menu on an elementary exchange in the 'Project
Explorer', e.g. dinitrogen monoxide, choose 'View Impact Assessment Factors'.
Uncheck the box 'Show only activated' to view all available impact assessment
factors of the respective material.
Figure 32: Activated impact categories of a LCIA Method
Since one LCIA Impact assessment factor group (ReCiPe Midpoint (H) w/o LT)
is activated by default, Umberto already calculated the impact assessment
based on the inventory flows.
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 2a Page 33
Now, open the window 'Results – Whiteboard marker' to see the aggregated
results for the selected LCIA factors with the respective data and the
contribution of the different life cycle phases.
There are two different views of the LCIA summary – watch the results as
absolute values or scaled to 100% as shown Figure 33. Note that some
categories remain empty here due to data gaps of the fictitious values.
Figure 33: 'Results' tab (results by phases)
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Details of the impact assess
page. Select 'LCIA Details' fr
'Results' page. Figure 34 sho
is also possible to sort by
without grouping.
Figure 34: 'LCIA Details'
The LCIA details can be arran
make the group by box visibl
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Tutorial 2a
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Tutorial 2a Page 35
Sankey Diagrams
After calculating the network a Sankey diagram will show the physical flows of
the life cycle model. Sankey diagrams are also a very good way of verifying
the consistency of the life cycle model.
Click the button 'Show Sankey Diagram' to turn on the Sankey diagram mode
for a calculated model.
Figure 35: Exemplary Sankey Diagram of mass and energy flows of the LCA model
Since 'Result' activities are likely to have many different unit types (e.g. area,
radioactivity, and freight transport), it is recommended to limit the Sankey
display to 'Mass' and 'Energy' at first. To do so, switch to the 'Scaling of
Sankey Diagram' tab (left hand bottom side of the Umberto window) and
remove the check marks for all unit types except these two.
Figure 36: Scaling of Sankey diagram
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In addition to the view of the physical flows a Sankey diagram of the
environmental impacts chosen for the life cycle assessment can be displayed
also. To see it, open the dropdown menu next to the button 'Show Sankey
Diagram' and select one of the LCIA impact categories shown here.
Figure 37: Sankey Diagram for one chosen LCIA factor, e.g. GWP
It can be observed that the Sankey arrows of the environmental burdens of
the end of life phase are displayed with an inverted flow direction (see Figure
38). The environmental burdens of every impact category are aggregated
along the production chain of the life cycle model. The environmental impacts
of waste disposal are visually "added". The overall LCIA impact is displayed as
the flow from the 'Use' phase to the top (to an invisible place; this resembles
the reference flow "RF")
Figure 38: Sankey Diagram for one chosen LCIA factor, e.g. GWP – inverted Sankey arrows
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 2a Page 37
In a network with more than one product, the cascading menu allows choosing
one reference flow (product) for which the associated flows will be shown.
After choosing a product there will be a more detailed view of the available
Sankey diagrams by clicking on the entry 'More…'.
A new window will then open in the properties pane displaying all activated
impact categories of the impact assessment method. When clicking on one
category, e.g. eutrophication, a Sankey diagram will show the contribution of
all flows to the eutrophication potential. Try out different impact categories
and see how the processes differently contribute to the selected impact
categories.
This enables to visually understand how environmental burdens are associated
with the production process and that optimization in one impact category may
have offsetting results for another impact category.
Figure 39: Select Source of Sankey Diagram
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Exporting Results
All data on the 'LCIA Details' page can be exported to Excel, in order to create
diagrams and graphs for selected topics. The data will be exported according
to the current view of the results.
A window appears, asking for a name of the Excel file. The exported tables will
be shown immediately after saving.
In tutorial 3 the use of a raw data export and Pivot tables for the
creation of virtually any diagram to support material tracing and
contribution of substances to the environmental impacts is being
explained.
For further information about the functions covered in this tutorial
have a look at the Umberto NXT User Manual.
Thank you for completing tutorial 2. Please continue with tutorial 3 to
discover more practical features of Umberto NXT.
Notes:
Umberto® NXT
(v7.1)
Tutorial 3
LCA
ifu Hamburg GmbH Max-Brauer-Allee 50
22765 Hamburg / Germany www.ifu.com
DocVersion: 1.5 Date: October 2014 Publisher: ifu Hamburg GmbH
http://www.umberto.de
Umberto
® is a registered trademark of ifu Hamburg GmbH
Microsoft and MS are registered trademarks. Windows and Excel are trademarks of Microsoft Corp. Other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.
Information in this manual is subject to change without notice. No liability for the correctness of the information in this manual. All figures are for demonstration purposes only and contain fictitious data. Reproduction or translation of any part of this manual in any form (electronic or mechanic) without prior written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for permission should be addressed to ifu Hamburg GmbH, Hamburg, Germany.
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 3 Page 1
Tutorial 1: Umberto NXT Simple Example
Time: 1 h Pages: 20 Level: New User Requirements: none
What you will learn:
• Umberto NXT work area and window handling
• Create a project, a model and a first process
• Specify a process
• Calculate a small model
• View the calculation results
• Create Sankey diagrams
• Use the Module Gallery
Tutorial 2a: U NXT LCA/UNIV
Time: 1-2 h Pages: 40 Level: Beginner
Requirements: Tutorial 1 or experience
with Umberto 5 for Life Cycle Assessment
and general knowledge about LCA
What you will learn:
• Working with activity datasets
• Product life cycle phases
• LCA calculation and results
• Disposal and transport activities
• Function and parameters
• Group-By Box
• Material type
• Calculation log
Tutorial 2b: U NXT EFF/UNIV
Time: 3-4 h Pages 40 Level: Beginner
Requirements: Tutorial 1 or experience
with Umberto 5
What you will learn:
• User defined process specification
• Create subnets
• Analysis of input/output inventory
• Function and parameters
• Cost accounting for MFA
• Allocations
• Generic materials
• Co-products
• Sankey diagrams
• Advanced Features
Tutorial 4: U NXT UNIV
Time: 1-2 h Pages: 15 Level: Advanced
Requirements: Tutorial 1 and 2 for LCA and
Efficiency and 3 or experience with Umberto
5 for Life Cycle Assessment and knowledge
about LCA
What you will learn:
• Integrate costs LCA
• Material Mapping
• Calculate Selection
Tutorial 3: U NXT LCA/UNIV
Time: 1-2 h Pages: 48 Level: Advanced
Requirements: Tutorial 1 and 2 or
experience with Umberto 5 for Life Cycle
Assessment and knowledge about LCA
What you will learn:
• Allocations
• Generic materials
• Set multiple virtual reference flows
• Co-products
• Working with functional units
• Sankey diagrams
• Results by products
• Print and export results
• Advanced Features
Umberto NXT ifu Hamburg GmbH
Page 2 Tutorial 3
Introduction
Welcome to the tutorial section of Umberto NXT.
It is divided into three independent tutorials of increasing complexity. Each
tutorial has its focus on a different topic. The first two tutorials introduce the
basic features of Umberto NXT. The third tutorial provides more complex
modeling and information about advanced features.
The first tutorial gives an introduction on how to create a basic model as well
as the handling of general settings. This is done by using a simple example.
In the second tutorial the focus is set on the creation of a model for a Life
Cycle Assessment. You will learn how to work with a database and how to use
different impact assessment methods. Part of the second tutorial is also to
visualize your results via Sankey diagrams.
The third tutorial has its main focus on more advanced topics of Life Cycle
Assessment. It provides additional information about useful features of
Umberto NXT and gives further modeling hints.
To be able to learn how to use Umberto NXT, the examples
presented in the three tutorials are designed to be independent of
LCI databases that require a license. Hence, the activity datasets
used in the tutorials 2 and 3 are sample datasets with fictitious
values that can be used even without having access to ecoinvent
data.
For further information about the functions covered in this tutorial
have a look at the Umberto NXT User Manual. The user manual
can be accessed directly in the software via the Help menu.
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 3 Page 3
Tutorial 3: Whiteboard Marker (cont.)
In this third tutorial the whiteboard marker example previously modeled in
tutorial 2 will be continued. The existing model will be amplified and refined;
thereby, more features of Umberto NXT, which support the analysis of life
cycle models, can be explored.
Preparation
Tutorial 3 can easier be followed after having finished Tutorial 2.
Users, who are working with a licensed version of Umberto NXT with ecoinvent
v3 database, will find all activity datasets needed in the master database
shipped with the software.
Users, who are working on this tutorial without holding an ecoinvent license
(e.g. users of the 14-day trial version) will find a group "Trial Version
Datasets" in the Project Explorer, where datasets with a similar name but
fictitious values can be found. Trial version users can deal with all three
models of tutorial 3 using the trial version datasets.
An overview of the trial datasets used is shown in Table 1 and Table 2 below.
Do not use the trial version datasets for operative, real-world LCA studies,
since they contain fictitious values only.
Contents
• Creating subnets
• Using net parameters
• Specifying processes with user defined functions
• Copying models
• Sensitivity analysis
• Advanced exporting options
• Data analysis
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Table 1: ecoinvent activities and corresponding tutorial datasets used in tutorial 2
tutorial/trial
dataset name
ecoinvent activity
dataset name
starch biopolymer production (ifu
tutorial dataset) [RER]
polyester-complexed starch biopolymer,
production [RER]
ethanol production from maize (ifu
tutorial dataset) [GLO]
ethanol, 95 % solution state, from
fermentation [GLO]
polypropylene production, granulate (ifu
tutorial dataset) [RER]
polypropylene production, granulate [RER]
injection moulding (ifu tutorial dataset)
[RER]
injection moulding [RER]
extrusion, plastic pipes (ifu tutorial
dataset) [RER]
extrusion production, plastic pipes [RER]
electricity, medium voltage (ifu tutorial
dataset) [NL]
electricity, medium voltage [NL]
transport, lorry 16-32 ton, EURO5 (ifu
tutorial dataset) [RER]
transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton,
EURO5 [RER]
Table 2: ecoinvent activities and corresponding tutorial datasets additionally used in tutorial 3
tutorial/trial
dataset name
ecoinvent activity
dataset name
aluminium primary, cast alloy (ifu tutorial
dataset) [GLO]
aluminium cast alloy [RER]
treatment of aluminium scrap (ifu tutorial
dataset) [GLO]
treatment of aluminium scrap, post-
consumer, prepared for recycling, at
remelter [RER]
extrusion of aluminium (ifu tutorial
dataset) [RER]
impact extrusion of aluminium, 2 strokes
[RER]
treatment of waste polypropylene, MSWI
(ifu tutorial dataset) [CH]
treatment of waste polypropylene,
municipal incineration [CH]
treatment of waste paper and board (ifu
tutorial dataset) [RER]
treatment of waste paper and board
[RER]
treatment of waste plastic mix, sanitary
landfill (ifu tutorial dataset) [CH]
treatment of waste plastic, mixture,
sanitary landfill [CH]
transport, freight, inland waterways,
barge (ifu tutorial data) [RER]
transport, freight, inland waterways,
barge [RER]
transport, freight train (ifu tutorial
dataset) [GLO]
transport, freight train [RoW]
Note: the suffix in square brackets indicates the geography: GLO = Global,
RER = Region Europe, CH = Switzerland, NL = Netherlands, RoW = Rest of
World
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 3 Page 5
Introduction
When carrying out a life cycle assessment results sometimes need to be
refined in order to ensure the quality of the report. This tutorial covers
different approaches to refine your model as well as to prepare your life cycle
assessment report. In addition, further modeling hints are explained.
Tutorial 3 bases on the example created in tutorial 2. The LCA model for the
whiteboard marker that has been developed is now refined and used as a
basis for variants.
At first, a sub-module of the transportation process is created to examine the
distribution processes more closely.
In the next step (3.1) an alternative use case will be developed as a means to
improve the environmental performance of the product. In this alternative use
case, the whiteboard marker is refilled with ink, rather than throwing it away
at the end of its first use.
Another part of this tutorial (3.2) looks at the choice of raw materials. What if
the body of the whiteboard marker were made of aluminium instead of PP?
This product design decision is compared in regard to the selected impact
categories.
Net parameters are explained in 3.3 and an example of a process specification
with user defined functions rather than with coefficients is shown in 3.4.
Finally, it is explained how to create any type of diagram supporting an LCA
analysis and the respective interpretation. In order to do so, the LCIA results
can be exported to an Excel sheet where the PivotChart feature can be used.
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Subnets (Hierarchical Modeling)
In some cases a refinement of the model is needed while keeping the initial
graphical layout intact. In other cases the analysis of results of one part of the
model shall be separated from the overall results. In either case the use of
subnets is indicated.
Start by opening an existing whiteboard marker model (either the one you
created in Tutorial 2 or the one linked on the Umberto start page).
Copying the Model: The first step is to add a new model within the project.
To do this, press the 'Create a New Model' button in the top right corner of
the 'Project Explorer'. When asked for it, do not add life cycle phases, as the
phase frames from your existing model will be copied as well. Name the model
'Tutorial 3.0', for example.
Create a copy of the existing model by selecting all elements (Ctrl-A) and
saving them to the clipboard (Ctrl-C). Next, paste the selected elements into
the newly created empty model (CTRL-V). This should now be a copy of the
original whiteboard marker model, where modifications can be made.
Creating a Subnet: In this chapter a subnet will be added to refine the
distribution phase of the whiteboard marker model designed in Tutorial 2. In
this subnet three different distribution routes with varying parameters will be
created. They will be analyzed in relation to each other.
Each transportation route makes use of a different combination of means:
Table 3: Overview of transportation routes and means of transportation
Route Share km by lorry km by train km by boat km total
1 30% 550 50 50 650
2 30% 50 400 100 550
3 40% 150 50 400 600
The current transportation process ('transport lorry 16-32 ton, EURO5' of the
'Distribution/Retail' phase) will be replaced by a subnet that has more detail
and transportation variants.
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Tutorial 3
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Page 7
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Figure 3: The newly created subnet with the neighboring places of the subnet process as
connection places
The synchronization between the nets allows identifying each connection place
– called ports in subnets – in both nets. Activate a port place on the subnet
and observe how the corresponding connection is highlighted in the main net
(see Figure 4).
Figure 4: Synchronization of nets – corresponding places are marked
The subnet will be calculated upstream because the manual flow
of the main net is located further downstream. An upstream
calculation generally means that the product output of a process
is known, whereas its input(s) and the respective emissions are
calculated according to the input/output specification or the user
defined functions of the process. Please remember, we defined
the manual flow as part of the use phase process of the main net
in Tutorial 2. Therefore, the output flows of the subnet are
known; hence, it will be modeled upstream.
Specifying the Subnet: Start to devise the subnet now. The transportation
process will be modified, resulting in three different routes expressed as
shares of the total mass transported.
Add a process to the subnet and connect it to the port place supplying the use
phase in the main net. Name this process 'Splitter' and add the material
'packaged markers' to the output side once and three times to the input side
(compare to Figure 5).
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Figure 5: Splitter process for calculating the share of each transportation route
Please notice that the font of the packaged markers on the output side
changed to red and bold. This is to show that the packaged markers are a
reference flow with regard to the whole subnet.
For more information on reference flows relating to processes and
nets please refer to the Umberto NXT user manual.
Change to the 'Parameter' tab of the 'Specification' window of the 'Splitter'
process. Add three parameters by clicking on the button 'Add'. Identifiers will
be assigned automatically (here 'C01', 'C02' and 'C03'). Rename the variables
to R01, R02 and R03, respectively. Then, allot to the three parameters the
proportional share according to the data given in Table 3.
Figure 6: Parameter specification of the 'Splitter' process
Next, return to the 'Input/Output' tab and type the variable for the first
parameter ("R01") in the 'Function' field of the first entry. This is to reference
the parameter value.
Repeat this procedure for the remaining two parameters with the variable
identifiers 'R02' and 'R03', respectively. Change the coefficients for the first
and second entry to '0,3 kg' and the one for the third entry to '0,4 kg',
respectively. Then, add a coefficient of '1 kg' on the output side so that the
process specification is balanced.
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The specification of the 'Splitter' process should look like Figure 7, now.
Figure 7: Input/Output tab in specification window of the 'Splitter' process
Next, create a new process to the left of the 'Splitter' process and connect
them with each other. Therefore, simply draw an arrow from an empty place
in the model to the 'Splitter' process. The process and the connection place
will be automatically added to the model. Call the new process 'Route 1' and
connect it to the port place that receives the packaged markers from the main
net.
If the connection from the initial transportation activity to the subnet has not
been deleted there is a third port place in your subnet. As all transports will be
entirely modeled within the subnet, please delete this transport process and/or
its remaining places of the main net. They will also be deleted in the subnet
then.
Figure 8 shows the current subnet with its two port places (connections to the
main net).
Figure 8: Route 1 in the distribution subnet
For the specification of the 'Route 1' process, please add the material
'packaged markers' on the input and on the output side. Moreover, search for
the following intermediate exchanges (in the ecoinvent 3 branch of the Project
Explorer) and also add them to the process specification on the input side:
'transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO 5', 'transport, freight train'
and 'transport, freight, inland waterways, barge'.
The units of all selected means of transportation are defined as
'metric ton * km'. Therefore, both the weight and the distance must form a
part of the material specification. We will allow for this by defining the weight
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of the packaged markers and the distance of each means of transportation for
the selected route.
First, change to the 'Parameters' tab of the process 'Route 1', and add a
parameter called 'LDIST' for the distance of lorry transportation with the value
of 550 km. Then, return to the 'Input/Output' tab and type the function
'LDIST/1000' in the 'Functions' column behind the material 'transport, freight,
lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO 5'. Enter with return and observe how the
coefficient of the 'Material' 'transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO 5'
is updated.
Please, repeat these steps for the two remaining means of transportation
(barge and train) with a distance of 50 km, respectively (compare to figure
below).
Figure 9: Parameter tab of the first route
For a complete specification of the 'Route 1' process, finally insert a coefficient
of 1 kg of the material 'packaged markers' on the input side as well as on the
output side (see Figure 10). Make sure to assign the same coefficient for the
transported good on both, the input and the output side.
The first transportation route can easily be modified now, by merely changing
the parameters for the distance of each transportation means.
Figure 10: Specification of the first distribution route of the whiteboard markers
Go on, using the expand function to add the three activities that provide the
respective transportation processes. In all three cases, use the respective
'Result' (i.e. 'System Terminated') process.
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Users of the trial version without access to the ecoinvent database,
please use the activities in the group "Tutorial Activities" of the
database "Tutorial Example" instead. See the tables at the beginning
of this document for a list of corresponding datasets.
Result activities include all upstream activities and therefore also
include system boundaries. The respective in- and outputs are
elementary flows. Unit activities, however, resemble direct
production processes. The respective inputs are intermediate
products; the outputs are only direct emissions from this process.
For more information on unit and result activities as well as
elementary and intermediate flows, please refer to the user manual.
If you wish to replace a Result process by a Unit process (or vice
versa) you can use the function 'Replace result process with unit
process' (respectively, 'Replace unit process with result process'),
which can be found in the context menu of the process to-be-
changed.
The subnet should now look similar to this:
Figure 11: Distribution subnet with expanded ecoinvent activities connected to the first route
In the next step, add the other two transportation routes: In order to save
time, simply copy and paste the first route and connect it to the appropriate
places. Therefore, select the 'Route 1' process and choose 'Copy' from the
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context menu. Observe that not only the process, but also all of the connected
places are selected and copied. Paste the entire process twice below the
'Route 1' process.
Arrange the connection places so, that they use less space than the original
layout (compare to Figure 12). The arrangement of the elements does not
influence the calculation of the model, however, the model will be more clearly
laid out and easier to comprehend as it gets larger.
Rename the new processes to 'Route 2' and 'Route 3', respectively.
Additionally, merge the produced 'Packaging' connection places, which deliver
the packaged markers with the existing port place (supplying 'Route 1'): In
order to do so, simply drag and drop the respective connection places onto the
port place until they are highlighted. The new part of the subnet should now
look similar to Figure 12 below.
Figure 12: Subnet with copied routes
Connect the places on the output side of the newly created routes to the
splitter process.
Another option to keep the model well-arranged is the usage of duplicates. In
this case, duplicates of the connection places of 'Route 2' and 'Route 3' to the
three transport processes, namely transport freight lorry, transport freight
barge and transport freight train, will support clarity. In order to do so, choose
'Duplicate' from the context menu of the connection place between the
transport activity for the lorry transport and the 'Route 1' process. A duplicate
of the respective place appears right next to it in the model. Both counterparts
are highlighted, when the other one is chosen. This holds true also, when
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more than two copies exist. Thus, you can easily control which connection you
are handling at the moment.
Figure 13: Creating a duplicate of a connection place
Move the duplicate onto the connection with the similar ID of Route 2. When
both places are highlighted, they will merge to one place. Please notice that
each copy of the original element receives the same ID with a consecutive
index.
In case of the example the ID of the original connection is P9. Then, the copies
of this place are called P9(2) and P9(3). Additionally, the specifications of the
copied processes are automatically updated to the IDs of the copied places
and are therefore easy to find.
Repeat the duplication and merging steps for the remaining five connection
places to connect each means of transportation with the respective delivering
activity.
Please check, if the different inputs are being delivered by the right connection
place and the weight of the transported packaged markers is assigned a
coefficient of 1 kg on all input and output sides of the three route processes
(see Figure 14).
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Figure 14: Copies of 'Route 1' with duplicate connections
The next step is to specify 'Route 2' and 'Route 3'. As a copy of the fully
specified 'Route 1' was used, the parameter values in the 'Parameters' tab of
the process specification of each means of transportation only need to be
updated. Therefore, please use the values displayed in Table 4.
Table 4: Overview of transportation routes and means of transportation
Route Share km by lorry km by train km by boat km total
1 30% 550 50 50 650
2 30% 50 400 100 550
3 40% 150 50 400 600
Finally, the splitter process needs to be specified. This process still shows a
red warning sign, because the input places for the packaged markers have not
been assigned yet. Once more, select the Input/Output tab of the respective
process specification and assign the correct places to each route on the input
side.
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Figure 15: Final specification of the splitter process dividing the distribution routes
Before the model can be calculated there is still one last alteration left to do:
The input and output places of the transportation processes are not connected
to the main net so far.
Please switch to the main net, add an input and an output place to the
'Distribution' process and connect them accordingly. As already observed,
these two places also appear in the subnet. Go back to the subnet, duplicate
each of the new places twice and merge them with the respective input and
output places of the transportation means (compare to Figure 16).
Figure 16: Input and Output port places with their respective places in the main net
The entire created subnet should look like Figure 17 below.
When copying an entire model, manual flows are not automatically transferred
as well. Therefore, please add the following manual flow to the virtual
reference flow arrow leaving the 'Use' process in the main network:
'whiteboard marker', 0,02075 kg.
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Figure 17: Final subnet model of the whiteboard marker distribution
The model is now ready to be recalculated. To do so, use the calculate icon
of the main net editor. There should be no calculation warnings. After
calculating the main net, the results of the subnet will be displayed like any
ordinary process.
Analyzing the Results: The new model has a more refined transport section.
What was originally represented by a single process is now represented as a
subnet with three different routes and has been parameterized (e.g. for
studying the impacts or consequences of transport variations).
After calculation the tab 'LCIA Summaries – By Phases, scaled to 100%' has
an overview of impact assessment results with all selected impact categories.
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Figure 18: LCIA results by phases scaled to 100%
Looking at Figure 18 (results may vary from user to user depending on the
respective database used) one can see that the impact category results are
now different from the LCIA results that were calculated with the previous
model created in Tutorial 2. Remember that in Tutorial 2 the distribution of the
whiteboard markers was assumed to be carried out by a lorry over a distance
of 550 km. However, be aware, that the results scaled to 100% do not
represent absolute values. The absolute contribution of the distribution phases
to selected impact categories might be even lower in Tutorial 3 than in Tutorial
2 (compare to the LCIA summaries – by phases, absoltue values, e.g. impact
category 'fossil depletion').
Please also keep in mind, that the whiteboard marker example
uses fictitious values only. For this reason, the calculated results
might not make sense concerning their quantity or the relation of
the quantities among the different impact categories. Some of the
impact categories may not even be considered at all.
In one impact category, the overall contribution of the distribution phases has
risen significantly: metal depletion. The total amount of Fe-equivalents rose
from 4.3 kg in Tutorial 2 to 6.1 kg in Tutorial 3, which accounts for a relative
share of the metal depletion of 41% and 50%, respectively. Hence, this
impact category should be examined closer in the subnet.
Start the examination by selecting the subnet and activating the Sankey
Diagram. Then, select the small black arrow next to the Sankey button to see
the drop down list and choose 'More…'.
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In the property editor on the left hand bottom side a new tab is shown called
'Source of Sankey diagram'. Select the impact category 'metal depletion'
(compare to Figure 19).
The analysis of the subnet will also work for any other selected
impact category.
Now switch to the tab 'Scaling of Sankey Diagram' (also located on the left
hand bottom side) to adapt the width of the slider to 20 pixels (Figure 19).
When you look back at the model of your subnet, you will see the contribution
to the impact category metal depletion of each transportation mean and for
each route (shown in Figure 20).
In the results tab, switch to the section 'LCIA details – by processes' to check
the results for the distribution more closely. Which means of transportation
contributes the most to the selected impact category of metal depletion?
Please notice that the subnet will be shown just like a process
when the main model is activated. When you switch to the subnet
only the data for the processes of the subnet will be displayed.
Figure 19: Source and scaling of Sankey Diagram in the distribution subnet
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Figure 20: Sankey diagram showing the contribution of the distribution routes to the impact
category metal depletion
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A Different Use Scenario: Refill (Tutorial 3.1)
Consumer decisions are not solely based on economic effects but also depend
on the environmental performance of certain goods and services. A prime
example of ecological behavior is the reuse of goods. In this part of the
tutorial a reuse model for the whiteboard marker will be created. Therefore, a
refill station for the ink of the whiteboard marker will be added to the model.
The following use case will be assumed: The whiteboard marker will be refilled
in a refill station provided by the same supplier as the whiteboard marker
itself.
The refill station holds 16 ml of ink and allows for 5 refills (compare to
Table 5). To model this use case the product chain will be expanded further
downstream, like it was already done in Tutorial 2.
Table 5: Characteristics of one refill station
refill station capacity refills possible
1 16 ml 5
Again, the first step is to add a new model to the project tree. When asked for
it, do not add life cycle phases. Name the model: 'Tutorial 3.1 Use Case'.
Create a copy of 'Tutorial 3.0' in the exact same way as done earlier in this
chapter.
Expanding the Model: To expand the existing model at the refill station, a
whole process chain has to be added. Keep in mind to consider the necessary
space, when adding processes and places.
Start by adding a process to the raw material phase and call it 'refill station
extrusion'. Next, create the material 'refill station' to your list of project
materials and drag it to the output side of the newly created process.
Furthermore, add the materials 'polypropylene, granulate' and 'extrusion,
plastic pipes' to the input side (both materials are intermediate exchanges of
ecoinvent 3). Assign a coefficient of 1 kg to each material on the input as well
as on the output side of the process. Expand both materials on the input side
with the respective result process and arrange the net elements clearly.
Then, create a new process in the manufacture phase and call it 'Refill station
filling'. Connect this process to the process 'Refill station extrusion' and add
the material 'refill station' on the input side.
Another way of adding materials to a process is to drag it over the
process in the model editor and drop it there. You will be asked
whether to put it on the input or output side of your process
specification. This way you do not have to select a process in
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order to add materials to it.
Continue the specification of the 'Refill Station Filling' process by adding the
following three materials to the input side: 'ethanol, without water, in 95 %
solution state, from fermentation', 'electricity, medium voltage' and 'carton
board box production, with offset printing' (all materials are intermediate
exchanges of ecoinvent 3).
Next, create the material 'refill station, full' to your material list and add it to
the output side of the last modified process. Please amend the weight of the
refill station (consisting of corpus and lid) according to the table below
The respective table also lists the single parts of the refill station with the
according weights for additional information. Please take care of the units!
Expand the materials 'ethanol…', 'electricity…', and 'carton box board…' with
the respective result processes of the same name. Please use 'electricity,
medium voltage' with the geography 'Netherlands', as we already used
electricity produced in the Netherlands for the production of the whiteboard
marker. Afterwards, move the net elements of the ethanol production to the
'Raw Materials' phase. The net elements belonging to the electricity supply and
the carton box board production should remain in the 'Manufacture' phase. Do
not forget to arrange the net elements nicely to keep a clear and simple
structure.
Table 6: Specification data for the refill station
part material quantity unit
corpus polypropylene 15 g
lid polypropylene 6 g
ink ethanol 16 g
Additionally, the process needs 0,01 kWh of electricity for the assembly of the
materials and 3,8 g of carton board box per refill station. The weight of the full
refill station on the output side adds up to 40,8 g.
The complete specification of the 'Refill station filling' should look like Figure
21 below.
Figure 21: Specification of the 'Refill station filling'
Furthermore, an additional distribution process is needed to deliver the refill
station to its point of usage. Add another process, this time to the distribution
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phase. Call it 'Distribution refill station' and drag the material 'refill station,
full' to the input and to the output side of the distribution process.
Then add the material 'transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO5' to
the input side of the process. Create a new parameter called 'DIST' in the
parameter tab of the distribution process and assign to it a coefficient of
'550 km'.
Switch back to the specification tab of the distribution process, type the
function 'DIST/1000' in the function column of the transport and add a
coefficient of 1 kg for the refill station on the input and on the output side
(compare to Figure 22).
Expand the material 'transport, freight lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO 5' with
the respective result process. At last, connect the 'Refill station filling' process
to the 'Distribution refill station' and the latter one to the 'Use' process of the
existing whiteboard marker model.
Figure 22: Process specification of distribution process
Finally check, if all the newly created processes have the right in- and output
places assigned to them. The added model parts of the 'Refill Station' model
should look similar to Figure 23.
Figure 23: Current model of the refill process
The next step is the specification of the 'Consumer Use' phase. In Tutorial 2
the 'Use' process has been specified according to the use of a package of 4
whiteboard markers. For this purpose the coefficients of the existing 'Use'
process also have to be changed to reflect the use of one whiteboard marker
refilled from a refill station.
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Firstly, open the specification of the 'Use' process. Change the mass of the
packaged markers on the input side to 32 g which represents the weight of
one marker including the allocated weight of a quarter plastic packages. Then,
add the material 'refill station full' to the input side of the 'Use' process with a
coefficient of 40,8 g. Add the material 'refill station' to the output side with a
coefficient of 21 g and change its material type to 'Bad'.
Since the refill station it is made of plastic just like the empty whiteboard
marker it could be send to the same output place. However, the life cycle of
the refill station shall be analyzed in detail. Thus, its end of life processes need
to be separately included. Therefore, copy the existing end of life processes
and also connect them to the 'Use' process.
Rename the connection place leading from the 'Use' phase to the newly added
'End-of-Life Route to 'Refill station to disposal'. In the specification of the latter
process, replace the material 'whiteboard marker' on the input side by the
material 'refill station'. Do not forget to change the material type to 'Bad', as it
is considered a waste now.
Switch back to the 'Use' process again: Lead the refill station to the respective
output place and update the material 'ethanol [air/urban or close to ground]'.
It should now only contain the ink of one whiteboard marker (3,2 g) plus the
ink of the refill station (16 g).
Also, amend the coefficient of the plastic box, which weighs only the allocated
quarter of the whole plastic box, now. Finally, change the weight of the
whiteboard marker with the material type bad to 17,55 g and delete the
whiteboard marker entry representing the reference flow. The 'Use' process
should typically look like this.
In the net editor, the 'Use' process shows a red warning sign now, since its
specification does not contain a reference flow anymore. A new reference flow
will be defined in the next steps.
Figure 24: Current specification of the 'Use' process
Go on, by creating a new material: 'writing' with the 'Unit Type' 'Amount
[unit]', the 'Display Unit' 'unit' and the 'Material Type' 'Good'. In the properties
editor for this material, check the box 'Material represents functional unit' and
name the functional unit 'writing 500 meters' with a quantity of 1. This means
that one unit of writing represents the functional unit of writing 500 meters.
Add the material 'writing' to the output side of the 'Use' process. As the
whiteboard marker can be refilled 5 times the coefficient of the material must
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be 6 units (first use and five refills). Left click on the material 'writing' and
choose 'Set virtual reference flow property'. A new virtual reference flow will
be created, leaving the 'Use' process. The arrow next to it, holding the old
manual flow still has to be deleted.
Lastly, the carton board box of the refill station needs to be disposed of. To do
so, add the material 'waste packaging paper and paperboard' to the output
side of the 'Use' process. Create an output process and lead the 'Use' process
to it. Place this output place in the 'Disposal/Recycling' phase next to the one
for the 'Plastic box to disposal' and name it 'Carton box to disposal'. Make sure
the respective material of the 'Use' process goes to this output place. The
completely specified 'Use' process should now look like Figure 25 below.
Figure 25: Specification of the 'Use' process with five refills
The 'Consumer Use' and 'Disposal/Recycling' phase should now look like Figure
26 below.
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Figure 26: Overview of the currently modified phases of the LCA model
As final step of the specification of the alternative use case please update the
manual flow. Choose the arrow that holds the virtual reference flow, leaving
the 'Use' process. Add the entry 'writing' to the arrow specification. The
chosen quantity will determine the scale of the calculation. Choosing 6 units of
writing would mean a life cycle of one whiteboard marker and one refill station
equal to writing 3000 meters. As we want to compare the results of the refilled
whiteboard marker to the original one, we must choose a quantity of 1 unit,
also reflecting a 'writing of 500 meters'. The results of the two use cases are
than comparable to each other.
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For more information on the choice of functional units and system
reference flows please refer to the Umberto NXT user manual as
well as literature on LCA in general. A selection of published
sources can be found in chapter three of the Umberto NXT user
manual.
It is now time to recalculate the model: Please, press the 'calculate' button.
There should be no calculation warnings.
As you recalculate the model you will notice that the results per functional unit
have, of course, changed. Use the 'LCIA Details' tab to analyze your results
more closely.
Calculate a Selection of Processes: Taking a look at the whiteboard marker
model, it stands out, that there are two production branches leading to the
'Use' process: one for the whiteboard marker and one for the refill station.
However, both parts are produced by the same manufacturer even using some
of the same processes. Take the electricity production, for example. Electricity
is needed for the assembly of the whiteboard marker and for the assembly of
the refill station as well. Both electricity production processes use the same
tutorial activity and are located in the 'Manufacture' phase. To specifically
compare the impact of the two electricity production processes, Umberto NXT
enables to display an aggregation of any selected processes; how to do so, will
be explained now.
To calculate a selection of processes, press the shift key on your keyboard to
select both electricity processes of your model. Then, use the drop down menu
of the calculate button to choose 'Calculate Selection' (compare to Figure 27).
Now, the model will be recalculated but only the inventories and results of the
selected processes will be shown. The 'Inventories' tab and the 'LCIA Details'
show the sums of either electricity processes or respectively the distinct
results depending on the chosen processes.
Figure 27: Calculating a selection of processes
By using the method 'Calculate Selection' you can choose different system
boundaries for your calculation without having to edit your model.
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It will also be interesting, to reopen and recalculate the original model.
Afterwards, the results of the two use cases can be compared with each other
in detail. With the 'Calculate Selection' method you can choose the same
processes in both models.
Therefore, arrange the two models side by side to easily switch between the
models and the respective 'Inventories' and 'Result' tabs. Compare how the
material flows of the whiteboard marker production change when assessing
the two different use cases. In the section 'exporting results' at the end of this
tutorial an even a better way to compare two separate scenarios will be
showed.
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Alternative Material Use (Tutorial 3.2)
One major concern of LCAs is decision support of the phase of production as
well as of consumption behavior. In this context, it is interesting to examine
the differences of whiteboard markers made of plastic to whiteboard markers
made of aluminum. Just like in the previous sections fictitious data will be
used and the example will be kept simple.
A whiteboard marker made of aluminum basically has the same life cycle as
the one made of plastic. The differences concern the extraction of raw
materials and the use of different recycling paths.
As done before, add a new model to the project tree. When asked for it, do
not add life cycle phases. This time, name the new model: 'Tutorial 3.2
Alternative Production' and create a copy of the existing model 'Tutorial 3.1
Use Case'.
The aluminum marker has only one essential part consisting of aluminum,
namely the marker shell. In this fictitious example, it is assumed that the
replacement of aluminum for plastic leads to a decrease in shell weight of
18%.
Start by opening the specification of the process 'Extrusion marker shell'.
Then, replace the materials on the input side with the materials 'aluminium,
cast alloy' and 'impact extrusion of aluminium, 2 strokes' (both intermediate
exchanges of ecoinvent 3). To do this, add the two new entries on the input
side, assign the place identifier and enter the coefficients. The coefficients
remain the same (1 kg each, treating 1 kg of aluminium requires a work
process extrusion with the same amount). Finally remove the old entries.
Figure 28: Process 'Extrusion Marker Shell'
Next, delete the old delivering processes (including the connected places and
arrows) to the left of the process 'Extrusion marker shell', so that new
activities can be added. Use the 'Expand' function to add the respective result
activities: 'aluminium primary, cast alloy (ifu tutorial dataset) [GLO]' and
'extrusion of aluminium (ifu tutorial dataset) [RER]'.
Now you have to update the affected coefficients to the new weight of the
marker shell: Open the specification of the 'Assembly' process and change the
coefficient of the marker shell on the input side to 9,471 g and the coefficient
of the whiteboard marker on the output side to 18,671 g (less 18% weight of
the marker shell).
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Afterwards, select the 'Packaging' process. Still, four markers are packaged in
a plastic box that weights 45 g. Change the coefficient of the whiteboard
marker on the input side from 83 g to 74,684 g and the one of the packaged
markers on the output side from 128 g to 119,684 g.
As the 'Distribution' process is simply scaled to the transported weight it does
not need to be updated. Instead, select the 'Use' process and change the
coefficient of the packaged markers on the input side to 29,921 g. This equals
the weight of one fourth of the entire package (119,684/4) or of one marker
plus the allocated package weight (18,671 g + 11,25 g).
On the output side, the coefficient of the whiteboard marker needs to be
adjusted as well. Only the marker shell of aluminum is to remain to enter the
recycling process. Therefore, delete the material 'whiteboard marker' and
replace it with the material 'marker shell' weighting 9,471 g.
Also, add the material 'marker cap' with a coefficient of 2 g to the output side.
Create a new material named 'felt tip' and also add it to the output side of the
'Use' process.
Lastly, add a new output place and lead the marker cap and the biopolymer
felt tip (with a weight of 4,0 g), there. Both materials were formerly included
in the weight of the whiteboard marker. Their end-of-life treatment will be
neglected at this point. All added waste materials on the output side need to
have the material type 'Bad'.
Figure 29: Specification of the 'Use' process in Tutorial 3.2
The table below sums up all of the processes with coefficients that have been
updated or added.
Table 7: Coefficients to be changed for the aluminium marker shell in the production scenario
Process Material Old coefficient New coefficient
Assembly Marker shell 11,55 9,471
Assembly Whiteboard marker 20,75 18,671
Packaging Whiteboard marker 83 74,684
Packaging Packaged markers 128 119,684
Use phase Packaged markers 32 29,921
Use phase Marker shell 11,55 9,471
Use phase Marker cap 2 2
Use phase Felt tip 4 4
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But turn back to the new production case now, since not all phases have been
specified, yet. After its use, the aluminum shell of the whiteboard marker will
be disposed of. In contrast to the plastic shell, all of the aluminum will receive
the same end-of-life treatment.
Therefore, open the 'End-of-life route' process of the whiteboard marker and
delete all materials on the in- and output side (namely, the whiteboard marker
on the input and the two waste materials on the output side). Also, delete the
attached two waste treatment processes, including their connected places and
arrows.
Next, specify the 'End-of-life route' process for the aluminum shell: Add the
material 'marker shell' (material type: 'Bad') on the input side and the
material 'aluminium scrap, post consumer, prepared for melting' from the
ecoinvent 3 intermediate materials on the output side. Use a coefficient of
'1.00' on each side of the process.
Expand the material 'aluminium scrap, post consumer, prepared for melting'
on the output side (downstream) using the respective 'Expand' button. Choose
the system terminated process 'treatment of aluminium scrap (ifu tutorial
dataset) [GLO]' from the tutorial activities.
The specification of the 'End-of-life route' process is also shown in Figure 30.
Check, if all the materials are connected to the right in- and output places.
Note: The 'End-of-life route' processes for the refill station as well as the
attached treatment processes remain unchanged. The 'Consumer Use' and
'Disposal/Recycling' phases of 'Tutorial 3.2 Alternative Production' should look
similar to Figure 31, now.
Figure 30: Specification of the end-of-life route process of Tutorial 3.2
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Figure 31: Model of the 'Consumer Use' and 'Disposal/Recycling' phases of Tutorial 3.2
Before you can recalculate the model to see if all changes have been made
correctly, please insert the manual flow again. The material 'writing' of the
reference flow, leaving use process, is assigned a coefficient of 1 unit again.
Now, press the 'Calculate' button. There should be no calculation warnings.
Compare the LCIA results of the two different whiteboard markers – one made
of plastic and the other one made of aluminum.
In the following section on net parameters a more simple way to change the
weight of the marker shell throughout the model will be demonstrated.
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 3 Page 33
Using Net Parameters (Tutorial 3.3)
As already demonstrated, the use of process parameters supports the analysis
of life cycle models. In addition, process parameters can also be used to
create different scenarios for an existing production chain. When it comes to
improving or changing parts of the production chain affecting the entire model,
however, the use of process parameters is not very helpful. In the last
chapter, the weight of the whiteboard marker had to be modified manually in
all of the affected processes. Depending on the complexity of the model such
changes may be hard to trace and forgetting changes may lead to unexpected
or wrong results.
When you want to create a model alternative that affects more than one
process in the same way, the use of net parameters is indicated. Net
parameters can be used in all processes in one net-level.
In this example a net parameter called 'MatEff' (short for material efficiency)
will be used to change the material weight of the whiteboard marker. Let us
assume that it was possible to reduce the material consumption of the
whiteboard marker by 10%. What will be the effects on the entire model?
To work on this part of Tutorial 3, please reopen the model named 'Tutorial
3.0'. Make a copy of the respective model and call it 'Tutorial 3.3 Net
Parameters'.
Defining Net Parameters: Net parameters can be created easily: Use a
blank space of your model (no process, arrow or place is selected) and simply
left-click. The tab 'Net Parameters' opens at the place of the specifications
editor below the main net. Add a net parameter called 'MatEff' and assign a
quantity of 0,9 (or 90 %) to it (compare to Figure 32). The parameter 'MatEff'
can be used in any function of the entire model now, and even in all subnets
of the respective main model.
Figure 32: Net Parameters
There are, however, two limitations concerning the use of net parameters.
Firstly, a net parameter created in a subnet will only be applicable in the
respective subnet and all subnets of this subnet (and not in the respective
main net). In other words net parameters can be handed down to subnets but
not vice versa.
The second limitation concerns the name of the net parameter. If a parameter
with the same name exists in a process specification, the net parameter will
not be applied in the respective process. That means, if you use a process
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parameter with the name 'MatEff' and the value '6,0' in a process of your
model, this process will use the value '6' for the calculation instead the
coefficient of the net parameter. This holds also true for subnet net
parameters of the same name.
All parameters in Umberto NXT are not case-sensitive. That means
capital (upper-case) or lower-case letters may be used likewise.
Updating Process Specifications: In the next step the net parameters will
be included in the process specifications. Start by selecting the 'Assembly'
process and apply the net parameter 'MatEff' to the material marker shell' by
multiplying it with the original value. Type: '11.55*MatEff' in the Function
column. Please note, that within the Function column a decimal point is used
instead of a comma.
In order to balance out the process specification the material 'whiteboard
marker' on the output side has to be adjusted as well. Use the function column
to simply add up the inputs while maintaining intact the formula of the marker
shell.
The specification of the 'Assembly' process should now look like Figure 33
below.
Figure 33: Process Specification with net parameter based function to determine coefficient
value
Go on to the packaging process and update the coefficients according to the
new weight of the marker shell. The easiest way is to copy the formula used
on the output side of the 'Assembly' process.
Copy the respective formula and paste it to the Function column on the input
side of the Packaging process. Do not forget to multiply it times four, since in
this process four markers are put together in a plastic box.
Continue similarly on the output side: Paste the formula to the Function
column again but furthermore, add the weight of the plastic box. For ease of
understanding the formulas, brackets may be used.
The updated specification of the 'Packaging' process should now look like
Figure 34.
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 3 Page 35
Figure 34: Use of formulas in 'Function' column
As before, the coefficients of the respective process specifications are
automatically calculated according to the functions now including the net
parameters. If a parameter is used before it was assigned, or if it is simply
mistyped, an error message will appear that the formula cannot be updated.
Try changing the value of the model parameter and watch how the coefficients
are automatically updated.
The processes of the 'Distribution' subnet do not need to be updated. All
processes therein are solely based on total mass inputs.
Proceed with the 'Use' process in the same way as before with the 'Assembly'
and the 'Packaging' process. However, the function of the whiteboard marker
used as reference flow must not be changed! In this case the coefficient for
the reference flow would also be changed according to the change of the net
parameter; thus, altering the scaling of the entire model by a small fraction
without given a further warning. For your reference, the process specification
is shown in Figure 35 below.
Figure 35: Updated 'Use' process
Lastly, insert the manual flow on the arrow leaving the use process again. The
quantity of the material 'whiteboard marker' accounts for 19,595 g (equal to
20,75 g*MatEff), like shown in Figure 36.
Figure 36: Updated manual flow.
The 'End-of-life route' process does not need to be updated at this point as it
only represents a splitter function dividing the share of each treatment activity
of the disposal phase.
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Recalculate the model, now. There should be no calculation warnings.
Afterwards, please compare the LCIA results for the two different whiteboard
markers. Does a reduction of 10% of the marker shell weight have the
respective effect on the LCIA results?
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT
Tutorial 3 Page 37
Process Specification with User Defined Functions (Tutorial 3.4)
Start this chapter by copying the existing 'Tutorial 3' once again. Name the
new model 'Tutorial 3.4 User Defined Functions'.
Looking at the 'Disposal/Recycling' phase it stands out, that the plastic box of
the whiteboard markers leaves the system without end-of-life treatment.
Since the box consists of the same material as the whiteboard marker shell,
namely plastic, the existing end-of-life treatment for the whiteboard marker
could be copied and applied to it, also. However, yet another way to specify
processes will be introduced in the following.
Therefore, open the specification of the 'Use' process and change the
destination (place) of the plastic box on the output side to the place of the
used whiteboard marker with the material type 'Bad'.
Figure 37: Use phase
Now add the plastic box to the input side of the adjacent 'End-of-life Route'
process, dividing the whiteboard marker in a stream of 'waste polypropylene'
and 'waste plastic, mixture'. Do not forget to change the material type. One
option to specify the process would be to use coefficients describing the ratio
of whiteboard marker and plastic box. To use a constant ratio, however,
means that a modification of weight of any of the respective materials, would
also change the ratio of these materials; thus, probably resulting in a false
calculation.
But there is a more elegant way of specifying a process, namely the
specification with mathematical formulas, called 'User Defined Functions'.
To change the process type of the 'End-of-life Route' open the context menu
of the process and choose 'Convert To' > 'User Defined'.
The look of the table in the specification editor of the process changes: The
columns for coefficients and functions are replaced but the new column 'Var'
and identifiers are shown for each material entry. These variables identify
each flow on the input side (named X00, X01, …) and on the output side,
respectively (named Y00, Y01, …). These variables are used in the
mathematical formulas to reference the flow entries.
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Figure 38: User defined process specification
Next, use the context menu of the process again and select 'Edit User Defined
Functions'. A new window opens that serves as editor for defining the input-
output relation of the process.
In the process specification of the 'End-of-life Route', open the parameter tab
and add a new variable called 'RATIO' with a default quantity of 0,5. It does
not need a unit. This parameter describes the share in waste plastic of the
underlying process. It might be changed later in order to try out differently
weighted plastic treatment options.
Figure 39: Parameter 'RATIO'
Figure 40: Writing a specification as 'User Defined Functions'
Please type the assignments for Y00 and Y01 in the editor. The amount of
waste plastic mixture (Y00) consists of the sum of both inputs multiplied with
the defined ratio of waste separation (RATIO). The amount of waste
polypropylene (Y01) yields the remaining proportion (1-RATIO).
Y00 = (X00 + X01) * RATIO
Y01 = (X00 + X01) * (1-RATIO)
The amount of a specific material flow can be assigned to its variable identifier
(Y00, Y01) and is defined by a term on the right hand side of the equal sign.
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As shown in the screenshot of the editor above, characters written after a
semicolon appear in a different shade of green. They are considered as
comments and are not included in the calculation.
In the given example, it is assumed that the flows X00 and X01 are known
flows because they are calculated in the use phase and handed further
downstream to the 'End-of-life Route' process. Y00 and Y01 are then
determined by the calculation of the 'User Defined Functions' based on the
given values for X00 and X01 and the use of a parameter.
Variables can also be used to define other variables, provided that the former
ones are calculated beforehand. To give an example of an alternative to
calculating 'Y01'.
Y01 = X00 + X01 – Y00
Here, "Y00" can be used in the expression on the right hand side of the equal
sign, because it has another expression that allows calculating its value.
It is important to understand that each variable must have an expression that
can be evaluated and calculated, in order to successfully complete the
calculation of a process specified with user defined function. Of course, at least
one flow must be known in order to start the calculation of the process.
Although the syntax of the user defined functions can be very simple, their use
is very effective. Many real processes are subject to restrictions, which can
best be expressed using individually tailored user defined functions.
For more information on user defined functions in general and the
application of mathematical terms and functions please refer to
the Umberto NXT User Manual.
Next, close the Functions editor of the End-of-life Route process, using the
close symbol located at the top of the Functions editor window. The process
symbol for the End-of-life Route appears in a lighter blue, now, indicating the
user defined functions (compare to Figure 41). Also, delete the redundant
output place for the plastic box disposal.
Before the model can be recalculated, please insert the manual flow again.
Therefore, open the flow without output place leaving the 'Use' process and
add the material 'whiteboard marker' with a quantity of 20,75 g.
Afterwards, click the 'Calculate' button. There should be no calculation
warnings.
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Page 40 Tutorial 3
Figure 41: End-of-life Route as 'User Defined Functions' process
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Tutorial 3 Page 41
Exporting Results
With the possibility to use Sankey Diagrams Umberto NXT offers one of the
best visualization techniques in terms of material flows and contribution
analysis. Nevertheless, it is sometimes necessary to export data and create
other result diagrams commonly used. In addition, further special (statistical)
analysis might best be performed with other software such as Microsoft Excel.
Umberto NXT supports the export of data into Microsoft Excel spreadsheets for
further data handling. Two exports are described in this section of the tutorial.
Excel Export of the Current Table View: All data will be exported to Excel
according to the specific current view of the 'Results' tab, when clicking the
'Export Results' button. The content of the Excel output will have the same
sorting, grouping and column arrangement that have been set for the table on
the 'Results' tab.
A 'Save File' dialog will be opened where the name of the Excel file and the
location where to save the file to have to be entered. The exported Excel file
can be shown immediately after saving.
First, select the whiteboard marker model named 'Tutorial 3.1 Use Case' and
make sure it is calculated. Then, open the 'Results' tab and switch to the 'LCIA
Details – Raw Data' entry. Now click the icon in the top left corner of the
results table to display the column 'Field Chooser':
Figure 42: Field Chooser
In this example the columns 'LCIA Method', 'Material', 'Material Type', 'Phase',
'Process', 'Product', 'Quantity' and 'Unit' are active and will be exported.
Choose the desired columns, if they are not activated by default.
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Figure 43: Preparation for Excel export
An Excel diagram with the selected content and layout will be created. It can
be used to further work on the data, e.g. run detailed analysis, sort the items,
and copy them to reports.
The following section exemplary shows how a comparison of the LCIA results
for two use cases can be performed using Pivot Charts of Excel.
Please note that you need to have Microsoft Excel 2007 or higher
installed to use the raw data export. This is due to the restriction
of lines in older versions of Excel.
Raw Data Export for Pivot Graphs: In contrast to the simple Export to
Excel described above, the export of raw data and creation of Pivot graphs
provides additional possibilities. Use 'Export LCIA Raw Data' to export all data,
and create Pivot Tables and Pivot Charts in Excel. This will allow creating
virtually any type of diagram for life cycle impact assessment results.
After having calculated a LCA model, click the 'Export LCIA Raw Data' button
in the 'Results' tab. This is independent of the current column layout.
Choose a file name and select a folder where to save the Excel file to. After a
successful export a dialog is shown asking whether the Excel file shall be
opened.
The export uses a template file that has the required settings and options for
Pivot Tables and Pivot Graphs. The Excel file opens with the 'Charts' tab in
front and four different (sample) diagrams based on the exported LCIA results
raw data.
A help text is shown on the first tab ('Description'). The raw data itself can be
checked on the second tab ('LCIA RawData'). The Pivot Tables that are used to
create the diagrams are taken from the fourth tab ('PivotTable 1', 'PivotTable
2', 'PivotTable 3', …).
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Tutorial 3 Page 43
Figure 44: Raw Data exported to Excel
For an analysis of the results the model can also be calculated with fewer
impact categories, if necessary or desired.
To adapt the diagrams or create own diagrams use the tabs 'Pivot Table':
Figure 45: Pivot in Excel with Field List for selection of elements
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Remember: Impact categories (or groups) can be activated and
deactivated under Tools � LCIA factors.
The data series and data fields can be chosen individually to create virtually
any type of diagram. To this end drag the entry 'Quantity' of the field list into
the 'Values' section at the bottom right of the field list (compare to Figure 45)
In some cases the field shows 'Amount'. Click on the field and change the view
to 'Sum'. Next, drag&drop the entry 'LCIA Methods' to the 'Report Filter' field
at the upper left field and filter the methods to display just one single impact
category. Choose, for example, the impact category 'metal depletion' (or
another LCIA category that was activated when you performed the export of
raw data. Then, drag&drop the entry 'Model' to the 'Column Labels' field and
the entry 'Phase' to the 'Row Labels' field.
Please experiment freely by creating other diagrams.
Comparison of LCIA Results using Raw Data Export: For a comparison of
LCIA results with other LCIA results we need to gather them in one file and
then use this as basis for a Pivot Graph.
To this end the Excel export of raw data also contains the name of the project,
the model, the net and a timestamp for the export. If the LCIA results are for
two different model calculations within the same model, use the 'Timestamp'
column to differentiate the two exports. Should you have different names for
the system reference flow (the product), this is also a possibility to
differentiate the two exports in the column 'Product'.
Figure 46: Raw Data exported to Excel
Combine both Excel files into one by copying and pasting one table below the
other.
Now click inside the data and choose the tab 'Insert' and 'PivotChart'. You are
asked to choose the data while Excel will select the entire table by default.
Choose the option 'New Worksheet' to copy the chart into a new sheet.
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Tutorial 3 Page 45
Figure 47: Selecting the area for Pivot data
In the Pivot Table Field List (see Figure 45) select the columns 'LCIA Method',
'Quantity', 'Phase' and 'Model' (or 'Timestamp'). Drag the entry 'LCIA Method'
to the Report Filter field. Drag the entry 'Model' to the Legend Filter field. Drag
the entries 'Phase' to the Axis Filter field. Make sure that for 'Values' the entry
is 'Quantity' and the setting is 'Sum'. Then, choose the tab 'Insert' and
'Column'. Finally, select a diagram from the dropdown list.
The PivotTable field list and the diagram will look similar to Figure 48 below.
The contribution of each life cycle phase is shown for both use scenarios.
Figure 48: Comparison diagram for one impact category based Pivot in Excel
A more detailed diagram showing a comparison of the two models for the
selected impact category can be created this way:
0,00E+00
2,00E-04
4,00E-04
6,00E-04
8,00E-04
1,00E-03
1,20E-03
1,40E-03
1,60E-03
1,80E-03
One Marker
Refill Station
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In the Pivot Table Field List (compare to Figure 45) select the columns 'LCIA
Method', 'Process', 'Quantity', 'Phase' and 'Model' (or 'Timestamp'). Drag the
entry 'LCIA Method' to the Report Filter field. Drag the entry 'Process' to the
Legend Filter field. Drag the entries 'Phase' and 'Model' to the Axis Filter field.
Make sure that for 'Values' the entry is 'Quantity' and the setting is 'Sum'.
Finally filter to one impact category only (e.g. metal depletion). Therefore,
select 'LCIA Method' in the Pivot Chart and open the dropdown menu and
choose a category from the list.
Another possibility to display both of the scenarios more detailed has a similar
field order. This time, use stacked columns for the layout of the diagram.
Figure 49: Comparison with contribution from individual processes for one impact category
You can see the results for the selected impact category, broken down to
contributions from each life cycle phase. In order to change the impact
category simply change the filter value of the LCIA Method.
The last option presented in this tutorial is making use of a filter function
within the column field.
Change the Report Filter to the impact category 'Climate Change' and replace
the field 'Process' with the field 'Exchange' (representing all materials used in
the model and shown in the inventory). As these are typically many different
elementary exchanges (which don't make much sense to display them all in
one diagram) it is recommended to use the filter function and display certain
specific exchanges only (e.g. display 'Methane, …" only).
Alternatively, click the small black arrow next to the legend title and choose
the option 'Value Filters' and 'Top 10…'.
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Tutorial 3 Page 47
Figure 50: Choosing only the top 10 substances
The dialog box allows for making additional choices. After clicking 'OK' the
pivot chart should look like the one in the diagram below. The top ten
materials contributing to the impact category climate change are shown in
alphabetical order.
Figure 51: Choosing only the top 10 substances
Using pivot charts gives you the opportunity to create virtually any desired
diagram without having to copy and paste within the Excel data. It is therefore
a powerful tool for the visualization of LCA results.
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Thank you for completing tutorial 3. If there are still pending
questions you should consult the Umberto NXT User Manual or have a
look at the Umberto User Forum (my.umberto.de).
Umberto® NXT
(v7.1)
Tutorial 2b Efficiency
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Max-Brauer-Allee 50
22765 Hamburg / Germany www.ifu.com
DocVersion: 1.5 Date: October 2014
Publisher: ifu Hamburg GmbH http://www.umberto.de
Umberto
® is a registered trademark of ifu Hamburg GmbH
Microsoft and MS are registered trademarks. Windows and Excel are trademarks of Microsoft Corp. Other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this tutorial, no responsibility for errors or omissions can be assumed. The information in this manual is subject to change without notice. All figures are for demonstration purposes only and contain fictitious data. Reproduction or translation of any part of this manual in any form (electronic or mechanic) without prior written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for permission should be addressed to ifu Hamburg GmbH, Hamburg, Germany .
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Tutorial 2b Efficiency Page 3
Tutorial 1:Umberto NXT Simple Example
Time: 1 h Pages: 20 Level: New User Requirements: none
What you will learn:
Umberto NXT work area and window handling
Create a project, a model and a first process
Specify a process
Calculate a small model
View the calculation results
Create Sankey diagrams
Use the Module Gallery
Tutorial 2a: U NXT LCA/UNIV
Time: 1-2 h Pages: 40 Level: Beginner
Requirements: Tutorial 1 or experience
with Umberto 5 for Life Cycle Assessment
and general knowledge about LCA
What you will learn:
Working with activity datasets
Product life cycle phases
LCA calculation and results
Disposal and transport activities
Function and parameters
Group-By Box
Material type
Calculation log
Tutorial 2b: U NXT EFF/UNIV
Time: 3-4 h Pages 40 Level: Beginner
Requirements: Tutorial 1 or experience
with Umberto 5
What you will learn:
User defined process specification
Create subnets
Analysis of input/output inventory
Function and parameters
Cost accounting for MFA
Allocations
Generic materials
Co-products
Sankey diagrams
Advanced Features
Tutorial 4: U NXT UNIV
Time: 1-2 h Pages: 15 Level: Advanced
Requirements: Tutorial 1 and 2 for LCA and
Efficiency and 3 or experience with Umberto
5 for Life Cycle Assessment and knowledge
about LCA
What you will learn:
Integrate costs LCA
Material Mapping
Calculate Selection
Tutorial 3: U NXT LCA/UNIV
Time: 1-2 h Pages: 48 Level: Advanced
Requirements: Tutorial 1 and 2 or
experience with Umberto 5 for Life Cycle
Assessment and knowledge about LCA
What you will learn:
Allocations
Generic materials
Set multiple virtual reference flows
Co-products
Working with functional units
Sankey diagrams
Results by products
Print and export results
Advanced Features
Umberto NXT ifu Hamburg GmbH
Page 4 Tutorial 2b Efficiency
Introduction
Welcome to the tutorial section of Umberto NXT.
It is divided into five independent tutorials of increasing complexity. Each
tutorial focuses on a different topic. The first tutorial introduces the basic
features of Umberto NXT. The four following tutorials describe more complex
modelling tasks and inform about advanced features.
The first tutorial shows how to create a basic model and how to handle general
settings. This is done by using a simple example.
The second tutorial for LCA focuses on the creation of a model for a Life Cycle
Assessment. The aim is to show how to work with a database and how to use
different impact assessment methods. The second tutorial for Efficiency
focuses on cost accounting and efficiency analysis. A section in each of the two
second tutorials also demonstrates how to visualize the results via Sankey
diagrams.
The third tutorial for LCA focuses on more advanced topics of Life Cycle
Assessment. It provides more information about useful features of Umberto
NXT LCA and gives further modelling hints.
The fourth tutorial for Universal focuses on the integration of costs into LCA
and on the prerequisite material mapping.
For more information about the functions covered in this tutorial
have a look at the Umberto NXT User Manual. The user manual
can be accessed directly in the software via the Help menu.
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Tutorial 2: Whiteboard Marker Production
This tutorial is based on the experience gained while working through Tutorial
1 of Umberto NXT. In this second tutorial a more complex network for a real
life product – a whiteboard marker – will be created.
While working on this example, special functions of Umberto NXT will be
introduced that support an economic analysis. A cost accounting component
has been implemented in Umberto. It is based on the mass and energy flows
level and allows the handling of material direct costs as well as variable and
fixed process costs.
Contents
Modeling a more complex network
User defined functions
Analysis of input/output inventory
Creation of subnets
Using generic materials
Setting of Allocations
Cost accounting for material flow analysis
Scenario comparison
Preparation
In order to work on this tutorial, Tutorial 1 should have been completed.
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Project Overview
This example for this tutorial focuses on the production line of a whiteboard
marker. The example has been simplified for the purpose of this tutorial.
Figure 1: A whiteboard marker
A marker shell with a cap made of plastic are the main components of a
whiteboard marker. The marker has a felt tip made of a biopolymer and uses
ethanol-based ink1. In the manufacturing process the whiteboard marker is
assembled by using pre-produced marker shells and caps. This example
focuses on the production of the colour ink for the markers in four different
colours (black, blue, green and red).
In the assembly process, the plastic shell and cap are combined with the ink
cartridges. Each whiteboard marker weighs a total of 20.75 g.
Getting Started
Start this tutorial by creating a new project using the 'New Project' icon on
the menu bar. Give the project an appropriate name, for example 'Tutorial 2 –
Production Whiteboard Marker'.
A first model template, named 'Model', is already open. After selecting the
model in the Project Explorer, it can be renamed in the 'Properties' window.
Call the first model, for example, 'Whiteboard Marker Production'.
Production Line
The "net editor" will be used to build a graphical model for the production line
of the whiteboard marker. The first process is the "Pressing", which receives
materials and energy from two sources as input and delivers pressed
biopolymer as output to a connection place. Draw two input places and one
transition and connect all the places and the transition with arrows. Change
the label in order to name the two sources "electricity" and "Starch,
1The example in this tutorial is fictitious and has been simplified for training purposes. It does not resemble
the real production chain of a whiteboard marker. The example is used to illustrate the workflow of a life cycle assessment and to introduce the features of the software.
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biopolymer". Click onto the label and edit the name in the "properties window"
in the text field.
The next process is called "Cutting" and receives electricity from the same
source as the "Pressing". This time, there is "rejection" going to an output
place and the cut biopolymer is sent to a subsequent process. Create the
necessary transition and places, connect and name them according to their
description. Remember, in order to connect two transitions there has to be a
connection place between them. Create a connection place or draw an arrow
directly from one transition to another and the connection appears
automatically.
The last process, called "Rolling", uses the cut biopolymer to produce the final
"ink shape biopolymer". Again, connect the new process with the previous
process, the electricity source and a new output for the "Production line
Colours".
In order to keep the network clean and structured it might make
sense to use one source for several processes (e.g., electricity,
operating materials, etc.).
The network should look something like this:
Figure 2: Unspecified production line colours
So far, the processes have not yet been specified (see the red marker in the
process symbol).To specify a process, it is necessary to add materials to the
process as inputs or outputs, and to specify their quantitative relationships.
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To specify the processes, new materials need to be created. For this model
create the following materials: biopolymer (yard good, pressed); biopolymer
(yard good, unpressed); biopolymer, cut; biopolymer, ink-shape; electricity;
rejection biopolymer.
Figure 3: Process materials
The display unit will automatically be set to "kg" and material type "good".
Remember to set the material type for the rejected biopolymer to "bad". Set
the unit type for "electricity" to "Energy [MJ]" and the display unit to "kWh".
Materials are categorized into material groups. Material groups are shown as
folders in the Project Explorer. Using material groups is essential for keeping
big projects clearly structured and to allow one to find materials easily.
Create the following five material groups in your project explorer: Energy &
Auxiliaries; Incoming goods; Intermediates; Products and Residues.
The project explorer lists the different material groups and materials. The
materials can be assigned to its corresponding material group. Select a
material and drag and drop it into the right material group.
Figure 4: Assignment of materials and material groups
Linear Specification
The definition of the processes plays an important role when building a
material flow network. The first process will be specified by stating
coefficients, which describe the linear relation between the input and output
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flows of the process. With such a coefficient as the process definition, only one
input or output flow (e.g., the production amount of pressed biopolymer) has
to be known to be able to determine all other mass and energy flows.
For the process "Pressing" 1 kg of unpressed biopolymer and 1.5 kWh of
electricity are necessary to produce 1 kg of pressed biopolymer. Double click
to open the process specification and insert the materials either per drag&drop
from the project explorer or per "Add" button. Also remember to specify where
the material is coming from. The process 'Pressing' is now complete in respect
to the input and output.
Figure 5: Process specification "pressing"
Parameterized Specification
Processes cannot always be defined by describing the linear interrelation of
input and output flows simply with coefficients. In many cases the activity of
the process depends on parameters (e.g., throughput, waste ratio, etc.).
Parameters can be used in functions for the calculation of coefficients on the
'Input/ Output' tab.
The process "Cutting" will be specified with a parameter that allows adjusting
the amount of "cutting waste per input material". The value is "10", the unit
can be set to "%".
Figure 6: Parameterization "cutting"
To define the parameter in the process specification, click on the "Parameters"
tab and then the button 'Add'. A default entry will be created in the table on
the 'Parameters' tab, which can subsequently be edited: enter the name, in
this case "Cutting Waste as % of Input material" and set the unit to per cent.
The value should be set to 10 % for the beginning. The default variable name
(C00, C01, etc.) can be edited as well to allow a better identification of a
parameter. The parameters are referenced in the functions with the variable
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name given for an entry in the column 'Var'. In the above example, the default
parameter names should be replaced with "CW" for better understanding.
These parameter names can be used in the functions for
coefficients and in the user defined functions for the process
specification
In contrast to the first process specification, where coefficients for input and
output flows were used, functions will now be entered. Umberto NXT makes it
possible to define processes using mathematical functions and operators. This
is a a very helpful feature when the relationship between the input and output
of a process is best described in terms of a mathematical function.
To turn the process specification from a simple linear specification to the 'User
Defined Function' mode, choose 'Convert' from the context menu right clicking
on the process "Cutting" and then on "User defined".
Converting a process defined with mathematical operators and
functions back to a simple linear process specification and
maintaining the functional relationship is, in most cases, not
possible. However, should you wish to abandon the user defined
function mode and prefer to specify a process with a coefficient
once again, you can do so by using the command 'Convert' from
the context menu of the process, and 'Linear'.
A process that has been converted to the 'User Defined Functions'
type, will not show the coefficient column any more. Instead, an
additional column 'Var' on the input and output side now sports
the variable identifier with which the flow entries can be
referenced in the mathematical formulas and function terms.
Open the specification of the "Cutting" process and insert "electricity" and
"biopolymer, pressed" on the input side. On the output side specify the process
with "biopolymer, cut".
Figure 7: Process specification "cutting"
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To be able to specify the relations between the input and output side, the
functions have to be entered in the "Functions" window. Open the context
menu again and choose "Edit User Defined Functions".
In the main area (where the editor is located) a tab 'Functions' will be opened,
which provides a text editor. In each line of the editing field a definition for one
of the flows can be entered. The name of the variable ("Var") is on the left of
the equals sign and makes reference to the flow entries on the "Input/ Output"
tab.
The term of the function is to the right of the equal sign. In this
term other variables, transition parameter and net parameter
identifiers, and all valid expressions for functions can be used. The
valid expressions for mathematical formulae are listed in the user
manual.
This rather simple process definition consists of only three lines. Lines with a
leading semicolon are comment lines, which explain the calculation steps (and
might be important, if the process module has to be understood by others).
Figure 8: User defined functions "cutting"
Enter the functions shown above in the "Functions" window. Try to understand
the functions and how the material flows are calculated from the known flows.
In any case make sure to use the actual variable identifiers (X00, Y00, etc.)
from your example. They might differ from the ones shown above if the
materials were inserted into the specification in a different order.
Set the specification for the last process "Rolling" according to this process
specification.
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Figure 9: Process specification "rolling"
Calculation and Visualization
The network is specified and almost ready to be calculated. In order to
calculate the network a starting point for the calculation, the so-called 'manual
flow', has to be defined.
To set the manual flow in the network, select the arrow between "Rolling" and
the output place: From the list of materials in the Project Explorer, drag the
entry 'biopolymer, ink-shape' to the Specification pane (make sure the arrow is
still selected!).
Next, the quantity of the manual flow has to be defined. Enter 100 kg as the
quantity of the manual flow, for example. Choose the command 'Calculate
Total Flows' from the 'Calculation' menu in the main toolbar.
After a successful calculation the "Inventory" tab will open up in the
Specification pane at the bottom.
Figure 10: Inventory - whiteboard marker production
To have a closer look at the overall flows within the model use the Sankey
button to switch on the Sankey mode. The model in Sankey diagram mode
should now look similar to the figure below.
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Figure 11: Sankey of production line colours
Using the Module Gallery
In the next step a process will be copied to the 'Module Gallery'. However, the
manual flow between the "Rolling" and the output place has to be deleted first.
Then go to the Project Explorer and bring the tab 'Module Gallery' to the front.
Select the Folder 'Modules' and press the 'Create Module Group' button in the
Module Gallery toolbar.
Rename the module group to 'Tutorial'. Select the whole model in the net
editor and click the copy button on the main toolbar. Mark the module
group 'Tutorial' in the Module Gallery and use the 'Paste Clipboard Data to
Module Group' button in the Module Gallery toolbar.
Figure 12: Module Gallery
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Rename the module to 'whiteboard marker production'. The module should
now be available in the module gallery.
Upload Physical Company Layout
The company not only produces the ink but, for example, it also fills the
whiteboard markers, assembles them and implements quality assurance
measures. Please create a new project and model and call it "whiteboard
marker production". The exact production steps are shown on the physical
layout.
To upload the layout open the module gallery next to the project explorer tab
and select 'Tutorial Examples' > 'Tutorial Efficiency' and use the drag&drop
function to pull the "image ground plan" onto the editor window.
The next step is to create new places and processes as depicted in the model
below:
Figure 13: Physical layout of the main model
Most of the processes consume electricity. In order to avoid a lot of arrows and
different places that all deliver electricity, it makes sense to use duplicates of
one source. In the figure above there are two places "P6: electricity". Use the
context menu of a place to generate a duplicate.
To use process symbols that better fit into the physical layout, use pictures
from the clipart gallery and adjust the size of the processes to the physical
layout.
Use the "Load Image" button in the "Properties" window to load the predefined
picture "simple process" out of the "tutorials" folder in your clipart directory for
the processes "Incoming Goods", "Quality Assurance" and "Assembly". For the
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Processes "Production Line Biopolymer, ink-shape" and the "Production Line
Colour Filling" load the picture "simple subnet".
Figure 14: Adjusted physical layout of main model
To obtain a working model, the processes have to be specified and some new
materials need to be created in the "Project Explorer".
Generic Materials
The first process "Incoming good" simply serves to distribute the incoming
goods to the different working areas. The materials will not be treated in any
way. Thus, generic materials can be used. They allow the transferrals of
materials in specified quantities no matter what the material it represents.
Create the necessary materials and specify "Incoming goods" according to the
figure below. For the "Cargo" materials select the "Generic Materials" Tab in
the "Specification" Window. Click the Add button to generate "Generic
Materials". Make certain that the place definition is suitable for your model. Per
default, a newly created generic material will be called " Cargo, Cargo(1)...".
Change the names as indicated below.
Figure 15: Process specification "incoming goods"
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You can imagine a generic material as a "place holder" for one or
more specific materials. When the calculation is started, the
generic material entry is substituted by the specific material.
However, the calculation does not depend on the actual type of
goods transported. This process can be used flexibly and remains
adaptable to various modelling situations.
Subnets
When modelling process systems with a higher complexity, or when the
networks exceed a certain size, comprehensibility diminishes. The possibility of
modelling hierarchies in networks allows the "hiding" of parts of a network
mode as a subnet on a subordinate level. Refining a network and describing
one process as a subnet model is a "natural" way to proceed in a material flow
study. On the other hand, subnets permit the modelling, for example, of the
various sites of a company and make it possible to consolidate them on one
level higher. The overall material and energy flows of a group or holding can
thus be assessed. Network sections containing typical process systems can be
stored to the module gallery.
In the course of the tutorial example, the "Filling production hall" process will
be modelled with a subnet.
To create a subnet, select the process. Then select 'Convert To' from the
context menu and 'Subnet' from the cascading menu. The Subnet window will
immediately be opened in the editor tab. Insert the physical layout for this
process from the module gallery. The model for the Filling Production Hall was
already created at the beginning of this tutorial and then stored in the module
gallery. Use the drag&drop function to put the "whiteboard marker production"
module into the existing subnet.
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Take the transition templates for the processes again, fit the processes to the
physical layout and match the module places with the correct subnet places.
The model should look like the following model. It might happen that the
layout image covers the rest of the editor tab. In that case use the context
menu to bring the image to the back of the editor layer.
Figure 16: Physical layout "production line biopolymer"
The next process to specify will be the "Production line colour". Convert the
process to a subnet and load the corresponding physical layout "layout
production line colour" from the module gallery. Insert two processes "Mixer
(black)" and "Filler (black) and arrange the layout, the labelling and the
connections as shown below.
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Figure 17: Physical layout "production line filling"
The linear specification of the "Mixing" and the "Filling" process can be
gathered from the two following graphics. The specification coefficients are
based on measurements. Remember to create the new materials in the
"Project Explorer" first.
Figure 18: Process specification "mixer"
Figure 19: Process specification "filler"
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As can be seen in the layout of the subnet, the whole process takes place four
times. Each pair of processes will produce another colour. Select the two
processes and copy them. The copy process automatically selects all
connected arrows and places as well. Paste it again in the editor field and
connect places that belong together.
Repeat this another two times. Bring the arrows into their correct order until
your model resembles the diagram below. The newly generated open
connection places can all be merged with the corresponding existing subnet
connections on the right, left and top of the layout. The subnet source for
electricity has to be duplicated three times and each duplicate has to be
merged with the copied electricity sources.
The specifications of the copied processes also need to be adjusted. Change
the names of the three new process pairs to Mixer (blue) and Filler (blue),
Mixer (green) and Filler (green) and Mixer (red) and Filler (red). The Material
"colour solution...", "ink,..." and "ink cartridge..." have to be defined for all
three colours. Select the corresponding processes for each colour and add the
new materials. Take the same coefficients and delete the "black" materials out
of the specification for the blue, green and red processes.
The purpose of this is to create new materials for the new colours and replace
the old "black" related materials with the appropriate colour.
Figure 20: Subnet for "production line colour filling"
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Advanced Specification
The process "Quality Assessment" will be specified by a user defined function.
Select the process and convert to "user defined". Add the same materials as in
following figure into the process input and output specifications. Remember
that this process uses "g". Furthermore, create a new material called
"rejection cartridge" in the project explorer.
Change the display unit to "g" before you create the process in
order to get the same unit in the process specification. If you
have already created the process and the specification, then
convert it back to "Linear", change the units and convert it to
"User Defined" again.
Figure 21: Process specification "quality assessment"
Next, create a parameter to describe the rejection rate of cartridges during the
quality check. The parameter should be called RR for rejection rate to facilitate
referencing the parameter in the function. Set the value to 10 %.
Enter the assignments (mathematical formulas) shown in the next figure in
the "Functions" window. Try to understand the functions and how the material
flows are calculated from the known flows. In any case, make sure to use the
actual variable identifiers (X00, Y00, etc.) from your example. They might
differ from the ones shown above if the materials were inserted into the
specification in another order.
Depending on the location of the manual flow it is important to enable the
calculation from both sides, input and output side. In this example, the output
material "Y00" can be determined by the parameter and the input material
"X00". This function enables the calculation in case the manual flow was set
somewhere before the process. The function in line 4, however, determines
the input material "X00" by using the parameter and the output material "Y00"
in case the manual flow is located somewhere after the process.
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Figure 22: User defined function for "quality assessment"
In nearly the same way, create the specification for the process "Assembly".
Take the necessary data from the following figures.
Figure 23: Process specification "assembly"
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Figure 24: User defined functions "assembly"
The last step before the model can be calculated is to set the manual flows. In
this case the markers are always sold in a package containing four whiteboard
markers, one of each colour.
Select the arrow after the "Assembly" and set a manual flow for each colour of
2075 kg per. That represents 1,000,000 markers.
Figure 25: Setting of manual flows
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Run the calculation and have a closer look at the result tab. Results can be
listed in a disaggregated or aggregated view.
In the view 'Materials A-Z, disaggregated' every input/output flow is shown as
a separate entry with the processes that take an input and the processes that
output the flow listed in the column 'Process'.
If you switch to the view 'Materials A-Z, disaggregated' in the selection list on
the left of the table, only one flow entry will be shown, aggregating them
without showing the individual processes. The hint 'Multiple Processes' is
displayed in the column field instead.
Sankey Diagram
The material and energy flows in the network can be visualized using the so-
called Sankey diagrams2. Sankey diagrams are flow charts, where the flow
quantities are represented proportional to their mass by the width of the
arrow.
To switch to the Sankey diagram mode, click on the button 'Show Sankey
Diagram' in the model editor toolbar. The diagram can still be edited, even
when in the Sankey diagram mode: elements can be moved, or can be double-
clicked to see the properties and values. The Sankey diagram mode can be
switched off by clicking on the button 'Show Sankey Diagram' again.
The Sankey visualization of the network after the calculations of the total flows
is shown in the figure below:
Figure 26: Sankey diagram of the main model
2 named after the Irish engineer Captain Henry P. R. Sankey (1853-1925)
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The material flows are displayed as a Sankey diagram in the "editor" window.
However, the image does not yet satisfy all expectations, and can be
improved.
As a first step, the colours of the different materials will be changed. Select a
material the colour settings of which have to be changed. The colour for each
flow is defined in the properties of a material and can be adjusted by clicking
on the "set colour" button. A new window appears to select colours from either
existing "named colours", colour circle" or a "colour set".
Click on the tab "colour set" and load a predefined colour set. The colour set
can be found in: "c:\...\documents\Umberto NXT Efficiency\Colour sets"
Change the electricity to yellow, the whiteboard marker and the ink to its
actual ink colour, the biopolymer to grey and the rejection materials to red.
Figure 27: Usage of colour set for Sankey of main model
In a second step, the diagram options will be changed. Check the 'Sankey
Options and Style' panel in the Arrow properties window. For this example
uncheck "Border" and tick "Rounded", "Arrow Head" and "Arrow Tail". Apply
these settings for all arrows.
Apply changes to the Sankey arrow for individual selected arrow,
or for several arrows. The keyboard shortcut CTRL+A marks the
whole carbon footprint model, and when 'Arrows' is selected from
the dropdown list in the Properties window, the changed will be
applied to all arrows.
The new appearance of the Sankey diagram can be viewed below.
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Figure 28: Optimized Sankey of main model
Sankey Diagram Scaling
By default, the flows in the Sankey diagram are created with a standard width
calculated from the largest flow in the diagram.
The scale of the Sankey arrow width can be adapted on the tab 'Scaling of
Sankey Diagram' in the Properties window area. Should this tab be invisible,
open it using the command 'Scaling of Sankey Diagram' from the Tools menu.
One slider is shown for every unit type that exists in the model. In this case
these are mass (kg) and energy (MJ). Change the setting for both units to 20
px. Be aware that showing different unit types in one diagram can be
confusing and misleading as it is generally not possible to compare quantities
with different units.
Figure 29: Scaling of Sankey diagram
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The scaling ratio is shown as px per basic unit. It can be adapted
by dragging the slider. Removing the check mark in front of the
unit type name will hide flows of that type.
The settings will not directly apply to the subnets to allow an individual design
for each model and subnet. The following three figures show the Sankey
diagram visualization for the main net and the two subnets. After all the
settings have been adjusted as explained above, the different models should
resemble the following Sankey diagrams:
Figure 30: Sankey diagram of main model scaled
Figure 31: Sankey diagram of subnet "production line biopolymer" scaled
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Figure 32: Sankey diagram of subnet "production line colour filling" scaled
Sankey Diagram Options
Further options for Sankey diagrams relate to the way arrows connect to the
process. These options (e.g., connectivity) can be set individually for each
process in the 'Sankey Arrow' panel of the Process Properties dialog when the
process is marked.
The connectivity setting for a process describes how arrows can attach to the
process. As a default setting, the arrows are "free", and connect to the top,
left, right or bottom of the process symbol. To force the connecting arrows to
leave a process in a certain way, use the "Connectivity" dropdown list to
restrict the general directions of the arrows.
Another way to adapt the routing of arrows in the best possible manner to the
given requirements is to change the position of the bending points and the lug
points.
Any number of grey bending points can be added onto the arrow segment
between the yellow lug points. These grey points can be moved in the X- and
Y-direction.
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Select the arrow segment on which you wish to add a bending point. Then
choose 'Add Point' from the context menu. Drag the grey point to the desired
place.
The yellow lug points are created by default at the end of the first segment
after a horizontal or vertical offset from the process, and at the beginning of
the last segment of an arrow that is linked to the process. These yellow points
can only be moved horizontally or vertically, depending on the orientation of
the base segment or head segment of the arrow to the process. They cannot
be removed.
Play with the different sankey options and settings until the Sankey
visualization satisfies your expectations.
Allocation
This section describes how allocation on the process level can be done in
Umberto. Allocation factors need to be set, when a process specification has
more than one reference flow. For example, there are four whiteboard markers
of different colour in this example.
A precondition for the successful establishment of product-related inventories
is that the network has been calculated on the material and energy flow level.
Furthermore, it is required that the material types have been set. This enables
the algorithm to determine which material or energy flow is an expense for a
process and which flow is revenue of the process.
In Umberto NXT all materials have a 'Material Type'. This property classifies
the materials. Materials with the material type are expenditures of raw
materials, intermediate products or auxiliary materials. The products of any
process also have the material type . Wastes and emissions obtain the
material type . Materials which should not have any effect are marked
with the material type .
Calculate the product related material and energy flows using the "Calculate
Product Flows and Cost" from the calculation menu. The "Inventory" window
opens again. Select "By Compartments" in the "Input/Output per Product"
section and then "Select product".
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Figure 33: Selection product related inventory
The algorithm determines four "products" of the overall system because they
are of the material type "Good" and appear on the output side of the system.
From the dropdown list of the field "Selected product" select one of the
products for display. For example, whiteboard marker black. The inventory
data for only this product are shown: The input materials (marker cap, energy,
etc.) and the rejection related to the manufacture of this product.
Have a look at the input flows. Something is not correct in this inventory for
this product. There are colour solutions of all the different colours in the list.
However, this is the product related inventory for a black whiteboard marker.
This leads to the problem of allocations in coupled processes.
Figure 34: Allocation problem in inventory
The question as to how to handle allocations in co-product processes, i.e., how
to assign the expenses of a process to the various products, is a general one
and has been discussed widely. In Umberto there are ways to make allocations
by stating allocation rules.
The allocation parameter can be defined using the "Allocation" tab in the
process specifications. This has to be done for all the processes which require
allocation modifications, which is to say all the processes that work with
product specific materials used for different products.
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In this example, these are the generic materials in "Incoming Goods", the ink
cartridges in the "Quality Assurance" and the ink cartridges in the "Assembly".
Switch to the allocation tab in the specification for "Incoming Goods". Three
reference flows are listed there. They are the products of this process. For
each reference flow the expenses (here: input flows) are shown. For all three
different expenses, their contribution to the creation of the product
(=revenue) must be defined by coefficients. The coefficients represent the
relation of the different expenses to each other. Some values are already
contained in the column "Coefficient".
The default setting for allocation when creating a process
specification will be "User Defined" and the coefficient "1" will be
entered. As a consequence, the expenses are allocated equally to
the products that stem from the process (two reference flows: 1:1
or 50% each, three reference flows: 1:1:1 or 33.33% of the
expenses are allocated to each reference flow).
Figure 35: Default allocation setting "incoming goods"
In the "Transition Specifications" window on the "Allocation" tab enter the
following values in the "Coefficient" column for each reference flow" of the
cargo expense
Figure 36: Adjusted allocation settings "incoming goods"
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In other words: The whole input flow (100%) of the generic material
"bipolymer" is used for the distribution of "biopolymer", but not for the
production of the other two other generic materials "ethanol & colour" and
"marker caps & shell" in this process (0%).
The coefficients for the two other groups of expenses have to be set in the
same manner.
Figure 37: Finished allocation settings "incoming goods"
Open the Allocation tab for the Quality Assurance and proceed in the same
way. The rejection material can stay as it is. After all, the rejection consists of
the four different ink cartridges.
Figure 38: Adjusted allocation setting "quality assurance"
Finally open the Allocation tab for the Assembly and proceed in the same way
once again. The rejection material can stay as it is as the rejection consists of
the four different ink cartridges.
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Figure 39: Adjusted allocation setting "assembly"
Again, as the manual flows for the four different whiteboard markers are
equal, it is correct that 25 % of the expenses for electricity, marker caps and
marker shells can be assigned to each colour.
The Sankey option can now be used to show the product flows within the
model. Turn on the Sankey mode, select "product flow" and then the black
whiteboard marker.
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Figure 40: Selection steps for product flow Sankey
The Sankey visualization of the main model should show the product flow of
the black whiteboard marker in black colour.
Figure 41: Sankey of product flow whiteboard marker black
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Material Flow Based Cost Accounting
So far in this training example, we have only worked on the mass and energy
flow level. Of course, it would be very helpful to be able to integrate cost data
into such an assessment. A cost accounting component has been implemented
in Umberto. It is based on the mass and energy flows level and allows direct
material costs as well as variable and fixed process costs to be processed.
Decisions can now be made taking economic and technical aspects into
consideration.
Open the input/output inventory that was calculated last. One might consider
using the material flow quantities listed here as the basis for cost accounting,
e.g., multiplying them with the material prices. Why does this approach not go
far enough? Give some thought to the unit of cost, the product! Close the
"Balance Sheet" window again.
Calculate the product-related flow values of the system by performing the
"Calculate Product Flows and Costs"
Mark an entry from the Input/Output per Product section and select an entry
from the "Reference Flows" dropdown list. This inventory is much more useful
because it lists the material and energy flow contributions for the creation of
one product, along with the rejections caused in its production process.
In the following, the steps involved in cost accounting will be explained.
The material and energy flow quantities shown in the LCI can be used to
calculate the material direct costs. So far no prices have been assigned.
Highlight the material electricity in the material group "Energy & Auxiliaries".
Change to the "Material properties" window. Click in the field Market Price,
enter the value 0.073 (the price for one unit in the basic unit 'kWh', i.e. 0.073
€ / kWh). These costs will be considered expenses for the cost accounting.
In the same way define prices for the following materials:
Biopolymer (yard good, unpressed) 0.8 €/kg
Colour solution, black 10 €/kg
Colour solution, blue 9 €/kg
Colour solution, green 12 €/kg
Colour solution, red 7 €/kg
Ethanol 1 €/kg
Marker cap 0.5 €/kg
Marker shell 1 €/kg
Whiteboard marker, black 3 €/kg
Whiteboard marker, blue 3 €/kg
Whiteboard marker, green 3 €/kg
Whiteboard marker, red 3 €/kg
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Rejection biopolymer 0.02 €/kg
Rejection cartridges 0.05 €/kg
Please note: The rejection is disposed of as waste. The amount entered would
be the cost for its disposal.
Perform the calculation again and a new result window for costs will open.
Remember that you need to "calculate the total flows" for the input/output
inventory and then to "calculate product flows and costs". The result window
should show the same results as in the figure below.
Figure 42: Result for cost calculation
The result window shows the revenue, the expenses and thereafter the
marginal income. As there were no variable costs so far, the corresponding
field is empty.
The revenue obtained for the sales of the whiteboard markers is shown on the
line to the right. It is calculated from the quantity of products (reference
flows) and the market price entered for each product. The costs for the
materials listed in the table are summed up and deducted from the revenues.
The difference is the marginal income.
Please note that a market price has not been assigned for all materials. For
example, there is no entry for "biopolymer, cut". The reason for this is that at
the moment we are looking at the inventory for the whole system. The
biopolymer is only produced within the system (in the "cutting" process). It is
an internal flow and therefore does not affect the accounting here.
Select the costs per product in the left window and compare the different
products.
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Figure 43: Cost per whiteboard marker
Due to the different material costs for the colour solutions, the different
whiteboard markers have different material direct costs.
The next figure shows the Sankey for material direct costs of all reference
flows. This mode can be activated by selecting "Only Material Direct Costs" out
of the Sankey diagram button menu.
Figure 44: Sankey for the material direct costs of all flows
Cost Types
Cost types are administered in the Project Explorer. A root folder 'Cost Types'
is shown below the folder 'Project Materials'. The cost type groups can be
organized in a hierarchical structure exactly like the material groups.
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To create a new cost type group, mark one folder under which the cost type
group is to be inserted, then click on the button 'New Cost Type Group'.
Alternatively right mouse-click on the cost type group, and choose the
command 'New Cost Type Group' from the context menu.
Properties of a cost type group, such as its name or a description can be
edited in the Properties Editor when the group is selected.
Create a new cost type group for the fixed costs and call it 'Fixed Costs'
Figure 45: Cost type groups
Fixed Costs
Fixed process costs describe costs for wages, tax write-offs, rents, etc.. These
are costs that will always apply no matter what the production rate or
throughput.
To prepare for the calculation of the fixed costs, create two fixed cost types.
Call them "Depreciation" and "Fixed Wages" Make sure that the box for "Fixed
Costs" in the properties window is ticked.
To keep this example simple, we will consider just these two types of fixed
costs
"Quality Assurance" is the only process with "Fixed Wages". Open its
specifications and add the material "Fixed wages". Use the drag&drop function
to get the cost type from the project explorer into the specification. By
analogy to the other materials, the variable name for cost will be (A00, A01,
etc.). Once the cost type is in the specification, a cost input place outside the
process will automatically be created.
The process specification for the "Quality Assurance" still needs to be
completed. In order to calculate the "Fixed Wages", assign this material to the
new cost place and switch to the "Parameter" tab and create a new parameter
"FW" for the "Fixed Monthly Salary". This is used to avoid a stressed working
environment. Set the value to 5,000 €. Open the "user defined functions" and
add the following code line to enable the calculations.
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Figure 46: Implementation of fixed wages in user defined Functions
Variable Costs
The next step is to define cost drivers that allow one to calculate the variable
portion of the process cost. They are used to set the material flow of a process
in relation to the process cost. Typical real cost drivers are working hours,
machine hours, driving time, setup time, area,...
Again, to prepare the calculation of the variable costs, create two variable cost
types and call them "Maintenance" and "Wages"
The process costs themselves must be calculated in each process specification.
Thus, we have to specify how the wages are calculated in every process.
Go to the process "Incoming Goods" and open the parameter tab. Add a new
input "Wages". Once again, the cost place appears automatically.
The calculation for the wages consists of a function that considers the "Salary
per Hour" (SPH) and the "Time per Parcel" (TPP). Define these two parameters
in the parameter tab of the process. The SPH is supposed to be 7.50 per unit
and the TPP 2 per unit.
Convert the process "Incoming Goods" to "user Defined", open the function
window. And type in the function according as shown in the figure below.
Figure 47: Cost functions "incoming goods"
The next process to implement variable costs is the "Cutting" in the subnet for
the "Production Line Biopolymer, Ink-Shape". Insert the cost type
"Maintenance" and also create a new parameter "Cost for Sharpening Cutters"
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(SC) and set the cost for this parameter to 80 €. Open the "Function" window
and enter the following code lines.
Figure 48: Cost functions "Cutting"
The last process to implement the cost calculation is the "Assembly". Open the
specification, add the cost type "Wages" and enter the following code into the
"Function" window.
Figure 49: Cost functions "Assembly"
Furthermore, we have to consider the fact that some of the processes are
multi-product processes. For material flows we had set allocation rules. In the
same way process costs have to be allocated to the reference flows of the
processes. This is done on the allocation tab in the specification window. In the
figure below the allocation tab is shown with the wages that would have to be
allocated. For the sake of simplicity, the cost allocations are not considered for
any process in this example.
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Figure 50: Allocation tab for cost allocation
Calculate the total flows and the product flows and cost in order obtain the
overall results. Try out the different possibilities for viewing the results
aggregated, disaggregated or assigned to processes, places and so on. For
instance, the different cost types for each process can be viewed by selecting
the Inventory tab > Cost per product by processes.
Figure 51: Costs per product by processes
The figure below shows the product related costs in Sankey diagram mode.
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Figure 52: Sankey for product related costs
Scenario Comparison
The results of the material and energy flow analysis can be stored and then
used for scenario comparisons. This enables one to use the modelling tool for
possible improvements in the network and also helps to detect possibilities for
further improvements.
The export of raw data and creation of Pivot graphs provide additional
possibilities. Use 'Export Raw Data' to export all data, and create Pivot Tables
and Pivot Charts in Excel. This will allow creating virtually any type of diagram
for the result analysis.
First store the results from the previous calculation by using the "Export Cost
Raw Data". Select the file place and give the file a name like "Scenario 1
whiteboard marker".
After having calculated the whiteboard marker model, click the 'Export Cost
Raw Data' button in the 'Results' tab. This is independent of the current
column layout. Choose a file name and select a folder to save the Excel file to.
After a successful export transaction a dialog is shown asking whether the
Excel file should be opened.
Figure 53: Export cost raw data
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The export uses a template file that has the required settings and options for
Pivot Tables and Pivot Graphs. The Excel file opens with the 'Charts' tab in
front and different (sample) diagrams based on the raw data exported for
results.
Then create a new model called "Assembly Zero Waste". Copy the current
white board marker model (CTRL+A to select all, CTRL+C to copy) and paste it
(CTR+V) into the new "Assembly Zero Waste" model.
Insert the manual flows for the whiteboard marker again and use the same
quantity values as in the previous model. Set the parameter for rejection rate
'RR' in the process "Assembly" and the parameter 'CW' in the "Cutting"
process to zero (0.00).
Run the calculation and store the "Cost Raw Data" into a second file.
For a comparison of both models we need to join them in one file and then use
this as the basis for a Pivot Graph.
To this end the Excel export of raw data also contains the name of the project,
the model, the net and a timestamp for the export. If the results are for two
different model calculations within the same model, use the 'Timestamp'
column to differentiate the two exports. Should you have different names for
the system reference flow (the product), this can be used to differentiate the
two exports in the column 'Product'.
Combine both Excel files into one by copying and pasting one table below the
other.
Now click inside the data and choose the tab 'Insert' and 'PivotChart'. You are
asked to choose the data while Excel will select the entire table by default.
Choose the option 'New Worksheet' to copy the chart into a new sheet.
Compare these results with the results that had been calculated previously in
the scenario with waste rejection. What significant changes would the
suggested changes produce?
Model Export and Safety Copy
For reports and presentations the model can be exported into a graphic file
format as ‘.png’-file. Select the "File" menu and then choose "Export model."
To save different states of your model, just open the file in the windows
explorer where the Umberto project was stored in the beginning. Copy and
paste the Umberto file and give the copy a new name.
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For further information about the functions covered in this tutorial
have a look at the Umberto User Manual.
Thank you for completing tutorial 2b.
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Notes:
Umberto® NXT Universal (v7.1)
Tutorial 4
ifu Hamburg GmbH
Max-Brauer-Allee 50
22765 Hamburg / Germany www.ifu.com
DocVersion: 1.5
Date: October 2014 Publisher: ifu Hamburg GmbH
http://www.umberto.de
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT Universal
Umberto
® is a registered trademark of ifu Hamburg GmbH
Microsoft and MS are registered trademarks. Windows and Excel are trademarks of Microsoft Corp. Other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.
While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this tutorial, no responsibility for errors or omissions can be assumed. The information in this manual is subject to change without notice. All figures are for demonstration purposes only and contain fictitious data. Reproduction or translation of any part of this manual in any form (electronic or mechanic) without prior written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for permission should be addressed to ifu Hamburg GmbH, Hamburg, Germany.
ifu Hamburg GmbH Umberto NXT Universal
Tutorial 4 Page 1
Tutorial 1:Umberto NXT Simple Example
Time: 1 h Pages: 20 Level: New User Requirements: none
What you will learn:
Umberto NXT work area and window handling
Create a project, a model and a first process Specify a process
Calculate a small model View the calculation results Create Sankey diagrams
Use the Module Gallery
Tutorial 2a: U NXT LCA/UNIV
Time: 1-2 h Pages: 40 Level: Beginner
Requirements: Tutorial 1 or experience
with Umberto 5 for Life Cycle Assessment
and general knowledge about LCA
What you will learn:
Working with activity datasets Product life cycle phases LCA calculation and results
Disposal and transport activities Function and parameters
Group-By Box Material type Calculation log
Tutorial 2b: U NXT EFF/UNIV
Time: 3-4 h Pages 40 Level:Beginner
Requirements: Tutorial 1 or experience
with Umberto 5
What you will learn:
User defined process specification
Create subnets Analysis of input/output inventory
Function and parameters Cost accounting for MFA
Allocations Generic materials Co-products
Sankey diagrams
Tutorial 4: U NXT UNIV
Time: 1-2 h Pages: 15 Level: Advanced
Requirements: Tutorial 1 and 2 for LCA and
Efficiency and 3 or experience with Umberto
5 for Life Cycle Assessment and knowledge
about LCA
What you will learn:
Integrate costs LCA Material Mapping
Calculate Selection
Tutorial 3: U NXT LCA/UNIV
Time: 1-2 h Pages: 48 Level: Advanced
Requirements: Tutorial 1 and 2 or
experience with Umberto 5 for Life Cycle
Assessment and knowledge about LCA
What you will learn:
Allocations
Generic materials Set multiple virtual reference flows
Co-products Working with functional units
Sankey diagrams Results by products Print and export results
Advanced Features
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Introduction
Umberto can be used for Material Flow Analyses (MFA) in the Efficiency
context and for Life Cycle Assessments (LCA). For this fourth tutorial a model
for MFA has been extended for LCA studies, thus combining both use cases.
In reality these models are often created separately, as the emphasis of
customer projects is either more on LCA or more on Efficiency/MFA/Cost. In
this case Umberto NXT Universal is used accordingly either for building and
calculating the Life Cycle Assessment model, or, for building and calculating
the material and energy flow model with integrated costs.
Nevetheless, a real use case might require that an efficiency model has been
developed and later needs to be extended for doing and environmental
assessment with a product perspective. This is the use case shown in this
tutorial. The LCA study was covered in Tutorial 2a and the material and energy
flow (MFA) model was featured in Tutorial 2b. This fourth tutorial merges the
two, making it possible to assess the environmental impact of the products
produced and the efficiency and cost of the production process.
To be able to learn how to use Umberto NXT LCA, the examples
used in the tutorials are designed to be independent of LCI
databases that require a license. Hence, the activity data sets
used in the tutorials contain fictitious values that can be used
without having to access ecoinvent data.
For further information about the functions covered in this tutorial
please consult the Umberto NXT Universal User Manual, which can
be accessed in the software via the Help menu.
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Tutorial 4: Combination of LCA and Efficiency Models
Content
An existing LCA model will be supplemented with a submodel that contains
detailed production data and cost. The assembly stage of the LCA model will be supplemented with a subnet. The subnet will be copied from the Module Gallery
The model will be adapted by translating/mapping flows
Getting Started
All changes made while working on a project are written into the
project database as soon as they are made. There is no need to
actively save the work in progress.
A dialog window will be shown asking whether to save the project file onto the
hard disk. Please find an appropriate name for the Umberto project file, such
as "Tutorial 4".
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Preparation Steps
The idea is to integrate an Umberto NXT Efficiency Model into an existing
Umberto NXT Universal model to obtain an assessment of the environmental
impact and the cost for the life cycle of a product.
We will integrate the whiteboard marker production line created in the
Umberto NXT Efficiency tutorial (2b) into the whiteboard marker life cycle
example we have created in tutorial 2a for Umberto NXT LCA / Universal.
To this end, you can either reuse models previously when working on tutorial
2a and 2b, or, use the prepared sample models provided in Umberto NXT
Universal.
Fig. 1: Integration of an submodel with efficiency/cost perspective into a LCA model in Umberto
NXT Universal
First, create a new project and a new model. You may call it "Tutorial 4
Combination LCA & Efficiency", for example. Alternatively, you can continue to
use an existing project where you you have created other models before.
Next, it is required to copy the latest version of the model you have created in
tutorial 2a on Life Cycle Assessment. This should be a model that calculates
and yields calculation results (see figure 27 on page 29 of tutorial 2a). Should
you not have access to the LCA model any more you can open the sample
model "whiteboard marker, LCA" linked on the start page in Umberto NXT
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Universal and copy the last version called "Tutorial 3.4 User Defined
Functions".
Copy by marking all elements of the model (CTRL+A) and copying them
(CTRL+C) to the clipboard. Close this project (Menu File > Close). Switch to
the freshly created model and paste the content of the clipboard there. Note
that copying large models with many activity datasets included via the
clipboard to another model may take some seconds. You may want to give a
name to the newly created model.
Manual flows are not taken over when models are copied. Therefore, add the
manual flow 'whiteboard marker' with a flow quantity of 20,75 g in the arrow
that leaves the 'Use' process (see section 'Preparation for Calculation of the
Model' on page 29 of tutorial 2a).
The next step is to copy a model from tutorial 2b (on Efficiency) to the Module
Gallery to be able to integrate it as a submodel for the assembly into the LCA
model. This model was called "Assembly Zero Waste" should calculate and
produce calculation results including costs (see page 41 of tutorial 2b). Should
you not have access to this model any more, you can find the prepared the
sample model "whiteboard marker production, costs" linked on the start page
in Umberto NXT Universal.
Copy the entire model called "Assembly Zero Waste" (CTRL+A to mark all
elements, CTRL+C to copy). Open the Module Gallery and paste the model
(via context menu on on folder of the module gallery, or using the button
'Paste clipboard data to Module Gallery').
Fig. 2: The whole model is copied to the Module Gallery
Modules in the module gallery are stored as files on the hard disk and can be
accessed from any other Umberto NXT application. The path can be seen in
the properties panel under "Location". If you want, you can also give a name
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to the stored module by overwriting the default name. E.g. name the module
"Subnet Assembly Zero Waste".
Copying Subnet into existing Model
The next step is optional, but is helpful for later: The connection places do not
have names assigned. These were previously removed or hidden in order not
to overload the graphical model with labels. However, these labels would be
helpful to understand, which places delivers a flow into the subnet and to
assign the correct place/arrow to it. Therefore, assign names to the connection
places. E.g. label the connection places based on the name flow delivered from
the neighboring process (marker shell, ethanol, marker cap, electricity,
biopolymer / whiteboard marker on the output side).
Finally, in the copied model convert the process "T1: Assembly" into a subnet.
Do this choosing the command 'Convert To' / 'Subnet' from the context menu
of the process.
Fig. 3: Named connection places facilitate assignments
The subnet opens in a new editor tab. It only shows the connection places as
port places (indicated by a dot inside the circle).
Next, bring the Module Gallery to front and select the previously stored
module "Assembly Zero_Waste". Insert it via drag&drop into the newly
created subnet of "T1: Assembly".
Typically, the places would just have to be merged, to complete the
integration of this subnet model section into the model. However, since we
have worked with different names for flows in tutorial 2a (focused on Life
Cycle Assessment, with flow names from an external tutorial LCI database)
and tutorial 2b (focused on efficiency and costs, with flow names defined by
ourselves), these names somehow need to be matched.
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To this end, the fastet solution is to create processes that translate and/or
map the material names of the imported subnet model of the assembly to the
naming taxonomy used in the current model.
The following list shows the name mappings that need to be done:
Name used in LCA model
(tutorial 2a) from tutorial LCI database
Name used in efficiency model
(tutorial 2b)
polyester-complexed starch biopolymer biopolymer (yard good, unpressed)
ethanol, without water, in 95% … ethanol
colour solution, black
colour solution, blue
colour solution, green
colour solution, red
marker cap
marker shell
marker cap
marker shell
electricity, medium voltage electricity
waste, plastic mixture rejected ink cartridges and cuttings
scrap, biopolymer
Mapping Names using Translators
In the subnet the copied model needs to be linked to the port places to
connect the flows to the upper level. Translator processes will be used. On the
input side there will be three material inputs linked to the process 'Incoiming
Goods' as shown in the figure below.
Fig. 4: Incoming goods mapped to flow names of the model using translator processes.
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Biopolymer
Create a process "Mapping biopolymer". Connect it to the port-place for the
material "polyester-complexed starch biopolymer" and add this material with 1
kg on the input side of the process. Then, convert the input place
"biopolymer"of the copied assembly subnet to a connection place (switch the
type in the place properties window). Connect it to the translator process. Add
the material "biopolymer (yard good, unpressed)" – which can be found in the
folder "Imported Materials" with a quantity of 1 kg to the output side of this
translator process.
Fig. 5: Translator "Mapping biopolymer" – input side
Fig. 6: Translator "Mapping biopolymer" – output side
Ethanol & Colour The four colour solutions (each 0.005g) together account for total mass
proportion of about 0.025% of the total whiteboard marker mass (20.075g). It
is assumed, that the colour solutions do not contain toxic substances and that
their production required no energy intensive processes. The cut off rule from
the LCA study can therefore be applied thus excluding the colour solutions.
The total amount of ethanol is augemented by 0.005g in order to have a
balanced mass equation .
Create a process "Mapping ethanol". Link it to the port place for the material
"ethanol, without water, in 95% …" and add this material onto the input side
of the translator process. Now, convert the input place "ethanol & colour" of
the copied assembly subnet to a connection place and link it to the translator.
Add the materials "ethanol", "colour solution, black", "colour solution, blue",
"colour solution, green", "colour solution, red" (all to be found in the folder
"Imported Materials") to the output side of this translator process.
This is a 5:1 mapping: five streams differentiated in the assembly are all
subsumed under one material flow name.
Fig. 7: Translator "Mapping ethanol" – input side
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Fig. 8: Translator "Mapping ethanol" – output side
Convert the process to specification type 'User Defined Function' (use 'Convert
To' / 'User Defined' from the context menu or the button 'Edit User Defined
Functions' in the process specification) and insert a formula which defines the
input material as sum of the five outputs. Note that the calculation direction
will be limited to run from known outputs to the input when using the
assignment X00 = Y00+Y01+Y02+Y03+Y04.
Fig. 9: Translator "Mapping ethanol" – user defined functions
Attention: Make sure to set the 'Default Allocation Method' to 'Physical'.
Fig. 10: Translator "Mapping ethanol" – allocations
Marker Cap & Shell Create a translator process "Mapping marker shell & cap". Link it input sided
to the port places for the materials "marker shell" and "marker cap". Add
these two materials onto the input side of the translator. Next, convert the
input place "marker cap & shell" of the copied module to a connection place
and link it to the process. Add the materials "marker cap" and "marker shell"
also to the output side of this translator process.
Fig. 11: Translator "Mapping marker shell & cap" – input side
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Fig. 12: Translator "Mapping marker shell & cap" – output side
Note: This is actually a dummy translator. However, since it is not possible to
merge two port places in the subnet, it would require changing the arrows on
the main level to only have one connection place that serves as port place. For
sake of simplicity this example used two separate port places that deliver
"marker shell" and "marker cap".
Convert the process specification into a process of the type 'User Defined
Function'. Insert the two assignments X00=Y00 and X01=Y01.
Fig. 13: Translator "Mapping marker shell & cap" – user defined functions
Again, check to set the allocations to the correct factors! The 'marker cap'
expenses are 100% assigned to the production of 'marker cap' (marker shell
factor '0', marker cap factor '1'), the 'marker shell' expenses are 100%
assigned to the production of 'marker shell' (marker shell factor '1', marker
cap factor '0')
Fig. 14: Translator "Mapping marker shell & cap" – allocations
Electricity Create a translator process "Mapping electricity" and link it to the port-place
for the material "electricity, medium voltage". Add this material with 1 kWh on
the input side of the process. Convert the input place "electricity" to a
connection place (switch the type in the place properties window). Link it to
the process. Add 1 kWh of the material "electricity" (from the material group
folder "Imported Materials") to the output side of this translator.
Fig. 15: Translator "Mapping electricity" – input side
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Fig. 16: Translator "Mapping electricity" – output side
This is a simple name translation, the quantitie don't change (1:1 mapping).
Waste Treatment The original whiteboard marker LCA example in tutorial 2a did not consider
waste in the manufacturing process. The assembly of the whiteboard marker
was loss free in the Life Cycle Assessment model (see section 'Assembly
Process' and figure 5 of tutorial 2a).
The fact that we are no building a hybrid model with a more detailed
representation of the assembly requires that we do have waste flows emerging
from the assembly process. These waste flows must be considered.
A waste treatment process has to be added to the production phase of the LCA
study. During manufacturing two types of waste are produced: 'rejected ink
cartridges' and 'cuttings' from the biopolymer. For the sake of simplicity both
materials will be dealt with using the dataset predefined LCI dataset
"treatment of waste plastic mix, sanitary landfill [ifu tutorial dataset]".
Fig. 17: Treatment of waste plastic mix, connected to T1: Assembly subnet
A process for waste treatment has to be added to account for the rejected
cartridges and the biopolymer scrap. This is done on the top level of the model
(Main Net). Search for the tutorial dataset activity "treatment of waste plastic
mix, sanitary landfill (ifu tutorial dataset) [CH]" and add it to right of the
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assembly subnet process in the manufacture phase. Then link it to to the
process T1 'Assembly'.
Switch to the subnet of the assembly again. Create a translator process
"Mapping waste treatment" and link it to the new port-place which leads to
waste treatment. Convert the output places "scrap" and "rejected cartridges"
to a connection type and link it to the translator. On the input side add the
materials "rejected cartridges" and "scrap, biopolymer". On the output side
add "waste, plastic mixture".
Fig. 18: Translator "Mapping waste treatment" – input side
Fig. 19: Translator "Mapping waste treatment" – output side
Convert the process specification into a specification of the type 'User Defined
Functions". Define the output flow as the sum of the input flows.
Fig. 20: Translator "Mapping waste treatment" – user defined functions
Attention: Make sure to set the 'Default Allocation Method' to 'Physical'.
Products
In the LCA model in tutorial 2a the manufacture of an average set of
whiteboard markers was considered. In this case 'average' means a mix of
four colours. Therefore use a mix of the current four markers in what follows.
Create a translator process "Mapping whiteboard marker" and link it to the
port place that delivers the material "whiteboard marker".
Fig. 21: Mapping for whiteboard marker
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Tutorial 4 Page 13
Add 1 kg of this material on the output side of the process. Next, convert the
output place "products" to a connection place and link it to the translator
process. Add the materials "whiteboard marker, blue", "whiteboard marker,
black", "whiteboard marker, green", "whiteboard marker, red" from the folder
"Imported Materials" to the input side of this translator process.
Fig. 22: Translator "Mapping whiteboard marker" – input side
Fig. 23: Translator "Mapping whiteboard marker" – output side
Convert the process specification into a specification of the 'User Defined
Functions' type. Insert a formula that describes an average production mix. A
whiteboard marker on the output side corresponds to a marker on the input
side for each and every colour.
This is a 4:1 mapping that assigns the values to four input streams from one
given output flow. Note that this process can only calculate upstream
(=determine iinputs from a known output quantity).
Fig. 24: Translator "Mapping whiteboard marker" – user defined functions
The translations and mapping should be complete now. The subnet model
should look more or less as in the figure below. You can try to see if the model
calculates, if you like.
Hint: If you calculate the model a warning for not connected port-
places will pop up. This warning addresses virtual places for costs
and can be ignored by clicking on 'Yes'.
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Page 14 Tutorial 4
Fig. 25: Model of the assembly from tutorial 2b with translator processes to integrate it as subnet into the LCA model from tutorial 2a (Subnet T1:
Assembly)
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Tutorial 4 Page 15
Calculating Costs
Once you have finally integrated the assembly sub-model from tutorial 2b into
the LCA model created in tutorial 2a you can calculate the environmental
impacts (LCIA) and the costs of your integrated model.
LCIA results will show immediately in the Results pane. The results should be
slightly different to the ones calculated for the model in tutorial 2a, given that
the waste treatment process was added to the LCA model.
For calculating the costs it is necessary to open the subnet. Then, mark all
processes in the assembly subnet except the mapping processes (all processes
within the floor plan of the production, see figure below).
Fig. 26: Process selection for calculating costs in the subnet model
Choose "Calculate Selection" (Alt+F9) from Menu Calculation. When the
calculation is finished, navigate to the results area and choose "Costs per
Product" to see the calculated costs.
Costs have only been specified for the materials and processes in the
assembly model. Flows from the background processes do not have market
prices assigned to them. Hence, calculating the costs for the whole model
would not yield any cost information, since the flows in the inventory (the
flows that cross the system boundary) do not have market price tags. Also,
the processes along the life cycle do not have activity costs assigned to them.
Umberto NXT Universal ifu Hamburg GmbH
Page 16 Tutorial 4
Fig. 27: Calculated costs of the model section assembly that yields four whiteboard markers
Scenario Comparison
The environmental impact of two different production scenarios will now be
compared. The first scenario is based on the assumption of zero waste
whereas the second scenario assumes that waste will be produced in the
manufacture of whiteboard marker production processes.
Please prepare two copies of the model used: Name them 'Tutorial 4
Combination LCA & Eff' and 'Tutorial 4 Cobination_Zero Waste'
Please adjust the parameter "Cutting Waste as % of input material" in the
process "Cutting" of the subnet "Production Line Biopolyymer, ink-shape" of
the subnet "Assembly" to 10% in the first model and 0% in the model 'Tutorial
4 Combination_Zero Waste'.
Also adjust the parameter "Rejection Rate" in the process "Quality Assurance"
of the subnet "Assembly" to 10% in the model 'Tutorial 4 Combination LCA &
Eff' and to 0% in the model 'Tutorial 4 Combination_Zero Waste'.
Make sure, that both models use the same manual flow.
Perform the calculation and "Export LCIA Raw Data" for both models. Combine
both pivot raw data table and create the following graph for:
Axis Field (Categories): Model
Legends Fields (Series): LCIA Model (Climate Change); Phase (Manufacture; Raw Materials)
Values: Sum of Quantity
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Tutorial 4 Page 17
Fig. 28: Calculated costs of the integrated Efficiency model
The zero waste scenario affects the raw materials and manufacturing phase
only. The carbon footprint of the whiteboard maker ('Climate Change' impact
category) is reduced by 1.65% through the zero waste scenario.
Other parameter variations and conclusions are possible using the LCIA impact
assessment factors.
0.3752948190.351547745
0.034445877
0.029805
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Tutorial 4 Combination LCA & EFF Tutorial 4 Combination_Zero Waste
ReCiPe Midpoint (H) w/o LT - climate change w/o LT, GWP100 w/o LT - Raw Materials
ReCiPe Midpoint (H) w/o LT - climate change w/o LT, GWP100 w/o LT - Manufacture
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Notes: