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Compiled by Ajay Rastogi Project Coordinator
SIFOR Programme
Workshop on Bio-cultural Heritage
&
Traditional Agriculture:
Challenges and Possibilities
Organised by Lok Chetna Manch
SIFOR Programme
Smallholder Innovation for Resilience:
Strengthening bio-cultural innovation systems
for food security in the face of climate change
Held at Auditorium, G.B. Pant Institute of
Environment and Development, Kosi-Katarmal,
Almora
on
24th July, 2013
A Brief Report
A workshop was organised on Bio-cultural Heritage and Traditional Agriculture: Challenges
and Possibilities (in the face of Climate Change) under the SIFOR programme in India. This
was the first public workshop to gather large number of participants from the Central
Himalayan region. The main objectives of the workshop were:
Sensitisation of the stakeholders on the theme of Bio-cultural Heritage (BCH)
Capturing the perceptions of the stakeholders on current status of BCH and key
challenges to farming systems
Experience sharing on existing practices and activities on BCH conservation by
farmers as well as scientists
The workshop started with a welcome note by Mr. Kireet Kumar, Scientist In-charge of the
GBPIHED and Mr. Jogendra Bisht, Director, Lok Chetna Manch. This was followed by staging
a play on the importance of traditional crops and highlighted the efforts of the crop
protection committees towards addressing the issue of crop raiding by wildlife and stray
cattle. This is one of the main concerns of the farmers in the region. The formal inauguration
ceremony of the workshop was performed by lighting of the lamp. Dr. Rakesh Shah,
Chairman of the State Biodiversity Board and the Chief Guest in the workshop was joined by
other eminent guests including the lead farmers in the ceremony. A full schedule of the
programme is attached as Annexure 1.
The Award Ceremony
The efforts of the Crop Protection Committee of the village Chinauna have been exemplary.
The villagers came up with this idea and through their own financial contribution to the
committee; hired a person to protect the crops from stray cattle and other wildlife such as
monkeys. With regular deliberations, the committee created and enforced strict rules of
penalty to erring residents of their village as well as in neighbouring villages. The effort
proved to be extremely successful and has encouraged a few more villages to emulate the
model. The State Biodiversity Board in recognition of this effort gave a commemoration
certificate to the committee as well as to the person who was appointed by the committee
to keep a watch. It was presented by the Chairman of the Board.
Morning Session
The first presentation in the morning technical session was made by Mr. Ajay Rastogi,
Coordinator of the SIFOR programme. He highlighted the importance of traditional crops in
maintaining nutrition security at a time when there is almost no shortage of food grains as
such. The food grain availability has increased but at the same time, protein, calories and
nutrient deficiency in the overall intake of food has also increased over the years. So, even if
we cannot meet the total food requirement from our own crops in the hills; cultivating
nutritious millets, coarse cereals, oilseeds and pulses make an ideal supplement to enrich
the food in the house as well as in the mid day meal scheme prevalent in the local schools.
He also emphasised on the fact that traditional agriculture crops and methods of cultivation
are more sustainable and have greater resilience in the times of climate change. The
importance of sustaining the culture of local innovations by the farmers is felt ever more at
a time when climate is changing in unpredictable ways between one valley to the other. His
presentation is attached as Annexure 2.1.
The presentation by Dr. Kuldeep S. Negi, Principal Scientist from the National Bureau of
Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) highlighted the importance of the region in terms of
agricultural biodiversity and narrated his experiences in several explorations. He also
mentioned that despite such high diversity, we have no entry from the state yet in the
national GI (Geographic Indications) register. Efforts need to be strengthened in this
direction. He informed the participants about the passport data form and accession system
being practiced in the national gene bank system. He opined that one of the prime reasons
why modern varieties are replacing older ones is early maturation. So, if some farmers plant
modern ones, they get an early crop and let their cattle loose. This creates problems for
other farmers in the vicinity and most of them thus start to adopt the short duration
varieties. Many farmers present in the meeting agreed to this and it was suggested that
more joint crop planning would be desirable to enhance diversity in the agricultural
landscapes. His presentation is attached as Annexure 2.2.
Dr. Pavan K. Agarwal, Head of the Crop Improvement Programme at the Vivekananda
Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan (VPKAS) elaborated on the contribution of modern
technologies in improving the food grain availability in the post independence era and
explained the crop improvement and breeding programmes at VPKAS. The institute has
released several varieties suitable to hill farmers over last decades. The institute also
maintains a seed bank to conserve landraces and utilise the gene pool for breeding
programmes. He also informed the participants about several machines that have been
developed by the institute to reduce drudgery in processing of grains. Notable, amongst
these is the local mill for thrashing of finger and barnyard millets. The VPKAS organises fairs
ahead of the main planting seasons of Kharif and Rabi to disseminate information on farm
technologies and new varieties of seeds. He emphasised to the audience the importance of
maintaining a harmonious balance between science and local knowledge systems, new
varieties and local landraces etc. His presentation is attached as Annexure 2.3.
Afternoon session:
Dr. Rajendra S. Bisht, Conservator of Forests (Research Wing) elaborated on his vast
experience of watershed management activities in the State. He emphasised on the linkages
of the forest ecosystem with agriculture in the context of hill agriculture. Livestock forms an
integral link between the two systems besides the water resources which are also a
reflection of the health of the ecosystem. He mentioned that off late much awareness has
taken place in urban markets on the nutritional values of some of the hill crops specially that
of millets and coarse cereals which is resulting in good demand and prices. So, traditional
crops besides fulfilling household nutritional security are also a potential source of improved
livelihood. He mentioned the excellent marketing network set up by SOS Organic, Almora.
Dr. Rakesh Shah, Chairman of the State Biodiversity Board and Chief Guest, in his
presidential address went over many salient points and observations besides informing the
participants on the evolution of biodiversity legislation and authority in India. He started
with a serious appeal against the Genetically Modified Foods which can prove to be a real
detriment to the rich biodiversity of the state. So far the state has no GMO cultivation and
he favours the status quo. He provided examples of loss of ecosystem services,
enhancement of pollution and loss of human health as a result of some of the modern crop
production techniques such as the case of rising cases of cancer in parts of Punjab where
pesticide use is rampant. He appreciated the efforts of conservation of local landraces and
varieties by institutions such as NBPGR and VPKAS and suggested that local farmers should
be able to access this gene pool to rejuvenate the on farm and in-situ diversity. He said that
capacity of farmer federations be raised to collectively undertake marketing and other
functions to improve agro-biodiversity based livelihoods. He informed the participants on
salient provisions of the Biodiversity Act and emphasised on the role of PBR (Peoples
Biodiversity Registers) for protection of intellectual property rights. This documentation also
serves as records of spiritual and cultural traditions related with natural resources. Mr. Shah
appealed to the participating farmers to utilise the provision of establishing BMC
(Biodiversity Management Committee) under the Biodiversity Act, 2002. The BMCs are
statutory bodies that in near future may be authorised to implement other Government
schemes as well.
Dr. P. S. Mehta, Scientist from the NBPGR made a brief and significant intervention by
describing various old and new recipes using traditional grains. It is a fact that to attract
younger generation towards the use of traditional grains, some attractive new recipes such
as baked stuff, puddings etc. need to be prepared. His presentation is attached as Annexure
2.4.
Dr. R. C. Sundriyal, Scientist from the GBPIHED emphasised on the importance of local
weekly markets as prevalent in the north-eastern states of the country. He made a point
that even a handful quantity of produce can be sold in these markets which brings in much
needed ready cash earnings on a regular basis. We don’t have a formal system of weekly
markets in the State where direct selling by producers could take place and as a result
substantive profit is taken up by traders and shop keepers. Often, the produce travels to far
away markets in the plains for consolidation and then is re-transported back to the local
consumers in the case of our State.
Dr. Surendra Kauranga, Training Coordinator of the Uttarakhand Organic Commodity Board
emphasised on linking traditional agriculture with organic certification and elaborated on
the services of the Board. He pointed out that wild boars have become such a big menace
that it is almost impossible to grow anything even in their demonstration farm. His concern
was echoed by many amongst the audience.
Mr. Kailash Bhatt represented the Ajeevika programme (an IFAD supported Government of
Uttarakhand programme) and he mentioned about the importance of farm federations. In
the first phase of the Ajeevika programme; they have formalised several federations and
have supported common marketing programmes. He confirmed that there is such a great
demand for millets in the market that they were unable to fulfil the demand.
Dr. Reetu Sogani, the Gender and TK Specialist in the SIFOR programme of Lok Chetna
Manch, aired the concern about availability of local seeds at the time of planting. There
were many traditional practices to select, share and keep seeds to maintain diversity as well
as high quality. In the face of weather uncertainties faced by the farmers and success of
crops due to other reasons, these practices are dying out. There is an urgent need to make a
network for seed multiplication, exchange and storage. Mr. Harish Lodhiyal from Gene
Campaign, who was present in the meeting briefly, informed the participants about the
efforts of the organisation in seed saving and establishment of a community seed bank. Dr.
Sogani also highlighted that there are several farm innovations being documented and
invited some of the farmers present to share their experience directly.
Mr. Dayanand Joshi is an elderly farmer who has reclaimed uncultivable land around his
house. He had to bring sand and clay on horseback over several months to prepare a layer
of loamy soil. Gradually, he improved the fertility and at the moment he grows some of the
best vegetable crops. He has also pioneered some techniques of making better seeds and
his sharing of experience was very encouraging for the participants.
Mr. Shiv Ram is a progressive farmer and has experimented with several patterns of mixed
cropping systems. The main driver for his efforts of crop intensification was the damage to
crops in the far away fields. Now, he is cultivating almost every inch of space around the
house and in the nearby fields. His experiments have yielded lessons for many other
farmers. Mr. Ramesh Singh, another pioneering farmer, also shared his similar experiences.
Mr. K. C. Tewari, President of the Govindpur Market Association talked about the plight of
farmers due to heavy damage by wild animals and stray cattle. He recalled how much
agricultural produce used to be available earlier not only to meet household consumption
but also for sale in the local markets. He sought active intervention from the Government
agencies to seek an early solution to this issue.
Mr. Jasod S. Bisht from the Forest Department addressed the participants to make them
aware of the current provisions by the Department to tackle the menace of crop raiding by
wild boar. He emphasised on taking a landscape based approach to tackle the issue of
wildlife and crop interface. Eradication of lantana and other thick cover that allows wild
boar to hide during the day could also be useful. There are provisions in other schemes as
well, e.g. MNREGA, where stone wall fences can be created.
Discussion and further plans
The issues discussed in the meeting could be organised under the following 3 main heads:
Climate change resilient agriculture: The region is rich in agricultural biodiversity and
several crops, varieties and landraces could prove to be beneficial at such a time. There are
technical and research institutions that are already pursuing activities of conservation, trials
and improvement programmes in the area. Farmers are also custodians of genetic resources
and associated knowledge systems. An interactive and participatory approach would be
useful for sustaining farming systems in the hills. The documentation in Peoples Biodiversity
Register would record crops and varieties that used to be available in the past and provide
the status in the present. It would be pursued to bring some of that diversity back to the
farms with the help of these technical institutions.
Improved governance of natural resources at the local level: The Biodiversity Act provides
for formation of Biodiversity Management Committees (BMC) as a statutory body.
Awareness should be raised to due facilitation should take place to initiate the process.
Feasibility of co-opting crop protection committee’s role into the fold of BMC should be
seen. In addition, capacity of BMC should be raised to take a more proactive role in natural
resource management.
Tackling the wildlife crop raiding issue: The monkeys and the wild boars are posing great
difficulty to the people in the region. While the efforts under the crop protection committee
have helped the situation with the monkeys, boars still is a big issue. Concerted efforts by
the responsible agencies both at the policy level and implementation level needs to be
undertaken at the earliest.
Participants
A total of 107 participants registered. 12 elected village representatives, 45 (14 women and
31 men) lead farmers and traditional knowledge holders; 19 scientists from several
organisations (National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), G.B. Pant Institute of
Himalayan Environment and Development (GBPIHED); and Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi
Anusandhan Sansthan (VPKAS); 9 representatives from State Government (Agriculture
Department, Forest Department) and autonomous bodies of the State Government
(Uttarakhand Organic Commodity Board, Ajeevika); 22 representatives (9 women and 11
men) from several Non Governmental Organisations (Pan Himalaya Grassroots
Development Foundation, Central Himalaya Rural Action Group, Gene Campaign and Jan
Prerna Sanghathan) participated. A list of the participants with their contact details is
attached as Annexure 3. A leaflet in Hindi on importance of traditional crops particularly
from nutrition point of view was circulated together with workshop material and a copy of
the same is attached separately.
Acknowledgements:
The facilities and support provided by the GBPIHED.
Technical support from the State Biodiversity Board of Uttarakhand and presence of their
Chairman as Chief Guest in the workshop.
Financial assistance from the SIFOR programme (Smallholder Innovation for Resilience:
Strengthening bio-cultural innovation systems for food security in the face of climate
change) supported by the International Institute of Environment and Development (IIED),
United Kingdom with funds from European Commission.
Annexure – 1
The Programme Schedule
Time Programme Participants
10.00-10.30 Registration and Tea
Smt Kusum Joshi and Sri Naveen
Chandra Pandey,
Lok Chetna Manch, Ranikhet
10.30-10.40 Welcome Director, Environment Institute and
Lok Chetna Manch, Ranikhet
10.40-11.00 Presentation of Play on the Subject of the Workshop
Sri Gopal Rawat and Others
11.00-11.10 Inauguration Dr. Rakesh Shah (I.F.S.), Chairman,
State Biodiversity Board, Dehradun
11.10-11.30 Concept of Bio-cultural Agriculture and Introduction to SIFOR
Programme
Sri Ajay Rastogi, Lok Chetna
Manch, Ranikhet
11.30-11.40 Recognition to Crop Protection Committee of Chinona by
Uttarakhand Biodiversity Board, Dehradun
Crop Protection Committee, Village-
Chinona
11.40-11.50 Present Status of Agriculture Biodiversity in Kumaon and Efforts of
NBPGR
Dr. Kuldeep Singh Negi, NBPGR
Bhowali
11.50-12.00 Importance of Traditional Crops in Reference of Climate Change
Efforts of VPKAS
Dr. Pawan Kumar Agarwal,
Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi
Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora
12.00-12.10 Old and New Recipes From Traditional Crops Dr. P.S. Mehta, NBPGR Bhowali
12.10-12.20 Watershed Management, Traditional Agriculture and Conservation
of Natural Resources
Dr. Rajendra Bisht, (I.F.S.),
Conservator of Forest (Research)
12.20-12.45 Indigenous Knowledge, IPR and role of Biodiversity Management
Committee
Dr. Rakesh Shah (I.F.S.), Chairman,
State Biodiversity Board, Dehradun
12.45-13.00 Improving Market Access Though Weekly Local Market Dr. R. C. Sunderiyal, Scientist,
GBPIHED Kosi, Katarmal, Almora
13.00-13.15 Role of Uttarakhand Organic Commodity Board in Promoting
Traditional Crops
Mr. Surendra Koranga, Uttarakhand
Organic Commodity Board, Majkhali
13.15-13.30 Experience Sharing on Farmer groups in Ajeevika Programme Mr. Kailash Bhatt, Ajeevika,
District Coordinator
13.30-14.30 Lunch Time
14.30-14.40 Significance of on Farm Innovations Dr. Reetu Sogani
14.40-14.50 Importance of Mixed Cropping System Sri Shiv Ram, Farmer
14.50-15.00 Farm Innovations for Seed Production Sri Dayanand Joshi, Farmer
15.00-15.10 Challenges Faced by the Farmers Sri Ramesh Singh, Farmer
15.00-15.10 Problems by Wild Animals and Stray Cattles Sri Kailash Chandra Tewari
15.10-15.20 Capacity Building for Sustainable Agriculture and Seed
Conservation
Sri Harish Lodhiyal, Gene Campaign
15.20-15.30 Some Techniques and Ways to Address Problems of Wildlife Crop
Raiding
Sri Jasod Singh Bisht, Range Officer,
Kalika Range Office, Kalika
15.30-16.15 Discussion Session and Follow Up
16.15-16.30 Vote of Thanks Director, Lok Chetna Manch,
Ranikhet
Annexure 2.1
Presentation by Mr. Ajay Rastogi
Slide 1
Jaiv sanskritik krishi ki awdharana
Ajay Rastogi
SIFOR
Lok Chetna Manch
Slide 2 National food scenario
• 1951 – 354 gm food grain; 60 gm pulses• 2007 – 407 gram; 35 gram• In Uttarakhand – 70 gm to now 56 gm e.g. Bhatt
reduced by 75%• Avg req 2400 Kca• Fall 2240 – 1485• Protein, Micronutrient • Iron, Vitamin A, Zinc – globally 1/3rd
• 87% pregnant mothers, 75% children• Imports 50% oil, 50% pulses
Slide 3 Costs
• Food import, fuel and fertilizer – 2, 14,000 crores
• Environmental costs, climate change
• Drinking water
• NABARD – 1,00,000 crores
• PDS – 87,000 crores
• National Food Security bill – 3,00,000 crores
Slide 4 Prakartik santulan
Slide 5
Slide 6 Governance
• Jal, Jungle, Jameen
• Farmers innovation e.g. radish seeds, Alsi
• Communitarian ways: Chinauna
• De-centralisation
• Midday meal scheme
• MNREGA
• Gratitude for villagers
• Why surveys
Annexure 2.2
Presentation by Mr. K.S. Negi
Slide 1 tSo lkaLd`frd fojklr ,oe~ ijaijkxr [ksrh
& pqukSfr;ka ,oe~ laHkkouk,sa
Mk0 dqynhi flag usxh ,oa Mk0 iwju flag esgrk
jk’Vªh; ikni vkuqokaf’kd lalk/ku C;wjks
{ksrzh; dsUnz Hkokyh] ftyk uSuhrky ¼mRrjk[k.M½
Slide 2 Hkwfedk
,d uUgk lk cht yk[kksa djksM+ksa yksxksa dk isV Hkjus ds fy, vukt miyC/k
djkrk gSa bflfy, chtksa dh csgrj xq.koRrk vkSj [kk|kUu mRiknu c<+kus
dh t#jr ds chp lh/kk lEcU/k gSaA ,sls esa cht gh ,d ekrz lzksr gSa ftldh
xq.koRr lq/kkj dj df’k mRiknu c<+k;k tk ldrk gSaA nwljh vksj VfeZusVj
vkSj ijkthuh chtksa ds geys usa fdlkuks vkSj oSKkfudksa nksuks dh gh uhan mM+k
nh gSaA ,sls esa ijEijkxr chtksa ¼d’kd iztkfr;ka½ dk egRo vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrk
gSaA
izkphu@vkfne fdLesa ¼ySUMjslst½ ikni leqnk; tks fd vkuqokaf”kdh rkSj ij
fofHkUurk fy, gq;s yk[kksa o’kksZs ls lalkj Hkj ds d’kdksa ds ikl fofHkUu df’k
ifjfLFkfrdh; tyok;q esa vuqdwyuh;rk izkIr dj pqds gSaA
chek ikfylh ¼bU”kksjsUl½
Slide 3 ikjEifjd fdLesa% mUufr dh vksj
• Jhyadk] Hkkjr ds mRrj iwohZ {ksrz vkfn& Hkwfe dks
#ikarfjr& uohu fdLesa mPp iSnkokj ls Hkjiwj&
eksuksdypj@,d#irk& chekfj;ksa dh izcy laHkkouk;s
dbZ xquk c<+ x;h gSaA
• v{kr Hkwfe dk iwjh rjg lQk;k dj vkuqoaf”kdh
vijnu rFkk {kj.k o’kZ 2050 rd nks yk[k ipkl gtkj
ikni tkfr;kWa o iztkfr;kWa yqIr gks tk;sxhA
Slide 4
ikni tuunzO; D;k gSa\
ikni tuunzO; ,d izdkj dk thfor Ård gksrk gSa ftlls
uohu ikniksa dh l`f’V ,oa o`f) dh tkrh gSaA ;g cht ;k ikni
dk Hkkx] tSls&iRrh rus dk NksVk lk Hkkx] ijkxd.k ;k cgqr
FkksM+h thfor dksf”kdk;sa& ftuls lao/kZu }kjk ,d iw.kZ LoLFk ikni
dks mRiUu fd;k tk ldrk gSaA ;g ikni tuunzO; vius vUnj
vkuqokaf”kdh lwpukvksa ,oa iSr`d xq.kksa ls Hkjiwj gksrk gSaA
Slide 5 tuunzO; fofHkUurk
vkfFkZd #Ik ls mi;ksxh df’k ds fy,] thu lekurk
;k ,d#irk Qlyksa ls izkIr gkssrh gSa] ijUrq ;g thu
lekurk fueUrz.k nsrh gSa] u;s&u;s dhVks] chekfj;ksa ,oe~
fofHkUu izdkj ds izfrcyksa dks ¼rkieku] i;kZoj.kh; larqyu
vkfn½ ftls /kkU; Qly lqHksÌrk ¼oyfujksfcfyVh½ dgrs gSA
tuunzO; fofHkUurk gesa iznku djrh gSa nh?kZ dkfyd ;ksX;rk ftlls og ikniksa dh
ubZ fdLesa bZtkn djus ds lkFk&lkFk izfrjks/kh dhV] izfrjks/kh chekfj;kWa ,oe~ i;kZoj.kh;
vlarqyu o i;kZoj.kh; izfrcy ds fy, lrr cuk jgsA
blfy, nqfu;k ds jk’Vªh; ikni tuunzO; la?kVd] bdkb;ka o laLFkk;s bu nqyZHk
iztkfr;ksa dks cpkus ds fy, laj{k.k] ys[kk&tks[kk] vkdyu ,oe~ df’k ewY;kadu dk;Zdze
dj jgs gSa rkfd bUgsa nqyZHkrk ls cpk;k tk ldsA Hkfo’; esa tc lalkj esa tula[;k
c<+ksrjh pje lhek ij gksxh rc ekuo dh HkykbZ ds fy, ;gh ikjaifjd cht ¼d’kd
iztkfr;ka½ dk;Z esa fy;s tk,sxsaA
fo”o ds vxz.kh ikni vkuqokaf”kdh oSKkfud tSd gkjySu us psrkouh nh gS fd gekjs
izkdfrd tuunzO;] lalk/kuksa dh fofHkUurk ,oe~ Hkq[kejh nksuksa esa lwpdkad cus gq, gSa]
bldh dYiuk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrh fd dc lwpdkad esa Hkq[kejh dk yky fpUg ladsr
nsA
Slide 6 D;k dgrs gSa ikni oSKkfud
Laklkj ds ikni ,oe~ tho lalk/ku ls lacaf/kr Toyar leL;kvksa dh
vk”kadk;s mBus ds lkFk budk ladV nwj nwj rd fn[kk;h nsus yxk gSaA ;|fi
ikni tho laj{k.kdrkZ ,u0 vkbZ0 osohykso dh nwjnf”kZrk us lalkj dks fQygky
rukoeqDr j[kus rFkk mi;ZqDr Toyar leL;kvksa ls NqVdkjk fnykus ds fy, ,d
T;ksfr iznku dh gSaA
mUgksus fo”o ds dbZ nqxZe {ksrzksa esa yxHkx 50 ns”kksa dh ;krzk dj ikni
fdLeksa o tkfr;ksa dk O;ofLFkr fo”ys’k.k rFkk oxhZdj.k dj losZ{k.k] laj{k.k ,oa
Hk.Mkj.k fd;kA lalkj Hkj esa ouLifr foKku dh fofHkUu “kk[kkvksa ds oSKkfudksa
us bls ekU;rk iznku dh gSaA
blh Js.kh ds ,p0 ,l0 tsUVªh] iz[;kr vkfFkZd ouLifrK ,oa HkwriwoZ v/;{k
vkfFkZd ouLifr lfefr us fo”o ds 24 ns”kksa dk Hkze.k dj yxHkx iUnzg gtkj
ikniksa ,oa ikjaifjd chtksa ds uewus ,dfrzr fd;sA o’kZ ds e/; tSUVªh us eSfDLkdks
,oa e/; vesfjdk dk nkSjk dj cM+h ekrzk esa taxyh] vkfne o izkphu ,oa muls
fudV laca/k j[kus okyh Nseh@lse@QzSapchu@jktek dk laxzg fd;k tksfd
eq[;r;k fofHkUu jksx izfrjks/kh FksaA
Slide 7 ckn esa irk pyk fd 18 uewus ikni vkuqoaf”kdh lalk/ku txr ds fy;s fcYdqy
u;s Fks] tSls fofHkUu jksx izfrjks/kh ¼jrqvk] pw.khZ] QaQwn] fpro.khZ fo’kk.kq ,oa /kwez&dqgjs
ds dkj.k Hk;adj uqdlku½ tks eq[;r;k O;kikfjd fdLeksa ls ik;s tkrs gSaA bZ tSEl
okYVj ds vuqlkj tc vUrjkZ’Vh; m’.kdfVcU/kh; d`f’k dsUnz] dkyh] dksyfEc;k ds
oSKkfud lSe ?kqu ¼chu choy½ }kjk u’V dh tkus okyh Qzsapchu@ jktek@lse ds
,d vkuqokaf”kdh izfrjks/kh tuunzO; ij vuqla/kku dj jgs Fks] bu oSKkfudksa us tsUVªh
}kjk laxzfgr fd;k gqvk fprdcjh jktek@QzSap chu@ lse dk tuunzO; ns[kk]
ftlds vUnj ,d ,slk thu ekStwn Fkk tks lse ?kqu dks Qly [kkus ls jksdrk Fkk
rFkk ml ij vkdze.k ugha djrk FkkA
bl izdkj vUrjkZ’Vªh; m’.kdfVcU/kh; d`f’k dsUnz ds oSKkfudksa us bl thu ds
tfj, eSdfLdksa esa lse ?kqu dh vjklk;fud jksdFkke dk ekxZ <+w<kA bl vuqla/kku us
fdlkuksa ds yk[kksa Mkyjksa ¼djksM+ksa #I,½ dks cpk;k tks fd dhVuk”kd nokbZ;ksa dks
[kjhnusa esa u’V gksrs Fks lkFk gh i;kZoj.k dks nwf’kr gksus ls cpk;kA jktek@
Qzsapchu@ lse eSfDldks vkSj vQhzdk ns”k dk eq[; vkgkj gSaA
tsUVªh us HkkSxksfyd js[kkadu fprzks ,oa mnkgj.kksa lfgr lkfcr fd;k fd jktek@
Qzsapchu@ lse dk mn~ xe LFkku o lzksr ehlks vesfjdk] eSfDldks ,oa e/; vesfjdk
gSaA
Slide 8 ns”kh chtksa esa ijk;s thu
nqfu;k Hkj esa py jgh thfu;kfxjh dh vka/kh us ikS/k iztuu dh ikjEifjd fof/k;ksa dks
viuh pisV esa ys fy;k gSaA
vc d`f’k oSKkfudksa dks ubZ fdLesa fodflr djus ds fy, ladj.k tSlh Je lk/;
rduhdh ugha viukuh iM+rh cfYd Qlyksa esa eupkgs xq.kksa okys thu dk izos”k djkds ubZ
fdLe rS;kj dh tkrh gSA
,slh fdLeksa dks ijkthuh ;k VªakLtsfud fdLesa dgk tkrk gSaA vc rd nqfu;k Hkj esa 50
ls vf/kd ijkthuh fdLesa fodflr dh tk pqdh gSA buesa ls vf/kdka”k dh O;kolkf;d [ksrh
gks jgh gSA
bu ijkthuh fdLeksa esa jksx izfrjks/k] vf/kd mit] csgrj xq.koRrk vkSj vf/kd
fVdkÅiu tSlh [kwfc;ka ekStwn gksrh gSaA
efgdks&eksUlkUVks ck;ksVSd dEiuh }kjk egkjk’Vª] vkU/kz izns”k] dukZVd] rfeyukMq vkSj
gfj;k.kk esa mxk;h tk jgh dikl dh fookfnr chVh fdLe njvly ijkthuh Qly gSA
ckWaxkMZ* uked bl fdLe esa *ckWayoeZ* uked izeq[k dhV ds izfr jksf/krk ekStwn gSA
dikl esa ;g [kwch *chVh thu* ds ek/;e ls Mkyh xbZ gSA
Slide 9 *chVh thu* cSflyl Fkqfjaft,afll uked feV~Vh esa ik;s tkus okys
thok.kq dk thu gSaA gekjs ns”k esa Hkh *chVh thu* ds ek/;e ls ijkthuh
fdLesa fodflr dh tk jgh gSA
ubZ fnYyh fLFkr Hkkjrh; d`f’k vuqla/kku laLFkku dh iz;ksx”kkyk esa
cSaxu vkSj VekVj esa *chVh thu* Mkyh xbZ gSA blds fy, ;g thu
Hkkjrh; thok.kq ls izkIr dh x;hA
ukxiqj ds dsUnzh; dikl vuqla/kku laLFkku] jkteqanjh ds rackdw
vuqla/kku laLFkku] f”keyk ds dsUnzh; vkyw vuqla/kku laLFkku vkSj y[kuÅ
ds jk’Vªh; ouLifr vuqla/kku laLFkku esa chVh thu okyh fdLesa fodflr
djus ds fy, iz;ksx py jgs gSA
vk”kk gS tYnh gh gekjs ns”k esa Hkh Lons”kh ijkthuh fdLeksa dh Qlysa
ygygk,axhA
Slide 10 fo”o ds eq[; d`f’k ckxckuh Qlyksa ds mn~xe LFkku
d`f’k ckxckuh mn~xe LFkku
v- eq[; vukt ,oa frygu Qlysa
Lkks;kchu ml le; dk la;qDr lksfo;r
jk’Vª la?k
Lwkjteq[kh mRrjh vesfjdk
eDdk esfDldks
ewaxQyh nf{k.k vesfjdk
xsgwWa] tkS] tbZ] elwj- puk nf{k.k if”pe ,f”k;k
pkoy nf{k.k iwohZ ,f”k;k
Tokj] cktjk] eMqWaok vQzhdk
Slide 11 c- Qy
LVªkcsjh] oSLVªuZ M;wcjh] jsM jsLicsjh] dSucsjh] ihdu uV~l mRrjh vesfjdk
,oksdkMks@eD[kuh Qy] vUUkukl nf{k.k vesfjdk
Lskc] uk”kikrh] vywpk] vaxwj] vathj] psjh nf{k.k if”pe& ,f”k;k
[ktwj] rjcwt vQzhdk
vaxwj] psjh] djsaV ;wjksi
dkdks] [kqekuh] uhacw iztkfr] vke] yhph] vkM+w] dsyk] ukfj;y Hkkjr ,oa nf{k.k iwohZ ,f”k;k
l- lfCt;kWa
ts#lye] vkFkhZpksd] Vsisjhchu mRrjh vesfjdk
VekVj] fyekchu] fLaVªxohu] lhrkQy] dn~nw] vkyw] fepZ]
“kdjdUnh] LdSo”k ¼ehBk dn~nw½
nf{k.k vesfjdk
ySV;wl] flysjh] ewyh] ikyd] eVj] iklZuhi@xktj] pqdUnj ;wjksi
fHkaMh] ;ke@jrkyw vQzhdk
n- vU;
vkpZM ?kkl] czkse ?kkl] taxyh jkbZ] ehMksQslD;w]
Dyksoj@cjlhe
ml le; dk la;qDr lksfo;r jk’Vª
la?k
l[r yky “kjn xsgwWa mdsfj;u
dkQh vQzhdk
Pkk;] xUuk nf{k.k iwohZ ,f”k;k
Slide 12 cht laj{kh bdkba;k
lq[kk;s gq, ikjaifjd chtksa dks ¼;g lqfuf”pr djrk gSa fd fdl izdkj ds ikni chtksa dh
fdLesa o iztkfr fo|ekku gSa½ 20&25 o’kksZa ls ysdj 150&200 o’kksZ rd thfor lqjf{kr j[k
ldrs gSaA
thu cSad esa laj{k.k o HkaMkj.k djus dk iqjkuk rjhdk ;g gSa fd N% izfr”kr ;k blls Hkh
de ueh okys chtksa dks ueh izfrjks/kh fyQkQksa o vk/kkuikrzksa esa 5 ls 20 fMxzh ls- xzs- rkieku
rFkk 30&40 izfr”kr vkisf{kd vknzZrk ij lhycan fd;k tkrk gSaA cgqr lkjh df’k Qlyksa ds
fy, ;g fof/k fo”oluh; gksrh gSaA
ijUrq dqN ikni fdLesa o iztkfr;kWa ,slh Hkh gSa] ftuds cht cgqr gh de le; thfor jg
ikrs gSa rFkk ftUgsa lqjf{kr j[kuk cM+k eqf”dy dk;Z gksrk gSaA bl izdkj ds chtksa ds fy,
cgqr lkjh rduhdksa dh vko”;drk gksrh gSa] tSls& fuEurkih laj{k.k ¼dzk;ksfiztjos”ku½A
,d izdkj dk fgehdj.k ;k ukbVªkstu nzO;] ftldk rkkieku 196 fMxzh la- xzs- gksrk gSa
;g ,d izdkj dh cgqr vPNh fodflr izkS|ksfxdh gSaA
bl izdkj ds chtksa] ftudk thoudky cgqr gh de o NksVk gksrk gS ;k mu ikniksa ds
fy;s ftUgsa cht #Ik esa lqjf{kr ugha j[k ldrs] ds fy, Ård lao/kZu rduhd mi;qDr gksrh
gSaA Ård lao/kZu ,d izdkj dh Dyksfuax rduhd gSa] ftlls iw.kZ LoLFk ikni txk;k tk
ldrk gSaA ikni ds ,d NksVs ls Hkkx dks vizkdfrd ek/;e esa rFkk fu;afrzr jksx eqDr
i;kZo;.k esa j[krs gSaA
Slide 13 vk/kqfud fof/k;ksa }kjk ikjEifjd chtksa ls mUur fdLeksa
dk fodkl
oSKkfud ,d gh izdkj ds ikni oa”k ;k iztkfr ,oa dqy ds vUnj ikjaifjd
ij&ijkx.k izfdz;k }kjk thuksa esa Qsj cny djrs gSa ;k vR;Ur vk/kqfud fof/k
vkuqoaf”kd bathfu;fjax ¼tsusfVd bathfu;fjax ½ }kjkA bl fof/k esa ikniksa ds ,d
laxzg ;k ftl ikni lewg dk Mh- ,u- ,- ysuk gS] jklk;fud la?kVdksa dh lgk;rk
ls mlds Mh- ,u- ,- ds VqdM+ks ,oa [k.Mksa dks IkFkd dj ?kksy esa j[kk tkrk gSaA] fQj
bls nwljs ikni ds Mh- ,u- ,- ds lkFk la;ksftr djrs gSaA vc vius u;s ?kj ;k
ekgkSy esa ;s thu fofHkUu dk;Z djrs gS] tSls dhVksa ,oa fofHkUu chekfj;ksa dk izfrjks/k
djukA
varjkZ’Vªh; pkoy vuqla/kku laLFkku] euhyk] fQyhikbUl] tgkWa ij lalkj Hkj ds
,dfrzr pkoy dh 86 gtkj fdLesa lqjf{kr gSa mlds HkwriwoZ funs”kd Vh- tq- pax ds
vuqlkj] D;k cM+s&cM+s cka/kksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj fodflr d`f’k gh izxfr gSa tSlk fd
lekt o mlds yksx dgrs gSaA bl foLrkjhdj.k us [kk|ku ladV [kM+k dj fn;k gSa]
D;ksfd ge lalkj Hkj dh taxyh o izkphu iztkfr;ksa ,oa buls fudV lEcU/k j[kus
okys d`f’k mi;ksxh ikS/kksa] tSls pkoy] eDdk] xsgwa vkfn dks izR;sd o’kZ [kksrs tk jgs
gSaA
Slide 14
xsgwa ds Lotkr fdLeksa ls dbZ egRoiw.kZ thu izkIr fd;s x;s vkSj mUgsa
ikni iztuudrkZvksa us iwjs lalkj Hkj ds fofHkUu d`f’k&ikfjfLFkfrdh; tyok;q
esa mxk;k] ftlds dkj.k tx tkfgj gfjr dzkfUr vkbZA
o’kZ 1977 esa eDdk dh taxyh fdLeksa ls thu izkIr fd;s x;s tks fo’kk.kq
izfrj{kk ¼okbjy bE;wfuVh½ ds fy, izfl} gq,] rFkk bUgha thuksa ls vuqi;qDr
Hkwfe esa Hkh O;kolkf;d eDdk iSnk gksus yxh] tks etcwr rus] etcwr tM+ksa
okyh cgqr ckyh Hkh fl} gqbZA
Slide 15 O;kikj chtksa dk
fo”ks’kKksa dh jk; gS fd Hkkjr ls cht fu;kZr dh
vikj laHkkouk, gSAnf{k.k ,f”k;k vkSj vQzhdk ds
ns”kksa esa Hkkjrh; chtksa dh vPNh ekax gSA
la;qDr jk’V vesfjdk lfCt;ksa ds cht ds O;kikj esa Hkkjr dk izeq[k lk>hnkj gS vkSj
dqN ekrzk esa lfCt;ksa ds cht vesfjdk dks fu;kZr Hkh fd;s tk jgs gSA
tkiku ,d vU; izeq[k lk>hnkj gSA ;g ,d fefy;u MkWayj eqY; ds lfCt;ksa ds
cht vk;kr dj jgk gS vkSj dqN ekrzk esa fu;kZr Hkh dj jgk gSA
;fn Hkkjrh; cht m|ksx chtksa dh xq.koRrk ds izfr vf/kd lpsr gks tk, rks chtksa
ds fu;kZr dk ;g flyflyk tksj idM+ ldrk gSA
varjkZ’Vªh; cktkj esa chtksa dk vkuqoaf”kd “kq}rk vkSj LokLFk cgqr ek;us j[krk gSA
japekrz v“kq}rk ;k lsgr ls tjk lh Hkh “kadk gksus ij cht okil dj fn;s tkrs gS
D;ksfd Qlyksa esa iuius okys vusd jksxksa dks thok.kq ;k fo’kk.kq jksxksa ds ek/;e ls ikS/kksa
es aizos”k djrs gSA ,sls jksxks dks chtks<+ jksx dgk tkrk gSA
Slide 16 chtks dk O;kikj c<+kus vkSj fons”kh eqnzk vftZr djus ds fy, chtksa dh tkap ds
HkjkslseUn vkSj rst mik; rqjUr fodflr djus gksaxsaA blh rjg laxjks/k tkWap dh u;h
rduhds Hkh fodfrl djuh gksaxhA
chtksa ds fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, dqN vU; mik; Hkh lq>k;s x;s gS
rFkk chtksa vkSj vU; jksi.k lkexzh;ksa dks izfrcfU/r lkexzh dh lwph esa ls gVk
nsuk pkfg, D;ksfd bl izfrcU/k ds dkj.k dbZ ckj fu;kZr dh vuqefr feyus esa
bruh nsj gks tkrh gS fd *vkMZj* gh jí gks tkrk gSA
ljdkj chtksa dh deh dh n”kk esa rqjUr fu;kZr dj izfrcU/k yxkus dk
vf/kdkj j[k ldrh gSA gSnjkckn] vkSjaxkckn] caxykSj vkSj fnYyh esaa futh {ksrzksa
dh cht ijh{k.k iz;ksx”kkyk,a LFkkfir dh tkuh pkfg,] rkfd cht fu;kZrdksa dks
fcuk fdlh foyEc vkSj ijs”kkuh ds ukjaxh varjkZ’Vªh; izek.k irz izkIr gks ldsA
;s iz;ksx”kkyk,a varjkZ’Vªh; cht ijh{k.k la?k }kjk ekU;rk izkIr gksuh pkfg,A
blh rjg ds dqN dne laxjks/k dh tkap ds fy, Hkh mBk, tkus dh t#jr
gSA
Slide 17 ikjaifjd chtksa ¼d`’kd iztkfr;ka½ dh deh ls
gksus okyh {kfr
Pkkoy ds {ksrz esa 1966 esa fQyhikbu esa gfjr dzkfUr vkbZ rFkk vPNh ns[k js[k esa
rS;kj laj{k.k dh lgk;rk ls mPp iSnkokj okys cht izkIr gq,A bl cht dh otg
ls ;|fi ;g ns”k 1977 esa vkRe fuHkZj gks x;k Fkk] ijUrq 1990 esa vdky ,oa izp.M
rwQku ds dkj.k bl ns”k dks vesfjdk tSls ns”k ls pkoy vk;kr djuk iM+kA
vnHkqr xq.kksa okyk ;g cht dhVksa ,oa fofHkUu chekfj;ksa rFkk iSnkokj ds ekeys esa
dbZ xquk vf/kd mi;ksxh lkfcr gqvk gSaA baMksusf”k;k vkSj Hkkjr tSsls fodkl”khy
ns”k igys vk;kr ij fuHkZj djrs Fks] ysfdu bu vHkwriwoZ chtksa dh otg ls
vkRefuHkZj gks x;s gSa vkSj Hkkjr rks vc lwMku ,oa vU; fodkl”khy ns”kksa dks fu;kZr
Hkh djrk gSaA
ysfdu vc Hkh bl vHkwriwoZ cht dks ifjiw.kZ] loksZre o vfr mRre ugha dgk tk
ldrkA dqN voljoknh dhV ,oa fo’kk.kq ¼okbjl½ ifjofrZr gksdj bu vHkwriwoZ
chtksa ds izeq[k xq.k izzfrjksf/krk dks lekIr dj nsrs gSaA
gekjs ikjaifjd cht] taxyh ouLifr;ka ,oa muls fudV laca/k j[kus okys df’k
ikni vius izkdfrd LFkkuksa ls xk;c gksrs tk jgs gSa rFkk budk LFkku ladj cht
ys jgs gSaA
Slide 18 vkyw dh Qly esa eSfDldks esa QQawn ls mRiUu jksx ds dkj.k vpkud 1845 esa
vk;jyS.M okfl;ksa dks Hkq[kejh dk eqag ns[kuk iM+k FkkA dqN n”kd iwoZ ,d QQqawn jksx us
Jhyadk esa [ksrh dks pisV esa ys fy;k FkkA
o’kZ 1984 esa uhacw iztkfr ds vadqfjr o`{kksa esa thok.kq jksx us ¶yksfjMk dks vpfEHkr dj
fn;k FkkA
dgk tkrk gSa fd pkoy iz/kku ns”k Jhysdk ds ikl 1959 esa 2000 fofHkuu fdLeksa ds
ikjaifjd cht ekStwn Fks] tcfd vc ekrz 5 izfr”kr cht gh mxk;k tk jgk gSaA
blh izdkj Hkkjr ns”k ds ikl rhl gtkj tkfr;ka] iztkfr;ka o fdLes ekStwn Fkh] ijUrq
vc ekrz 10 izfr”kr gh jg xbZ gSaA
MkWa- xsjhlu fofyfdl] izksQslj] tho foKku] esupsLVj fo”o fo|ky;] vesfjdk ds
vuqlkj u;s fodflr chtksa ds vkus ls ikjaifjd cht ,oa blds Lotkr rFkk fudV
lEcU/k j[kus okys ikni yqIr izk; ls gks x;s gSaA
o’kZ 1970 esa vesfjdk esa vizR;kf”kr egkekjh eDdk dh dkuZ yhQ CykbV dh otg ls
vfr fodflr vesfjdh d’kdksa esa rgydk ep x;k FkkA bl izdkj dh vizR;kf”kr
,sfrgkfld nq?kZVuk;sa u;h ugha gSaA
bfrgkl xokg gS fd tc Hkh ,d gh izdkj dh] ,d gh fdLe] tkfr o iztkfr dh
Qly cksbZ x;h, rHkh Qly dVkbZ ds le; Hkh’k.k ijs”kkuh dk eqag ns[kuk iM+kA
Slide 19 dqN pqukSfr;ka
lu 1994 esa xfBr fo”o O;kikj laxBu ds rgr gq, *fVªIl* ¼O;kikj lEcU/kh ckSf˜d
lEink vf/kdkj½ le>kSrs ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ljdkj dks Qlyksa dh fdLeksa ij viuk
ckSf˜d lEink vf/kdkj cuk;s j[kus ds fy, lu~ 2000 rd isVsaV djuk Fkk ;k *lqbZ
tsusfjl* iz.kkyh viukuh FkhA
Hkkjr us viuh fo”ks’k n”kkvksa dks ns[krs gq, *lqbZ tsusfjl* iz.kkyh viuk;h gSA bls
ykxw djus ds fy, ,d fo”ks’k fo/ks;d cuk;k x;k gS] tks jkT;LHkk }kjk 22 fnlEcj 98
dks ikfjr fd;k x;kA blesa ikS/k iztudks dks ubZ fodflr fdLeksa ij ckSf˜d laink
vf/kdkj iznku djus dk izko/kku gSA
lHkh ubZ fodflr fdLeksa dk iathdj.k djuk vfuok;Z gksuk pkfg, vkSj iathdj.k ds
le; iztud dks fdLe ds ckjs esa iwjh tkudkjh Hkh gksuh pkfg, rkfd vkxs pydj fdLe
dh “kq rk ij fuxkg j[kh tk ldsA
fdLeksa dk iathdj.k gh muds chtksa ds izek.khdj.k dk vk/kkj gksxkA bl rjg lHkh
fdLeksa ds chtksa fd xq.koRrk ij fu;Urz.k j[kuk laHko gksxkA chtksa dh tkap ij[k vkSj
fu/kkZfjr ekudksa dh tkWap ds fy, ,d dsUnzh; cht izek.khdj.k izkf/kdj.k xfBr djus dh
lykg nh gqbZ gSA
Slide 20 Ckht mRiknu ds fy, Qlyksa dh tkap ds rjhds dks O;ogkfjd vkSj dq”ky
cukuk gksxkA
blds fy, *dUVªksy IykaV* rduhd Hkh viuk;h tk ldrh gSA chtksa dh
vkuqokaf”kd tkap ds ekud Hkh fu/kkZfjr djus gksaxsA
blh rjg ?kjsyw mi;ksx ds fy, Hkh chtksa dh DokfyVh lq/kkjus ds mik;
djus gksaxsA blds fy, ,d dsUnzh; cht DokfyVh laxBu dh LFkkiuk dh tk
ldrh gSA
blds ikl *,xekdZ* dh rjg csgrj DokfyVh ds chtksa dks *lhM ekdZ*
tkjh djus dk vf/kdkj gksA *lhM ekdZ* izkIr djus ds fy, cht mRikndks dks
fu/kkZfjr ekud iwjs djus gksaxsA
gekjs ns”k esa chtksa ls lEcfU/kr vusd fu;e dkuwu gS tSls cht vf/kfu;e
1966] cht fu;e 1988] cht dUVªksy vkMZj] 1983 vkfnA t#jh ;g gS fd
orZeku vko”;drkvksa dks ns[krs gq, bu lHkh dks lesfdr djds ,d O;ogkfjd
cht dkuwu cuk;k tk,A
Slide 21 ikjEifjd chtksa ¼d`’kd
iztkfr;ksa½ dk j[k j[kko
vkt ikjEifjd chtksa ds tuunzO;ksa ds laj{k.k
ds fy;s nks eq[; fof/k;kWa Kkr gSa%
bu flVw ;k vkWu lkbV vFkkZr ,slh izkd`frd txg ij laj{k.k djuk
tSls izkd`frd ou] izkd`frd ikdZ vkfnA
,Dl flVw ;k vkQ~ lkbV vFkkZr iz;ksx”kkykvksa] dkap ?kj] vizkd`frd ?kj]
thu cSad esa laj{k.k djukA
orZeku le; esa Ård lao/kZu }kjk ,Dl flVw ikni laj{k.k dk;Zdze
vf/kd mi;ksxh fl} gks jgk gSaA
Slide 22 vkt ds ;qx esa ikni tuunzO;ksa ds izkd`frdoklksa dk rsth ls gzkl ,oa
{kj.k gksrk tk jgk gSa] tcfd ,Dl flVw laj{k.k lqxerk ls gj le;
miyX/k jgrk gSaA ;|fi ;g izkS|ksfxdh dkQh [kphZyh ,oa egaxh fl} gqbZ gS]
fQj Hkh ikni tuubzO; lalk/ku] ds fy, mi;qDr fl} gks jgh gSaA
ikni tuunzO; ¼ikjEifjd cht½ laj{k.k ds fy, bu flVw dk;Zdze vf/kd
izHkkoh gSa] D;ksfd izkd`frd voLFkk esa’ ikjEifjd cht viuh izkphu fdLeksa
ds vf/kd fudV jgrk gSaA
dHkh dHkkj muesa thuksa dk lekxe] vknku&iznku izkd`frd #Ik ls gksus
ds dkj.k tuunzO; lalk/ku esa fofHkUurk cuh jgrh gSa] ysfdu vkt euq’;ksa
}kjk fufeZr d`f’k ifjfLFkfrdh mls u’V djus esa tqVh gSaA
vkt ;g tSfod izfdz;k lekIr gksus dh dxkj ij gS] fQj Hkh ge lekt
dks izpkj] izlkj ek/;eksa }kjk psrkouh ,oa Kku nsdj bu flVw ikjEifjd
chtksa dk j[k j[kko dj ldrs gSaA
Slide 23
tuunzO; vUos’k.k ,oa laxzg.k
o’kZ 1985 ls 2013 rd Hkokyh dsUnz }kjk 156 vUos’k.k
,oa laxzg.k gsrq nkSjksa dk vk;kstu fd;k rFkk 16423
LFkkuh; Qlyksa dh fdLeksa dk lqnwj ioZrh; {ksrzksa ls
laxzg fd;k x;k gS] ftuesa izeq[k lqnwj nqxZe ioZrh;
{ksrz gaS&ftyk peksyh ds #idq.M ¼5000 eh0½] Qwyksa dh
?kkVh ¼3000&4500 eh0½] oklqdh rky ¼4500 eh-½] uSuhrky
o ikSM+h ds Fkk# ,oa cqDlk tutkfr {ks= ¼100&300 eh-½]
ftyk mRrjdk”kh esa gj&dh& nwu] pkufly /kkj ¼4500 eh0½] ftyk
ckxs”oj esa lqanj<qaxk] dkQuh ,oa fi.Mkjh ¼4500 eh0½] ÅW ioZr]
ukHkh<kax] xC;kZx] dqVh] ikoZrh ljksoj o NksVk dSyk”k ¼5000 eh0½
,oa vU; lqnwjorhZ nqxZe {ksrz “kkfey gSaA
Slide 24 mRrjk[k.M esa d`f’k&ckxokuh vkuqokaf”kd lalk/ku
Qly oxZ dk uke Ikztkfr;kas dh
la[;k
[kk|ku ¼/kku] xsgwW] tkS] eDdk vkfn½ 05
Nne&[kk|ku ¼pqvk] cFkqok] Åxy] dqVq] Qkij vkfn½ 06
eksVs o vfr eksVs vukt ¼efnjk] eMqWok] phaM+k] dkS.kh vkfn½ 06
nygusa ¼HkV] elwj] xgr] Nseh] eVj] ekl] mM+n] yksfc;k vkfn½ 17
frygu ¼ykgh] jk.kk] jkbZ] vylh] Hkaxthj] fry vkfn½ 09
lfCt;ka ¼isBk] ?kqbZ;k] xnqvk] Nseh] ykSdh] rqjbZ] djsyk] vkyw] cSaxu] ikyd] ckdyk
vkfn½
27
Lkykn ¼ewyh] ysaV;wl] xktj] “kyte vkfn½ 07
elkysa o Nksad okys ikni ¼gjxU/k] nqu] I;kt] yglqu] fepZ] t[;k] /kfu;k vkfn½ 17
js”kk ¼iVlu] Hkhey] fuxky½ 07
?kjksa@vkaxuksa ,oa ckM+ksa ds vkxs&ihNs ¼lseh MksesfLVdsVsM½ ¼edqZvk] HkksfV;k thjk vkfn½ 11
eknd is; & ukjdksfVDl ¼rEckdw vkfn½ 02
okf”kax@fMVjtsaV ¼jhBk½ 01
veknd Iks; ¼pk;½ 01
vkS’k/kh; ,oa lxa/k ikS/ks ¼vrhl] fo’k] xUnzk;.k] lkyeiatk] tVkeklh] dqVdh vkfn½ 12
m|kfudh ,oa vU; Qy ¼dhoh] iihrk] uhacw] dkdw] yksdkV] v[kjksV] lsc vkfn½ 34
dqy 162
Slide 25 e/; fgeky; dh O;olkf;d] vKkr] de
tkuh&igpkuh taxyh [kkus ;ksX; ouLifr;ksa esa
vkuqokaf”kdh fofHkUurk ,oe~ lalk/ku
fofHkUu iknikas esa
vkuqokaf”kdh lalk/ku
dqy
¼la[;k½
Oka”k
¼la[;k½
tkfr
¼la[;k½
izeq[k dqy
df’k ,oe~ ckxokuh Qly
,oe~ muls fudV lEcU/k
j[kus okyh ouLifr;kW]
vkS’k/kh; ,oe~ lqxa/kh; ikS/ks
¼O;olkf;d izdkj ds½
112 162 53 Qscslh ¼21½] czslhdslh ¼12½]
dqdqjfcVslh ¼14½] iksoslh ¼11½] #Vslh
¼08½] jkstslh ¼07½] lksysuslh ¼07½]
,sislh ¼07½] ,sesjkbZyhMslh ¼06½
izeq[k taxyh [kkus ;ksX;
ouLifr;kW
259 359 119 jkstslh ¼27½] iksyhxsuslh ¼20½] Qscslh
¼14½] yseslh ¼12½] ,LVsjslh ¼11½]
,sesjkbZyhMslh ¼10½] fyfy,lh ¼10½]
vVhZdslh ¼10½] ,ejsUFkslh ¼08½]
lhlyfiuslh ¼07½] cslhdslh ¼07½]
#Vslh ¼07½] eksjslh ¼07½] #cslh ¼06½
Cont.
Slide 26 fofHkUu iknikas esa
vkuqokaf”kdh
lalk/ku
dqy ¼la[;k½ Oka”k
¼la[;k½
tkfr
¼la[;k½
izeq[k dqy
Hkkjr ns”k ds fy,
ubZ vfrfjDr [kkus
;ksX; ouLifr;kW
¼vKkr@de
tkuh&igpkuh½
40 50 30 iksyhxsuslh ¼07½]
,sesjkbZyhMslh ¼03½] bZjhdslh
¼03½] ,LVsjslh ¼03½] jkstslh
¼03½] ok;syslh ¼03½
Hkfo’; ds cktkj esa
mPp nke ij
feyus okyh [kk|
taxyh ouLifr;kW
¼LFkkuh; cktkj esa
fodz; gsrq@yksd
?kjsyw@v/kZ ?kjsyw
izdkj dh½
40 53 29 jkstslh ¼10½] ikyhxksuslh
¼03½
Slide 27 taxyh [kk| ouLifr;ksa dh vkB Jsf.k;kW ,oa muesa oa”k] tkfr ,oa
izeq[k dqyksa dh la[;k
Jsa.kh@oxZ dqy
¼la[;k½
Oka”k
¼la[;k½
tkfr
¼la[;k½
izeq[k dqy
lfCt;kW 57 119 165 iksyhxsuslh] Qscslh] yseslh] ,ejsUFkslh]
lhlyfiuslh] dqdqjfoVslh
Qy 61 112 156 jkstslh] eksjslh] cjscsjhMslh] #Vslh]
,ukdksMsalh] bgjlslh
Eklkys 25 56 106 ,yh,lh] ,ih,lh] czslhdslh] yseslh]
iksyhxksuslh] #Vslh] ftUthfcjslh]
vpkj@pVuh 23 29 35 jkstslh] bysbxuslh] ikyhxksuslh
nkuk@cht@fxjhnkj ;k
dk’BQy ;k uV
27 29 34 Ikksyhxksuslh] ckylkehuslh
lykn@dPpk [kkus ;ksX; 30 45 52 Ikksyhxksuslh] ,LVsjslh
eknd@veknd@is;@
”kcZr
35 57 70 ,ih,lh] ,LVsjslh] dsukfcuslh] yseslh]
iks,lh] iksyhxksuslh] jkstslh] #Vslh]
lsiksVslh o Okk;syslh
frygu 04 06 08 okylkfeuslh] lsiksVslh
Slide 28 xsgwW dh ijEijkxr fdLesa % ,d v/;;u ¼ikSM+h x<+oky½
ijEijkxr fdLesa xsgwW Ikzfr”kr
(%)
,fPNd@bfPNr xq.k
eqafM;k@eqUnzh ¼>wl
jfgr½
44 vflafpr@flafpr] vdky izfrjks/kh
LoknHkjh jksVh] vPNk pkjk mRikn
>wfl;k@fdlko ¼>wl
lfgr½
25 vflafpr vPNh iSnkokj taxyh
tkuojksa ls cpkrk gS rFkk taxyksa ls
lVs xkWo esa
QkehZ@ns”kh ¼mPp
iSnkokj nsus okyh fdLesa½
31 flafpr Hkwfe o vf/kd [kkn] esgur
Slide 29
cht jax ¼xsgwW½ % ,d v/;;u ¼ikSM+h x<+oky½
cht jax Ykky vEcj lQsn dqy %
eqafM;k@eqUnzh 31 23 23 77
>wfl;k 19 04 00 23
dqy ;ksx % 50 27 23 100
Slide 30 vU; ,fPNd xq.k vk/kkj ¼xsgwW½ %
,d v/;;u ¼ikSM+h x<+oky½
LFkku
iSnkokj Lkw[kk
izfrjks/kh
jksVh dk
Lokn
Pkkjk
iSnkokj
taxyh tkuojksa
o if{k;ksa ls
cpko
{ksrzQy
iSnkokj
eqafM;k@eqUnzh
LFkkuh;
2 1 1 1 3 1
>wfl;k LFkkuh; 1 2 2 2 1 2
QkehZ@ns”kh 3 3 3 3 2 3
Slide 31 ,dfrzr fd;s x;s d`’kd iztkfr
/kku ds uke
¼v½ 50 ehVj ls 1500 ehVj
vkuanh@vUnh vkuanh vatuk cM+k lkdsr
Ckxkjh cXkfM;k cxkuh cedqvk
Ckkdqyh ckjhd cxfM;k cklerh ckSuh
Hknkjh fcUnqyh Ckh;wjk Pk[;k&59
pEck Nkuh NkSfu;k fpUeqjh
Pkkbuk&IV NksfV;k lkdsr NksVh NksfV;k
nknh/kku nQkSVh ny cny MkUMw ukSyh
MaaXk;k ns”kh cklerh /kfu;k nq/k
xMkyk Xks# X;klw Tkheh
Xkhtk Xkksj[kiqjh xqjnh galh
galjkt gkFkh bUnzklu tekyh
tkSyh tkSfy;k Tk;Urh tokyh pkj
>qejh dkyk/kku dkykthjh dkyheykbZ
dYFkquh;k deksjk dUrdksfy;k djgjk
dRjh;k [kktk [kft;k [kkjk
dhjeksyks fdjewyh dksbZefj;k dqusyMh
Cont.
Slide 32
¼v½ 50 ehVj ls 1500 ehVj
yky clUrh Ykky/kku@ykylkVh yekMh ykSax@ykSax
ykouh Ekk/kqjh eUlwjh elwjh
ehecjh eslw eksfV;k cxfM;k eksrh;k@eksfrvk
eqath uku/kkuh@uUngkuh uDdk ikoZrh
ikfdLrkuh ikdrksyh irksyh ikSVh
ihfy;k fiaXyk fiaXyh fiaXywukt
Ikh vkj&106 Iatkch Ikwlk&33 jktHkksx
jkterh Jtwyk jketoku jeuqvk
jVwfj;k lcjh lQsn vatu lky
lkdsr lkjh lkFkh lkSjk
lkSjh lkouikrh “kdqUryk lhetM+h
Lkw;kZ rkjhdksV rkbZpqax usfVo Fkkikphuh
fryd&pUnu freyh m[kSaM th#yh
Cont.
Slide 33 ¼c½ 1501 ls 2000 ehVj
vUpu cnikM+k cxwok Ckuiklk
HkR;k cqX;ky Pokj PokV
PokVks Pkhack NksVh /kqj cklerh
nq/kh nqf/k;k xM;kyh xaxjhlh
Xk#fM+;k K;klwZ tSrksyh tSrqok
tkikuh t[kZ;k Tkkok/kku >kiwyh
>jok >wlh >qUlkjh th#yh
tqYlk dtwjh dysÅ dkSuk
dRkwj;k dRFkwax dqekÅW ukt dUMwjh
djikj Ykky ywdwjh enxqjh
Ekghu eqaX;k irkfu;k joU;L;k
fj[k;ksM+ jksVh jksfVaxk lQsn L;ky
Lkky Lkkok Lk;kujh “kk[kwy
Lkq[kfgyk VaxMwyh rsyh Bqyuku/kkuh
Rkksfy;k m[kSM m[ksM+h fodkl igkM+h
Slide 34 mRrjk[k.M esa /kku ds eq[; {ksrz
cklerh jkexaxk ?kkVh] pdjksrk] riksou ¼_f’kds”k½] eysFkk
mijkÅ@eksVk@yky jax@”khr
izfrjks/kh
tksgkj] nkuiqj] nkjek] dkyh ?kkVh] rekyh] lkSj] xaxksyhgkV]
FkSyhlSa.k o vyduUnk ?kkVh
,VfdaUlu ¼1882½&48( 1995&21( 2006&14
vc rd Hkkjr esa /kku dh 739 lq/kjh gqbZ fdLeksa dk foekspu( T;knkrj d’kd iztkfr;kW e/;e
ÅWpkbZ esa ¼2500 eh0½ miyC/kA ekrz 0-7% fdLesa gh e/;e ÅWpkbZ rd igqWp ikbZ gSaA
veknd is; lHkh yky jax cht ds /kku
eksVs rus@izfrdwy okrkoj.k esa flYdk] ykyerh] lkrerh
lqxU/k o Lokn galjkt] cklerh] cjiklks] dR;wj] Fkkikphuh
mPp iSnkokj jktHkksx] mYgVk] tCnh
yEcs vkdkj ds nkus jketoku] cklerh
lHkh {ksrzksa ds fy, mi;qDr Fkkikphuh] NksVw@NqVqok
jax Ykky % jru] yky tfM+;k] yky /kku] ikSfB;k] fuebZ(
ihyk&lQsn % jketoku
vkS’k/kh; xq.k dQY;k] ykylkVh] enxqjh
iwtk@vk/;kfRed@fookg ,oa vU;
ekaxfyd lekjksg vkfn
lSyk] lkok] cjiklks] fryd pUnu] ykyk pUnu] cdqfy;k
¼”khr izfrjks/kh½] yVwfj;k] /kfu;k
ukLrk ¼pcsuk] cq[k.kk] P;wM+k] [khy½ lkok] [kft;k] vkuUnh@vUnh
taxyh tkuojksa ls cpko pefM+;k] ?kslw] L;wM+h
thu {kj.k@yqIr Ekq[ekj] lqu[kphZ] nq/k] xksft;k@xksth o cksjku
Slide 35 /kku dh LFkkuh; d`’kd iztkfr;kW % ,d v/;;u ¼ftyk ckxs”oj½
lkekU; d’kd iztkfr
¼flafpr@vflafpr½
flafpr Hkwfe mijkÅ Hkwfe
cdqvk cusrh vLdksVh
cuclk ?ksslw cuikl
NksfV;k@NksVw Tekyh cksfjZ;k
nycny >Mqok cksjku
MYyw d”ehjh pefM;k
TkkSfy;k dR;wjh nu ukSyh
didksVh eqFkekyk >qefj;k
dkoFkquh ikfuy taxbZ@taxy /kku
[kft;k izlkn dko/kku
enxqjh I;ksfy;k ewlkSyh
uku/kkuh iatkch ikdrksyh
ukSfy;k jru Ikrkjh
L;qfM;k jksVh L;kSaV
Fkkikphuh ryid rduksbZ
mLdj
mB
Slide 36 /kku % mPp iSnkokj nsus okyh fdLeksa ls {kj.k ¼ckxs”oj½
mPp iSnkokj nsus okyh
fdLesa
LFkkuh; d`’kd iztkfr;ka
[krjs esa
Ikzfr”kr ekrzk
¼d`’kd iztkfr;ksa
esa cnyko½
rkbZpqax usfVo&8 th#yh] eaxjkt] ukSfy;k 5-17
Pkkbuk&4] vkbZ vkj&24 fleutM+h] /kqj cklerh]
vdM+h] jkterh] vatuh]
eqlekj] dYij] gB]
ek[kqj] lao/kku
Slide 37 d`’kdksa }kjk LFkkuh; /kku iztkfr;ksa dk p;u % ,d v/;;u
¼ftyk ckxs”oj½
LFkku d’kdksa }kjk LFkkuh; iztkfr dk p;u@igpku
{ksrz mPp
iSnkokj
Lokn pkjk izfrdwy
okrkoj.k
Tkaxyh tkuojksa }kjk
uqdlku uk gksus
okyh
1 Fkkikphuh Fkkikphuh tekbZ Fkkikphuh Fkkikphuh nu ukSyh
2 tekbZ@tekyh NksfV;k Fkkikphuh mLdj mLdj pefM+;k
3 NksfV;k -- cdqvk -- pefM;k tqaxbZ
4 -- -- -- -- doFkquh --
5 -- -- -- -- cdqvk --
6 -- -- -- -- cksjku --
7 -- -- -- -- nu ukSyh --
Slide 38 d`’kdksa }kjk /kku ds LFkkuh; uke dh
O;qRifRr % ,d v/;;u ¼ftyk ckxs”oj½
oxZ okaNuh; df’k ewY;kadu xq.k la[;k
¼izfr”kr½
ikni vkdkfjdh ikni ÅWpkbZ] cht jax]
“kkdh; xq.k
17 ¼37-78½
Ik;kZoj.kh; ck/;rk enk ds izdkj] i;kZoj.k
izfrdwyrk] Qly izdkj
13 ¼28-89½
df’k&ewY;kadu
xq.k
Qwy o idus dk le;]
iSnkokj
04 ¼8-89½
mnxe@Lrzksr LFkku@{ksrz] xzke] fdlku 08 ¼17-77½
mi;ksfxrk O;atuksa ds izdkj] Lokn] yksd
Kku
03 ¼6-67½
Slide 39
d`’kdksa }kjk izkIr chtksa dk Lrzksr ¼ftyk ckxs”oj½
cht miyC/krk la[;k izfr”kr ¼%½
Lo;a ds [ksr esa 45 77-58
iM+ksl ds xkWo@fj”rsnkj 10 17-24
Lo;a cht ,tsUlh 03 5-18
dqy 58 100-00
Slide 40 ikni thu {kj.k % voyksdu
vof/k : d’kd iztkfr;ksa esa idus dh vof/k T;knk tcfd mPp iSnkokj fdLeksa esa
deA
vkdkj : ikS/ks] nkus@cht] “kkkdh; c<+okj mRrjnk;h gS p;u@igpku@{kj.k dsA
rduhdh Kku : d’kd@ijEijkxr iztkfr;ksa esa rduhdh Kku
¼cqvkbZ@fujkbZ@xqM+kbZ@dVkbZ vkfn½ lfn;ksa ls miyC/kA
ekSle cnyko : ikuh dh miyC/krk de gksus ls fdlkuksa us flafpr Hkwfe esa mxus okys
iztkfr;ksa dks mijkÅ@vflafpr Hkwfe esa yxkus ds fy, ck/;
Ikztkfr;ksa esa cnyko : /kku iztkfr;ksa esa dYBqfu;k] xMkyk] teky o cklerh dh txg
vLdksVh dsk yxkuk “kq# dj fn;k gS D;ksfd ;g mPp iSnkokj] “khr
izfrjks/kh o mijkÅ {ksrz esa vPnh rjg ls iSnkokj nsrh gSA
Xkksth dks cnyk gS fuebZ lsA
ekrzk ij T;knk /;ku xq.koRrk ij deA
nhed] xusy] pwgs]
[kjxks”k] cUnj] yaxwj ds
vkdze.k ,oa vU; izfrdwy
okrkoj.k gksus ds dkj.k
: Xkq#l@ukSjaxh nky] efnjk] eMqok] HkV] ekl] xgr] dHkh ,d le; esa
vPnh iSnkokj gksrh Fkh ijUrq nhed] xusy] pwgs] [kjxks”k] cUnj] yaxwj ds
vkdze.k ,oa vU; izfrdwy okrkoj.k gksus ds dkj.k lHkh Qlyksa esa
mRiknu de o lekfIr ds dxkj ijA
ijEijkxr izpyu@
jhfr&fjokt@ fof/k;kW
: vokMk % xfeZ;ksa esa gy tqrkbZ] [ksr lery djuk] [kjirokjksa dks
tykuk vkfn izpyu@jhfr&fjokt yxHkx lekfIr dh vksjA
Slide 41
Slide 42 tuunzO; ewY;kadu
bl dsUnz esa df’k&ckxokuh Qlyksa tSls jktekl] elwj] eVj]
xsgwW] tkS dh taxyh ,oe~ muls fudV lEcU/k j[kus okys
ikni tSls taxyh I;kt] yglqu] fHkaMh] pkjk?kkl] m|kuh;
,oe~ ltkoVh ikni Mgsfy;k] xqykc] lsc] vkM+w] [kqckuh]
v[kjksV] uk”kikrh] cknke vkfn dk ewY;kadu dk;Z Hkh fd;k
tk jgk gSA vkS’k/kh; ,oa laxa/k ikni iztkfr;ksa esa miyC/k
fofHkUu mi;ksxh jklk;fud vOk;oksa dk iz;ksx”kkyk esa
v/;;u ds }kjk xgu ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA
mijksDr ewY;kadu izfdz;kvksa dks nks ;k nks ls vf/kd o’kksZ rd yxkrkj djuk
iM+rk gSaA vkS|kfud Qlyksa esa bl dk;Z dks dbZ o’kZ yx tkrs gSaA bl izdkj tuunzO;
ewY;kadu }kjk oSKkfudksa dks fofHkUu okafPNr xq.kksa ls ;qDr vuqla/kku lkexzh miyC/k gks
tkrh gSA lkFk gh lkFk d’kdksa ds fy, vPNs fdLeksa ds mn;eku tuunzO;ksa dk Hkh irk
pyrk gSA vHkh rd ewY;kadu tuunzO;ksa esa ls 162 mn;eku tuunzO;ksa ds #Ik esa
fpfUgr fd;s x;s gSaA buesa izeq[k Qlysa gSa&xsgwW] tkS] eDdk] eMqWok] jktek] elwj] fepZ]
jkblchu] LVªkcsjh] XysfM;ksykbZ] dhoh ¼rkseqjh&uj] gSokMZ ,oa ,yhlu&eknk½] uhacw
¼mRrjkapyh dkxth uhacw½] fglkyw ¼mRrjkapyh fglkyw½] dkdw ¼mRrjkapyh dkdw½] pkSpkS
¼mRrjkapyh pkSpkS½] jkst ftjsfu;e] xkMZu lst] jkstesjh] ySosUMj vkfnA
Slide 43 tuunzO; fofue;
fons”kksa ls vk;kr fu;kZr ds vfrfjDr ns”k esa d`f’k
,oa vkS|kfud dk;ksZ ls tqM+s oSKkfudksa dks muds }kjk
okafPNr tuunzO; Hkh miyC/k djk;s tkrs gSaA bl gsrq tuunzO; ysus okyh
laLFkk dks ,d le>kSrk irz ij gLrk{kj djuk gksrk gSaA bl rjg Hkokyh fLFkr
{ksrzh; dsUnz fofHkUu laLFkkvksa dks vuqla/kku gsrq Qlyksa] Qyksa] tM+h&cwfV;ksa]
lfCt;ksa] nyguksa vkfn dk tuunzO; miyC/k djrk gSA
oSKkfud laLFkkvksa ds vfrfjDr {ksrz ds d`’kdksa dks Hkh {ksrzh; dsUnz }kjk
mi;ksxh ikni fdLeksa dks ekaxdj rFkk mudk ewY;kadu djds miyC/k djk;k
tkrk gSA dhoh Qy] de rkieku o de ÅWpkbZ ij mxus okys lsc] uk”kirh]
jkst ftjsfu;e] ySosUMj] jkstesjh] Dysjhlst] isluQzwV vkfn blds lQy
mnkgj.k gSaA
Slide 44 tuunzO; laj{k.k
mu ikni iztkfr;ksa dk ftudk vklkuh ls cht cu tkrk
gS mUgsa ewY;kadu ds Ik”pkr~ yach vof/k Hk.Mkj.k ¼50&100 o’kZ½
ds fy, eq[;ky; ubZ fnYyh Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA e/; vof/k Hk.Mkj.k gsrq ¼10&20
o’kZ½ dsUnz ij gh “khr x`g gS] tgkW leLr oSKkfud ijh{k.k ds mijkUr chtksa dks
lajf{kr j[kk tkrk gSA bl izdkj ds laj{k.k dks ,Dl&lhVw ¼vizkdfrd okl½
laj{k.k dgk tkrk gSA
ikniksa dh vusd iztkfr;ka ,slh Hkh gksrh gS ftudk cht ugha cu ikrk gS]
mudk izlkj.k tM+] Vguh o vU; fof/k;ksa }kjk gksrk gSA ,slh iztkfr;ksa dks {ksrzh;
dsUnz ds iz{ksrz rFkk okuLifrd m|ku ¼vc rd 445 uewus laxzg fo|eku½ esa fd;k
tkrk gSA tks oSKkfudksa dh ns[k&js[k esa gksrk gSaA blds vfrfjDr vusd ikni
iztkfr;ksa tSls& dsyk] gYnh] vnjd o vusdksa nwljh iztkfr;ksa dk laj{k.k Ård
laoa/kZu rduhd }kjk fd;k tkrk gS bl gsrq tuunzO; lkexzh ubZ fnYyh fLFkr
eq[;ky; dks Hksth tkrh gSA bl rjg vusd ikni iztkfr;ksa dk laj{k.k
ijk&LFkkus ¼bu&foVªks½ iz.kkyh ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
Cont.
Slide 45 ,d egRoiw.kZ dk;Z tks *izkd`frd okl* ¼vku QkeZ datjos”ku½ esa laj{k.k
dgykrk gSA ;g {ksrzh; dsUnz] bl fn”kk esa egRoiw.kZ dk;Z dj jgk gSA bl dk;Z
gsrq fdlkuksa dks mudh ijEijkxr Qly iztkfr;ksa dks lajf{kr j[kus gsrq izsfjr
fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj mUgsa rduhd miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gSA lkFk gh lkFk
nwj&njkt ds d’kdksa ds muds vkl&ikl miyC/k tM+h&cwfV;ksa dh tkudkjh nsdj
mUgsa laj{k.k gsrq izsfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
{ksrzh; dsUnz Hkokyh ds e/;e vof/k Hk.Mkj.k x`g esa orZeku esa [kk|kUu]
Nn~e [kk|kUu] eksVs o vfr eksVs vukt] nyguksa] frygu] lfCt;ksa] elkysa o NkSad
okys ikS/ks] tM+h&cwfV;ka] Qlyksa dh taxyh iztkfr;ka o lkt&lTtk okys ikni
dh 11]367 uewus lajf{kr gSaA buds vfrfjDr vusdksa ikni iztkfr;ka ¼yxHkx 1403
uewus½ okuLifrd m|ku o iz{ksrz esa lajf{kr j[kh xbZ gSaA
Slide 46 jk’Vªh; ikni vkuqokaf”kd lalk/ku C;wjks] {ksrzh; dsUnz Hkokyh esa e/;e vof/k
Hk.Mkj.k esa fofHkUu d`f’k] ckxokuh] vkS’k/kh;] lax/kh; ,oa vU; vkfFkZd mi;ksxh
ouLifr;ksa dh foLr`r tuunzO; fLFkfr ¼tqykbZ 2013 rd½
Qly oxZ dk uke Lkaxzfgr uewuksa
dh la[;k
[kk|ku ¼TkkS&721] EkDdk&301] /kku&973] XksgwWa&2255½ 4250
Nne&[kk|ku ¼jkenkuk&559] dwVw@vksxy&45½ 604
eksVs o vfr eksVs vukt ¼Ekfnjk&176] EkMqWaok&317] dkdqu&26]
Pkhuk&20] Tokj&02½
541
nygusa ¼,Mtqdh chu&08] mM+n&101] Ykkssc;k&90] Ckkdyk&19] QzSap
chu&1165] Pkuk&02] ewWax&03] dqYFkh&199] [ksljh&11] elwj&1245]
eksB&06] dkSap&04] eVj&350] vjgj&28] jkblchu&266]
Lkks;kchu&441½
3938
frygu ¼ljlksa &432] ewWaxQyh&81] vylh &01] fry&61]
Lkqjteq[kh&03½
578
Cont.
Slide 47 Qly oxZ dk uke Lkaxzfgr uewuksa
dh la[;k
lfCt;ka ¼isBk &04] ykSdh&30] cSaxu &01] xktj&02] cFkqok&06]
fHk.Mh&45] ewyh&121] rksjbZ&49] lse&27] ikyd&33] “kyte&01]
ddM+h&22] ehBk djsyk&41] djsyk & 2] dn~nw&12] rksjbZ ¼Liat
xkssMZ½& 02½
398
elkysa o Nksad okys ikni ¼Pkelwj&12] fepZ&1225] /kfu;k&232]
esFkh&106] Hkkax&22] I;kt&10] Hkaxthjk&55½
1662
vkS’k/kh; ,oa lax/k ikni 268
Qlyksa dh taxyh iztkfr;ka ¼,sthyksIl&97] ,sfy;e iztkfr;ka&28]
vksV iztkfr;ka&32] [khjk ¼taxyh½&32] tkS iztkfr&02] fHkaMh
iztkfr;ka&29] xsgwWa iztkfr;ka&135] isM+ okyk VekVj&01½
356
lkt lTtk okys ikS/ks ¼xSank iztkfr&22½ 22
dqy ;ksx 12617
Slide 48 misf{kr ,oe~ vYi mi;ksxh ikni % Hkfo"; dh
ladV ekspd Qlysa
izeq[k rhu Qlysa ¼fo'o dh [kk| lqj{kk ½ % eDdk] xsgw¡ o /kku
fo'o Hkj esa miyC/k % 7000 [kk| ikS/ks ¼Hkfo"; dh ladVekspd Qlysa½
● lfn;ksa ls Hkj.k&iks"k.k ● iks"k.k ls Hkjiwj
● izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iSnkokj ● df"k esa de ykxr
● Hkw[k ls yM+us dh {kerk
● mnkgjk.kFkZ % cFkqvk] LFkkuh; lks;kchu ¼dkys HkV~V½] dkQy] fdyeksM+k] pw[k@ ves'k] pqok@
elwZ@ jkenkuk] dqVw@ Qkij] mxy] ]fyaxqM+k dqFkqM+k fllw.k@ dM+kayh A
● jkstxkj ds volj
Qy % xqeQy] iksFkh] fglksay] Hkeksj] fxobZ] cgwgy] P;wjk] csMw] fduxksM+A
lfCt;ka % txZ] lsey] dpukj] frewy] r:M+] xsBh] :dhA
Eklkys % tEcw@ Qj.k] xUnzk;.k] ou & rqylh ] t[;k] Hakxthj] pe'kwjA
Slide 49 mRrjk[k.M % {ks= fo'ks"k dh dqN Qlysa
eaMy] xksis'oj ¼peksyh½] dsnkj ¼vYeksM+k½( iqYyk] pksesy]
yksgk?kkV ¼pEikor½( ukpuh] ck¡lcxM+ ¼fiFkkSjkx<+½
% Ukhacw] larjk] ekYVkA
dkyk[ksr@ jhNh@ VwVke ¼jkeuxj] uSuhrky½( ukSrky]
}kjkgkV] xqjM+kc¡kt] yksck¡t ¼vYeksM+k½
% xaMsjh ¼lQsn % nsj ls idus okyh]
yky % tYnh ls idus okyh½
dksV] vkxjk[kky ¼fVgjh½( pksIrk@ jksoM+k ] iaxwV
¼uSuhrky½
% vnj[k
Xk:M+] cStukFk ¼ckxs'oj½ % Ckklerh ¼tYnh idrh gSa½
fHkfd;klSa.k] ckM+kdksV ¼vYeksM+k½ % xgFk] efnjk] HkV~V] >axksjkA
/kkukpwyh] lqcwbZ ¼uSuhrky½( dk.kkrky ¼fVgjh½( Fkjkyh]
nsoky yksgkxat ¼peksyh½
% yEcs vkyw ¼lQsn Qwy½
fHkfd;klSa.k ¼vYeksM+k( [kVhek] cuclk ¼m/ke flag uxj½ % Ykky vkyw ¼ykfyek½
x:M+] lkses'oj ¼vYeksM+k½ % vkyw lQsn Qwy ¼ykSaxdhij½
pkaQh] uSy] f?ka?kjk.kh ¼uSuhrky½ % yky ¼flapkbZ½
/kkukpwyh] ineiqjh] igkM+ikuh] esj xk¡o] MksaB] Nfy;kxksaB
¼uSuhrky½
% vkyw ¼vflafpr½
Slide 50 lYV] ddyklks ¼vYeksM+k½ % fepZ] pkSykbZ@ jkenkuk
/kfu;kdksV ¼uSuhrky½ % VekVj
[kSjuk] xjeikuh] ckjxy ¼uSuhrky½ % f'keyk fepZ
gjrik] frrkSyh] pksIrk ¼uSuhrky½ % /kfu;k
fHkfd;klSa.k] eklh] pkS[kqfV;k] ikaMs[kksyh] jkexaxk ?kkVh ¼vYeksM+k½ % vke ¼vpkjh@ pwLik cEcblk] cUnjeq[kh]
dyeh] ckjegeklh½
dqVh] equL;kjh] lksj?kkVh ¼fiFkkSjkx<+½ % dksVw] Qkij
pUnknsoh ¼uSuhrky½] d:yh ¼ckxs'oj½] lsjk?kkVh ¼vYeksM+k½ % igkM+h dsyk
Xkxkl?kkVh ¼vYeksM+k½ % ykSdh] ddM+h] rqjbZA
deyxk<+ iqjksyk ¼mRrjdk'kh½ % Pkofj;k /kku
nqukfxfj ¼vYeksM+k½ % Ekwyh
gf"kZr ¼mRrjdk'kh] eqUkL;kjh]½ ¼fiFkkSjkx<+½] eqDrs'oj] /kkukpwyh] ¼uSuhrky½]
tkSulkj & Hkkcj] pdjkSrk ¼nsgjknwu½
% jktek
Ykksgk?kkV ¼pEikor½ % ew¡xQyh
nsgjknwu] dksV}kj ¼ikSM+h½] riksou] _f"kds'k ¼fVgjh½] ckxs'oj % cklerh
jkeuxj] nsgjknwu % yhph
dqtx<+ dk lsjk] jkuh[ksr] xxkl?kkVh ¼vYeksM+k½ % I;kt dk cht
esa<kuk?kkV ¼ikSM+h½ % v[kjksV
fouk;d] ekSuk] Yos'kky pkiM+ ¼uSuhrky½( vksyh] eykjh] tks'keB ¼peksyh½ % [kqckuh
Slide 51 HkkSxksfyd igpku fpg~uksa@ ladsrks ¼ft;ksxzfQdy
bUMhds'ku½ dk d`f"k ckxokuh esa egRo
ckSf)d lEink vf/kdkj ¼vkbZ-ih-vkj-½
1 O;kikj jgL; ¼VªsM lhØsV½
2 ,dkkf/kdkj ¼isVsUV½
3 O;kikj fpg~u ¼VªsM ekdZ½
4 izdk'ku vf/kdkj ¼dkih jkbV½
5 HkkSxksfyd igpku fpg~u @ ladsr ¼ft;ksxzfQdy bUMhds'ku½
ih-ih-oh ,.M ,Q- vkj- 2001 ikS/kk fdLe lqj{kk ,oe~ d"kd vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e
vjc % ?kksM+ks ds fy,
phu % flYd
<kdk % Ekyey
osful % lhlk
Hkkjr
Hkkjr o ikfdLrku
%
%
elkysa
cklerh pkoy
Slide 52 jkT; la[;k HkkSxksfyd igpku fpg~u @ ladsr
dukZVd jkT; 13 eSlwj iku iRrk] eSlwj tklehu] mnqih tklehu] gkMkxyh
tklehu] dqxZ larjk] dqxZ gjh byk;ph] vIihehnh vke vkfnA
dsjy 08 Ekkykckj dkyh fepZ] uokjk /kku] ikyDdM- eV~Vk /kku] ,Yyih
gjh byk;ph] iksDdyh /kku vkfnA
if'pe caxky 04 nkftZfyax pk; ¼'kCn o yksxks nksuks ds fy,½] {khjlkirh
¼fgelkxj½] vke] ekYnk Qtyh vke] y{e.k Hkksx vkeA
rfeyukMw 03 b;sFkkseks>h yEck ukfj;y] oh:i{kh igkM+h dsyk] fl:eykbZ
igkM+h dsykA
egkjk"Vª 02 egkckys'oj LVªkcsjh] ukfld vaxwj A
mRrj izns'k 01 eyhgkcknh n'kgjh vkeA
ukxkyS.M 01 ukxk fepZA
fgekpy izns'k 01 dkaxM+k pk;A
vkU/kz izns'k 01 xqVw¡j lue fepZA
mRrjk[k.M 00
dqy 34
34 jftLVªs'ku gks pqds gSa ¼2013 rd½
Slide 53
{ks= HkkSxksfyd igpku fpg~u {ks= HkkSxksfyd igpku
fpg~u
dqekš Ckky feBkbZ] fp=dyk ,sai.k }kjkgkV ckjgeklh vke
x<+oky vlsZ o jksV gjrik] frrkSyh] uFkqok[kku gjk fiNkSyk lsc
mRrjk[k.M cq[kq.kk o P;wM+k] vpwd vkS"kf/k
nS ;k@ fiz;qax@ fcyekSM+h]
t[;k@ frykSj ] dqedqe@dksad]
dhM+k & tM+h ;k ;kjlkxEcw
[kijkx<+] jkex<+
¼uSuhrky½
Mh- ds- Msyhll lsc
fVgjh x<+oky flaxksM+h fiFkkSjkXk<-+ P;wjk
Hkokyh o uSuhrky vkyw ykSt mRrjdk'kh udnw.k
MhMhgkV o
pEikor
uSikyh feBkbZ [ksapqvk Nk;kys[k] XckZ;kax] eykjh
o feye
tEcw ;k ftEcw
nU;k] vYeksM+k o
pEikor
fla?ky] ehBk jhBk equL;kjh] gf"kZy] mxZe o
pdjkrk
jktek
nsgjknwu] riksou &
_f"kds'k
cklerh
HkkSxksfyd igpku fpg~u @ ladsr
jftLVMZ djok;k tk ldrk gS
Slide 54 Germplasm Registration
Vegetable type Soybean (Glycine max L.)
(P-1366/IC296814/INGR No. 01035)
Vegetable type Soybean (Glycine max L.) (P-
1366/IC296814/INGR No. 01035) has
determinate growth habit with thick dark green
leaves. Pod contains 2-3 seeds/pod. The seeds are
creamish yellow with black hilum and contain
20.13% oil and 40.20% protein on dry weight
basis. Grain yields - 18-22 q/ha with bold seeds.
100 seed weight is 44-46 g at Akola and 36-38 g
at Bhowali. Resistant to yellow mosaic virus and
moderately resistant to bacterial pustules, but
susceptible to pod blight
Slide 55 Wild Horse gram (Macrotyloma sar-garhwalensis Gaur &
Dangwal)
(IC212722/INGR No. 02007)
Wild Horse gram
(Macrotyloma sar-
garhwalensis Gaur &
Dangwal-IC212722/INGR No.
02007) for high percentage of
protein (>38.75)
Slide 56
Sacred and aesthetic value tree associated with
divine Sikh Guru Nanak in the Reetha Sahib,
district Champawat, Uttarakhand. Genetic stock
for geographical indications (GIs). Fruits
distributed as a PRASAD. Guru Nanak Vatika a
kind of arboretum maintained by Management
Committee of Gurudwara near by Reetha Sahib
in the confluence of Radhiya and Ladhiya river.
Deciduous medium size 10-15 m high.
Fruit fleshy, globose, 1- seeded drupe, with pale-brown or brown, translucent
and wrinkled pericarp when ripe. Fruit ripened during the month of May –
Dec. Fruit sweet in taste (TSS – 0 Brix 12 – 14). Seed black, globose, smooth,
100 seed weight-175 g. flowering and fruiting during the month of May-Dec.
Nearly 10-15 trees procured through air-layering is being maintained and
established in the Bio-diversity Botanical Garden NBPGR, R/S Bhowali.
Meetha Reetha/Sweet soap nut tree (Sapindus mukorossi
Gaertner) IC538068 (INGR-08060)
Slide 57
Scented Rose Geranium (Pelargonium
graveolens L’ Heritier-IC296494/NIC-
23414/INGR No. 03039) for quality
aroma (Geraniol-28.56% and
Citronellol 32.28%) have been
registered by the Plant Germplasm
Registration Committee, ICAR, New
Delhi.
Scented Rose Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’
Heritier-IC296494/NIC-23414/INGR No. 03039)
Slide 58
Scented Rose Geranium
(Pelargonium graveolens L.
Heritier) INGR 07042/ IC553286 /
NIC023413 / PN-1696 – Citronellol
rich-62.03%, Geraniol-4.07%, Cis-
Rose Oxide-0.918%, Trans-rose-
oxide-0.295%, Iso-menthol-17.10,
Linalool-11.565% and accepted by
the industry people for its high
contents of Citronellol compound
and lemon like or odomas like odour
has been registered by Plant
Germplasm Registration
Committee, NBPGR, New Delhi.
Scented Rose Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens
L. Heritier) INGR 07042/ IC553286 / NIC023413
Slide 59 Uttaranchali Kagazi Nimbu
(INGR 08098/IC319045/P/N/SKV-1863)
Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle
collected from Bhowali, Nainital,
Uttarakhand in 1990. Registered genotype
showed the best performance with unique
feature of frost tolerant among all other
accessions. Medium fruit size, market
value, also observed that not a single fruit
skin, plant twig was found damage even
during heavy snowfall.
Upright, much branched, plant bears 200-300 fruit/tree/year; leaf length
7.20 cm; leaf width 2.62 cm; flower diameter 1.96 cm with bright lemon
yellow round fruit having fruit length 4.77 cm, fruit width 4.28 cm and
TSS 7.10 Brix, suitable for cultivation in hills up to 2000 asl.
Slide 60
For Long and Broad Pod French bean (Pole
type) used as dual purpose i.e. tender vegetable
and pulse: Pods large in size, smooth and broad.
Pod length 23-25 cm, pod width 2.2 -2.5 cm; pod
shape flat; flower colour white; seed colour
bright white, 100 seed weight 33-36 gram and
number of grains per pod 9; plant height 185-
280 cm. Pods smooth, long, broad and flat much
preferred by buyers for using them as vegetable
or in preparation of Pizza/Sambhar
French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
(INGR 10026/IC280837/ JJK-200-220)
Slide 61 Lavendula stoechas L.
NJSSN – 2666/IC449512
Lavendula stoechas L. (Lamiaceae).
Collected on 7.8.2003 from Phagli,
Shimla, Himachal Pradesh by Dr. K.S.
Negi and other team members. It was
established in the field gene bank or
herbal garden of R/S Bhowali for
evaluation and characterization. It has
grayish-evergreen leaves with plump
like flower spikes.
High Camphor Content (52.12%) in
essential oil isolated from plant
inflorescence /Aerial parts
Slide 62 Soybean (Black Seeded),
Glycine max (L.) Merrill, IC548683
Soybean (Black Seeded), Glycine max
(L.) Merrill, IC548683 For small, flat
black seeded soybean primitive cultivar
having high percentage of essential
amino acids (44.21%) and linolenic acid
(2.08%)-Pulse type
Slide 63 Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.)
(MMBO-3055/ IC
589079/).
INGR13018
Oregano (Origanum
vulgare L.;
Lamiaceae)
High percentage of
Carvacrol content –
63.6%
(NKO-68/
IC589087/
INGR13046).
(Origanum vulgare
L.; Lamiaceae)
High percentage of
phenolic compound
Thymol (85.87%)
and high yield of
essential oil (2.07%)
Slide 64 Lkkjka”k
izdfr gj izdkj ds ikniksa] tSls& cgqmi;ksxh@cgqvk;keh] midkjh tknw ,oe~ rkRdkfyd
mi;ksxh xq.kksa ls Hkjiwj gSa] tcfd ikni foKkuh dks vHkh ekrz vuqla/kku “kq# djuk gSaA
Fkkel tSQjlu] vesfjdkoklh ds vuqlkj ;fn dksbZ mi;ksxh LFkkuh;@ns”kh; ikni fdlh
ns”k dh laLd`fr esa vkfFkZd cnyko yk;s rks ;g ,d cgqr egku lsok dgyk;h tk ldrh
gSaA
dHkh dHkh de tkuh igpkuh@vKkr ikni@ ouLifr;kWa NksVs NksVs vtwcs ds #i esa
bLrseky cgqrk;r ls gksrh gSaA
tSls& ,M~l izfrjksf/krk ds fy;s pkbuht dqdqEcj dh tM+s] jDr “osrk.kq jksx]
Y;wdksfe;k ds fy;s jksth izhohady vkQ esMkxkLdj ds ikni dk rRo@ fupksM+]
xHkZ fujks/kd nok ds #Ik esa& eSDlhdu ;ke]
taxyh VekVj tks fd uedhu] {kkjh; ok;q] tyeXu Hkwfe o {kkjh; Hkwfe dh [ksrh ds fy;s
mi;qDr]
VSDll& dDUlj xzflr Årdksa ds fy,] ftulSaxeSDl& Vkfud ,oe~ ckthdj.k ds fy,]
lh& cdFkksZu( fgIiksQh & Hkwfe vijnu@ {kj.k jksdus gsrq ;k Hkwfe la”kks/ku ds fy;s ,oe~
fofHkUu ikSf’Vd vkgkj ds fy;s vkfnA
Slide 65 gekjs izkphu d`’kd tuunzO; fofHkUUrk ,oe~ ikjEifjd chtksa ds izkd`frd
laj{kd lkfcr gq, gSaA
fo”o ds dbZ vkfnoklh nqxZe ,oe~ fgeky;h cgqy {ksrzksa vkfn esa bUnz/kuq’k
js[kk dh rjg fofHkUu d`f’k Qlyksa dh [ksrh dh tkrh gSa] vFkkZr ftlesa fofHkUu
ikjEifjd chtksa@ fdLesa dk lekos”k gksrk gSaA
;g cht d`’kdksa ds fy;s chekd`r jkf”k ds #Ik esa mi;ksxh lkfcr gqbZ gSaA
blesa fdlh Hkh dhV ,oa fofHkUu jksxksa dh izof’V bl lEiw.kZ Qly dks lekIr
ugha dj ldrh] cfYd lalkj dqf’k ds fy, ,d lrr lkszr gSaA ftls thu
dq.M@ fudk; ¼thuiwy½ dgk tkrk gS dk dk;Z djrk gSaA
jk’Vªh; ikni vkuqokaf”kd lalk/ku C;wjks dk {ksrzh; dsUnz Hkokyh e/; fgeky;
dh d`f’k fojklr dks laj{k.k iznku djus ,oa d`f’k dk lrr~ fodkl cuk;s j[kus esa
fujUrj iz;kl djrk jgk gS vkSj gekjh dksf”k”k gS fd ge d`f’k txr dks mi;ksxh
thUl ;k fojkV thu miyC/k djk;s vkSj lrr~ d`f’k fodkl dks vkSj vf/kd xfr
iznku djsa rkfd lkekftd & vkfFkZd fodkl dk y{; gkfly gks ldsaA
lajf{kr cht] lqjf{kr Hkfo’;A ewy pht] ikjEifjd chtA
Slide 66
Annexure 2.3
Presentation by Mr. P.K. Agarwal
Slide 1
Crop Biodiversity of Himalayan region in changing climate, conventional crops and HYVs
P. K. AgrawalVivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan (ICAR),
Almora-263601-UttarakhandWebsite: http//vpkas.nic.in
Slide 2 Climate is changing & become more unpredictable
- Raupach et al., 2009
Global temp. would rise between 0.9 to 3.5 ºC by 2100
- IPCC, 2001
Slide 3
High humidity – fungal epidemics in rice
Increased UV B radiation - more susceptibility
to blast (Olszyk & Ingram, 1993)
Increased winter temp. – increase in blast and
sheath rot incidence
(Haq et al., 2008)
Slide 4 Climate change and blast
1965 to 2003 and 2003-08
Correlated as per
favourable parameters
w.r.to temperature (15-20 ºC)
In a cropping season of 150 days (June-Oct.)
Previously, 80.2 days and now 82.8 days are found favourable
i.e., crop will be susceptible for another 2.5 days
w.r.to Days with >90% RH
Previously, 72.8 days and now 77.3 days
(Crop will be susceptible for another 4.5 days)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
June July Aug Sept Oct
Months
No
. o
f d
ays f
av. fo
r b
last
upto 2003
after 2003
Slide 5 Impact of climate change on crop production
Negative
• Expected reduction in land suitable for growing many type of crops in different parts of the world
Positive
• Possible extension of growing season in hills
• Earlier sowing dates, more crop species may become suitable
• Nitrogen fixation in legumes may increase
• Rice production – to increase
Variable
• Might reduce the incidence of diseases related to moist condition
• Might enhance quick development of pathogen variant
Slide 6
Biodiversity
Crops biodiversity
Plant Genetic Resources
Plant Genetic Resources
Landraces
Genetic Stock
Elite cultivars
Farmers varieties
Wild and Weedy relatives
Primitive cultivars
Released Varieties
Biodiversity vis-à-vis Plant Genetic Resources
Slide 7 Crop Diversity- a fundamental need
Eradicate poverty by increasing food supply
Provide basic material to develop new types and varieties
Gives species the ability to adapt to changing environment
Critical component for food, nutrition, environmental and household security
Slide 8
Narrowing down of food basket
3 species supply almost 60% of the calories and protein that human derive from plants
– maize, rice and wheat
5000 plants are used as human food
10,000 –50,000 plants are edible
250 000 –30 0000 species of plant exist
Crop biodiversity is under threat
Dams responsible for habitat destruction
Slide 9
Primitive forms, wild species, land races, traditional varieties
Genes used to breed new varieties
New varieties replace original types
Genetic diversity available in the field for breeding reduced
Replacement of local cultivar with high yielding varieties
Slide 10 Impact of Narrow Genetic Base
1845 and 1846 Late blight disease of potato• 50% loss in Ireland potato• Result = Irish potato famine
1869 Coffee rust• Wiped out coffee plantation in Ceylon• Shifted to tea plantation
1942 Brown spot in Rice• 60% yield loss• Result Bengal famine
1970 Leaf Blight in Maize• 50% yield loss in US corn field
Slide 11
Collecting crop germplasm
Preserving crop germplasm
Evaluating crop germplasm
Documenting crop germplasm
Sharing crop germplasm
Management of Crop biodiversity at VPKAS, Almora
Slide 12 Status of Crop Genetic Resources in Medium
Term Storage Module
Crop Name No. of
Accessions
Crop Germplasm
Rice 2042 Black gram 89
Wheat 3651 Horse gram 79
Finger millet 1679 Field pea 247
Barnyard millet 310 Amaranth 50
Soybean 819 Buckwheat 60
Mustard/Toria 154 Pigeon pea 20
French bean 117 Ground nut 7
Maize 953 Vegetable pea 200
Lentil 611 Other Vegetables 227
Chickpea 508
Total 11,823
Slide 13 Potential Genetic Resources from Uttarakhand Kagazi Madira
Variety
B 29
(PGS)
VL
172
(C1)
PRJ 1
(C2)
Time in
minutes
10 10 10
% de-
hulling
after 10
minutes
70% 50% 29
Comparative evaluation of dehulling
PGS: Proposed Genetic stock; C1: Variety known for good de-hulling property, C2:Variety known for hard de-hulling property.
An easy de-hulling barnyard millet Kagazi Madira B 29
Slide 14
Grains of NapHal Wheat
Monsanto patented a wheat line exhibiting special baking quality (low gluten and low elasticity) derived from Indian land race NapHal
Landrace NapHal still being cultivated in Uttarakhand
The two land races may be similar and NapHal wheat has its origin and evolution in Darma valley of Pithoragarh Uttarakhand
Potential Genetic Resources from Uttarakhand: NapHal Wheat
Slide 15 VL Bhat 65
Adaptation
Uttarakhand Hills, Organic conditions (SVRC)
Grain: Black
Plant height : 66-82 cm;
Maturity: 120-125 days;
Resistant to leaf blight,
pod blight and anthracnose
Yield: 14-16 q/ha
Slide 16 Indigenous Crop Genetic Resources Evaluated and
Documented
Slide 17 Varieties Released/ Notified: 35
Rice 1 VL Dhan 87*
Wheat 2 VL Gehun 892, VL Gehun 907
Barley 1 VL Barley 85
Maize 8
Vivek Maize Hybrid 25, Vivek Maize Hybrid 27,
Vivek Maize Hybrid 33, Vivek Maize Hybrid 39,
Vivek Maize Hybrid 43, Vivek Sankul Makka 31,
Vivek Sankul Makka 35, Vivek Sankul Makka 37
Biotechnology 1 Vivek QPM 9
Barnyard Millet 1 VL Madira 207
Horsegram 2 VL Gahat 15, VL Gahat 19
Field pea 1 VL Matar 47
Pigeonpea 1 VL Arhar 1
Soybean 3 VL Soya 59, VL Soya 63, VL Bhat 65
Lentil 1 VL Masoor 129, VL Masoor 133, VL Masoor 514
Slide 18 Varieties Released/ Notified: 35
Groundnut 1 VL Moongfali 1
Rajma 1 VL Rajma 125
Toria 1 VL Toria 3
Garden pea 2 Vivek Matar 10, Vikek Matar 11
French bean 1 VL Bean 2
Tomato 3 VL Tamatar 4, VL Tamatar 5*,
VL Tamatar Hybrid 1*
Capsicum 3VL Shimla Mirch 2, VL Shimla Mirch 3*,
VL Shimla Mirch Hybrid 1
Garlic 1 VL Lahsun 2*
* : Released by SVRC, Uttarakhand, under notification
Slide 19 Varieties Identified/ Under Release: 22
Rice 4 VL Dhan 88, VL 31389, VL Dhan 155, VL 7620
Barley 1 VL Barley 94
Maize 1 Vivek Maize Hybrid 45
Maize Biotechnology 2 Vivek QPM 21, FQH 55 (QPM)
Finger Millet 1 VL Madua 347
Pulses & Oilseed 9
Lentil: VL Masoor 516, VL Masoor 515, VL Masoor 131,
Fieldpea: VL Matar 45, VL Matar 46,
Groundnut: VLGN 9, VLGN 13
Soybean: VLS 73
Toria: VLT 8
Vegetables 4Garden Pea: VP 434
French bean: VLFB 415
Capsicum: VL Shimla Mirch Hyb 1, VL Simla Mirch 3
Slide 20 VL Dhan 87 (VL 30424, irrigated Early)
Yield: 50-52 q/ha
Grain: Long-slender, Straw Colour
Plant height: 77-90 cm
Maturity: 120-122 days
Resistant to Leaf blast, Neck blast, Brown leaf spot, sheath rot, false smut, leaf scald, stem borer and
leaf folder
Adaptation: Uttarakhand Hills, organic conditions
Slide 21 VL Gehun 907
Yield: 28.0 q/ha (rainfed) and,
44.3 q/ha (irrigated timely sown)
Adaptation
Rainfed and irrigated timely sown
conditions of hills of H.P., J.&K.,
Uttarakhand, Manipur and West Bengal.
Nutritionally rich
Iron [43.5 & 45.2 ppm] (19.5 & 39.5%),
zinc [35.4 & 36.3 ppm] (19.2 & 21.0
%), copper [5.29 & 5.12 ppm](37.4 &
35.8 %), Manganese [42.5 & 41.8
ppm] (13.6 & 9.1%) over VL Gehun
804 under rainfed and irrigated
conditions, respectively
Resistant to Yellow rust
Slide 22 Vivek QPM 9
Adaptation: Zone I & IV
Grain: Yellow Flint
Maturity: 85-90 days
Plant height : 177cm
Yield: 63.60 Q/ha (inorganic)
42.75 Q/ha (organic)
Slide 23
Grain: Yellow flint flat
Plant height : 200-210 cm
Maturity: 85-90 days
Ear Shape: Conico-cylindrical
1000-Gr Wt: 280 g
Vivek Sankul Makka 31
Adaptation: Uttarakhand Hills
Yield: 40-45 q/ha
Slide 24 Vivek Sankul Makka 35
Grain: Yellow Flint
Maturity: 85-90 days
Plant height : 177cm
Adaptation: Zone I (UK, HP, J&K, NEH Region)
Yield: 50-55 q/ha
Slide 25 Vivek Sankul Makka 37
Grain: Yellow Flint
Maturity: 80-85 days
Plant height : 157cm
Adaptation: Zone IV (AP, Maharastra, TN, Karnataka)
Yield: 47-49 q/ha
Slide 26
Grain: Yellow Dent flat
Plant height : 195-200cm
Maturity: 85-90 days
Ear Shape: Long- cylindrical
1000-Gr Wt: 265 g
Resistance: TLB
Vivek Maize Hybrid 39
Yield: 71 q/ha
Adaptation: Zone I (Hills of UK, HP & J&K)
Slide 27
Grain: Yellow Dent flat
Plant height : 210- 215cm
Maturity: 85-90 days
Ear Shape: Long- cylindrical
1000-Gr Wt: 265 g
Resistance: TLB
Vivek Maize Hybrid 43
Yield: 48- 58 q/ha
Adaptation: Zone III & V
Slide 28 VL Madira 207
Grain: Grey
Plant height: 120-125 cm
Maturity: 85-90 days
Harvest Index: 25%
Tolerant to grain smut
Grain Yield: 16-18 q/ha, Fodder: 45-60 q/ha
Adaptation: All states except Andhra Pradesh and
Tamil nadu
Slide 29 VL Masoor 129 (Lentil Small)
(S.O.211(E) dt.29.01.2010)
Yield: 10-12 q/ha
Adaptation:
Uttarakhand Mid Hills (SVRC)
Grain: Small, Brown
Plant height : 28-32 cm
Maturity: 145-155 days
Tolerant to wilt, root rot
Slide 30 VL Masoor 133 (Lentil Small)
(S.O.2326 (E) dt.10.10.2011)
Yield: 12-16 q/ha
Adaptation: Uttarakhand Hills (SVRC)
Grain: Small, Brown
Plant height : 25-31 cm
Maturity: 153-158 days
Tolerant to wilt, root rot
Slide 31 VL Masoor 514 (Bold Seeded)
(S.O.2326 (E) dt.10.10.2011)
Yield: 11-13 q/ha
Adaptation: Uttarakhand (SVRC)
Grain: Bold, Brown
Plant height : 29-32 cm
Maturity: 154-159 days
Tolerant to wilt and rust
Slide 32 VL Gahat 15
(S.O.454 (E) dt.11.02.2009)Adaptation:
Northern & Central India (CVRC)
Grain: Creamish Yellow
Plant height : 45-52 cm;
Maturity: 95-106 days;
Multiple Disease Res.
to Anthracnose,
Stem Rot, Yellow mosaic,
root rot and leaf spot
Yield:12-15 q/ha ; Protein: 26.96%
Slide 33 VL Gahat 19
(S.O.211(E) dt.29.01.2010)Adaptation:
Northern India (CVRC)
Grain: Brown
Protein:26.6%
Degistability:83.4%
Plant height: 45-55 cm
Maturity: 90-95 days
Res. to Anthracnose and
Stem Rot
Yield: 10-12 q/ha
Slide 34 VL Matar 47
(S.O.2326 (E) dt.10.10.2011)Adaptation:
Uttarakhand (SVRC)
Grain: Light Yellow
Plant height: 48-53 cm
Maturity: 142-162 days
Resistant to Rust,
Wilt and Powdery Mildew
Yield: 14-16 q/ha
Slide 35 VL Bhat 65
(S.O.171(E) dt.29.01.2010)
Adaptation:
Uttarakhand Hills, Organic conditions (SVRC)
Grain: Black
Plant height : 66-82 cm;
Maturity: 120-125 days;
Resistant to leaf blight,
pod blight and anthracnose
Yield: 14-16 q/ha
Slide 36 VL Moongfali 1
(S.O.171(E) dt.29.01.2010)
Adaptation: Uttarakhand Hills, Organic conditions (SVRC)
Grain: Medium size, rose tan colour;
Protein: 29.5%
Oil content: 42.2%
Plant height : 45-60 cm
Maturity: 125-130 days
Resistant to tikka
Yield: 16-20 q/ha
Slide 37 VL Arhar 1
Area of adaptation:
Hills of Uttarakhand
Grain: - Light Tan
Plant height: - 150 cm
Maturity: - 120-125 days
Resistant to
wilt and Alternaria leaf blight
And rot
Yield: 18-20 q/ha
Slide 38 VL Rajma 125
Area of adaptation:
Hills of Uttarakhand
Characters Type - Pulse
Grain – White seed
Very Fast Cook
Plant height - 40-45 cm
Maturity - 70-75 days
Tolerant to root rot
Yield: 10-12 q/ha
Slide 39 VL Toria 3
Adaptation:
Uttarakhand Hills, Organic
conditions
Grain: Brown
Plant height : 67-81 cm;
Maturity: 138-145 days;
Resistant to leaf blight,
pod blight and anthracnose
Yield: 8-11 q/ha
Slide 40 Vivek Matar 10
• Released for NWH and UP Plain by CVRC
• Maturity: 120-130 (Mid hills)
• Plant height : 50-60 cm
• Possesses early maturity, attractive green slightly curved longer pods
• Mod. Resistant to powderymildew and resistance towhite rot.
Green Pod yield: 90-100 q/ha
Slide 41
• Identified by CVRC / SVRC for
NWH
• Medium:135-140days (Hills)
• Pod: Long, dark green with curved
• Grain: Bold and sweet
• Resistant to powdery mildew
Green Pod yield: 100-110 q/ha
Vivek Matar 11 (VP 233)
Slide 42 VL Tamatar 4
• Uttarakhand Hills, Identified
SVRC, Organic conditions
• Fruit size: Big Firm Pulpy
• Fruit colour: attractive red
• Fruits/plant:10-35
• Plant height: 80-105 cm
• Maturity: 60-70 days (1st
pick)
Yield: 200-300 q/ha (Organic: 175 q/ha, Inorganic: 317 q/ha &Poly-house: 613 q/ha)
Slide 43 VL Lahsun 2
(Long day garlic for Zone I)
It has been identified for Zone I(UK, HP & J&K).
VGP 5 out yielded (181.93,184.35, and 190.60 q/ha) thenational checks G 282, VL Garlic1 and G 41 by 70.98, 48.87 and44.74 per cent, respectively.
Average bulb Yield: 175- 250 q/ha
Slide 44 Germplasm and biodiversity is an evolutionary
process
Losses due to human interference is a concern.
Efforts are made to conserve them
New HYVs are essential requirements to save
human population and genetic diversity.
Local varieties wherever competitive should be
utilized/ used
Traditional agriculture must be respected, involved
and evolved
Take Home Message
Slide 45
Annexure – 2.4
Presentation by Mr. P.S. Mehta
Slide 1
Organic Cultivation of Millets in
Uttarakhand
NBPGR Regional Station Bhowali,
Nainital – 263 132
Uttarakhand
P. S. Mehta
Slide 2
Organic Farming
Organic farming as a production system, which
avoids or largely excludes the use of Synthetic inorganic
fertilizers. Pesticides, growth regulators & livestock feed
additives. Organic farming system largely depends on
crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, green
manures, off-farm organic wastes, mechanical cultivation,
mineral bearing rocks & aspects of biological pest control
to maintain soil productivity & health to supply plant
nutrients &to control insects, pathogens & weeds.
Slide 3 Millets grown in Uttarakhand
Finger millet (Madua): Eleusine Coracana.
Barnyard millet (Jhangora/ Sawa/ Madira): Echinochloa Frumantacea
Proso millet (Cheena): Panicum Miliaceum.
Foxtail millet (Kauni/ kakun): Setaria Italica.
Slide 4 Finger Millet (Madua)
It has a good ecological adjustability with other crops & therefore grown as
a mixed With leguminous crops which soyabean (bhat), horsegram (gahat),
frenchbean, pigeon pea & other millets.
Barnyard Millet (Jhangora/ Madira)
It is a dual purpose crop used as a cooked rice commonly known as bhat &
straw is a quality fodder for animals.
Proso millet (Cheena)
It is grown as a catch crop between wheat & rice in valley areas while in
mid & high hills it is taken as kharif crop. It is used in various ways such as
cooked grains, flour for chapattis, parched grains, etc.
Foxtail millet (Kauni/ kakun)
It is generally grown as a mixed crop with pulses/oilseeds & other millets.
This straw is thin & stemmed & very much liked by animals.
Slide 5 Cropping Practices
Small millets are sown as broadcast both as sole as well as mixed
crop with leguminous & oilseeds for getting higher yields under
rainfed conditions plant spacing is pre-requisite.
Spacing: Row to row- 20-25cm Plant to plant- 10cm
Sowing time
Attitudinal
gradients
Finger millet (Madua) Barnyard millet
(Jhangora)
High Hills Mid. April to 1st week of
May
Mid. March to mid.
April
Middle Hills 2nd fortnight of May Mid. April to 1st
week of May
Low Hills 1st fortnight of June Last week of May
Slide 6
Seed Rate
Line Sowing: 8-10kg/ha.
Broadcast Method: 10-12kg/ha.
Transplanting: 4-5kg/ha.
Fertilizer Management
Finger millet (Madua): FYM-7.5t/ha (1.5Q/N)
Barnyard millet (Jhangora): FYM-7.5t/ha (1.5Q/N)
Weed Management
Hoeing & Weeding- Two times(45 & 75days after sowing)
Slide 7 Suitable Varieties
Finger Millet (Madua)
High Yielding
Varieties (HYVs)
Traditional local varieties/ Cultivars
VL149, VL315,
VL324
Putkia, Nangchunia, Garhwali,
Lumaria, Adagdali, Ageti, Bagadi,
Bhati, Bhuria, Chhahmasi,
Chhiptalbhati, Dhuni, Dotiyali,
Golmanua, Gunari, Jhakrua,
Kalamanua, Kataki, Kavnoi, Kodi,
Kodya, Lalmanua, Maneri, Parvati,
Pachheti, Pyoli, Surai, Timasia
Slide 8 Barnyard Millet (Jhangora)
High Yielding Varieties(HYVs) Traditional local varieties/
Cultivars
VL Madira-172, VL-150, VL-163 Bada, Chhahmasia, Chhotia,
Ganaru, Manaru, Jhakarua
Inter cropping & crop sequencing
1. Madua+ Bhat- Oat/Wheat
2. Madua+ Bhat- Oat-rice-wheat
3. Madua- Fallow- rice/barnyard millet-wheat
4. Madua- lentil
5. Madua-wheat-barnyard millet-wheat
6. Madua-fallow-chillies-wheat
Slide 9 Mixed Cropping in millets
Madua- Rains (cowpea)+ Gahat (Horsegram) Bhat + Urad + Amaranth
Gurush (Rice bean)
Jhangora- Kauni+ Til
Diseases of Madua Blast- a) Leaf Blast
b) Neck Blast
c) Finger Blast
Cercospora leaf blight
Green ear
Diseases of Jhangora Helminthosporium leaf blight
Head smut
Grain smut
Diseases of Kauni Rust
Leaf Blast
Yield: 12-15 Q/ha.
Slide 10
Nutrient Madua Jhangora/
Madira
Kauni/
kakun
Cheena Rice Wheat
Protein (g/100g) 7.3 6.2 12.3 12.5 6.8 11.8
Fat (g/100g) 1.3 5.8 4.3 1.1 0.5 1.5
Energy (K.cal) 328 309 331 341 345 346
Fibre (g/100g) 3.6 9.8 8.0 2.2 0.2 1.2
Minerals
(g/100g)
2.7 4.7 3.3 1.9 0.7 1.5
Calcium
(mg/100g)
344 14 31 14 10 41
Iron (mg/100g)
Proteins
3.9 5.0 2.8 0.8 0.7 5.3
Nutrient composition of millets & cereals
(per 100 g)
Slide 11
Chemical composition (%) of madua & paddy straw
Crop Albuminoi
des
Fat Carbohydr
ate
Crude
fibre
Ash Water
Paddy 1.20 1.80 47.00 25.70 15.80 8.50
Madua 1.90 0.48 49.10 28.90 5.24 14.60
Slide 12 General Constraints
Small & fragmented holdings.
Moisture stress.
Improper terrace management..
Lack of seed material
Slow transfer of technology.
Technology gaps Lack of improved varieties.
Non-availability of seeds.
Poor quality of FYM.
Noxious weeds.
Severe infestation of insect pest & diseases.
Low photo periodic conditions
Slide 13 Recipes of Millets
Finger millet (Madua)
1) Laddu
2) Poha
3) Bati
4) Biscuits
5) Bari
6) Roti
Barnyard millet (Jhangora/Madira)
1) Bhat 8) Biscuits
2) Roti 9) Sweet
3) Laddu 10) Kheer
4) Poha 11) Mehti
5) Bati 12) Pulao
6) Idli 13) Dhokla
7) Upama
Slide 14 Recipes of Millets
Foxtail millet (Kauni/ Kakun)
1) Dhokla
2) Upama
3) Laddu
4) Biscuits
5) Sweet
6) Roti
7) Bhat
Slide 15
A view of irrigated rice cultivation in
Bhagirathi valley, Uttarkashi
A view of traditional rice cultivar-Jhallua Panicles of hail storm tolerant rice
cultivar Jhallua
Traditional method of rice threshing
Slide 16
Slide 17 Cultivated Plant Species Grown
in Uttarakhand Himalaya
Crop group Crops No. of crops
Cereals and pseudo cereals
Barley, Maize, Rice, Wheat, Amaranth (Chaulai), Amaranth (Kedari chuwa), Buckwheat andChenopodium
08
Millets and minor millets
Barnyard millet, Finger millet, Foxtail millet, Proso millet, Kodo and Sorghum
06
Pulses Pigeon pea, Chickpea, Soybean, Khesari, Lentil, Horse gram, French bean, Scarlet bean, Lima bean, Pea (field & garden), Adzuki bean, Green gram, Blackgram, Rice bean and Cowpea
15
Oilseeds Brassia juncea var. yellow sarson, B. juncea var. brown sarson, B. campestris var. toria, Sunflower, Linseed, Perilla, Sesame, Indian butter tree, Litsea, Principea and Lepidium
11
Cont.
Slide 18 Cultivated Plant Species Grown in
Uttarakhand Himalaya
Crop group Crops No. of crops
Vegetables Okra, Elephant foot yam, Jack fruit, Waxgourd,
Spinach, Cabbage, Elephant ear yam, Cucumber,
Pumpkin, Meetha karela, White yam, Tarur, Lablab
bean, Bottle gourd, Ridge gourd, Sponge gourd,
Snake gourd, Bitter gourd, Tomato, Radish, Chow-
chow, Brinjal, Potato, Broad bean, Lai, Turnip,
Carrot and Bell pepper
28
Spices and
condiments
Wild Allium spp., Onion, Garlic, Cleome, Dalchini,
Coriander, Turmeric, Fenugreek, Ginger, Hemp
10
Fruits Papaya, Orange, Lemon, Masumba, Kaku, Loquat,
Walnut, Chestnut, Mango, Apple, Pear, Peach,
Apricot, Mulberry, Banana, Guava, Pomegranate,
Grape and Ber
19
Total 97
Slide 19 Wild Edible Plant Species
Used as Plant species No. of plant
species
Wild edible
fruits
Bail (Aegle marmelos), Chura (Aesandra
butyracea), Malu (Bauhinia vahlii), Bamaur
(Benthamidia capitata), Chutar (Berberis
aristata), Kilmora (B. asiatica), Daya
(Callicarpa macrophylla), Karaunj (Carissa
opaca), Metha pangar (Castenea sativa),
Kharik (Celtis australis), Jamir (Citrus
medica), Bhotia badam / Kabasi (Cornus
cornuta), Tushar / Tushiyari (Debrigeasia
longifolia), Taidua / Taidu (Diospyros
melanoxylon), Giwai (Elaeagnus angustifolia),
Anjir (Ficus carica), Dudila (F. cunia), Gular
(F. glomerata), Bedu (F. palmata), Khiriya (F.
semicordata), Kaphai/Bhekaphal (Fragaria
indica)
67
Cont.
Slide 20 Wild Edible Plant Species
Used as Plant species No. of plant
species
Wild edible
fruits
Titmar (Garuga pinnata), Bhimal (Grewia
optiva), Turuchuk (Hippophae tibetana), Gophal
(Holboellia latifolia), Akhrot (Juglans regia),
Kurmali (Leea aspera), Mahua (Madhuca
indica), Kimu (Morus serrata), Kaphal (Myrica
esculenta), Thankal (Phoenix humilis), Aonla
(Phyllanthus emblica), Chir (Pinus roxburghii),
Paya (Prunus cerasoides), Jamun (Prunus
cornuta), Bamhalu (Prunus napaulensis), Darim
(Punica granatum), Ghingaru (Pyracantha
crenulata), Mole (Pyrus lanata), Mehal (Pyrus
pashia), Buransh (Rhododendron arboreum),
Sirkuti (Ribes alpestre), Imali (Ribes sp.),
Phelalo (Rosa macrophylla), Sepala (R. sericea)
Cont.
Slide 21 Wild Edible Plant Species
Used as Plant species No. of plant
species
Wild edible
fruits
Kala hisalu (Rubus niveus), Hisalu (Rubus
ellipticus), Kusum (Schliechera oleosa), Makoi
/ Makhou (Solanum nigrum), Mat kakari
(Solena amplexicaulis), Nepalo/Nepala (Sorbus
cuspidata), Aam/Aami (Spondias pinnata),
Bani/Ban (Taxillus vestita), Mijhau (Tulipa
stellata), Ghatmila (Viburnum cotinifolium),
Titmalewa (Viburnum mullah), Purain (Vitis
lanata), Beri (Ziziphus mauritiana)
Cont.
Slide 22 Wild Edible Plant Species
Used as Plant species No. of plant species
Wild edible
vegetables
Rambans (Agave americana), Hanw (Angelica
glauca), Bankh (Arisaema speciosum), Kairua
(Asparagus filicinus), Kyol/Kwairal (Bauhinia
variegata), Kilmora (Berberis asiatica), Semal
(Ceiba pentendra), Ganziadi (Chaerophyllum
villosum), Bathua (Chenopodium album),
Gadpapar (Colocasia esculenta), Genthi
(Dioscora bulbifera), Tarur (Dioscorea glabra),
Lingura (Diplazium esculentum), Jhangar
(Fagophyrum cymosum), Timila/Timul (Ficus
auriculata), Bedu (Ficus palmata), Sakina
(Indigofera pulchella), Halang (Lepidium
sativum), Mushroom/Bhangbho (Morchella
esculenta)
27
Cont.
Slide 23 Wild Edible Plant Species
Used as Plant species No. of plant
species
Wild edible
vegetables Sonjal (Moringa oleifera), Machhai/Padya
(Nasturtium officinale), Jarag (Phytolacca
acinosa), Quathode (Polystichium
acullalum), Birau/Bilikand (Puerarea
tuberosa), Burash (Rhododendron
arboreum), Rugi (Typhonium
diversifolium), Bichchhu ghas (Urtica
ardens)
Slide 24 Traditional Foods of Local Inhabitants
of Uttarakhand Himalaya
Diversity of food is a defining feature of Indian geography and
culture. Indian food items vary from region to region, even some times it
varies with in the region. Rice, roti, dal and vegetables are taken as meal
during lunch, dinner and breakfast. Some special mouth watering dishes of
Uttarakhand, their ingredients and preparation methods are documented
(Annonymous 2008), described in less number, but descriptions are small
and limited. The food habit and preparation of various dishes depend upon
the availability of crops and surrounding vegetation. Crops grown in the
region and surrounding plant species are the sources of raw material for
preparation of food recipes. It has been observed that there are a large
number of crops grown by the farming communities of Uttarakhand
Himalaya. Similarly there are also a large array of wild edible plant species
naturally grow in the region. The large number of crops and wild edible
plant species are the contributing factors to a large number of traditional
food recepies for subsistence needs for local inhabitants. Traditional foods of
Uttarakhand can be devided under various heads as mentioned here below.
Slide 25 Traditional Staple Foods
of Uttarakhand
Local name of recipe : Major ingredients
Chaulai ka bhat : Amaranth
Kutu ki roti : Buckwheat
Madua/Jhangora ka bhat : Barnyard millet
Madira/Jhangora ki roti : Barnyard millet flour
Madua ki roti : Finger millet flour
Lesuwa roti : Finger millet and wheat flour
Kauni ka bhat : Dehusked Foxtail millet
Kauni ki roti : Dehusked Foxtail millet
Ginjada (Madira) : Dehusked Barnyard millet and black soybean (bhat)
Ginjada (Kauni) : Dehusked Foxtail millet and black soybean (bhat)
Cont.
Slide 26 Traditional Staple Foods of
Uttarakhand
Local name of recipe : Major ingredients
Tilkuta : Rice, blackgram, sesame, salt, spices and ghee
Meetha bhat : Rice and jagri
Golthia : Wheat, ghee, jagri
Chhachhiya : Rice, salt and spices
Chhola roti : Wheat flour, jagri and ghee
Chhoi / Chhabua : Wheat flour, jagri and ghee
Mash ki bedu roti : Wheat flour, black gram, salt and spices
Gahat ki bedu roti : Wheat flour, horse gram, salt and spices
Lobia ki bedu roti : Wheat flour, cowpea, salt and spices
Gurush ki bedu roti : Wheat flour, rice bean, salt and spices
Joula/ Bhatia : Rice, black soybean (bhat), salt and spices
Slide 27 Traditional Diversified
Recipes Prepared From Pulses in Uttarakhand
Local name of recipe : Major ingredients
Bhat ke dubake : Black seeded soybean, veg. oil, salt and spices
Gahat ke dubake : Horsegram, veg. oil, salt and spices
Urad ka chaisa : Blackgram, ghee, salt and spices
Lobia ka chaisa : Cowpea, veg. oil, salt and spices
Chutkani : Black seeded soybean, veg. oil, salt and spices
Gahat ki dal : Horse gram, veg. oil, heeng, salt and spices
Slide 28 Traditional Sweet Dishes
Recipes : Major ingredients
Chaulai ki kheer : Amaranth seeds, ghee, sugar and milk
Chaulai ka halwa : Amaranth seeds, ghee, sugar and coconut
Ogal/phaphar ka halwa : Buckwheat, ghee and sugar
Madira/Jhangora ki kheer
: Barnyard millet (dehusked seeds), sugar, ghee and milk
Kauni ki kheer : Foxtail millet (dehusked seed), sugar, ghee and milk
Madua ki badi : Finger millet flour, ghee and jagri
Madira/Jhangora ka halwa
: Barnyard millet (dehusked seed), ghee, sugar etc.
Chamchuda : Rice, ghee and jagri
Puwe : Wheat flour, jagri or sugar and veg. oil
Gehun ki khumani : Wheat, ghee, sugar and milk
Cont.
Slide 29 Traditional Sweet Dishes
Recipes : Major ingredients
Makka ki khumani : Maize, ghee, sugar and milk
Makki ka chhabua : Green maize seeds, sugar, ghee
Singal : Rice, udal roots, sugar and ghee
Til ka pin : Sesame seeds and jagri
Arsa : Rice, sugar and ghee
Leta/Lapsi : Wheat flour, milk, sugar and ghee
Methi ke laddu : Fenugreek seeds, besan, sugar and ghee
Kanaka : Wheat, milk, sugar and ghee
Kadu ka halwa : Matured pumpkin, ghee, sugar, cheese
and cashew nuts
Slide 30 Traditional Vegetables From Wild
Edible Plant Resources
Recipes : Major ingredients
Bichhu ka saag : Twigs and soft leaves of Urtica spp., veg. oil, salt, spices and heeng
Lingura ki sabzi : Lingura fern folded leaves, veg. oil, salt and spices
Kothiyur ki sabzi : Kathiyur fern folded tender leaves, veg. oil, salt and spices
Bedu ki sabzi : Wild figs tender fruits, veg. oil, salt and spices
Timila ki sabzi : Ficus auriculata tender fruits, veg. oil, salt and spices
Gwaral ki sabzi : Tender flower bud of Bauhimia sp., veg. oil, salt and spices
Jhankara ka saag : Wild buckwheat tender twigs and leaves, veg. oil, coriander seeds, salt and red chilli capsules
Semal ki sabzi : Semal tender fruits, veg. oil, salt and spicesCont.
Slide 31 Traditional Vegetables From Wild
Edible Plant Resources Recipes : Major ingredients
Pania ka saag : Paniaghas, veg. oil, salt, coriander seeds and red chilli capsules
Rambans ki sabzi : Rambans tender shoot, veg. oil, salt and spices
Jarag ka saag : Jarag twigs (Phytolacca sp.), veg. oil, salt, coriander seeds and chilli capsules
Gadpapar ka saag : Ganpapar’s folded leaves, coriander or fenugreek seeds, veg. oil, salt and spices
Birali kand ki sabzi : Birali kand yams, veg. oil, salt and spices
Genthi ki sabzi : Genthi yams (roots), veg. oil, salt and spices
Tarur ki sabzi : Tarun aerial root yams and aerial bulbs, veg. oil, salt and spices
Sakina ke phoolon ka ssag
: Sakina tender flower buds, veg. oil, salt and spices
Kairua ka saag : Tender shoots of kairuwa (Asparagus spp.), veg. oil, salt and spices
Cont.
Slide 32 Traditional Vegetables From Wild
Edible Plant Resources
Recipes : Major ingredients
Banar ka saag : Banar pods, veg. oil, salt and spices
Ala ki subzi : Ala (Girardiana sp.) inflorescence, veg. oil, salt and spices
Bankh ki sabzi : Bankh tubers, veg. oil, salt and spices
Ganjad ki sabzi : Ganjadi roots, veg. oil, salt and spices
Bathua ki sabzi : Tender twigs of bathua, veg. oil, salt and spices
Sonjal ka saag : Sonjal’s tender twigs, veg. oil, salt and spices
Buransh ke phoolon
ki sabzi
: Tender flower buds, veg. oil, salt and spices
Rugi ki sabzi : Tubers of Rugi, veg. oil, salt and spices
Hanw ka saag : Tender stem and leaves, veg. oil, salt and spices
Ghargud ki sabzi : Ghargud, veg. oil, salt and spices
Slide 33 Traditional Vegetable Soups used as Substitute of Dal (Pulses)
Recipes : Major ingredients
Mooli ka kapa/kafuli : Radish roots, rice, veg. oil, salt and spices
Mooli ke patton ka kapa/kafuli
: Radish leaves, rice, veg. oil, salt and spices
Chaulai ka kapa/kafuli
: Twigs and leave of amaranth, veg. oil, salt and spices
Lai ka kapa/ kafuli : Tender leaves of lai (Brassica sp.), rice, veg. oil, coriander seeds, salt and spices
Palak ka kapa/ kafuli : Tender twings of spinach, rice, veg. oil, salt and spices
Bathua ka kapa/kafuli
: Tender bathua (Chenopodium) twigs, rice, veg. oil, salt and spices
Torai ka kapa/kafuli : Sponge and ridge gourd Torai fruits, rice, veg. oil, salt and spices
Lauki ka kapa/kafuli : Bottle gourd fruit, rice, veg. oil, salt and spices
Slide 34 Traditional Special Vegetables of Uttarakhand Himalaya
Recipes : Major ingredients
Methi ke bejon ki sabzi
: Fenugreek seeds, vegetable oil, salt and spices
Bhang aur gaderi ki sabzi
: Gaderi (Colocasia sp.), hemp seeds, vegetable oil, salt and spices
Aalu sarson ki sabzi : Potato, mustard seeds, vegetable oil, salt and spices
Ogal ka saag : Buckwheat tender twigs, vegetable oil, salt and red chilli capsules
Ganpapar, chalmora ka saag
: Wild Colocasia tender leaves, chalmora (Oxalis sp.), vegetable oil, salt and spices
Masur dal ki sabzi : Lentil, onion, mustard oil, salt and spices
Pinalu ka gunuwa : Colocasia leaves, lentil or besan, vegetable oil, salt and spices
Masur ki chilada : Lentil, vegetable oil, salt and spices
Bedu ki saani : Matured bedu fruits, salt and mustard oil
Lahsun ki sabzi : Garlic, vegetable oil, salt and spices
Aalu methi ke bejon ki sabzi
: Potato, fenugreek seeds, vegetable oil, salt and spices
Slide 35 Traditional Rayatas of
Uttarakhand
Recipes : Major ingredients
Mooli ka rayata : Radish, curd, salt, rai and spices
Gwaral ka rayata : Bauhinia tender flower buds, curd, salt, rai and spices
Kakri ka rayata : Cucumber, curd, salt, rai and spices
Timila ka rayata : Tender fruit of timila, curd, salt, rai and spices
Lauki ka rayata : Bottle gourd fruits, curd, salt, rai and spices
Slide 36 Traditional Baries of Uttarakhand Hills
Recipes : Major ingredients
Kakadi ki bari : Matured cucumber, blackgram, vegetable oil, rice, salt and spices
Mooli ki bari : Radish, blackgram, vegetable oil, rice, salt and spices
Bhuj ki bari : Wax gourd, blackgram, vegetable oil, rice, salt and spices
Pinalu ki bari : Colocasia yams, blackgram, vegetable oil, rice, salt and spices
Pinalu ke danthal ki bari
: Colocasia petiols, horsegram, rice, vegetable oil, salt and spices
Slide 37 Traditional Khware (Dehydrated
Vegetables)
Recipes : Major ingredients
Kaddu ke khware : Pumpkin fruits, vegetable oil, salt and spices
Mooli ke khware : Radish, vegetable oil, salt and spices
Phoolgobhi ke khware : Cauliflower, vegetable oil, tomato, salt and spices
Sarson ki dhusi : Sarson tender twigs and leaves, vegetable oil, salt and spices
Arabi ke khware : Colocasia rhizomes, vegetable oil, salt and spices
Arabi ke sukhe danthal : Colocasia petiols, vegetable oil, salt, coriander or fenugreek seeds
Alu ke khware : Popato, vegetable oil, onion, salt and spices
Slide 38 Traditional Pakories
(Cutlets) of Uttarakhand
Recipes : Major ingredients
Gwaral ki pakori : Tender flower buds of Bauhinia, besan(gram flour), vegetable oil, salt and spices
Jarag ki pakori : Tender leave of Phytolacca, besan(gram flour), vegetable oil, salt andspices
Kadua ki phool ki pakori : Male and female flower of pumpkin, gram flour, veg. Oil, salt and spices
Slide 39
Traditional Bade of Uttarakhand
Recipes : Major ingredients
Mash ke bade : Black gram, salt, coriander, cumin, turmeric, chillies, veg. oil
Lobia ke bade : Cowpea, salt, coriander, turmeric,chillies, veg. oil
Slide 40 Traditional Chutneys
Recipes : Major ingredients
Alsi ki chutney : Linseed, lemon/mango powder, salt and spices
Bhang ki chutney : Hemp seeds, sauce, salt and spices
Bhangeera ki chutney : Perilla seeds, sauce, salt and spices
Bhat ki chutney : Black seeded soybean (bhat), sauce, saltand spices
Til ki chutney : Sesame seeds, sauce, salt and spices
Darim ki chutney : Wild pomegranate dry seeds, salt and spices
Chalmora ke chutney : Chalmora leaves, salt and spices
Kilmora ke chutney : Berberis flower buds, salt and spices
Nimbu ke saani : Lemon, curd, jagri, hemp seeds, salt and spices
Chukh ke chutney : Sea buck thorn fruits, perilla seeds, hemp seeds, salt and spices
Slide 41 Traditional flavoured salts of Uttarakhand hills
Recipes : Major ingredients
Alsi ka namak : Linseed, salt, garlic, coriander, cumin and chillies
Bhang ka namak : Hemp seeds, salt, coriander, cumin, turmeric and chillies
Sarson ka namak : Mustard seeds, salt, coriander, cumin, turmeric and chillies
Lehsun ka namak : Garlic, salt, green chillies, coriander, turmeric and cumin
Khubani ka namak : Apricot nuts, salt, coriander, chillies, cumin and turmeric
Slide 42
Slide 43
Training imparted - PGR
awareness
Newsclipping of Training
at Jaunsar Bhawar News clipping of farmers training
programme at Khatima
News clipping of supply of
Kiwi
News clipping of supply of
Lavender
Newsclipping of farmers training
at Jaunswar, Bhawar
Slide 44
Annexure – 3
Participant List
Representation Sr Name Phone No.
Elected People’s
Representatives
1. Mr. Vijay Singh,
Kshetra Panchayat Sadaysa, Chinauna, Dist-Almora
9412909971
2. Mr. Arjun Singh Galli Bassura, PO- Goluchiina, Dist-Almora
8979313310
3. Mr. Bhadur Ram
Gram-Pradhan,Rankhilla, Dist-Almora
9761216638
4. Mr. Damodar Kandpal, Gram-Pradhan,
Pattura, PO- Baiskhet, Dist-Almora
9758135869
5. Mr. Kishan Ram, Gram-Pradhan,
Odla, PO- Govindpur, Dist-Almora
9758142602
6. Gram-Pradhan,
Dangikhola, PO- Baiskhet, Dist-Almora
9797769698
7. Mr. Girish Chandra,
Gram-Pradhan, Ramna, Dist-Almora
9719249156
8. Van Sarpanch, Chinauna
9. Mr. Kailash C. Tewari, Adhyaks Vyapaar Mandal,
Govindpur, Dist-Almora
9411546941
10. Mrs. Kamla Devi, Gram Pradhan, Galli Bassura
11. Mr. Mohan Singh, Gram-Pradhan,Pankot
12. Mr. Pratap Singh, Gram Pradhan, Ujgal
Farmer Leaders and
Traditional knowledge
holders
13. Mr. Chandan Ram,
Village Chinauna, PO- Baiskhet, Dist-Almora
9675117050
14. Mr. Gopal Singh Bisht,
Village Chinauna, PO- Baiskhet, Dist-Almora
9411117597
15. Mr. Mahendra Singh Bisht,
Village Chinauna, PO- Baiskhet, Dist-Almora
9720863506
16. Mrs. Pushpa Devi,
Van-Sarpanch, Village Galli-Basura, PO- Goluchiina,
Dist-Almora
9639373953
17. Mr. Shiv Ram,
Village Galli-Basura, PO- Goluchiina,
Dist-Almora
9536524088
18. Mr. Daya Nand Joshi,
Village Gallakot, Dist-Almora
9627334132
19. Mr. Jaidev Giri,
Siddheshwar
9627410646
20. Mr. Ramesh Singh, F S S, Chinauna 9675051388
21. Mr. Mohan Ram, FSS , Galli-Bassura 8650531890
22. Mr. Shyam Singh Bisht, Adhyaks FSS,
Galli-Bassura
23. Mr. Inder Singh,
Chinauna
9412985646
24. Mrs. Munni Joshi,
Gallakot
9675989213
25. Mr. Khushal Singh,
Chinauna
8449194096
26. Mr. Deewan Ram,
Chinauna
27. Mrs. Lalita Rana,
(Kujoli), Chinauna
9536915941
28. Mr. Nandan Singh,
Chinauna
29. Mr. Harish Singh,
Chinauna
9927369132
30. Mr. Kishan Singh,
Ex Subedar, Chinauna
9412977861
31. Mrs. Basanti Devi
32. Mrs. Bhagwati Devi
33. Mrs. Suneeta Bisht
34. Mrs. Bharti Bisht
35. Mrs. Guddi Devi
36. Mrs. Sarita Bisht
37. Mrs. Durga Devi
38. Mrs. Neema Bisht
39. Mr. Laxman Singh
40. Mrs. Munni Bisht
41. Mrs. Champa Bisht
42. Mr. Harish Ram
43. Mr. Lacham Singh
44. Mr. Arjun Singh
45. Mr. Jeewan Ram
46. Mr. Anand Ram
47. Mr. Darshan Bhandari
48. Mr. Dinesh Baura
49. Mr. Chandan Singh
50. Mr. Mahendra Lal
51. Mrs. Govindi Rana
52. Mr. Anand Kumar
53. Mr. Narendra Prasad
54. Mr. Manoj Kumar
55. Mr. Ramesh Ram
56. Mr. Govid Singh Adhikari, Village Dalmoti
Agriculture
(Government
Departments)
57. Dr. Abhay Saxena,
Chief District Agriculture Officer,
Vikas Bhawan
Almora
9412017464
58. Mr. Arvind Gupta,
Office In-charge, Agriculture Unit, Govindpur,
Daulaghat
9456139571
Forest
(Government
Departments)
59. Mr. Jasod Singh Bisht
Forest Range Officer
Kalika, Ranikhet,
Almora.
9412162995
60. Dr. Rajendra Singh
Conservator forest , Dehradun
State Biodiversity
Board
(Government
Departments)
61. Rakesh Shah
GBPIHED
(Academic and
Research Institutes)
62. Dr. Kireet Kumar 9412092189
63. Dr. D. S. Rawat
64. Dr. R. D. Rawal 9410392114
65. Mr. R. G. Singh 9997896390
66. Dr. R. C. Sundriyal
67. Dr. B. P. Kothari
68. Dr. I. D. Bhatt 9411703802
69. Dr. G. C. S. Negi 9411105170
70. Dr. Rajesh Joshi
71. Dr. Anita Pandey
72. Dr. Sarla Saasni
73. Mr. K. K. Pant
74. Dr. R. K. Singh
75. Mr. Ashok
76. Mr. Puneet Sirari
77. Mr. Lalit Giri
78. Bisht Ji
VPKAS (Academic and
Research Institutes)
79. Dr. P. K. Agrawal 05962-230208
Uttarakhand Organic
Commodity Board
(Academic and
Research Institutes)
80. Mr. Surendra Singh Koranga,
Uttarakhand Organic Commodity Board,
P.O- Majkhali,
Almora
9536382080
NBPGR, Regional
Research Centre
Niglat, Bhawali
(Academic and
Research Institutes)
81. Dr. K.S. Negi,
NBPGR, Regional Research Centre
Niglat, Bhawali,Dist- Nainital
05942 – 220001
9411166201
82. Dr. P. S. Mehta,
NBPGR, Regional Research Centre
Niglat, Bhawali, Dist- Nainital
9761210699
Pan Himalaya
Grassroots
Development
Foundation (NGO)
83. Mr. Kalyan Paul,
Executive Director, PHGDF,
Kalika, Ranikhet.
05966-221516
Email:
apaul@grassrootsindia.
com
84. Mrs. Anita Paul
CHIRAG(NGO) 85. Mr. Kuldeep
CHIRAG
Simayal, P.O. Nathuwakhan
District Nainital 263 158
Uttarakhand
05942-285738;
9412085732
Email: [email protected]
86. Mr. Diwan Singh Lodhiyal
Ajeevika
87. Mr. Kailash Bhatt
District Coordinator,
Uttarakhand Parvatiya Ajeevika Samvardhan Company
(UPASaC), District Management Unit
Talla Daniya, Dharanaula,
Almora [Uttarakhand] Pin – 263601
05962 – 230910,
230305
88. Dr. Sanjay Saxena - Almora 05962 – 230910,
230305
89. Mr. Rajesh Mathpal - Almora
Gene Campaign
(NGO)
90. Mr. Harish Singh Lodhiyal, 011-29556248
91. Ms. Mohini Bisht
92. Ms. Deepa Lodhiyal
93. Ms. Komal Rekwal
94. Ms. Geeta Mer
NABARD 95. Mr. B. S. Bisht 233123
SOS 96. Mr. Vinayak Pant
SOS Organics
Pant Gaon , Chitei, Almora
LCM 97. Mr. Jogendra Bisht
98. Mrs. Chayanika Bisht
99. Mrs. Reetu sogani
100. Mr. Ajay Rastogi
101. Mrs. Geeta Sajwan
102. Mrs. Kusumlata Joshi
103. Mr. Bhupendra Chandra Joshi
104. Mr Naveen Chandra Pandey
105. Mr. Girish Pandey
106. Mr. Bhupal Singh (Driver)
107. Mr. K. N. Dumka
108. Mr. Inder Singh
Photographs of the Workshop
Lighting of the Inaugural Lamp Chief Guest Addressing the Participants The Guard being awarded
Chinona Protection Committee being awarded
Discussion session with the Chairman SBB Director LCM addressing the participants
Scenes from the play enacted Participants with the special invitees
Mr. Dayanand Joshi sharing his experience Participants at the workshop Dr. Kireet Kumar addressing the participants
This project is funded by the European Union through its EuropeAid programme on Agriculture
Research for Development, and this document has been produced with the financial assistance of the
European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of Lok Chetna Manch and
can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union. The project
is part-funded by UK aid from the UK Government, however the views expressed do not necessary
reflect the views of the UK government.