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The Greatest RiskThe Greatest Risk
EMS and theNon-transported Patient
EMS and theNon-transported Patient
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Raymond L. Fowler, M.D., FACEPRaymond L. Fowler, M.D., FACEP
Associate Professor of Emergency MedicineAssociate Professor of Emergency MedicineThe University of Texas SouthwesternThe University of Texas Southwestern
----------------------------------------
Chief of Medical OperationsChief of Medical OperationsThe Dallas Metropolitan BioTel SystemThe Dallas Metropolitan BioTel System
Associate Professor of Emergency MedicineAssociate Professor of Emergency MedicineThe University of Texas SouthwesternThe University of Texas Southwestern
----------------------------------------
Chief of Medical OperationsChief of Medical OperationsThe Dallas Metropolitan BioTel SystemThe Dallas Metropolitan BioTel System
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www.doctorfowler.comwww.doctorfowler.comwww.doctorfowler.comwww.doctorfowler.com
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www.utsw.wswww.utsw.wswww.utsw.wswww.utsw.ws
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My PerspectiveMy PerspectiveSave the whales: Collect the whole set!
42.7% of all statistics are made up on the spot
99% of lawyers give the rest a bad name
I intend to live forever….so far, so good
Save the whales: Collect the whole set!
42.7% of all statistics are made up on the spot
99% of lawyers give the rest a bad name
I intend to live forever….so far, so good
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My PerspectiveMy Perspective
To steal ideas from one person is plagiarism;
To steal from many is research
To steal ideas from one person is plagiarism;
To steal from many is research
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What I do…What I do…
Sixteen EMS agencies1,400 Paramedics
300,000 responses per year
Sixteen EMS agencies1,400 Paramedics
300,000 responses per year
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The Moral ImperativeThe Moral Imperative
Increase the human condition through commitment and
devotion to duty
Increase the human condition through commitment and
devotion to duty
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The Moral ViolationThe Moral Violation
Harming another humanthrough dereliction of dutyHarming another human
through dereliction of duty
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Dereliction of DutyDereliction of Duty
Knowingly failing toapply all due diligence
to someone in needESPECIALLY
when responsible for the person
Knowingly failing toapply all due diligence
to someone in needESPECIALLY
when responsible for the person
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The Great Risks of EMS
The Great Risks of EMS
Airway ManagementDriving Practices
Non-transport of “clients”
Airway ManagementDriving Practices
Non-transport of “clients”
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AirwayManagement
AirwayManagement
The era is OVERwhen we can EVER
justify a mis-placed ET tubethat escapes detection
The era is OVERwhen we can EVER
justify a mis-placed ET tubethat escapes detection
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AirwayEthics in EMS
AirwayEthics in EMS
“It is not acceptable once in a hundred,
or a thousand, or a million intubations.
It is not acceptableacceptable at any time.”
“It is not acceptable once in a hundred,
or a thousand, or a million intubations.
It is not acceptableacceptable at any time.”Larkin GL, Fowler RL. Ethical issues for EMS: cardinal virtues and Larkin GL, Fowler RL. Ethical issues for EMS: cardinal virtues and
core principles. Emerg Clin No America 2002;20:887-911.core principles. Emerg Clin No America 2002;20:887-911.
Larkin GL, Fowler RL. Ethical issues for EMS: cardinal virtues and Larkin GL, Fowler RL. Ethical issues for EMS: cardinal virtues and core principles. Emerg Clin No America 2002;20:887-911.core principles. Emerg Clin No America 2002;20:887-911.
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Misplaced ET TubesMisplaced ET Tubes
They either NEVER went inor they came out
Both apply, and both must be prevented
They either NEVER went inor they came out
Both apply, and both must be prevented
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Driving PracticesDriving Practices
The era is OVERin which we can EVER
justify an ambulance accidentby driving carelesslyto or from a scene
The era is OVERin which we can EVER
justify an ambulance accidentby driving carelesslyto or from a scene
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Driving PracticesDriving Practices
Speed limits must be obeyedDrive with “due regard”Road surfaces must be
monitored
Speed limits must be obeyedDrive with “due regard”Road surfaces must be
monitored
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Driving PracticesDriving Practices
Promise thisPromise this::You will never harmYOURSELF FIRST,
YOUR PARTNER NEXT,THE CITIZENS NEXT, and
YOUR PATIENT LASTLAST
Promise thisPromise this::You will never harmYOURSELF FIRST,
YOUR PARTNER NEXT,THE CITIZENS NEXT, and
YOUR PATIENT LASTLAST
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The Care and Feedingof the
“Non-transported Client”
The Care and Feedingof the
“Non-transported Client”
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THE U.S. EMS PATIENT NON-TRANSPORT
ISSUE
THE U.S. EMS PATIENT NON-TRANSPORT
ISSUE
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How many of youwere trained,
in your initial training program, about how to safely
non-transport a patient?
How many of youwere trained,
in your initial training program, about how to safely
non-transport a patient?
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BACKGROUND
DURING TRAINING,
PARAMEDICS CANNOT POSSIBLY LEARN THE SUBTLETIES AND
NUANCES OF EVERY POSSIBLE ILLNESS OR INJURY
DURING TRAINING,
PARAMEDICS CANNOT POSSIBLY LEARN THE SUBTLETIES AND
NUANCES OF EVERY POSSIBLE ILLNESS OR INJURY
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BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND
AS LONG AS THE PATIENT IS TRANSPORTED TO AN ED, THERE IS
NOT LIKELY TO BE AN ADVERSE CONSEQUENCE OF A MISSED
DIAGNOSIS
AS LONG AS THE PATIENT IS TRANSPORTED TO AN ED, THERE IS
NOT LIKELY TO BE AN ADVERSE CONSEQUENCE OF A MISSED
DIAGNOSIS
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BACKGROUND
BUT WHAT ABOUT PATIENTS WHO ARE NOT TRANSPORTED?
BUT WHAT ABOUT PATIENTS WHO ARE NOT TRANSPORTED?
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SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM:PREVIOUS REPORTS
SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM:PREVIOUS REPORTS
• Hauswald M; 2002: PEC 6(4): 383
• Silvestri S et al; 2002: PEC 6(4): 387
• Vilke GM et al; 2002: PEC 6(4): 391
• Pointer JE et al; 2001: – Ann Emerg Med 38:268
• Zachariah B et al; 1992:– Prehosp Disaster Med 7: 359
• Hauswald M; 2002: PEC 6(4): 383
• Silvestri S et al; 2002: PEC 6(4): 387
• Vilke GM et al; 2002: PEC 6(4): 391
• Pointer JE et al; 2001: – Ann Emerg Med 38:268
• Zachariah B et al; 1992:– Prehosp Disaster Med 7: 359
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Hauswald 2002Hauswald 2002
• Prospective survey in Albuquerque, NM• 236 patients
– 183 charts reviewed• 97 patients recommended not to need
ambulance transport– 23 (24%) ended up needing it
• 71 patients recommended not to need ED– 32 (45%) needed it
• Prospective survey in Albuquerque, NM• 236 patients
– 183 charts reviewed• 97 patients recommended not to need
ambulance transport– 23 (24%) ended up needing it
• 71 patients recommended not to need ED– 32 (45%) needed it
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Hauswald 2002 - 2Hauswald 2002 - 2
• ED diagnoses of those for whom “alternative transportation” was recommended included:– Coma - Syncope– Chest pain - Pyelonephritis– Seizure, adult onset - Liver failure– Dislocated hip - Hypoxia– Sepsis - Severe bleeding
• ED diagnoses of those for whom “alternative transportation” was recommended included:– Coma - Syncope– Chest pain - Pyelonephritis– Seizure, adult onset - Liver failure– Dislocated hip - Hypoxia– Sepsis - Severe bleeding
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Hauswald 2002 - 3Hauswald 2002 - 3
• ED diagnoses of those for whom non-ED care was recommended included:– Active labor - Multiple drug
OD– Extensive lacerations - Liver failure– Child abuse - Fractures– Assault, multiple injuries– MVC, multiple injuries - Chest pain
• ED diagnoses of those for whom non-ED care was recommended included:– Active labor - Multiple drug
OD– Extensive lacerations - Liver failure– Child abuse - Fractures– Assault, multiple injuries– MVC, multiple injuries - Chest pain
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Hauswald 2002 - 4Hauswald 2002 - 4
“Paramedics cannot safely determine which patients do not
need ambulance transport or ED care.”
“Paramedics cannot safely determine which patients do not
need ambulance transport or ED care.”
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Mark Hauswald
Former State EMS Medical Directorfor New Mexico
Mark Hauswald
Former State EMS Medical Directorfor New Mexico
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Silvestri et al 2002Silvestri et al 2002
• “Prospective” survey in Orlando, FL
• 313 patients– 85 patients: paramedics felt no transport
to the Emergency Department was necessary• 27 (32%) met criteria for ED treatment
– 15 (18%) admitted
– 5 (6%) admitted to ICU
– 19 (22%) extensive imaging studies in ED
• “Prospective” survey in Orlando, FL
• 313 patients– 85 patients: paramedics felt no transport
to the Emergency Department was necessary• 27 (32%) met criteria for ED treatment
– 15 (18%) admitted
– 5 (6%) admitted to ICU
– 19 (22%) extensive imaging studies in ED
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Silvestri et al 2002 - 2Silvestri et al 2002 - 2
• Final diagnoses of the 15 patients felt not to need ED care included:– MRSA pneumonia - Septic arthritis– Aspiration pneumonia - Syncope– CHF - Hepatitis– Stroke - Pancreatitis– Femur fracture - Cocaine toxicity
• Final diagnoses of the 15 patients felt not to need ED care included:– MRSA pneumonia - Septic arthritis– Aspiration pneumonia - Syncope– CHF - Hepatitis– Stroke - Pancreatitis– Femur fracture - Cocaine toxicity
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Silvestri et al 2002 - 3Silvestri et al 2002 - 3
• “In this urban system, paramedics cannot reliably predict which patients do and do not require ED care.”
• “In this urban system, paramedics cannot reliably predict which patients do and do not require ED care.”
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Vilke et al 2002Vilke et al 2002
• Telephone survey of elderly patients who called 911, then refused transport
• 636 patients– 121 reached by phone– 100 participated in the survey
• Average age: 72.2 +/- 6.4 yr.• CC: 61% medical, 39% trauma
• Telephone survey of elderly patients who called 911, then refused transport
• 636 patients– 121 reached by phone– 100 participated in the survey
• Average age: 72.2 +/- 6.4 yr.• CC: 61% medical, 39% trauma
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Vilke et al 2002 - 2Vilke et al 2002 - 2
• Reasons why 911 was called:– Worsening patient condition (53%)– Did not have primary care MD (14%)– No other transportation (12%)– Other reasons (21%)
• Reasons why 911 was called:– Worsening patient condition (53%)– Did not have primary care MD (14%)– No other transportation (12%)– Other reasons (21%)
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Vilke et al 2002 - 3Vilke et al 2002 - 3
• Reasons why patient refused transport:– Patient did not want transport (37%)– Concerned about ED cost/coverage (23%)– Paramedics implied no transport needed (19%)Paramedics implied no transport needed (19%)– Concern about ambulance cost (17%)– Language barrier (4%)
• Reasons why patient refused transport:– Patient did not want transport (37%)– Concerned about ED cost/coverage (23%)– Paramedics implied no transport needed (19%)Paramedics implied no transport needed (19%)– Concern about ambulance cost (17%)– Language barrier (4%)
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Vilke et al 2002 - 4Vilke et al 2002 - 4
• Of the 100 patients, only 20 spoke with base station MD during paramedic visit– 80 (80%) did not
• 39 (49%) would have changed their mind had they done so
• Of the 100 patients, only 20 spoke with base station MD during paramedic visit– 80 (80%) did not
• 39 (49%) would have changed their mind had they done so
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Vilke et al 2002 - 5Vilke et al 2002 - 5
• 70 (70%) received follow-up care for the same condition after the paramedic visit:– Family MD (38%)– Urgent care facility (35%)– 2nd 911 call – ED transport (13%)– ED transport by private vehicle (13%)– 2nd 911 call – treated @ scene (1%)
• 70 (70%) received follow-up care for the same condition after the paramedic visit:– Family MD (38%)– Urgent care facility (35%)– 2nd 911 call – ED transport (13%)– ED transport by private vehicle (13%)– 2nd 911 call – treated @ scene (1%)
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Vilke et al 2002 - 6Vilke et al 2002 - 6
• Chief complaints of the 23 of 70 (32%) of patients who were admitted at time of follow-up care included:– LOC - MVC– Abdominal pain - Migraine– Chest pain - Pulselessness– SOB - Nausea– Fall
• Chief complaints of the 23 of 70 (32%) of patients who were admitted at time of follow-up care included:– LOC - MVC– Abdominal pain - Migraine– Chest pain - Pulselessness– SOB - Nausea– Fall
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Pointer et al 2001 Pointer et al 2001
• 1,180 patients evaluated & triaged by paramedics with written transport guidelines– 180 (15%) determined by paramedics not to
require ED care• 113 (63%) were under-triaged
– 22 (20%) were admitted
• 1,180 patients evaluated & triaged by paramedics with written transport guidelines– 180 (15%) determined by paramedics not to
require ED care• 113 (63%) were under-triaged
– 22 (20%) were admitted
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Richmond et al 1999Richmond et al 1999
• 3,225 Elderly patients who initially refused transport– 474 (15%) transported after OLMC consult– 402 with paramedic opinion re: necessity
• 167 (41%): medic thought transport not necessary
– 27% eventually admitted
• 3,225 Elderly patients who initially refused transport– 474 (15%) transported after OLMC consult– 402 with paramedic opinion re: necessity
• 167 (41%): medic thought transport not necessary
– 27% eventually admitted
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Richmond et al 1999 - 2Richmond et al 1999 - 2
• Consult with online medical control resulted in transport of 15% of elderly patients who initially refuse transport
• More than 25% of these patients were admitted (about 4% overall of those
who initially refuse care)
• Consult with online medical control resulted in transport of 15% of elderly patients who initially refuse transport
• More than 25% of these patients were admitted (about 4% overall of those
who initially refuse care)
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Richmond et al 1999 - 3Richmond et al 1999 - 3
• “In the absence of contact with OLMC,
field providers may not be able to accurately identify patients with medical problems requiring hospitalization.”
• “In the absence of contact with OLMC,
field providers may not be able to accurately identify patients with medical problems requiring hospitalization.”
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11/2002
Zachariah et al 1992Zachariah et al 1992
• MORE THAN 50% OF PATIENTS WHO CALLED 911 WERE NOT TRANSPORTED*– 16% ULTIMATELY ADMITTED– 4% ADMITTED TO ICU or DIED– 30% of non-transported patients did not
remember being given the option of being transported
• MORE THAN 50% OF PATIENTS WHO CALLED 911 WERE NOT TRANSPORTED*– 16% ULTIMATELY ADMITTED– 4% ADMITTED TO ICU or DIED– 30% of non-transported patients did not
remember being given the option of being transported
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CONCLUSION
DESPITE ADVANCED TRAINING IN PATIENT ASSESSMENT, PARAMEDICS CANNOT ALWAYS IDENTIFY THOSE
PERSONS WHO DO NOT REQUIRE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT EVALUATION OR HOSPITAL
ADMISSION
DESPITE ADVANCED TRAINING IN PATIENT ASSESSMENT, PARAMEDICS CANNOT ALWAYS IDENTIFY THOSE
PERSONS WHO DO NOT REQUIRE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT EVALUATION OR HOSPITAL
ADMISSION
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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
PARAMEDICS CANNOT RELIABLY PREDICT WHICH PATIENTS DO & DO
NOT REQUIRE TRANSPORT or EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT CARE.
PARAMEDICS CANNOT RELIABLY PREDICT WHICH PATIENTS DO & DO
NOT REQUIRE TRANSPORT or EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT CARE.
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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
THE IMPLICATIONS OF PATIENT NON-TRANSPORT
ARE SUBSTANTIAL
ADVERSE PATIENT OUTCOMEADVERSE PATIENT OUTCOME
LIABILITY» INDIVIDUAL PROVIDERS» AGENCIES» SYSTEM
THE IMPLICATIONS OF PATIENT NON-TRANSPORT
ARE SUBSTANTIAL
ADVERSE PATIENT OUTCOMEADVERSE PATIENT OUTCOME
LIABILITY» INDIVIDUAL PROVIDERS» AGENCIES» SYSTEM
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ADDITIONAL FACTORSADDITIONAL FACTORS
• HOSPITAL ED OVERCROWDING
• AMBULANCE DIVERSIONS
• DWELL TIMES IN THE ER
• SYSTEM COST OF “UNNECESSARY” TRANSPORTS– EQUIPMENT– PERSONNEL
• HOSPITAL ED OVERCROWDING
• AMBULANCE DIVERSIONS
• DWELL TIMES IN THE ER
• SYSTEM COST OF “UNNECESSARY” TRANSPORTS– EQUIPMENT– PERSONNEL
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MITIGATING FACTORSMITIGATING FACTORS
• RISK OF AMBULANCE TRANSPORT
• MANY PATIENTS TRANSPORTED, IN RETROSPECT, DO NOT BENEFIT FROM THE CARE DELIVERED OR FROM THE MORE RAPID TRANSPORT
(Kost 1999)
• RISK OF AMBULANCE TRANSPORT
• MANY PATIENTS TRANSPORTED, IN RETROSPECT, DO NOT BENEFIT FROM THE CARE DELIVERED OR FROM THE MORE RAPID TRANSPORT
(Kost 1999)
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Four Types of
Non-Transported Clients
• True Refusals
• The “Non-patient”
(nobody with ANYTHING wrong)
• Those requesting a physical exam
so that they can then decide
• Patients talked out of going
Four Types of
Non-Transported Clients
• True Refusals
• The “Non-patient”
(nobody with ANYTHING wrong)
• Those requesting a physical exam
so that they can then decide
• Patients talked out of going
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People USED to call us
for ONE Reason
Take me to the hospital
People USED to call us
for ONE Reason
Take me to the hospital
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Life was easy thenLife was easy then
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It’s not true
anymore!
It’s not true
anymore!
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We’ve created
a monster
We’ve created
a monster
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Because we’re so good,
and so prompt,
and give so much
to our citizens…
Because we’re so good,
and so prompt,
and give so much
to our citizens…
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We’re now their
handy dandy,
come check me out,
and I’ll let you know
if I decide to go
to the hospital
We’re now their
handy dandy,
come check me out,
and I’ll let you know
if I decide to go
to the hospital
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“Professional Rescuees”
know that EMS rides are pricey,
that hospitals are expensive,
that they often don’t get billed if
they are treated on the scene
and released
(like giving dextrose or albuterol)(like giving dextrose or albuterol)
“Professional Rescuees”
know that EMS rides are pricey,
that hospitals are expensive,
that they often don’t get billed if
they are treated on the scene
and released
(like giving dextrose or albuterol)(like giving dextrose or albuterol)
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……like…like…Daddy had some chest pain,
do an EKG and check him out,
and we’ll decide what to do…
……like…like…Daddy had some chest pain,
do an EKG and check him out,
and we’ll decide what to do…
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……or…or…“Just check him out
and then let me know
what you think we should do
and then we’ll decide…”
……or…or…“Just check him out
and then let me know
what you think we should do
and then we’ll decide…”
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Back to the
Moral Imperative
Back to the
Moral Imperative
• You cannot• You must not
• YOU MAY NOT
…do something that you are NOT
trained to do…
…especially when it might hurt someone…
• You cannot• You must not
• YOU MAY NOT
…do something that you are NOT
trained to do…
…especially when it might hurt someone…
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YOU MAY NOT…YOU MAY NOT…Render a clinical opinion
as to a specific diagnosis
if you have not been trained
in that field, been determined
qualified to express that opinion,
and licensed to do so
Render a clinical opinion
as to a specific diagnosis
if you have not been trained
in that field, been determined
qualified to express that opinion,
and licensed to do so
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……especially…especially………especially…especially…In the night…
…when you’re exhausted…
…when it’s 6 a.m. and you’re getting off at
7 a.m. and the patient’s doctor opens at 8 a.m.
In the night…
…when you’re exhausted…
…when it’s 6 a.m. and you’re getting off at
7 a.m. and the patient’s doctor opens at 8 a.m.
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You know the drillYou know the drillYou know the drillYou know the drillWell, Ma’am, your vital signs are okay,
and this EKG looks okay, and
you aren’t having any symptoms now,
and WE’LL take you to the hospital…
……but since your Vitals are okay, this may notbut since your Vitals are okay, this may not
be an emergency, and our ambulance ride is $500, and since it may not be an emergency,be an emergency, and our ambulance ride is $500, and since it may not be an emergency,
your insurance may not pay for it…your insurance may not pay for it…
Well, Ma’am, your vital signs are okay,
and this EKG looks okay, and
you aren’t having any symptoms now,
and WE’LL take you to the hospital…
……but since your Vitals are okay, this may notbut since your Vitals are okay, this may not
be an emergency, and our ambulance ride is $500, and since it may not be an emergency,be an emergency, and our ambulance ride is $500, and since it may not be an emergency,
your insurance may not pay for it…your insurance may not pay for it…
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You know the drillYou know the drillYou know the drillYou know the drillWe’ll take her to the hospital if you want,
but since her Vitals are okay,
she’s probably okay to go by car…
……but we’ll take her if you want…but we’ll take her if you want…
We’ll take her to the hospital if you want,
but since her Vitals are okay,
she’s probably okay to go by car…
……but we’ll take her if you want…but we’ll take her if you want…
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Case in PointCase in PointCase in PointCase in Point2 y/o DIB
EMS at restaurant, food has just come
Respond emergency
“2 y/o DIB, making goo-goo eyes,
chest congested, R – 40”
(Sign here for the free TV)
2 y/o DIB
EMS at restaurant, food has just come
Respond emergency
“2 y/o DIB, making goo-goo eyes,
chest congested, R – 40”
(Sign here for the free TV)
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Case in PointCase in PointCase in PointCase in PointSame unit responds
two hours later
to a respiratory arrest on this child
who expired 4 days later
of brain death in the ICU
Same unit responds
two hours later
to a respiratory arrest on this child
who expired 4 days later
of brain death in the ICU
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Case in PointCase in PointCase in PointCase in Point
They were distracted by hunger
Their evaluation was wrong
They expressed an opinion that they were not qualified to make
…and they killed a kid…
They were distracted by hunger
Their evaluation was wrong
They expressed an opinion that they were not qualified to make
…and they killed a kid…
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Case in PointCase in PointCase in PointCase in PointKid was clearly sick
“Congested” = Rales and wheezes
Respirations >40
The medics didn’t look…
Kid was clearly sick
“Congested” = Rales and wheezes
Respirations >40
The medics didn’t look…
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Case in PointCase in PointCase in PointCase in Point…and what was the only thing
that they could say in their defense
at their depositions when they were
asked about why they had not followed
the protocol for pediatrics which required
medical control contact???
…and what was the only thing
that they could say in their defense
at their depositions when they were
asked about why they had not followed
the protocol for pediatrics which required
medical control contact???
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Case in PointCase in PointCase in PointCase in Point
“WE NEVER
SAW THAT PROTOCOL!”
“WE NEVER
SAW THAT PROTOCOL!”
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Another CaseAnother CaseMedics respond to a young adult
with a high fever
Patient has JUST been to the doctor
and has come home with prescriptions
The fever is 104 degrees
What did the medics do?What did the medics do?
Medics respond to a young adult
with a high fever
Patient has JUST been to the doctor
and has come home with prescriptions
The fever is 104 degrees
What did the medics do?What did the medics do?
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Another CaseAnother CaseTold the patient to
push plenty of fluids,
start taking the medication,
take Tylenol for the fever,
and give the treatment
time to work
Told the patient to
push plenty of fluids,
start taking the medication,
take Tylenol for the fever,
and give the treatment
time to work
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Another CaseAnother Case
Why did the Medics say that?
Because the patientBecause the patient
had seen the doctor, and thehad seen the doctor, and the
doctor must have been right!doctor must have been right!
Why did the Medics say that?
Because the patientBecause the patient
had seen the doctor, and thehad seen the doctor, and the
doctor must have been right!doctor must have been right!
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Another CaseAnother Case
What happened?What happened?
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Another CaseAnother Case
The patient was dead of sepsisThe patient was dead of sepsis
by morning…by morning…
The patient was dead of sepsisThe patient was dead of sepsis
by morning…by morning…
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Yet Another CaseYet Another Case
Bum living in a bum place
was burned when a
heater caught his shirt on fire
Bum living in a bum place
was burned when a
heater caught his shirt on fire
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Yet Another CaseYet Another Case• Medics responded
• Guy had NO PAIN and
was pretty stinky
• No loaded the guy
• Medics responded
• Guy had NO PAIN and
was pretty stinky
• No loaded the guy
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Yet Another CaseYet Another Case
Fowler sees him at Parkland two days laterFowler sees him at Parkland two days later
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Yet Another CaseYet Another Case
A brief prayer meeting was held with the medicsA brief prayer meeting was held with the medicsA brief prayer meeting was held with the medicsA brief prayer meeting was held with the medics
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Yet Another CaseYet Another Case
Medics said, “well, the guyMedics said, “well, the guy
wasn’t having any pain”wasn’t having any pain”
Medics said, “well, the guyMedics said, “well, the guy
wasn’t having any pain”wasn’t having any pain”
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Yet Another CaseYet Another CaseI said, “guys, 3I said, “guys, 3rdrd degree burns degree burns
often have no pain, and this often have no pain, and this
guy had almost 18% guy had almost 18%
TBSA burns”TBSA burns”
I said, “guys, 3I said, “guys, 3rdrd degree burns degree burns
often have no pain, and this often have no pain, and this
guy had almost 18% guy had almost 18%
TBSA burns”TBSA burns”
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Coercion“Any attempt to persuade a
patient to do something that
satisfies a need of the medic but
that may be adverse to the patient”
Coercion“Any attempt to persuade a
patient to do something that
satisfies a need of the medic but
that may be adverse to the patient”
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Coercion
is a sin
Coercion
is a sin
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We can beforgiven for sins,
but better to avoid them
We can beforgiven for sins,
but better to avoid them
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The Dallas SituationThe Dallas Situation
We respond to almost 250,000
patients annually, transporting
some 91,000
We respond to almost 250,000
patients annually, transporting
some 91,000
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The Dallas SituationThe Dallas Situation
We have some 300
non-transported
patients per day in our system
We have some 300
non-transported
patients per day in our system
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The Dallas SituationThe Dallas SituationHow in the WORLD do I do
quality control on
such a situation?
I don’t get run sheets sometimes
for weeks or months at a time
How in the WORLD do I do
quality control on
such a situation?
I don’t get run sheets sometimes
for weeks or months at a time
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Non-Transport of EMS Patients: Identification of Individual Paramedic Crew Behaviors Through System-wide
Automated Audit Mechanisms
Non-Transport of EMS Patients: Identification of Individual Paramedic Crew Behaviors Through System-wide
Automated Audit MechanismsRaymond L. Fowler, MD; Paul E. Pepe, MD, MPH; David M. Melville, BS;
and Alexander L. Eastman, MDRaymond L. Fowler, MD; Paul E. Pepe, MD, MPH; David M. Melville, BS;
and Alexander L. Eastman, MD
BackgroundBackground
MethodsMethods
ResultsResults ConclusionsConclusions
Many EMS systems use non-transport Many EMS systems use non-transport policies to optimize resource utilization. policies to optimize resource utilization. While well-intended, such policies may While well-intended, such policies may increase the risk of mistriage and increase the risk of mistriage and potential for bad outcomes. Therefore, potential for bad outcomes. Therefore, in any system allowing non-transports, in any system allowing non-transports, effective monitoring methods are effective monitoring methods are strongly recommended. The purpose strongly recommended. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the of this study was to demonstrate the utility of a system-wide audit of utility of a system-wide audit of automated EMS records to identify automated EMS records to identify varying rates of non-transport among varying rates of non-transport among individual paramedic crews, thus individual paramedic crews, thus allowing identification of potential areas allowing identification of potential areas for focused investigation and for focused investigation and intervention. intervention.
A retrospective analysis of 906,011 A retrospective analysis of 906,011 EMS incidents from 1998 to 2003 in a EMS incidents from 1998 to 2003 in a large, urban EMS system was large, urban EMS system was performed. Data from computerized performed. Data from computerized EMS patient records were reviewed EMS patient records were reviewed and entered into a proprietary and entered into a proprietary Microsoft FoxPro (Microsoft Microsoft FoxPro (Microsoft Corporation; Redmond, WA) Corporation; Redmond, WA) database. Generated reports were database. Generated reports were then exported into Microsoft Excel for then exported into Microsoft Excel for compilation and analysis. These data compilation and analysis. These data were analyzed with specific regard to were analyzed with specific regard to variation in the rate of non-transport variation in the rate of non-transport across individual crews, shifts and across individual crews, shifts and stations. stations.
The Section on Emergency Medical Services, Department of Surgery The Section on Emergency Medical Services, Department of Surgery University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
The Section on Emergency Medical Services, Department of Surgery The Section on Emergency Medical Services, Department of Surgery University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
In a large urban EMS system, In a large urban EMS system, considerable variability exists considerable variability exists between individual crews between individual crews regarding both the rate of non-regarding both the rate of non-transports and the reasons for transports and the reasons for non-transport. While multiple non-transport. While multiple geographical and sociological geographical and sociological variables may explain this variables may explain this variation, across the system, this variation, across the system, this analysis still provides strong data analysis still provides strong data to justify targets for review (e.g. to justify targets for review (e.g. large differences in transport large differences in transport rates at the same station on rates at the same station on different shifts). Further study different shifts). Further study should determine whether this should determine whether this focus allows medical directors to focus allows medical directors to more efficiently direct corrective more efficiently direct corrective interventions and provide interventions and provide remedial training where indicated. remedial training where indicated.
During the 6-year study, no patient During the 6-year study, no patient was transported to a hospital in was transported to a hospital in 541,920 incidents (59.8%). Great 541,920 incidents (59.8%). Great variability was found in both the rate variability was found in both the rate and reason for non-transport. The and reason for non-transport. The highest overall rate of non-transport highest overall rate of non-transport by an individual crew, “Shift 1”, was by an individual crew, “Shift 1”, was found to be 73.8% and this individual found to be 73.8% and this individual crew maintained the highest non-crew maintained the highest non-transport rate in the system for five transport rate in the system for five of the six study years. A second of the six study years. A second crew at the same station, “Shift 2”, crew at the same station, “Shift 2”, had an overall non-transport rate of had an overall non-transport rate of only 58.1% (OR: 1.9 [1.8,2.1] only 58.1% (OR: 1.9 [1.8,2.1] P=<0.00001). The EMS-initiated P=<0.00001). The EMS-initiated (versus patient-initiated) non-(versus patient-initiated) non-transport rate for Shift 1 was 21.4%, transport rate for Shift 1 was 21.4%, as compared to Shift 2, whose EMS-as compared to Shift 2, whose EMS-initiated non-transport rate was initiated non-transport rate was 14.9% (OR: 1.9 [1.7,2.1] P=<0.00001). 14.9% (OR: 1.9 [1.7,2.1] P=<0.00001). System-wide, the overall EMS-System-wide, the overall EMS-initiated non-transport rate was 8.4% initiated non-transport rate was 8.4% (range: 2.8%-21.4%). (range: 2.8%-21.4%).
EMS Non-Transport Rates
8.4 8.4
21.414.9
73.8
58.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Shift 1 Shift 2(%)
System
EMSInitiated
Total
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We pulled 906,011 records oversix years looking at
non-transport trends
We pulled 906,011 records oversix years looking at
non-transport trends
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We found that one shift inone station was 100% more likely
to no-load patients than theshift at that station with thelowest non-transport rate
P value = <0.0001P value = <0.0001
We found that one shift inone station was 100% more likely
to no-load patients than theshift at that station with thelowest non-transport rate
P value = <0.0001P value = <0.0001
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P value = <0.0001P value = <0.0001
This means that theThis means that thelikelihood of this occurringlikelihood of this occurring
by chance is virtuallyby chance is virtuallyimpossibleimpossible
P value = <0.0001P value = <0.0001
This means that theThis means that thelikelihood of this occurringlikelihood of this occurring
by chance is virtuallyby chance is virtuallyimpossibleimpossible
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One year, that shift had an
82% non-transport rate compared to
59% no-load rate for the other shifts
One year, that shift had an
82% non-transport rate compared to
59% no-load rate for the other shifts
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So, when we went to develop a“Policy for Non-transport”,we went to the professionals!we went to the professionals!
So, when we went to develop a“Policy for Non-transport”,we went to the professionals!we went to the professionals!
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And, after working with them,their “EMS Refused” rate
went down and their“false alarm” rate doubled
And, after working with them,their “EMS Refused” rate
went down and their“false alarm” rate doubled
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The Notorious ShiftThe Notorious Shift
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
1 2 3 4 5 6
No Load %No Load %
False AlarmFalse AlarmEMS RefusedEMS Refused
10,383 Runs Measured10,383 Runs Measured10,383 Runs Measured10,383 Runs Measured
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We didwhat we had to do
We didwhat we had to do
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We nukedtheirteam
We nukedtheirteam
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SOLUTIONS!!SOLUTIONS!!
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• UNIFORM SYSTEM POLICY– ALL AGENCIES
• ADDITIONAL PARAMEDIC EDUCATION– INITIAL & CONTINUING
• PROMPT AUDITS & OVERSIGHT
• REMEDIATION
• DISCIPLINARY ACTIONS
• UNIFORM SYSTEM POLICY– ALL AGENCIES
• ADDITIONAL PARAMEDIC EDUCATION– INITIAL & CONTINUING
• PROMPT AUDITS & OVERSIGHT
• REMEDIATION
• DISCIPLINARY ACTIONS
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The Dallas SituationThe Dallas SituationAnswers:Answers:
• Electronic PCR’s• Anecdotal review
• Specific audits of problem providers
Answers:Answers:
• Electronic PCR’s• Anecdotal review
• Specific audits of problem providers
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The Dallas SituationThe Dallas SituationElectronic PCRElectronic PCR
The answer to a prayer
for large urban systems
Electronic PCRElectronic PCR
The answer to a prayer
for large urban systems
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The Dallas SituationThe Dallas SituationElectronic PCRElectronic PCR
Send to my email inbox every morning every chest pain above the age of 35 who was non-transported and who did not get a 12 lead
Electronic PCRElectronic PCR
Send to my email inbox every morning every chest pain above the age of 35 who was non-transported and who did not get a 12 lead
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The Dallas SituationThe Dallas SituationElectronic PCRElectronic PCR
Send to me every no-load
by station 7xx Shift B that was above the age of 65
Electronic PCRElectronic PCR
Send to me every no-load
by station 7xx Shift B that was above the age of 65
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The Dallas SituationThe Dallas SituationElectronic PCRElectronic PCR
IndeedIndeed:: Send me ANY run forms
from Shift B that did not meet specific Mandatory Transport guidelines
Electronic PCRElectronic PCR
IndeedIndeed:: Send me ANY run forms
from Shift B that did not meet specific Mandatory Transport guidelines
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Mandatory TransportsMandatory Transports
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Remember!Remember!Why did they call you to“take their blood pressure”???
Because they’re off meds,they’re having a headache or chest
pain…
……and they’re scared…and they’re scared…
Remember!Remember!Why did they call you to“take their blood pressure”???
Because they’re off meds,they’re having a headache or chest
pain…
……and they’re scared…and they’re scared…
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… …and they’re scared…and they’re scared…
……of cost…of cost………of illness…of illness………in denial…in denial…
……leaving home…leaving home………going to hospitals…going to hospitals…
……even, of you perhaps…even, of you perhaps…
… …and they’re scared…and they’re scared…
……of cost…of cost………of illness…of illness………in denial…in denial…
……leaving home…leaving home………going to hospitals…going to hospitals…
……even, of you perhaps…even, of you perhaps…
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… …and they’re scared…and they’re scared…
the same thingsthe same thingsthat you and your familythat you and your familywould be scared aboutwould be scared about
… …and they’re scared…and they’re scared…
the same thingsthe same thingsthat you and your familythat you and your familywould be scared aboutwould be scared about
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……and they will and they will sue yoursue your
a-- off if you a-- off if you screw up… screw up…
……and they will and they will sue yoursue your
a-- off if you a-- off if you screw up… screw up…
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In examining and In examining and rendering an opinionrendering an opinion
of the “need for an ER visit”,of the “need for an ER visit”,you are beingyou are being
asked to do something thatasked to do something thatyou are not trained to doyou are not trained to do
In examining and In examining and rendering an opinionrendering an opinion
of the “need for an ER visit”,of the “need for an ER visit”,you are beingyou are being
asked to do something thatasked to do something thatyou are not trained to doyou are not trained to do
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EMS Field ExperienceEMS Field Experienceis not enough to predictis not enough to predict
the need for ER treatmentthe need for ER treatmentand hospitalization and hospitalization
in MOST casesin MOST cases
EMS Field ExperienceEMS Field Experienceis not enough to predictis not enough to predict
the need for ER treatmentthe need for ER treatmentand hospitalization and hospitalization
in MOST casesin MOST cases
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And the lureAnd the lureto be able to to be able to express an express an opinion isopinion is
intoxicatingintoxicating
And the lureAnd the lureto be able to to be able to express an express an opinion isopinion is
intoxicatingintoxicating
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Adult Vital Signs:• SBP < 90• Pulse > or = 100 at rest• Any fever, defined as a temperature above
the patient’s normal temperature• Abnormal respiratory rate for the
patient’s age• Blood glucose < 60• Oxygen saturation <94% on room air
Adult Vital Signs:• SBP < 90• Pulse > or = 100 at rest• Any fever, defined as a temperature above
the patient’s normal temperature• Abnormal respiratory rate for the
patient’s age• Blood glucose < 60• Oxygen saturation <94% on room air
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Cardio-Respiratory:• Any patient who complains of shortness of
breath or difficulty in breathing• Any patient, with or without cardiac history,
who complains of chest pain or discomfort. • The area of the chest includes an area from
the jaw to the waist, anterior and posterior, • including the back and the arms.• A DBP >110 or any blood pressure >140/90
in a pregnant patient.
Cardio-Respiratory:• Any patient who complains of shortness of
breath or difficulty in breathing• Any patient, with or without cardiac history,
who complains of chest pain or discomfort. • The area of the chest includes an area from
the jaw to the waist, anterior and posterior, • including the back and the arms.• A DBP >110 or any blood pressure >140/90
in a pregnant patient.
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Abdominal pain associated with any of the following:• Vomiting• Fever• Any recent abdominal surgery, including
C-sections and abortions• Abdominal pain radiating through to the back• Any vomiting of blood, blood from the rectum,
or tarry stools
Abdominal pain associated with any of the following:• Vomiting• Fever• Any recent abdominal surgery, including
C-sections and abortions• Abdominal pain radiating through to the back• Any vomiting of blood, blood from the rectum,
or tarry stools
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Overdoses:• All intentional overdoses• Accidental overdoses: Contact Medical Control for Disposition
Overdoses:• All intentional overdoses• Accidental overdoses: Contact Medical Control for Disposition
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Neurological:• Altered mental status• Passed Out Prior To Arrival (POPTA)• Seizures under the following conditions:
First time seizurePatient with active seizure activity>1 seizurePregnancyFeverAssociated with traumaProlonged post-ictal state >15 minutes
• Focal motor or sensory deficits or slurred speech
Neurological:• Altered mental status• Passed Out Prior To Arrival (POPTA)• Seizures under the following conditions:
First time seizurePatient with active seizure activity>1 seizurePregnancyFeverAssociated with traumaProlonged post-ictal state >15 minutes
• Focal motor or sensory deficits or slurred speech
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Pregnancy:• Seizure witnessed or by history• Active contractions• BP >140/90• Vaginal bleeding• Fever
Pregnancy:• Seizure witnessed or by history• Active contractions• BP >140/90• Vaginal bleeding• Fever
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Age:Any patient > 65 years of age with
ANYANY complaint except:
• Medication refills AND medical history, primary survey, and secondary survey reveal no acute problems
• Requesting transport to a doctor’s appointment AND assessment reveals no acute problems
Age:Any patient > 65 years of age with
ANYANY complaint except:
• Medication refills AND medical history, primary survey, and secondary survey reveal no acute problems
• Requesting transport to a doctor’s appointment AND assessment reveals no acute problems
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Age:WHICH MEANS THAT YOU
HAVE TO TALK TO AND EXAMINE THE PATIENT!!!
Age:WHICH MEANS THAT YOU
HAVE TO TALK TO AND EXAMINE THE PATIENT!!!
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Age:Any minor, defined as <18 years of
age, who meets ANY Medical Control definitions of
medical illness.
Parents present with the minor may refuse care and transport on the behalf of the minor, but they must sign a statement of refusal, as defined above.
Age:Any minor, defined as <18 years of
age, who meets ANY Medical Control definitions of
medical illness.
Parents present with the minor may refuse care and transport on the behalf of the minor, but they must sign a statement of refusal, as defined above.
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Age:If the minor has an actual or
potential injury, a medical history suggestive of a life-threatening illness, or abnormalities of the primary or secondary survey suggestive of a life-threatening illness, Medical Control should be contacted to assist in persuading the parents to permit transport.
Age:If the minor has an actual or
potential injury, a medical history suggestive of a life-threatening illness, or abnormalities of the primary or secondary survey suggestive of a life-threatening illness, Medical Control should be contacted to assist in persuading the parents to permit transport.
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Trauma:Motor vehicle collisions of any type, including pedestrians
struck, will be encouraged to accept treatment and transportation to the hospital. This will apply even if no apparent injury exists.
Stab and puncture wounds to the head, neck, trunk, or proximal extremities will be transported.
Stab or puncture wounds to the distal extremities will be transported if there is evidence of arterial injury (cool extremity, diminished pulse, decreased capillary refill) or active bleeding.
Trauma:Motor vehicle collisions of any type, including pedestrians
struck, will be encouraged to accept treatment and transportation to the hospital. This will apply even if no apparent injury exists.
Stab and puncture wounds to the head, neck, trunk, or proximal extremities will be transported.
Stab or puncture wounds to the distal extremities will be transported if there is evidence of arterial injury (cool extremity, diminished pulse, decreased capillary refill) or active bleeding.
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• Fractures, or suspected fractures, with the following signs or symptoms must be transported:
Open wound adjacent to the fracture site, including any non-intact skin in this area
Tenting of the skin Any long bone fracture, open or closed Any fracture involving the trunk or spine Any fracture associated with neurovascular
compromise• Any amputation or near amputation• Any head injury• Any patient with major traumatic injuries, or who has a mechanism
for a major injury, even if there is no apparent injury, must be transported to a Trauma Center.
In the BioTel system these centers are:In the BioTel system these centers are:Parkland HospitalParkland HospitalBaylor Medical CenterBaylor Medical CenterMethodist Medical CenterMethodist Medical Center
• Fractures, or suspected fractures, with the following signs or symptoms must be transported:
Open wound adjacent to the fracture site, including any non-intact skin in this area
Tenting of the skin Any long bone fracture, open or closed Any fracture involving the trunk or spine Any fracture associated with neurovascular
compromise• Any amputation or near amputation• Any head injury• Any patient with major traumatic injuries, or who has a mechanism
for a major injury, even if there is no apparent injury, must be transported to a Trauma Center.
In the BioTel system these centers are:In the BioTel system these centers are:Parkland HospitalParkland HospitalBaylor Medical CenterBaylor Medical CenterMethodist Medical CenterMethodist Medical Center
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Burn Patients:Adult burn patients will be transported to Parkland Hospital
Emergency Department
Pediatric burn patients with major or moderate burns (including chemical or electrical) will be transported to Parkland.
Major and moderate burn injuries meeting the criteria include:>10% body surface area partial thickness burns>2% body surface area full thickness burnsBurns involving the face, ears, eyes, feet, hands, or perineum Any electrical burnChemical burns, excluding isolated eye injuries, which will be transported to the closest appropriate facility
Burn Patients:Adult burn patients will be transported to Parkland Hospital
Emergency Department
Pediatric burn patients with major or moderate burns (including chemical or electrical) will be transported to Parkland.
Major and moderate burn injuries meeting the criteria include:>10% body surface area partial thickness burns>2% body surface area full thickness burnsBurns involving the face, ears, eyes, feet, hands, or perineum Any electrical burnChemical burns, excluding isolated eye injuries, which will be transported to the closest appropriate facility
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Pediatric burn patients with minor injuries will be taken to CMC:
Minor burns include:
Isolated inhalation injuriesMinor or small (<2% TBSA) isolated burn
injuries (excluding hands, feet, and perineum).Chemical burns isolated to the eyes.
Pediatric burn injuries of any severity that present with respiratory or cardiovascular compromise will be resuscitated at CMC.
Any questions regarding hospital destination should be directed to BioTel
Pediatric burn patients with minor injuries will be taken to CMC:
Minor burns include:
Isolated inhalation injuriesMinor or small (<2% TBSA) isolated burn
injuries (excluding hands, feet, and perineum).Chemical burns isolated to the eyes.
Pediatric burn injuries of any severity that present with respiratory or cardiovascular compromise will be resuscitated at CMC.
Any questions regarding hospital destination should be directed to BioTel
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Transportation of Abandoned Infants:
When EMS personnel are called to any location to retrieve an abandoned infant, the infant must be transported to CMC.
Child protective services must also be contacted
Transportation of Abandoned Infants:
When EMS personnel are called to any location to retrieve an abandoned infant, the infant must be transported to CMC.
Child protective services must also be contacted
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EMS RefusalEMS Refusal
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EMS Refusal:
The Paramedic May Deny Transport IF:The Paramedic May Deny Transport IF:
The patient has NO medical history indicating the possibility of an emergency medical condition, is hemodynamically stable, AND does not meet the above transport criteria.
The EMS provider must provide a written statement that demonstrates why the patient does not meet the transport criteria. Medical history, vital signs, mental status, and the results of the primary and secondary surveys must be documented, including why, in the Paramedics’ judgment(s), the patient did not require EMS transport.
If the patient meets ANY of the criteria discussed in this policy, MEDICAL CONTROL will be contacted before the patient is discharged from care.
The ADMINISTRATOR will promptly review the record of any EMS refusals of care.
EMS Refusal:
The Paramedic May Deny Transport IF:The Paramedic May Deny Transport IF:
The patient has NO medical history indicating the possibility of an emergency medical condition, is hemodynamically stable, AND does not meet the above transport criteria.
The EMS provider must provide a written statement that demonstrates why the patient does not meet the transport criteria. Medical history, vital signs, mental status, and the results of the primary and secondary surveys must be documented, including why, in the Paramedics’ judgment(s), the patient did not require EMS transport.
If the patient meets ANY of the criteria discussed in this policy, MEDICAL CONTROL will be contacted before the patient is discharged from care.
The ADMINISTRATOR will promptly review the record of any EMS refusals of care.
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Do NOT be a hero!Do NOT be a hero!
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You MAY NOTNOTimply that the
patient is safe toremain at home
You MAY NOTNOTimply that the
patient is safe toremain at home
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Examples:•Lacerations, punctures
•Fevers•The diabetic who comes around
•Brief LOC that is resolved•Chest pain that is resolved
•Vomiting in the elderly
Examples:•Lacerations, punctures
•Fevers•The diabetic who comes around
•Brief LOC that is resolved•Chest pain that is resolved
•Vomiting in the elderly
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Give me three reasons thata diabetic will be
found hypoglycemic!
Give me three reasons thata diabetic will be
found hypoglycemic!
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Taking insulin without eating:
Ignorance
An acute illness: Sick
Medications change: Situation not stable
Taking insulin without eating:
Ignorance
An acute illness: Sick
Medications change: Situation not stable
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There are NO
other reasons!!!
There are NO
other reasons!!!
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On the times that YOUhave no-loaded a hypoglycemic,
have you RULED OUT all of these ?
#1 – Ignorance#2 – Sick
#3 – Medications change
On the times that YOUhave no-loaded a hypoglycemic,
have you RULED OUT all of these ?
#1 – Ignorance#2 – Sick
#3 – Medications change
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Did you determine thatan emergency was
present or not?
#1 – Ignorant#2 – Sick
#3 – Medications change
Did you determine thatan emergency was
present or not?
#1 – Ignorant#2 – Sick
#3 – Medications change
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Aren’t we lulled into anodd mix of issues:
Aren’t we lulled into anodd mix of issues:
Emergency medicinevs.
Public Health
Emergency medicinevs.
Public Health
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Hope for the Future:Hope for the Future:
EMS becomes amix of emergency medicine
and public health
EMS becomes amix of emergency medicine
and public health
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Hope for the Future:Hope for the Future:
The EMS Scope of Practice
Project
The EMS Scope of Practice
Project
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Hope for the Future:Hope for the Future:
Training in 2010 mayINCLUDEINCLUDE how to determine
that patients do not haveemergency conditions and can be
linked to otherpublic health venues
Training in 2010 mayINCLUDEINCLUDE how to determine
that patients do not haveemergency conditions and can be
linked to otherpublic health venues
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Summary Thoughts…
Summary Thoughts…
Summary Thoughts…
Summary Thoughts…
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Do NOT be a GUNSLINGER!
Do NOT be a GUNSLINGER!
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You have NOTHINGto prove by
NOT transportinga patient
You have NOTHINGto prove by
NOT transportinga patient
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You may NEVERtry to talk a patientout of going to a
hospital toserve your needs
You may NEVERtry to talk a patientout of going to a
hospital toserve your needs
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That is a sin…
It is wrong…
It may hurt somebody…
That is a sin…
It is wrong…
It may hurt somebody…
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……and it mayand it mayend your careerend your career
in ruins…in ruins…
……and it mayand it mayend your careerend your career
in ruins…in ruins…
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“It isn’t what it ISN’T,but what it MIGHT BE
that will get you in trouble…
…and possibly harmyour patient!”
“It isn’t what it ISN’T,but what it MIGHT BE
that will get you in trouble…
…and possibly harmyour patient!”
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Rememberthe
Moral Imperative
Rememberthe
Moral Imperative
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www.utsw.wswww.utsw.wswww.biotel.wswww.biotel.wswww.utsw.wswww.utsw.wswww.biotel.wswww.biotel.ws
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Questions or Comments?Questions or Comments?
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www.rayfowler.comwww.rayfowler.comwww.rayfowler.comwww.rayfowler.com