Douglas Bryman University of British Columbia
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Douglas BrymanUniversity of British Columbia
00 KOPIO: Measurement of A Rare Opportunity
LK
Frascatti May 26, 2005
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Seeking Answers with Rare K Decays
Cartoon from Jewish Daily Forward (1920’s)
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Rare Decays play key roles for SM parameters.
• No tree level contributions• Suppression by CKM hierarchy• Dominated by short distance physics• Precise determination of CKM parameters• Dominated by direct CP violation in amplitude (K-K mixing effects negligible)
SM
BSM• Still dominated by short distance physics!• Still dominated by direct CP violation in amplitude.• Unique access to new CP-violating phases
0 0: LSpecial Case K i jq q
Even more important:Probing the flavor structure of ‘new physics’.
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0 0 in the SMLK
* 2 5t
2
20
s
2
5
4
td
4
0 0 10
10
10
11
( ):
( ) 1.8 10 ( )
4.1 10 3.0
( ) 1.0 10
Standard Mode =I l
0.6 10
I mV Vm A
I
=
mB
B
t
t
tL
Buras
x X x
x A
x A
x
K
K
2 117.8 1.2 10x
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0 0
0 0
7B( ) 5.9 10 (90% )
10 9
12
11
KTEV (FNAL) result:
KEK E391a:
KOPIO (BNL): Single
10 10 ??
10
Discovery B(" ( ") 5 10
event Sen
or
sitiv
5 ) for
it
>1
y
0
L
L
K x CL
K x
"SM" e0 vents
[ , ] 9Limit based on via iso 1.4 10spin : Grossman NirK x
0 0Experiments Seeking LK
LOI at JPARC
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0 0 0 3L
0 2L
0 0L
0 0 0 0L
10
10
0.93
0.36
0.1255
10Background suppression factor needed: 10
Mode Branching Ratio
K
K
K
K
0 0
Primary Backgrounds
Measurement
x
xe
LK
0.2105
Others
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The Challenge
• B(KL0) ~ 310-11 ;
need huge flux of K’s -> high rates• Weak Kinematic signature (2 particles missing)• Backgrounds with 0 up to 1010 times larger• Veto inefficiency on extra particles must be 10-4
• Neutrons dominate the beam– make 0 off residual gas – require high vacuum– halo must be very small– hermeticity requires photon veto in the beam
• Need convincing measurement of background
_
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The Secrets of Rare Decay Experiments
“BC”
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“BC”
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KOPIO Concepts
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• Maximize micro-bunched beam from the AGS• Measure everything! (Energy, Position, Angle, Time)• Eliminate extra charged particles or photons
* KOPIO: 0 inefficiency < 10-8
• Suppress backgrounds * Predict backgrounds from data: dual cuts* Use “Blind analysis” techniques * Test predictions “outside-the-box”
• Weight candidate events with S/N likelihood function
Concepts
Kaon Center of Mass Measurements
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-3
100 Tp/spill (Upgraded from present 70 Tp)~5.5 s spill, 2.3 s interspill period25 MHz micro-buching frequencyBunch width 200ps
Interbunch extinction 10
Proton Beam:
Kaon Beam42.5 degree tak
: e-off
8 L
angle Soft momentum spectrum [0.5,1.5 GeV]
3x10 K / spill, 8 % decay 10 GHz neutrons
Nominal AGS BeamParameters
40 ns between microbunches
=200 ps
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KOPIO Collaboration6 countries 19 institutions 80 scientists 10 Grad students
Arizona State University J.R. Comfort, J. Figgins
Brookhaven National Laboratory D. Beavis, I-H. Chiang, A. Etkin, J.W. Glenn, A. Hanson, D. Jaffe, D. Lazarus, K. Li, L. Littenberg, G. Redlinger, C. Scarlett, M. Sivertz, R. Strand
University of Cinncinnati K. Kinoshita
IHEP, Protvino G.Britvich, V. Burtovoy, S.Chernichenko, L, Landsberg, A. Lednev, V. Obraztsov, R.Rogalev, V.Semenov, M. Shapkin, I.Shein, A.Soldatov, N.Tyurin, V.Vassil'chenko, D. Vavilov, A.Yanovich
INR, Moscow A. Ivashkin, D.Ishuk, M. Khabibullin, A. Khotjanzev, Y. Kudenko, A. Levchenko, O. Mineev, N. Yershov and A.Vasiljev.
INFN-University of Perugia G. Anzivino, P. Cenci, E. Imbergamo, A. Nappi, M. Valdata
KEK M. Kobayashi
Kyoto University of Education R. Takashima
Kyoto University K. Misouchi, H. Morii, T. Nomura, N. Sasao, T. Sumida
Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University M. Blecher, N. Graham, A. Hatzikoutelis
University of New Mexico B. Bassalleck, N. Bruner, D.E. Fields, J. Lowe, T.L. Thomas
University of Montreal J.-P. Martin
Stony Brook University N. Cartiglia, I. Christidi, M. Marx, P. Rumerio, D. Schamberger
TRIUMF P. Amaudruz, M. Barnes, E. Blackmore, J. Doornbos, P. Gumplinger, R. Henderson, N. Khan, A. Mitra, T. Numao, R. Poutissou, F. Retiere, A. Sher, G. Wait
University of British Columbia D. Bryman, M. Hasinoff, J. Ives
Tsinghua University S. Chen
University of Virginia E. Frlez, D. Pocanic
University of Zurich P. Robmann, P. Trüol, A. van der Schaaf, S. Scheu
Yale University G. Atoyan, S.K. Dhawan, V. Issakov, H. Kaspar, A. Poblaguev, M.E. Zeller
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0
+ -Reconstruct first e e in "Preradiator" Point to K decay vertex in vacuum.
Primary detection mode: Secondary mode:2 photons covert in preradiator 1 photon in preradiator, 1 in BV
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KOPIO Signal and Background Estimates
The key features of the KOPIO approach have been established by measurements supported by simulations
• Micro-bunching and neutral beam design• Photon pointing, energy resolution• Vetoing – charged particles and photons
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-3
Bunch Width (Extinction) Resolution (250 MeV)
200 ps
Exp
25
ected P
mr (10
erform
)
E Resolut
anc
ion
e
t Resolution 90ps E
2.7% E ( )
Photon Veto Inefficiency E949
( )
Charged Particle Inefficiency
or better
//
GeV
GeV
-5 + -4 - 10 ( ),1 ( 0 )
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AGS Microbunching Beam testMicrobunch width Interbunch extinction
Studied the RF extraction mechanismproposed for KOPIO & measured a microbunch rms width of 244 ps --KOPIO requires <300 ps rms
Measured the inter-bunch extinction ratio(flux between bunches/within bunch).KOPIO requires ~ 10-3.
93 MHz 4.5 MHz
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Preradiator
64 Layers (4% X0/layer, 2.7 X0)256 Chambers288 Scintillator Plates (1200 m2)
150,000 Channels Readout
4m
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
ExtrudedScintillator &WLS fibers
8 mm
e
e
Preradiator Angle Measurement of e e
Cathode strip drift chambers
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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KOPIO Prototype Measurements – BNL LEGS Tagged Photon Beams
Preradiator Angular resolution: 25 mr at 250 MeV/c
Simulations agree with measurements.
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Shashlyk Calorimeter
APD
Shashlyk modules prototyped and tested in beams.Mechanical design in progress
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Simulation: Combined Energy Resolution
2.7%( )E GeV
Shashlyk Beam Measurements
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Every detector is a photon veto!
US Wall
Barrel veto
PreradiatorPrerad outer vetoCalorimeter vetoes in D4 sweeping magnet vetoes in DS vacuum pipe
Fine-sampling lead/scintillator-based shower counters of shashlyk & bar geometry. All thick enough so punch-through not an issue. All with sufficient efficiency
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E949 Single Photon Inefficiency Measurement
+
2
1
K2 Decay
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KOPIO PV Estimates and Simulations based on improved E949 Measurements supplemented by
FLUKA calculations
1 MeV Visible Energy Threshold
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Catcher
Aerogel Counter
beam420 modules ofPb-Aerogel counter
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Catcher R&D
New Aerogel tilesModules prototyped and tested in beams.
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Charged Particle Veto in vacuum
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Charged Particle Vetoing
185 290
10-5
10-4
10-3
PSI Measurement (Preliminary)
Data
MC
0Example Background: L e K
Momentum (MeV/c)
Plastic Scintillator – backed up by vetoes!
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KL modes simulated for background Studies
Largest back-grounds
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Other Backgrounds• K+ contamination of beam: <0.001 of signal rate• KLK+e-, K-e+: ~ 0.001 of signal rate• nN N: negligible production from residual gas in decay
volume if pressure<10-6 Torr. Requirements on reconstructed ZV(KL) suppress rate from US wall to <0.01 of signal rate
• Anti-n: far smaller than neutron background• Hyperons: <10-5 of signal rate• Fake photons < 0.05 of signal rate assuming ~10-3 10-3
suppression from (vetoing) (/n discrimination)• Two KL giving single candidate: negligible due to vetos
• (KL X) (e ): ~0.01 of signal rate
• KS 10-4 of KL background rate
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Kinematic Separation of Signal and Backgrounds
Signal Backgrounds
*2Pion Kinetic Energy Squared (T ) vs. Ln (Missing Energy)
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Normalization Factors and Uncertainties
• Losses Rate dependent trigger effectsSignal “self-vetoing”Accidental vetoingMultiple decays/microbunch
• Additional Uncertainties Flux
• Possible Gains Improved photon efficiency
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Optimized S/B vs. Signal (SM Events)
0 0LStandard Model Results for B(K ) Events
S/B
UltimateReach!
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Discovering/Constraining New Physics
1st yr2nd yr
3rd yr
KOPIO Proposal
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KOPIO: SM Precision
1st yr
2nd yr3rd yr
KOPIO Proposal
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Branching Ratio Measurement Precision Estimates
0 0 11L
Ultimate precision at B(K ) 3.0 10Using probability likelihood method employing all observed events : 9% (Statistical) Precision on Im : 5%t
x
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KOPIO Operations Plan
• 2010 Test Run – partial detector• 2011 Engineering Run
“Discovery phase”: Sensitivity goal:~10-10
• 2012-16 Data Acquisition
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Other Potentially Accessible Physics
…
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Summary and Outlook
0 0 0 0L LK K
SM SM
Extraordinary discovery potential for non-SM physics:Unique connection with underlying short distance parameters.
5 discovery if Br < 0.6Br , > 1.7 BrClean access to the CP-viola
t
ting phases of new physics.In the absence of new physics, precision on Im : <7%;Access to very high mass scales!
0 0LK
New collaborators are welcome!