Double trouble
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Double TroubleDouble Trouble
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Case 1Case 1
55 year old with 3 day history of 55 year old with 3 day history of double vision.double vision.
Similar episode of diplopia about 10 Similar episode of diplopia about 10 years ago.years ago.
Diabetes for 15 years.Diabetes for 15 years. No meds or allergiesNo meds or allergies
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Case 1Case 1
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Case 1Case 1
Diagnosis ?Diagnosis ? Investigations?Investigations?
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75 YR Man WITH DIPLOPIA75 YR Man WITH DIPLOPIA
Sudden onset 4/8/03Sudden onset 4/8/03 Optometrist found nothingOptometrist found nothing Same day headache, nausea, Same day headache, nausea,
vomitingvomiting In ER lid began to droopIn ER lid began to droop
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Hospital CourseHospital Course
MRI, MRA negativeMRI, MRA negative CT, CTA negativeCT, CTA negative Discharged after 8 daysDischarged after 8 days Headache persistedHeadache persisted Referred to WEHReferred to WEH
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PMHPMH
DiabeticDiabetic Atrial tachycardiaAtrial tachycardia HypercholesterolemiaHypercholesterolemia Acephalgic migrainesAcephalgic migraines Glaucoma suspectGlaucoma suspect
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PAST OCULAR HISTORYPAST OCULAR HISTORY
1992-episode of “tight” feeling 1992-episode of “tight” feeling around both eyes followed by 20 around both eyes followed by 20 second episode of vertical diplopiasecond episode of vertical diplopia
Similar episode 1 month before Similar episode 1 month before where he felt like eyes were where he felt like eyes were “crossing”“crossing”
MRI normalMRI normal
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MedicationsMedications
LipitorLipitor PrevacidPrevacid ClarinexClarinex
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ExaminationExamination
ODOD OSOS
VAVA 20/2520/25 20/3020/30
ColorColor 8/88/8 8/88/8
VFVF FTFCFTFC FTFCFTFC
MotilityMotility
PupilsPupils
FundusFundus WNLWNL WNLWNL
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NEXT STEP(S)?NEXT STEP(S)?
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78 YEAR OLD WOMAN78 YEAR OLD WOMAN
PROGRESSIVELY DROOPING RUL, PROGRESSIVELY DROOPING RUL, BINOCULAR DIPLOPIA, AND BINOCULAR DIPLOPIA, AND BLURRY VISION OD FOR 2-3 BLURRY VISION OD FOR 2-3 WEEKS.WEEKS.
SYMPTOMS DO NOT VARY SYMPTOMS DO NOT VARY DURING DAY.DURING DAY.
NO EYE PAIN, HEADACHE, OR NO EYE PAIN, HEADACHE, OR TRAUMA.TRAUMA.
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MEDICAL HISTORYMEDICAL HISTORY
BREAST CANCER S/P BREAST CANCER S/P LUMPECTOMY, CHEMO AND XRT LUMPECTOMY, CHEMO AND XRT 10 YEARS AGO.10 YEARS AGO.
HYPERTENSION.HYPERTENSION. DEPRESSION.DEPRESSION.
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EXAMINATIONEXAMINATION
OD OS
VISION 20/60 20/40
PUPILS 7 → 6 5 → 3
COLOR 15/15 15/15
MOTILITY AS SHOWN
CVF FULL FULL
FUNDUS WNL WNL
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MRI: T2-WEIGHTEDMRI: T2-WEIGHTED
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MRI: T1-WEIGHTED WITH MRI: T1-WEIGHTED WITH GADOLINIUMGADOLINIUM
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HOSPITAL COURSEHOSPITAL COURSE
NEUROSURGICAL CONSULTATION NEUROSURGICAL CONSULTATION → STEREOTACTIC BIOPSY.→ STEREOTACTIC BIOPSY.
FROZEN SECTION: FROZEN SECTION: GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME, GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME, GRADE IV.GRADE IV.
RIGHT ANTERIOR TEMPORAL RIGHT ANTERIOR TEMPORAL LOBE RESECTED.LOBE RESECTED.
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RL
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Aberrant Regeneration of the Aberrant Regeneration of the Third NerveThird Nerve
Congenital, trauma, tumors, aneurysm, Congenital, trauma, tumors, aneurysm, migraine.migraine.
Ischemia is exceptionally rare cause.Ischemia is exceptionally rare cause. Globe retraction in upgaze , miosis on Globe retraction in upgaze , miosis on
adduction (pseudo light-near adduction (pseudo light-near dissociation).dissociation).
MRI/MRA in all patients with non-MRI/MRA in all patients with non-traumatic cases of third nerve palsy or traumatic cases of third nerve palsy or presumed “ischemic” third nerve palsy.presumed “ischemic” third nerve palsy.
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Evaluation of Isolated TNPEvaluation of Isolated TNP
Complete Partial
Pupil involved ?
No
Ischemic risk factors ?
Yes
Observe
MRI/MRA(or CTA)
Yes
Pupil involved ?
Yes No
Re-evaluate after 1 week
involvedspared
Observe if ischemic risk factors, otherwise considerImaging, LP
Modified from clinical pathways in neuro-ophthalmology , AG Lee
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10 YEARS OLD MRI / MRA
20 YEARS OLD MRI / MRA, ? A-GRAM
40 YEARS OLD MRI / MRA, ? A-GRAM
60 YEARS OLD B/P, FBS, ?ESR, FOLLOW DAILY
PUPIL SPARING REPORTED IN 8-15% OF III-PALSY DUE TO ANEURYSMS
PUPIL SPARING CN III PUPIL SPARING CN III PALSYPALSY
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Different scenario Different scenario
50 year old with history of 50 year old with history of intermittent “double vision” for 8 intermittent “double vision” for 8 months.months.
No headache, no vision loss.No headache, no vision loss.
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Different scenario Different scenario
VA 20/20 OU.VA 20/20 OU. IOP 13mm/Hg OU.IOP 13mm/Hg OU. Normal color plates.Normal color plates. Hertel Exo OD 17 OS 18 Base Hertel Exo OD 17 OS 18 Base
100.100.
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Different scenarioDifferent scenario
Pseudo Von-Graffe’s sign
Lid retraction in adduction
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MRA CONVENTIONAL A-GRAM
MRA WILL PICK UP 95% OF ANEURYSMS > 3mm
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MRAMRA
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CTA or MRA ?CTA or MRA ?CTA MRA
Scanning time Short Longer
Patients with implanted metal
Can be used Contraindicated
Contrast Iodinated contrast Not necessary in 3D TOF and 2D TOF
Flexibility of display Superior
Evaluation of Neck vessels
Problematic Superior
Aneurysm detection 5-6 mm aneurysms can be missed
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CaseCase
A 73 year old lady referred by a A 73 year old lady referred by a neurosurgeon.neurosurgeon.
History of “double vision” for 3 History of “double vision” for 3 months (horizontal and binocular) , months (horizontal and binocular) , worse when she looks to the left.worse when she looks to the left.
Has seen a neurologist , who ordered Has seen a neurologist , who ordered an MRI an MRI showed “intracranial showed “intracranial meningiomas” of the falx, and left meningiomas” of the falx, and left hemisphere.hemisphere.
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MotilityMotility
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CaseCase
Does not see double when she wakes Does not see double when she wakes up AM for an hour.up AM for an hour.
Patient reported that she is getting Patient reported that she is getting “tired” real quickly and unable to do “tired” real quickly and unable to do “any work in the house”. Feels her “any work in the house”. Feels her legs and arms are “heavy”.legs and arms are “heavy”.
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VideoVideo
Fatigability
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Case 23Case 23
Orbicularis weakness OD >OS
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Always remember !Always remember !
Ocular myasthyenia gravis.Ocular myasthyenia gravis.
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Imaging for isolated Non-Imaging for isolated Non-traumatic TNPtraumatic TNP
Children < 10 years : MRI/MRA Children < 10 years : MRI/MRA regardless of pupil status.regardless of pupil status.
10-50 year old with pupillary sparing 10-50 year old with pupillary sparing and no vascular risk factors: MRI/MRAand no vascular risk factors: MRI/MRA if normalif normal medical evaluation and medical evaluation and observe.observe.
If aberrant regeneration: MRI/MRA with If aberrant regeneration: MRI/MRA with contrast.contrast.
With pupillary involvementWith pupillary involvement if MRI/MRA if MRI/MRA is normal is normal Cerebral angiography. Cerebral angiography.