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![Page 1: Dose-Response Relationship: Health Effects In Residents at the High Background Radiation Areas of Ramsar, Iran SMJ Mortazavi, Ph.D Associate Professor.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649cb75503460f9497c9dc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Dose-Response Relationship: Health Effects In Residents at the High Background Radiation Areas
of Ramsar, Iran SMJ Mortazavi, Ph.D
Associate Professor of Medical PhysicsRafsanjan University of Medical Sciences,
Imam Ali Blvd., Rafsanjan, Iran.E-Mail: [email protected]
![Page 2: Dose-Response Relationship: Health Effects In Residents at the High Background Radiation Areas of Ramsar, Iran SMJ Mortazavi, Ph.D Associate Professor.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649cb75503460f9497c9dc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Mortazavi SMJ
Radiation and Life
• Life evolved in a radiation field that was much more intense than today.– Higher Concentration of
Radioactive Elements
– Natural Reactors
• Natural background radiation levels on Earth vary by at least two orders of magnitude.
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Mortazavi SMJ
Radioadaptation History• It has been long known
that protozoa and bacteria exposed to artificially lowered levels of natural radiation demonstrate deficiency symptoms expressed as dramatically decreased proliferation.
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Mortazavi SMJ
Natural Radioactivity and Radioresistance
• Radioresistance in living creatures of high background radiation area has long been a matter of interest for scientists.
• More than thirty years ago, experiments on the Drosophila nebulosa showed that the flies collected in a high background radiation area in Brazil were more radioresistant than those of an adjacent area (Kratz 1974).
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Mortazavi SMJ
• According to UNSCEAR 2000 report, Ramsar, a city in northern Iran has some inhabited areas with the highest known natural radiation levels in the world.
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Mortazavi SMJ
Why so Hot?
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Mortazavi SMJ
Radium Carbonate• When the groundwater reaches
the surface at hot spring locations, travertine, a calcium carbonate mineral (CaCO3), precipitates out of solution with dissolved radium substituting for calcium in the mineral.
• Radium Carbonate ( RaCo3 )
• Molecular Weight 286.03
• Color: White
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Mortazavi SMJ
Radioactive Bedroom• Two survey meters show
the dose rates of 142 and 143 μGy/h on the wall of the bedroom of one dwelling.
• The owner has used the sedimentary stones formed at hot springs for construction of his house.
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Mortazavi SMJ
Where Do We Need Regulations?
The ICRP-recommended annual effective dose limit for radiation workers is 20 mSv. The annual effective dose in HLNRAs of Ramsar is a few times higher than this limit.
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Mortazavi SMJ
Where Do We Need Regulations? (cont.)
• City of Pripyat,(near Chernobyl)UkrainePermanently Evacuated
• Nuclear accident fallout5.0 mSv/year
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Mortazavi SMJ
• Prof. Sohrabi yesterday stated that the residents of Ramsar have been always considered as laboratory mice.
• No Help for Relocation
• No Economic Assistance
• No Remedial Action
• No Long-term or Short-Term Plan!
• Just continuous sampling (blood, teeth!…)
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Mortazavi SMJ
Expense of Remedial Actions
• Because of the expense of remedial actions and the long history of high background radiation levels, it is nearly impossible to ask the inhabitants to carry out remedial actions.
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Mortazavi SMJ
• Should the Residents be aware of the extra high radiation levels in their environment?
• Should the government financially help them to do remedial actions (basements, floors…) or even evacuate the HBRAs?
• Why these are not simple questions?
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Mortazavi SMJ
Lesson Learned From Chernobyl Accident:
• Health effects caused by radiation• Health effects caused by fear of radiation• Psychological considerations• Economic considerations (land Cost)• Social considerations (relocation)
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Mortazavi SMJ
Radon in Ramsar• Radon levels up to 3700 Bq/m3 (over 100 pCi/L).
• The people and their ancestors exposed to abnormally high radiation levels over many generations.
• If a radiation dose of a few hundred mSv per year is detrimental to health causing genetic abnormalities or an increased risk of cancer, it should be evident in these people.
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Mortazavi SMJ
Radon Prone Houses
• It is often difficult to sell a radon prone house in the US or in other developed countries
• It is nearly impossible to ask the inhabitants of high level natural radiation areas HLNRAs of Ramsar to carry out remedial actions.
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Mortazavi SMJ
Study Design• Ramsar is divided into eight health districts
and a health center provides primary health services in each health district.
• Indoor radon concentration levels were previously measured in each dwelling by the Iranian Nuclear Regulatory Authority experts.
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Mortazavi SMJ
Cancer Mortality
• The overall cancer mortality, lung cancer mortality and neonatal death rate of different districts in the years from 2000 to 2001 were collected.
• The radon prone houses were located in a district named Ramak.
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Mortazavi SMJ
Surprising Results• Our study showed that the highest lung
cancer mortality rate was in Galesh Mahaleeh, where the radon levels are normal.
• On the other hand, the lowest lung cancer mortality rate was in Ramak, where the highest concentrations of radon in the dwellings were found
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Mortazavi SMJ
Crude Lung Cancer Rate
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Mortazavi SMJ
Adjusted Lung Cancer Rate
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Mortazavi SMJ
Adaptive Response
Study group Sample size
Cumulative dose (mSv)
MCAa in non -irradiated cells
MCAa in cells exposed to 1.5 Gy
HBRAb 7 2552 0.014 ± 0.004 0.106 ± 0.015 NBRA c 5 14.90 0.016 ± 0.002 0.188 ± 0.020 P-valued Not significant < 0.001
Table 3: Frequency of chromosomal aberrations in non-irradiated and irradiated cells of the residents of high background radiation areas and the residents of the control area.
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Dose and k-Value
The 2nd-order polynomial model indicates an optimal induction of error-free DNA repair in a cumulative dose region of min k-value.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Cumultive Dose (mSv)
k
Adaptive Response Region
Synergistic Effect Region Base Line
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Mortazavi SMJ
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Mortazavi SMJ
HBRAs and the Radiation Protection Policy
• Considering LNT and ALARA, residents’ health could be severely affected and public health in HBRAs like Ramsar would be best served by relocating the inhabitants.
• In spite of this, the residents’ health seems unaffected and relocation is upsetting to the residents (Mortazavi and Karam 2002)
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Mortazavi SMJ
Other HBRAs’ Biological Findings
• Based on the findings obtained by studies on the health effect of high levels of natural radiation in other HBRAs:
No consistent detrimental effect has been detected so far.
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Mortazavi SMJ
Other HBRAs (cont.)• The level of natural radiation in Kerala is
about 10 times higher than that of normal background areas.
• The average life span of Kerala residents is 72 years, while for all India, it is only 54 years (Goraczko 2000).
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Mortazavi SMJ
Should we replace the LNT with better Models ?
Dr. Comby’s
ALAIN?
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Mortazavi SMJ
Mortazavi et al., Advances in Space Research, Vol 31, No. 6, 1543-1552, 2003
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Mortazavi SMJ