Domestic Water Disinfection Using Total Oxidation Process Presentation
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Transcript of Domestic Water Disinfection Using Total Oxidation Process Presentation
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WELCOME
GARY MADDISON
The Rodin Group.
Rodin TITANIUM - AOPThe solution for the termination of
organisms in water
ALAN FLIGHT
BrightWater Environmental
ALAN LESTER
Chemist & Cooling Tower Specialist
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Prevention is far better
than trying to cure theproblem !!!
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Bacteria Fungi & Yeasts
Amoebae Viruses
What does AOP oxidise?
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Bacteria
Legionella are transported by Amoebae
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A greasy film, coating strainers, pipe work, tank etc. whichattracts dirt
Produces noxious smells
Causes a muddy red/brown colouring to the water
In the long term can cause corrosion
Pseudomonas Bacteria problems that occur
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A biofilm consists of different kinds of micro organisms,
especially bacteria.
It can be seen as a society where micro organisms shelter each
other.
It should not be mistaken with a layer of algae.
What is a Biofilm?
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Water pipe with a biofilm
Biofilm
Legionella
Legionella enters the biofilm
Temp > 25C
Colony forming ofLegionella in the biofilmOutbreak of bacteria in the waterInoculation of other parts of the biofilmMultiple colony forming ofLegionella in the biofilmMass outbreak of bacteria in the water
Why remove the biofilm?
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Water pipe directly after cleaning. No biofilm is present
Cleaning of the Biofilm
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The biofilm will start growing from day 1 after the cleaning
After cleaning
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After several weeks to months the biofilm is present
to let Legionella grow and the process starts all over
The Biofilm regrows
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Water pipe without biofilmLegionella cannot enter the biofilmColony forming is not possible without nutritionThe bacteria will be transported as a single cell through the
water and cannot cause a Legionella outbreak
Why remove the Biofilm?
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All micro organisms are terminated.
New forming of the biofilm is not possible
Titanium AOP Disinfection
Keeping the Biofilm out of the pipes
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Ideal growth temperature: 37C
Growth range: 20 - 55C
Death range: > 60C
Survives to low temperatures but are dormant (count stays
stable) Aerobic rod: needs moisture
Properties ofLegionella
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Optimal growth at 37C
Growth range: 20 - 55C
Death range: > 60C
Survives to low temperatures but are
dormant (count stays stable)
Needs 10 different amino acids and iron
Needs host (Amoebae) to multiply
Aerobic rod which needs moisture
Properties of the Legionella pneumophila
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Source:European Working Group for Legionnella Infections
Outbreaks ofLegionnaire's Disease
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The genus ofLegionella contains 50 species and 24
subspecies
Legionella pneumophila is the only species which causesdangerous disease: Serotype 1
Legionnaire's disease
Inflammation of the lungs Inflammation of stomach and intestine Attack of the central nerve system
Serotype 2-15 Pontiac fever
Flu like disease
Some other Legionella species can cause Pontiac fever
Legionnaire's Disease
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2. Aerosol 3. Breathe
4. Susceptibility of the
individual
Bronchia
Alveoli
(Temp, time, biofilm,
nourishments)
1. Lp growth
Infection
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Disease outcome
Death
Severe brain disorder
Full recovery
High risk population: People over the age of 45
Heavy smokers or drinkers
People suffering from respiratory problems or kidney
diseases
Immunodeficient patients (cancer, AIDS, transplantation) Males are 2.5 times more susceptible than females
Legionnaires Disease
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Droplet
formation
Dropletbreak-up
on impact
Aerosol Generation
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Dropletdiameters
Description Fallingspeed
1 mmRain
droplets4000 mm/s
100 microns
Drizzle
droplets 1000 mm/s
10 microns
Aerosols
20 mm/s
3 microns 5 mm/s
1 micron 0.0002 m/s
A 3 micron droplet falling
by 2 meters takes more than
6 minutes to touch the ground !
Aerosols
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Air bubble
Aerosols in Whirlpool Baths
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Pseudomonas Closed system protection
Legionella Control - HWS
Cooling towers
Humidifiers
Recycling of grey water
Rainwater harvesting
Bore hole water disinfection
Process applications Food & Beverage Industry
Laboratory & Hospital Sterilisation applications
Swimming pool treatment Water Closets.
Risk Areas
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Temperature Control
Temperature Control + UV CTemperature Control + Chlorine Dioxide
Temperature Control + Other Methods
Temperature Control + Copper Silver Ionisation
5%9%
19%
64%
Preferred Current Methods
3%
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Chemical (process water) Environmentally unfriendly.No WRAS approval
Ionisation of copper silver DWI prohibits Silver.
Anodic oxidation (Chlorine) Temp & Iron sensitive. Ozone Expensive & difficult to maintain
Physical (drinking water)
UV-C Shadow effect.
Ultra filtration incubation unit for all bacteria.
Pasteurisation does not destroy bio-film.
Complete Prevention Concept is Unique
Alternative Technologies
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Design ConceptsDrinking water
All water pipe systems are polluted
with Legionella
The complexity of the system and the
risks have to be determined
The pipe system has to be designed
and modified to eliminate risks
Biofilm and bacteria have to be
removed
Good Practice in System Design
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A.C.O.P (H.S.E. L8 )
Control of Substances Hazardous to
Health Regulations 1999, Regulation 6
Management of Health and Safety at
Work Regulations 1999, Regulation 3
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974,Sections 2, 3
Main Drivers
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Rodin Oxidation technology for water disinfection
The technology is based on the combination of well-proven ultraviolet light
radiation and a photo-catalytic effect in the water, i.e a combination of UV light
and the semiconductor titanium dioxide. This process is called AOP (Advanced
Oxidation Process).
So does this enhanced oxidation process mean that viruses, bacteria and other
pathogens found in the water are eradicated faster and more effectively than by
other similar systems?
Titanium AOP (Advance Oxidation Process)
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Titanium AOP 100
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O O
Oxygen
Hydrogen
THE HYDROXYL RADICAL
H2O.OH
Water Hydroxyl Radical
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Redox Oxidation Value
___________ ___ ___
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Photocatalysis (@ wavelength 254 nm)
UV at 254nm excites electrons ontitanium surface
Results in Electron-Hole pair
formation (TiO2e-h+)
Electron-Hole is catalyst which
initiates the formation OH
Process Mechanisms(UV-C) Light, wavelength 185 and 254 nm
UV
@254nm
Conductive Band
Valence Band
Photolysis (@ wavelength 185 nm)
Transforms H2O intoOH radicals
e-
e-
h+
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Process Mechanisms
Catalyst reacts with H2O toproduce OH radicals
e-h+ Pair reacts with O2 to
produce superoxide ions
Catalyst also oxidises organisms
at the H2O/TiO2 interface
OH revert to H2O by oxidising
organisms and VOCs
e-
h+
+O2 O2-
+H2OOH
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Drinking water Cooling towers
Humidifiers
Process water in production areas
Applications
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Inventory of risk and plan of control.
Chemical technical cleaning.
Installation Titanium AOP system.
Monitoring with culture method.
Legionella System Control
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The Titanium AOP has been tested independently in 2008 by the
ISO accredited Vitens Laboratories in The
Netherlands. All tests were done according to KIWA guideline976 which defines the exact test installation, bacteria
cultivation, performance requirements, test conditions and the
test rig.
1. Test installation
To perform the test an installation was constructed from the
following components:
Storage tank, maximum volume 1000 litres;
Pump with a suitable control valve, capacity 5 m / h
Volumetric flow meter with an accuracy of 5%;
Hoses and fixtures to connect the equipment to be tested fitted with sampling taps and a collection tank with a maximum volume
of 1000 litres.
2. Cultivating Legionella bacteria
Legionella bacteria were cultivated in accordance with the inoculation bottle method in NPR 6268.
3. Performance requirements
During a test in accordance with the test protocol, the Equipment must reduce the amount ofLegionella bacteria present in the
water phase continuously with an efficiency of over 5 logarithmic units. The calculation model for removal capacity on the basis
of the measured concentration in CFU/l;
log reduction LR = 10log [blank sample concentration] /[sample concentration]
Product Performance Testing
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3.3 The test set-up
The set-up comprises of the following elements:
2 x (sealed) tanks with a capacity of 1000 Litres pump with a delivery of 5 m / h
flow meter with a measurement range of 05m/h at an accuracy of < 5%
PVC pipes diameter 32mm
needle valve for setting the required rate of delivery
8 x manually operated valves
2 x sampling cocks
Titanium AOP 5
The set-up is shown in the form of a schematic diagram Figure 1 below
Vitens Report
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4 RESULTS
4.1 Determination of blank concentration
The Legionella bacteria should be cultivated in accordance with NEN 6265. This method is ideal for cultivating very high
concentrations ofLegionella. In the execution of the testing 2 samples taken at each time. Because of the accuracy of the
analysis readings even if all readings are 0 Legionella this is recorded as 50 cfu/l. In order to record a log reading reduction
of 5 therefore the blank samples must contain at least 5,000,000 cfu/l.
Table 3 The Legionella pneumophila blanks
Test
Blank (cfu/l) 124,000,000
Blank (cfu/l) 124,500,000
Average blank (cfu/l) 124,250,000
Lowest reporting limit NEN 5265 (cfu/l) 50
Maximum possible log reduction 6.4
As table 3 shows, when testing was carried out with these blanks a log reduction of over 5 was possible. Note: the destruction
of micro-organisms is not species specific.
Vitens Report
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4.2 Titanium test
Below can be seen the results of the Titanium AOP 5.
Table 4 Destruction ofLegionella pneumophila with Titanium AOP
Flow Time Number of Legionella Average Log
(L/min.) (s after start) bacteria behind Titanium (cfu/l) Reduction
20 60 < 50 > 6.4
40 60 < 50 > 6.460 60 < 50 6.4
80 60 400 5.2
Vitens Report
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Titanium AOP 5
Starting concentration Legionella pmeumophila serotype 1: 124,000,000 cfu/l
Note:
Due to the required bottle culture method a contaminated concentration of 106,000,000 cfu/l of other bacteria was
present in the testing inoculum. These bacteria are also substantially removed. They have been in competition
with Legionella which means that the efficiency of removal of legionella could be higher when those contaminants
are not present.
Titanium AOP 1
Test Results
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Titanium AOP System Layout
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AOP 1 & 5
AOP 10, 20, 50, & 100
Titanium AOP Control Panels
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Model AOP 1 AOP 5 AOP 10 AOP 20 AOP 50 AOP 100
Capacity
Flow Rates (L/sec) 0.28 1.42 2.84 5.5 13.8 27.7
Flow Rates
(m/hour) 1 5 10 20 50 100
Pressure Drop (bar)
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A
50
90
90165
170
190
B
470
895
890960
955
955
C
75
75
120160
225
305
D
30
75
70150
155
170
E
90
110
125200
210
250
AOP 1
AOP 5
AOP 10AOP 20
AOP 50
AOP 100
Titanium AOP Reactor Dimensions
Height
180
180
600600
600
1200
Width
180
180
600600
600
600
Depth
150
150
250250
250
600
Control Cabinet Dimensions
Titanium AOP Dimensions
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2011-05-09
45
T
65C
HOTWATER
CALO-RIFIER
Hot and Cold Water Treatment
Gate keeper on new systems
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Sites with Titanium AOP Specified
The Royal London Hospital
Belmarsh Prison
RAF Wyton
Skanska Test Facility
British Nuclear Power
Scotlands National Arena
Kent County Council Cooling Tower
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The complete oxidation of all organism in water
Complete oxidation & destruction of pollutants
A gatekeeper protecting the entire water system
Completely chemical free
Very low maintenance and energy costs
Environmentally friendly
Key Benefits
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Thank you very much for attending
Questions & Answers
09/05/2011 49
CONCLUSION