1

DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN SRI LANKAMANAGEMENT IN SRI LANKA

ENG G A KUMARARATHNAENG. G.A. KUMARARATHNA

ADDL. GENERAL MANAGER (SEWERAGE)NATIONAL WATER SUPPLY & DRAINAGE BOARD

History Developments of Major Sewerage Infrastructure

Subsequent Developments of Other Sewerage Infrastructure

Key Legislative Instruments

CONTENT

Key Legislative Instruments

Discharge Standards

Sewerage Development Goals

Present Status of Sewerage in Sri Lanka Coverageg

Treatment Plants

Wastewater Disposal Projects (ongoing and pipe-in-line)

Future Plans & Direction

Major issues

2

History of Sewerage Works in

Sri Lanka

History: Development of Major Sewerage Infrastructure

Introduction:

A sewer network with pump stations and two

treatment plants (located at Madampitiya and

Development of Major Sewerage Infrastructure

treatment plants, (located at Madampitiya and

Wellawatta) were constructed during 1905‐

1910

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Wanathamulla

MaligawattaHarbour

Madampitiya Treatment

Plant

Vystwyke

Slave Island

ThimbirigasyayaBambalapitiya

Pollwatta Borella

Wellaw atta Treatment

PlantSewer Network 

:1910 

Around 1956, Madampitiya TP was abandoned due

to Operational problems and Wellawatta TP was

History: Continued..

to Operational problems and Wellawatta TP was

abandoned due to complaints from community over

nuisance and bad‐odour

In 1972, a master plan was prepared by a British

C lt Fi (H d H h ) ith thConsultancy Firm (Howard Humphrey) with the

assistance of UNDP for the rehabilitation of Greater

Colombo Sewerage System

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History: Continued..

1983‐1987: Greater Colombo Sewerage System

rehabilitated with World Bank and Saudi Assistance

and two sea outfalls of 1500mm diameter were

constructed at Mutwal andWellawattaconstructed at Mutwal andWellawatta.

Maligawatta

Harbour

MadampitiyaVystwyke

Slave Island

Mutwal Sea Outfall

St. Jones MarketMeetotamulla

Kolonnawa

Wellampitiya

Thimbirigasyaya

Bambalapitiya

Pollwatta

Wanathamulla

BorellaFrom Sri

Jayawardhanapura Kotte

Wellawatta

Sewer Network 

:1987Peterson Lane

Dehiwala Mt. Lavinia

To Wellawatta

Wellawatta Sea Outfall

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1993 : Updating of Wastewater Master Plan for the Greater Colombo area byan American Consultancy Firm with the assistance of World Bank

1998‐2000: Preparation of feasibility study for the Greater Colombo areaincluding immediate works by Atkins with the assistance of British funding

History: Continued..

2000: Beira Lake Restoration Project implemented with World BankAssistance (New PS at Slave Island and diversion of wastewater flow)

2006‐2008: Rehabilitation of Northern Catchment (Construction of new PSat Madampitiya and 7.4 km line rehabilitation)

2008‐2010: Colombo Sewerage Rehabilitation Project (SouthernCatchment): (Construction of new PS at Wellawatta and 7.7 km lineCatchment): (Construction of new PS at Wellawatta and 7.7 km linerehabilitation)

MaligawattaHarbour

MadampitiyaVystwyke

Slave Island

Mutwal Sea Outfall

St. Jones MarketMeetotamulla

Kolonnawa

Wellampitiya

Thimbirigasyaya

Bambalapitiya

Pollwatta

Wanathamulla

BorellaFrom Sri

Jayawardhanapura Kotte

Wellawatta Sea Outfall

Wellawatta

Sewer Network 

: since 2000Peterson Lane

Dehiwala Mt. Lavinia

To Wellawatta

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1980 - 2012:

History: Subsequent Developments of Other Sewerage Infrastructure

Numbers of Small Scale Centralized WWTP were constructed to

treat domestic waste of housing schemes and tourism

associated townships

Mattegoda Housing Scheme Digana Village Housing SchemeMattegoda Housing Scheme

Soysapura Housing Scheme

Raddolugama Housing Scheme

Hantana Housing Scheme

Digana Village Housing Scheme

Kataragama Sewerage Scheme

Hikkaduwa Sewerage Scheme

Modarawile Sewerage Scheme

1980 ‐ 2012:

History: Subsequent Developments of Other Sewerage Infrastructure Cont…

Other WWTPs

Jayawardenagama Housing Scheme

Maddumagewatte Housing Scheme

Maligawatte Housing SchemeMaligawatte Housing Scheme

Crow Island Housing Scheme

Stace Road Housing Scheme

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1980 ‐ 2012:   Several WWTPs were constructed for the treatment of WW effluents 

from Industries  established in dedicated Export Processing Zones (EPZ) 

History: Subsequent Developments of Other Sewerage Infrastructure (Continued..)

monitored by BOI.

Biyagama EPZ : 13,000 m3/day

Seethawaka EPZ : 9,900 m3/day

Katunayake EPZ : 3,000 m3/day

Mirigama EPZ : 400 m3/day

Wathupitiwala EPZ : 900 m3/dayp / y

Polgahawela EPZ : 450 m3/day

Koggala EPZ : 675 m3/day

Kandy EPZ : 1,000 m3/day

Mawathagama EPZ : 500 m3/day

Horana EPZ : 1,000 m3/day

History: Key Legislative Instruments to be considered in Sewerage Disposal(Note: not limited to sanitation only)

Municipal Councils Ordinance No 29 of 1947

National Water Supply & Drainage Board Act No 2 of 1974

Urban Development Authority Law No 37 of 1978

National Environmental Act No 47 of 1980

Coast Conservation Act No 57 of 1981

Water Resources Act 1994

Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Act 1996Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Act 1996

Archaeological Impact Assessment Act 2000

Marine Pollution Prevention Act No 35 of 2008

SLS 745 Part 2: 2009 – Code of Practice for Design and Construction of Septic

Tanks and Associated Effluent Disposal Systems

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History: With the progress in Industrial and Commercial activitiesKey Legislative Developments for Issue of Environmental Protection License for Emission or Disposal of Wastewater

d d i i f t ti d i ki t were needed in view of protecting drinking water sources.

National Environmental Policy:

1980 : GOSL passed National Environmental Act (NEA No 47 of 1980)

1982 : Created Central Environmental Authority (CEA) as the national

regulatory and enforcement agencyregulatory and enforcement agency

2001 : Set up Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MENR)

2003 : Formulated National Environment Policy (NEP)

Discharge Standards: As per the Sec (1) of the Gazette Extraordinary 9No.1534/18)of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka(01.02.2008), the Following Discharge Standards Exist.

T l li i fTolerance limits for;

The discharge of industrial waste into inland surface water

bodies,

Industrial waste discharged on land for irrigation purpose,

Industrial and domestic waste discharged into marine coastal

areas,

Waste from rubber factories being discharged into inland

surface waters,

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Discharge Standards (Cont..) As per the Sec (1) of the Gazette Extraordinary (No.1534/18)of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka(01.02.2008), the Following Discharge Standards Exist.( ) g g

Tolerance Limits for;

Waste from textile industry being discharged into inland

surface waters,

Waste being discharged from tanning industries,

Discharge of wastewater effluents into public sewers

with central WW treatment plants,

Development Goals of Sewerage Development Goals of Sewerage

In Sri Lanka

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Millennium Development Goals (MDG) Access to adequate sanitation for 90% of population of Sri

Development Goals of Sewerage

Access to adequate sanitation for 90% of population of Sri

Lanka by 2015 and 100% by 2025,

Piped Sewerage systems to major urban areas and selected

growth centers,

Availability of Standard On-site sanitation to all those not

t d t tconnected to a sewer system,

GOSL Goals (Mahinda Chinthanaya)

Provision of Piped Sewerage systems to major urban areas and

Development Goals of Sewerage

p g y j

selected growth centers,

Facilitate for Standard On-site sanitation to all those not

connected to a sewer system,

Sri Lanka Government Targets for Pipe Borne Sewerage(Mahinda Chinthanaya 2010 P61 62)(Mahinda Chinthanaya 2010, P61-62)

Year 2005 2009 2015 2020

Pipe borne sewerage coverage (%) 2.0 2.5 3.0 7.0

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Present Status of Sewerage In Sri Present Status of Sewerage In Sri

Lanka

Present Scenario of Sanitation CoverageSanitation Type Estimated Population Coverage

Piped Sewerage (Offsite) 507,435 (02.5%)

Onsite Sanitation 16,887,200 (83.2%)

Without Proper Sanitation(Includes Type Unknown/Other, Pit Latrines)

2,902,500 (14.3%)( yp / , )

2.5%1.0%

9.4%

Piped Sewer (85,102 Connections)

Safe Onsite Sanitation (Water sealedtype with septic tank and soakagepit)Type Unknown

Type Other (Shared, etc.)

Pit Latrines (Direct absorption to

(Projection as at end of 2010 based on sources from NWS&DB, Census and Statistical Data Publication 2001 & Annual Health Bulletin 2006-2007 )

83.2%

3.9%

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MAJOR CITIES

Population coverage by Piped Sewerage

City Total Population Estimated Population coverage

Colombo city 715,000 435,615

Dehiwala / Mt. Lavinia 112,000 10,790

Kolonnawa 60,000 6,380

Kataragama 20,000 4,500

HOUSING SCHEMES

Housing Scheme No. of Connections Population Covered

Soysapura Housing Scheme 2,368 11,840

Matthegoda Housing Scheme 1,240 6,200

Jayawadanagama Housing Scheme 850 4,250

Maddumagewatta Housing Scheme 192 960

Hikkaduwa 30,000 3,000

Total 937,000 460,285

Maddumagewatta Housing Scheme 192 960

Raddolugama Housing Scheme 2,100 10,500

Maligawatta Housing Scheme 1,510 7,550

Crow Island Housing Scheme 294 1,470

Stace Road Housing Scheme 240 1,200

Hantana Housing Scheme 385 1,925

Digana Village Housing Scheme 250 1,250

Total 9,429 47,150

No. Export Processing Zone

Capacity m

3/day Wastewater Treatment System Remarks

1 Biyagama 13,000 Extended Aeration system with Mechanical ly

Aerated Lagoon system (Flow through type)

Proposed to augment up to 20,000 m

3/day

Wastewater Treatment Systems at BOI assisted Export Processing Zones

Aerated Lagoon system (Flow through type) 2 Seethawaka 9,900 Extended Aeration System Proposed to augment

up to 12,900 m3/day

3 Katunayake 3,000 Mechanical Aerated Lagoon (Flow through type) Completed

4 Mirigama 400 Package Plant Completed

5 Wathupitiwala 900 Package Plant Complete

6 Polgahawela 450 Extended Aeration System Completed

7 Koggala 675 Extended Aeration System Proposed to augment Koggala 675 Extended Aeration System Proposed to augment up to 2,000 m

3/day

8 Kandy 1,000 Extended Aeration System Under construction

9 Mawathagama 500 Extended Aeration System Completed

10 Horana 1,000 Package Plant (Rotating Biological Contactors) Completed

Total of Capacities 30,825

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Natural Wastewater Treatment System Natural Wastewater Treatment System at Hikkaduwa (Waste Stabilization Ponds)at Hikkaduwa (Waste Stabilization Ponds)

Locations of Sewerage Schemes in Colombo City and Suburbs

MutwalOut Fall

Kolonnawa

CMCRaddoulawa

WellawatteOut Fall

Dehiwala /Mt. Lavinia

Jayawadanagama

Maddumagewatta

Mattegoda

CMC

Jayawadanagama

Maddumagewatta

C.M.C

Kolonnawa

Dehiwala/ Soysapura

Mattegoda

Soysapura

Dehiwala/ Mt. Lavinia

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Locations of

Major Wastewater

Treatment Plants

in Operationin Operation

Biyagama EPZKatunayake EPZ

Hantana

Koggala EPZ

Seethawaka EPZ

Hikkaduwa STP

Soyzapura STP Mattegoda STP

Kataragama

Colombo City

Raddolugama

Wastewater Disposal Projects in Sri Wastewater Disposal Projects in Sri

Lanka

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Major ProjectsMajor Projects

Ongoing Major Projects (Mobilized)Ongoing Major Projects (Mobilized)

Ja Ela/Ekala Ja Ela/Ekala –– Ratmalan/Moratuwa Wastewater Disposal ProjectRatmalan/Moratuwa Wastewater Disposal Project

Kandy City Wastewater Management ProjectKandy City Wastewater Management Projecty y g jy y g j

GPOBAGPOBA

Greater Colombo Wastewater Management ProjectGreater Colombo Wastewater Management Project

Jaffna Municipality Sewerage ProjectJaffna Municipality Sewerage Project

Colombo Sewerage Rehabilitation Project Colombo Sewerage Rehabilitation Project ‐‐ Southern Catchment : Southern Catchment : (Completed)(Completed)

Projects in Bidding StageProjects in Bidding Stage

Jayawardana Pura/ Kotte Wastewater Disposal ProjectJayawardana Pura/ Kotte Wastewater Disposal Project

Hambantota Wastewater Disposal ProjectHambantota Wastewater Disposal Project

Kataragama Wastewater Disposal ProjectKataragama Wastewater Disposal Project

Kurunegala Water & Wastewater ProjectKurunegala Water & Wastewater Project

Major Projects  …. Contd.Major Projects  …. Contd.

Projects in PipelineProjects in Pipeline

RatmalanaRatmalana‐‐Moratuwa & Jaela/Ekala Moratuwa & Jaela/Ekala ‐‐ Phase II Wastewater Disposal ProjectPhase II Wastewater Disposal Project

Dehiwala/ Mt. Lavinia Piped Sewerage Coverage Expansion Dehiwala/ Mt. Lavinia Piped Sewerage Coverage Expansion / p g g p/ p g g p

Maharagama and Boralesgamuwa Wastewater Disposal System  Maharagama and Boralesgamuwa Wastewater Disposal System  

Negombo WW Disposal  System Negombo WW Disposal  System 

Chilaw Piped Sewerage System Chilaw Piped Sewerage System 

Puttalam Piped Sewerage System Puttalam Piped Sewerage System 

Galle WW  Disposal System Galle WW  Disposal System 

Kattankudy WW Disposal System Kattankudy WW Disposal System  Kattankudy WW Disposal System Kattankudy WW Disposal System 

Gampaha Sewerage  ProjectGampaha Sewerage  Project

Batticaloa WW Disposal System Batticaloa WW Disposal System 

Improvement to WW Disposal System of Cancer Hospital (Design Stage)Improvement to WW Disposal System of Cancer Hospital (Design Stage)

Improvement to WW Disposal Systems of  Government HospitalsImprovement to WW Disposal Systems of  Government Hospitals

Data Collection Survey for 13 Towns by JICAData Collection Survey for 13 Towns by JICA

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Jaffna SP

On going Projects

Projects in Pipe Line

Puttalam WWTS

Locations of Major Sewerage Projects (On-going and Pipe Line)

Kandy SP

Ja – Ela / Ekala SP – Phase I GPOBA

GPOBA - Kolonnawa

Kurunagala SP

Ja – Ela / Ekala SP – Phase II

Negombo SP

Kalmunai SP

Batticaloa SP

Gampaha SP

Kattankudi SP

Chillaw WWTS

Kandy SP

Ratmalana/ Moratuwa SP – Phase IGPOBA – Rat / Moratuwa

GPOBA -Dehiwala/Mt. Lavinia

GC WW Management Project

Hambanthota SP

Sri Jaya’pura Kotte SP

Ratmalana/ Moratuwa SP – Phase II

Kataragama SP

Galle SP

Maharagama Boralesgamuwa UC Area

Dehiwala/Mt. Lavinia Unsewered Area

Akkaraipattu SP

SCHEMEPOPULATION COVERAGE

TOTAL ESTIMATED COST (Rs. Mn.)

1 Colombo Sewerage Rehabilitation Project – Southern Catchment

180,000 Total – 2,222

[F‐ 1,585 

L‐ 6,37] 

2 Wastewater Disposal Project for R l / M   d J l  / Ek l  

80,000 Total – 16,155

Details of On Going Piped Sewerage Projects

Ratmalana/ Moratuwa and Jaela / Ekala Areas ‐ Phase I

[F‐ 11,033 : 

L– 5,122]

3 Kandy City Wastewater Disposal Project 55,000 + 150,000 Floating  population

Total – 22,591

[F– 18,317 : 

L – 4,274]

4 GPOBA ( The Global Partnership on Output Based Aid )

76,400 Total – 1,197

[F – 636 :

L – 561]L  561]

5 Jaffna  Municipality  Sewerage Project 100,000 4,500

6 Greater Colombo Waste Management Project ‐ NWSDB

150,000 1,012

7 Greater Colombo Waste Management Project – CMC

600,000 12,300

TOTAL 1,391,400 59,977

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PROJECT POPULATION TEC  / RS. M

07 Negombo WW Disposal  System  86,700 6,700

08 Chilaw Piped Sewerage System 4,700 2,445

Details of ProjectsDetails of Projects InIn PipePipe Line … Line … ContdContd..

p g y 4,7 ,445

09 Puttalam Piped Sewerage System 7,200 2,605

10 Kattankudy WW Disposal System 79,000 3,194

11 Galle WW Treatment  System 34,600 2,248

12Expansion of Piped Sewerage Coverage to Dehiwala/ Mt. Lavinia

138,000 7,446

13 Batticaloa WW Disposal System  64,200 1,960

14 Gampaha Sewerage  Project 25,000 803

15 Cancer Hospital•Connects to Ratmalana /Moratuwa wastewater treatment plant

2,000 238

TOTAL 742,000 76,786

PROJECT POPULATION TEC  / RS. M

01 Kurunegala Water & Wastewater Project  32,000 8,283

02 Hambantota WW Treatment System 30 400 6 782

Details of ProjectsDetails of Projects InIn PipePipe LineLine

02 Hambantota WW Treatment System 30,400 6,782

03 Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Sewerage Project 138,300 22,060

04Wastewater Disposal Project for Ratmalana‐Moratuwa & Jaela/Ekala ‐ Phase II

49,600 8,462

05 Augmentation of  Kataragama Sacred City Sewerage Project 23,000 1,324

06Waste Water Disposal System for Maharagama and Boralesgamuwa UC Area

27,300 2,281

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Future Plans and Future Plans and DirectionDirection

Technical Approach, Design Principles, Technical Approach, Design Principles, Di l M th dDi l M th dDisposal MethodsDisposal Methods

Technical Approach (cont..)Technical Approach (cont..)Historical approach:Historical approach: Domestic Wastewater (Urban, SubDomestic Wastewater (Urban, Sub--urban, Rural areas)urban, Rural areas)

-- Prior to 1960’s only pit latrinesPrior to 1960’s only pit latrines-- Prior to 1960 s , only pit latrines,Prior to 1960 s , only pit latrines,-- 19601960--1970’s, Cess1970’s, Cess--pits, septic tanks + soakage pits, in UC, pits, septic tanks + soakage pits, in UC,

MC areas,MC areas, Individual WW Treatment systems in Hospitals, Hotels, Individual WW Treatment systems in Hospitals, Hotels,

Major Gov. Institutions, Housing SchemesMajor Gov. Institutions, Housing Schemes-- 19701970--1980’s, Tricking filters, waste stabilization ponds,1980’s, Tricking filters, waste stabilization ponds,-- 1980 1980 –– 1985’s, Activated sludge process with extended 1985’s, Activated sludge process with extended

aeration by mechanical aeration,aeration by mechanical aeration,-- 1985 onwards, deep Sea1985 onwards, deep Sea--outfall, activated sludge process, outfall, activated sludge process,

RBC, mechanically aerated waste stabilization pondsRBC, mechanically aerated waste stabilization ponds

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Technical Approach (cont..)Technical Approach (cont..) Present and Future: Present and Future: OnOn--Site SystemsSite Systems

-- In MC areas Mostly preferred Option: In MC areas Mostly preferred Option: Septic Tanks + Soakage pits after building approval by Septic Tanks + Soakage pits after building approval by MC + UDA, if pipe sewerage is not available,MC + UDA, if pipe sewerage is not available,

-- Rural areas Preferred Options: Septic Tanks + Soakage Rural areas Preferred Options: Septic Tanks + Soakage pits, Cess Pools (if GW table permits) after building pits, Cess Pools (if GW table permits) after building approval by UC or Pradeshiya Sabawa,approval by UC or Pradeshiya Sabawa,pp y y ,pp y y ,

-- Additional Treatment for Effluents from septic tanks Additional Treatment for Effluents from septic tanks followed by anaerobic filters for needy “Clustered followed by anaerobic filters for needy “Clustered Housing”,Housing”,

-- Dry Compose Toilets in Dry, well drained soil Dry Compose Toilets in Dry, well drained soil conditions, conditions,

Technical Approach, Design Technical Approach, Design Principles (cont..)Principles (cont..)

At Present and Future in OffAt Present and Future in Off--Site Systems:Site Systems: Design principlesDesign principles Design principlesDesign principles

-- All flows by gravity and All flows by gravity and capacity of pumping stations will be capacity of pumping stations will be phased out,phased out,

-- Extremely deep sewers (> 4.5 m) will be avoided,Extremely deep sewers (> 4.5 m) will be avoided,-- Full treatment of WW with natural systems is adopted wherever Full treatment of WW with natural systems is adopted wherever

lands are available,lands are available,-- CCompact facilities for systems with limited land availability and ompact facilities for systems with limited land availability and p y yp y y

for small systems,for small systems,-- Discharge of fully treated effluent to inland water bodies or by Discharge of fully treated effluent to inland water bodies or by

short sea out fall,short sea out fall,-- Discharge of the unDischarge of the un--treated WW by deep sea outfall,treated WW by deep sea outfall,-- EEffluent quality requirement is achieved,ffluent quality requirement is achieved,

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Future Plans and Direction in WW Future Plans and Direction in WW ManagementManagement (cont..)(cont..) Wastewater in Townships with Institutional and Commercial Wastewater in Townships with Institutional and Commercial

areas will be disposed either byareas will be disposed either by-- Individual sewer Systems comprising full treatment , the effluent Individual sewer Systems comprising full treatment , the effluent

discharged to Inland water body /or short sea out fall , discharged to Inland water body /or short sea out fall , -- Individual system comprising partial treatment , the effluent Individual system comprising partial treatment , the effluent

discharged to wetlands /or short sea out fall, discharged to wetlands /or short sea out fall, -- Individual system with no treatment , the effluent discharge to Individual system with no treatment , the effluent discharge to

long sea out falllong sea out falllong sea out fall,long sea out fall, Wastewater in housing schemes in subWastewater in housing schemes in sub--urban settings will be disposedurban settings will be disposed

-- with appropriate low cost WW treatment methods (waste with appropriate low cost WW treatment methods (waste stabilization ponds, combination of septic tanks / anaerobic filters, stabilization ponds, combination of septic tanks / anaerobic filters, simplified small bore sewer system)simplified small bore sewer system)

Future Plans and Direction in WW Future Plans and Direction in WW Management ( cont..)Management ( cont..) Industrial Wastewater Industrial Wastewater

-- Dedicated Centralized sewer Systems comprising full treatment Dedicated Centralized sewer Systems comprising full treatment located within the industrial zones , the effluent discharged to located within the industrial zones , the effluent discharged to Inland Inland water body or Central public WW collection system,water body or Central public WW collection system,

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Major IssuesMajor Issues

Technical, Social, Environmental, Technical, Social, Environmental, Economical Economical

Urban Sewerage InfrastructureUrban Sewerage InfrastructureSpecific Planning IssuesSpecific Planning Issues

Land ConstraintsLand Constraints–– Rapid urban developments plans without due Rapid urban developments plans without due –– Rapid urban developments plans without due Rapid urban developments plans without due

consideration to WW disposal infrastructure and consideration to WW disposal infrastructure and nuisance buffer zones take up much land,nuisance buffer zones take up much land,

Higher Environmental Standards which are not practicable Higher Environmental Standards which are not practicable in certain circumstances, in certain circumstances,

Risks of Water Resource ContaminationRisks of Water Resource ContaminationP b l f fl h hP b l f fl h h–– Possibilities of sewage overflows within water catchmentsPossibilities of sewage overflows within water catchments

Visual Impacts and public objection due to odorVisual Impacts and public objection due to odor Costly alternatives subsequent to town / housing / road Costly alternatives subsequent to town / housing / road

development projectsdevelopment projects Laying of sewer reticulation through highly congested areas.Laying of sewer reticulation through highly congested areas.

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Planning for Long Term Needs ofPlanning for Long Term Needs ofWastewater ManagementWastewater Management

Need to address major issues: Adequate and timely provision of sewerage facilities to Adequate and timely provision of sewerage facilities to

meet future needs, Enhance and prolong the life of existing sewer reticulation

system, Provide adequate safe guard to the environment by installing

sewerage infrastructure in par with the other developments, Establishing and maintain Monitoring and surveillance g g

systems for industrial WW effluents, Recognizing the priority of the development needs in the

sewerage infrastructures,

Environmental and Economical Environmental and Economical IssuesIssues

Public objection to sewerage infrastructure due to odor and Public objection to sewerage infrastructure due to odor and devaluation of adjacent real state economic values,devaluation of adjacent real state economic values,devaluation of adjacent real state economic values,devaluation of adjacent real state economic values,

High maintenance cost of infrastructure and inability to High maintenance cost of infrastructure and inability to recover at least the O & M cost,recover at least the O & M cost,

Sustainability of systems due to low affordability of the Sustainability of systems due to low affordability of the consumers,consumers,

Restrictions on sludge disposal sites by regulators,Restrictions on sludge disposal sites by regulators,P l l l ffl d hP l l l ffl d h Practical limitations in implementing effluent discharge Practical limitations in implementing effluent discharge regulations,regulations,

Practical limitations in maintaining large numbers of Practical limitations in maintaining large numbers of scattered individual WW systems in Hospitals, Housing scattered individual WW systems in Hospitals, Housing schemes etc schemes etc

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Social and Institutional IssuesSocial and Institutional Issues

Limitations of skill work force to maintain the systems,Limitations of skill work force to maintain the systems, Limitations of skill work force to maintain the systems,Limitations of skill work force to maintain the systems, Low Social recognition for sanitation workers,Low Social recognition for sanitation workers, Difficult work environment and lack of incentives for workers,Difficult work environment and lack of incentives for workers, Consistent maintenance of workers safety standards,Consistent maintenance of workers safety standards, High investment needs for the plant and equipments to High investment needs for the plant and equipments to

sustain the sewerage infrastructure,sustain the sewerage infrastructure, Lack of awareness of the public about sanitations and health Lack of awareness of the public about sanitations and health

risks.risks.

Thank YouThank You