DOMESTIC SEX TRAFFICKING OF CHILDREN IN …...Section two discusses the psychological impact of...
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DOMESTIC SEX TRAFFICKING OF CHILDREN IN BRAZIL NATASHA DOLBY RESEARCH FELLOW
Transcript of DOMESTIC SEX TRAFFICKING OF CHILDREN IN …...Section two discusses the psychological impact of...
DOMESTIC SEX TRAFFICKING OF CHILDREN IN BRAZILNATASHA DOLBY RESEARCH FELLOW
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DomesticSexTraffickingofChildreninBrazil
NatashaDolby,ResearchFellow
July2018
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LISTOFACRONYMS.............................................................................................................................................3EXECUTIVESUMMARY.........................................................................................................................................5BACKGROUND.....................................................................................................................................................8
TRAFFICKINGINBRAZIL...................................................................................................................................................9DETERMINANTSOFCHILDSEXTRAFFICKINGINBRAZIL........................................................................................................12
Extremeeconomicdisparitiesandlackofsocialmobility..................................................................................13Deep-rootedhistoricalracism............................................................................................................................13Culturalnormsthatsexualizegirls.....................................................................................................................14Culturalnormsthatacceptviolenceagainstwomen.........................................................................................15Technologyasanenabler..................................................................................................................................15Lackoftrustinthejusticesystem,corruption,andacultureofimpunity.........................................................16
LEGALFRAMEWORKSTOADDRESSCHILDSEXTRAFFICKING..............................................................................18INTERNATIONALLAW...................................................................................................................................................18NATIONALLEGALFRAMEWORK......................................................................................................................................20
DomesticLawsprotectingChildren...................................................................................................................21ChildrenGuardianshipCouncils.........................................................................................................................22
CHALLENGESANDOPPORTUNITIESTOPREVENTANDRESPONDTOCHILDSEXTRAFFICKING............................24CHILDRENGUARDIANSHIPCOUNCILS...............................................................................................................................24CONTRADICTINGDEFINITIONSOFTRAFFICKING..................................................................................................................26LACKOFINFRASTRUCTURE.............................................................................................................................................27GOVERNMENTSUPPORTOFSERVICES..............................................................................................................................27LACKOFRELIABLEDATA................................................................................................................................................28
ADDRESSINGTHEPSYCHOLOGICALIMPACTOFCHILDSEXTRAFFICKING...........................................................29ADVERSECHILDHOODEXPERIENCES(ACES).....................................................................................................................30
ADDRESSINGTHECHALLENGESWITHALTERNATIVETOOLS...............................................................................33DANCEMOVEMENTTHERAPY:MENINADANÇA................................................................................................................34
RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................................................................................36
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ListofAcronymsACE–AdverseChildhoodExperiences
ANCED – AssociaçãoNacional dos Centros de Defesa da Criança e do Adolescente (National
AssociationoftheCentersfortheDefenseofChildrenandAdolescents)
BR-116–OneofthemostimportantandlongestFederalhighwaysofBrazil(4,385kilometers
long)
CECRIA–CentrodeReferência,EstudoseAçõessobreCriançaseAdolescentes (Childrenand
AdolescentReference,Studies,andActionCenter)
CGCs–ConselhosTutelares(ChildrenGuardianshipCouncils)
CPI–ComissãoParlamentardeInquérito(ParliamentaryInvestigativeCommission)
CONANDA-ConselhoNacionaldosDireitosdaCriançaedoAdolescente(NationalCouncilofthe
RightsofChildrenandAdolescents)
CONATRAE-ComissãoNacionalparaaErradicaçãodoTrabalhoEscravo(NationalCommission
fortheEradicationofSlaveLabor)
CONATRAP–ComitêNacionaldeEnfrentamentoaoTráficodePessoas(NationalCommittee
AgainstTraffickinginPersons)
CSEC–ExploraçãoSexualComercialdeAdolescentes,ESCA(CommercialSexualExploitationof
Children)
DCI–DefenseforChildrenInternational
DMT–DanceMovementTherapy
ECA-EstatutodaCriançaeDoAdolescente(StatureoftheChildandAdolescent)
ESCA–ExploraçãoSexualComercialdeAdolescentes(ComercialSexualExploitationofChildren,
CSEC)
ECPAT–EndChildProstitutioninAsianTourism(1990campaign),buttheacronymsisnot
longerused.Organizationisnowagrowingnetworkof101civilsocietyorganizationsin92
countriesworkingtoresearchandbetterunderstandthisheinouscrime;tackletheonline
sexualexploitationofchildren;endthetraffickingofchildrenforsexualpurposesandthe
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forcedandearlymarriageofchildren;andbringahalttothesexualexploitationofchildren
throughthetravelandtourismindustry.
FIFA–FédérationInternationaledeFootballAssociation(WorldSoccerAssociation)
FNDCA – FórumNacional dos Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente (National Forum for the
RightsofChildrenandAdolescents)
FNPETI–FórumNacionaldePrevençãoeErradicaçãodoTrabalhoInfantil(NationalForumfor
thePreventionandEradicationofChildLabor)
GBD–GlobalBurdenofDisease
GDP–GrossDomesticProduct
GSHS–GlobalSchools-basedStudentHealthSurvey
ICAST–InternationalChildAbuseScreeningTool
ILO–InternationalLaborOrganization
IOM–InternationalOfficeforMigration
ISPCAN–InternationalSocietyforPreventionofChildAbuseandNeglect
NGO–Non-GovernmentalOrganization
PNET–PlanoNacionaldeErradicaçãodoTrabalhoEscravo(NationalPlanfortheEradicationof
SlaveLabor)
PNUD–UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme
SIPIA–SistemadeInformaçãoParaInfânciaeAdolescência(ChildandAdolescent Information
System)
SUS–SistemaÚnicodeSaúde(UniversalHealthCareSystem)
TIP–TraffickinginPerson
TIPReport-USDepartmentofState’sAnnualTraffickinginPersonsReport
TVPA–TraffickingVictimsProtectionAct(USA)
UN–UnitedNations
UNICEF–UnitedNationsChildren’sFund
UNODC–UnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime
WHO–WorldHealthOrganization
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ExecutiveSummary
The traffickingofchildren1 forsexualexploitation inBrazil isbothdevastating to their
healthandwell-being,andagrossviolationof theirhuman rights. Fueledbyamixofpower
inequality, extreme economic insecurity, corruption, and regressive social norms, child sex
traffickinghasflourishedinBrazil.23Thisreportpresentsthefindingsofamixedmethodsstudy
ontraffickingofchildrenforsexualpurposesinBrazil.
AlthoughBrazil ratifiedtheUnitedNationsPalermoProtocol toPrevent,Suppressand
PunishTraffickinginPersonsEspeciallyWomenandChildren(ThePalermoProtocol)andmade
manyotheradvancesinthelegalprotectionofchildren’srightsinBrazil,includingalignmentof
thepenalcodewiththeProtocol,implementationremainsextremelyweak.4Confusionpersists
around the roles and responsibilitiesofdifferent agencies andbetweenpolicies that address
slavelaborversusthosethataddresstraffickinginpersons.
Due to incongruity between international commitments and domestic legislation
implementation, the vastmajority of child victims5 of sex trafficking areoften referred to as
“childprostitutes.” This stigmatizing labeling leaves them invisible and/or condemnedby the
generalpublicand,moreimportantly,overlookedbyofficialsandsupportproviderswhoshould
belegallyobligedtoidentifyandassistthem.Fallingthroughthepolicycracks,survivorsdonot
haveavenuesoutoftheseabusivecircumstances.Forthosewhodomanagetoleave,fewever
receivetheassistancetheyneed,especiallytheappropriatementalhealthsupport.
1“Children”isthisreportreferstotheUnitedNationsguidelinesstatingthatanyoneunder18isconsideredachild.2Thereisn’tjustonenarrativeondomesticsextraffickingofgirlsandboysinBrazil.Specifically,therearevaryingperspectivesontheroleofchildren’sagencyversusvictimhoodintheircircumstances.Dialogueontraffickinghasmovedbeyondthebinarynotionoffreeversusnotfreeandnowhighlightsextraordinaryeconomicfragilityoffamilystructuresinthecontextofpovertyandemphasizesgenderdisparities,particularlythelimitedincomeopportunitiesforgirls.Whilethesedebatesarevaluable,thesediscussionsarebeyondthescopeofthispaper.3https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/271341.pdf4http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2016/lei/L13344.htm5Theword“victim”and“survivor”areusedinterchangeablyinthispaper.Eachpersonself-identifiesdifferentlyandthereareconnotationstoboth.Beinga“victim”implieshelplessnessandpity,whichmightnotadequatelydescribetheexperiencesofsomepeople,whileterm“survivor”impliesthatpeopleareabletotakecontroloftheirownlives.
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Todate, therehasbeen little researchon sex traffickingof childrenand reintegration
assistanceforvictimstoinformmoreeffectiveresponsesinBrazil.Therehasbeenlittletono
research or evaluation of mental health interventions to support the recovery of human
traffickingsurvivors.6Thisreportconsiderscognitive-behavioraltherapiesandtrauma-informed
mentalhealthcareinthetreatmentoftraffickingvictims.
Thisreportaimsto:1)assessthegapsinimplementationofinternationalandnational
commitments to protect child victims of sex trafficking in Brazil; and 2) consider the
psychosocialeffectsofsextraffickingonchildren;and3)discussfindingsondancemovement
therapyasaninterventiontoolforre-integrationofsurvivorsofchildsextrafficking.Thereport
concludes with recommendations for better implementation of the Palermo Protocol and
national policies on children’s rights and sex trafficking, and offers suggestions for further
researchoninterventionstosupportsurvivors.
This report is based onmixedmethods, including: a) a literature review and b) field
observations inMedina,MGandRiodeJaneiro,RJ;andc)observationsatMeninaDança–a
Braziliannon-profitorganizationthatworkswithat-riskgirlsincommunitiesalongtheBR-116,
Brazil’s“exploitationhighway”—inthecityofMedina.
This paper begins by providing a general background on child sex trafficking and a
specific overview of the situation in Brazil, including the key determinants of child sex
traffickinginBrazil.Theremainingsectionsare:1)Ananalysisoflegalandpolicychallengesto
preventandrespondtochildsextrafficking;2)Thepsychosocialimpactofchildsextrafficking;
3) alternative approaches to address the effects of sex trafficking among children; and 4)
recommendationsforfutureactionsandtargetedinvestments.
6ExceptforthelandmarkPESTRAFstudy,PesquisaSobreTráficodeMulheres,Crianças,eAdolescentesparaFinsdeExploraçãoSexualComercialnoBrasil,RelatórioNacional;Women,ChildrenandAdolescentTrafficking-in-PersonforCommercialSexualExploitation–NationalReport,2002
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Sectiononeoffersadiscussionof the internationalanddomestic legal frameworks to
address child sex trafficking and gaps in implementation. Particular attention is given to the
effectivenessandobstaclesfacedbyBrazil’sChildrenGuardianshipCouncils(CGCs).Thesection
concludeswithadiscussionofthechallengesandopportunitiestopreventandrespondtochild
sextrafficking.Sectiontwodiscussesthepsychologicalimpactofchildsextrafficking,focusing
ontheimpactoftraumareferredtoasadversechildhoodexperiences(ACEs).Theroleofdance
movementtherapy isconsideredasanalternativesupportandrecoveryapproachtoaddress
the psychosocial impact of child sex trafficking. Results are presented from participant
observation of a dance therapy organization: Menina Dança. Based on the findings,
recommendationsareofferedtotheBraziliangovernmentandorganizationsworkingonchild
sextrafficking.
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Background
Trafficking of human beings is a multi-billion-dollar business present in nearly every
country in the world under many names.7 An expression of extreme social and economic
inequalities, human trafficking is a product of vulnerability arising from any number of co-
occurringfactors includingsocialexclusion, incomeshocks, illiteracy,state instability,conflict,
high levels of judicial corruption, or insecure immigration status, to name a few.8 Traffickers
preyonthesevulnerabilities,oftenisolatingtheirvictims,threateningtoharmthemandtheir
lovedones,manipulatingfearsrelatedtofamily,housing,food,money,love,andcommunity.9
Survivors often reportmultiple forms of abuse in the context of their trafficking experience
including repeatedly being locked in rooms, denied access to food, and routine physical
beatings.10 Survivors report instances of being bitten, kicked, smashed against walls, raped,
forcedtotakedrugs,havinggunsheldtotheirheadsasfeartactics,andfallingvictimtodebt
bondage.11Sufferingwhatcanbedebilitatingphysicalandemotionalconsequences,survivors
may face generational cycles of crisis, hardship, and loss.12 Some victims become entrapped
whentheyseekeconomicopportunitiesthatturnouttobefraudulentandtheybecomecaught
byexploitativecontracts, fakepromises,unpaidwages,unconscionableandunpayabledebts,
withhelddocuments,andviolence.13
A recent report developed jointly by the International Labour Organization (ILO), the
Walk Free Foundation, and the InternationalOrganization forMigration (IOM), found that in
theyear2016alone,morethan40millionpeoplewerevictimsofmodernslavery.14Duetothe
7TheFreedomFund8Cockayne,J.,UnshacklingDevelopment:Whyweneedaglobalpartnershiptoendmodernslavery,TheFreedomFundandtheUnitedNationalUniversity,20159http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/php/ghd/docs/traffickingfinal.pdf10https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/82902.pdf11https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/general958.pdf12TheFreedomFund13TheFreedomFund14http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_574717/lang--en/index.htm;AccordingtotheUSDepartmentofState,‘“Traffickinginpersons,”“humantrafficking,”and“modernslavery”areusedasumbrellatermstorefertobothsextraffickingandforcedlabor.TheTraffickingVictimsProtectionActof2000(TVPA),andtheProtocoltoPrevent,SuppressandPunishTraffickinginPersons,EspeciallyWomenandChildren,supplementingtheUnitedNationsConvention
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methodological challenges associated with estimating the size of hidden populations, these
numbers are only rough estimates and there is no universal consensus on the number of
traffickedpersonsworldwide.15SincetheUnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime(UNODC)
started to collect information on the age profile of detected trafficking victims, the share of
childrenamongthedetectedvictimshascontinuously increased,particularlygirlsunder18.16
Outofeverythreechildvictims,twoaregirlsandoneisaboy.17
TraffickinginBrazil
A2001UnitedNationsreportestimatedthat500,000boysandgirls throughoutBrazil
are “inprostitution,”which is also the samenumberestimatedby theCenter forReference,
Studies and Action for Children and Adolescents (CECRIA).18 In 2009, the United States
Department of State estimated that number to be 250,000, and theNational Forum for the
PreventionofChildLaborpublishedanestimateof500,000in2012.AccordingtoMãesdaSé,
anNGOinSãoPaulo,therearenogovernmentagencies,NGOs,orprivateinstitutionsinBrazil
thathaveaconcreteestimateofthenumberofchildrenbeingtrafficked.19Thislackofcertainty
isinpartduetothenatureofthishiddenpopulation,andinpartduetothepervasivelackof
understandingofthedefinitionofhumantrafficking,corruptpracticeslinkedtotrafficking,and
lackofresources.20
againstTransnationalOrganizedCrime(thePalermoProtocol)describethisforcedserviceusinganumberofdifferentterms,includinginvoluntaryservitude,slaveryorpracticessimilartoslavery,debtbondage,andforcedlabor.Humantraffickingcaninclude,butdoesnotrequire,movement.Peoplemaybeconsideredtraffickingvictimsregardlessofwhethertheywerebornintoastateofservitude,wereexploitedintheirhometown,weretransportedtotheexploitativesituation,previouslyconsentedtoworkforatrafficker,orparticipatedinacrimeasadirectresultofbeingtrafficked.Attheheartofthisphenomenonisthetrafficker’saimtoexploitandenslavetheirvictimsandthemyriadcoerciveanddeceptivepracticestheyusetodoso.15Brunner,J.InaccurateNumbers,InadequatePolicies,EnhancingDatatoEvaluatethePrevalenceofHumanTraffickinginASEAN,201516UNODC,GlobalReportonTraffickinginPersons,201417UNODC,GlobalReportonTraffickinginPersons,201418TráficodeMulheres,CriançaseAdolescentesparaFinsdeExploraçãoSexualnoBrasil,CECRIA,Brazil,200019http://www.maesdase.org.br/Paginas/saibamais.aspx20Brunner,J.,InaccurateNumbers,InadequatePolicies,EnhancingDatatoEvaluatethePrevalenceofHumanTraffickinginASEAN,2015
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Thelandmark2002PESTRAFReportidentified241traffickingroutes(110internalroutes
and131internationalroutes)throughandoutofBrazilforthefirsttime.21Internally,Brazilians
are trafficked frompoor states in northernBrazil to central and southern states, particularly
towardsRiodeJaneiroandSãoPaulo.Adolescentsmakeupthelargestgrouptraffickedalong
these internal routes, followedbywomen.22 Internationally Brazilians, including children, are
traffickedtoChina,Spain,theNetherlands,Portugal,Paraguay,andItaly,amongothers.23
TheannualTrafficking inPersonReport (TIPReport)24producedbytheUSDepartmentof
State, despite its many challenges, is considered to an important barometer in the global
conversationson trafficking. Ranking countries basedon self-reported trafficking information
byforeigngovernments,theTIPreportorganizescountriesintothreetiers:
� Tier1indicatesthatthegovernmentismakingsignificanteffortstocombattraffickingin
accordancewithTVPA’s(TheTraffickingVictimsProtectionAct)25minimumstandards;
� Tier2signifiesthatacountryisnotfullycomplyingwithTVPA’sminimumstandardsbut
ismakingeffortstodoso;and
� Tier3countriesarefoundnoncompliantwithTVPAstandards.
Inaddition,thereisaTier2WatchListforcountrieswhosevictimnumbersaresignificant,or
steadily increasing and the government cannot provide evidence of increasing efforts or
progress.The20016and2017TIPReportlistsBrazilasaTier2country.Thereportsummarized
thefollowingchallengesforBrazil:
(20016)Brazilisasource,transit,anddestinationcountryformen,women,andchildren subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor. Brazilian women andchildren are exploited in sex trafficking within the country, and federal policereport higher rates of children exploited in prostitution in the north andnortheastregions[…]Childsextourismremainsaproblem,particularlyinresortand coastal areas; many child sex tourists are from Europe, and to a lesser
21http://www.childhood.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Pestraf_2002.pdf22http://www.childhood.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Pestraf_2002.pdf23http://www.childhood.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Pestraf_2002.pdf24https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/271341.pdf 25TheTraffickingVictimsProtectionAct(TVPA)isarguablythemostimportantanti-traffickinglaweverpassed.TheTVPA,anditsreauthorizationsin2003,2005,and2008defineahumantraffickingvictimasapersoninducedtoperformlabororacommercialsexactthroughforce,fraud,orcoercion.
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extent,theUnitedStates.Brazilianlawdefinestrabalhoescravo,orslavelabor,asforcedlabororlaborperformedduringexhaustingworkdaysorindegradingwork conditions. […] Brazilianwomenand children, aswell as girls fromothercountries intheregion,areexploited indomesticservitudewithapproximately213,000childrenemployedasdomesticworkersinBrazil.[…]NGOsandofficialsreport some police officers tolerate children exploited in sex trafficking,patronize brothels, and rob and assault women in prostitution, impedingproactiveidentificationofsextraffickingvictims.(2017) Investigation and prosecution efforts in sex trafficking cases remainedweak,reportsofofficialcomplicityandcorruptionwerelargelyunaddressed[…]Brazil should increase funding for specialized services, including housing forvictims of sex trafficking and forced labor; improve federal and state lawenforcementcooperationandcommunicationontraffickingcases,trainfederal,state, and municipal law enforcement officials on proactive identification ofvictims, […] increase specialized services for child trafficking victims, includingcasemanagement assistance and oversight of local guardianship councils. […]Thegovernmenttreatedforcedlaborasadistinctcrimefromsextrafficking[…]This resulted in uneven interagency coordinationof anti-trafficking efforts. […]Officials did not report the number of victims of domestic servitude orcommercial sexual exploitation of children identified in 2017. […] Specializedshelters forchildsextraffickingvictimswere lacking,andguardianshipcouncilsoftendidnothavetheexpertiseor resources to identifychildvictimscorrectlyandreferthemtoservices.[…]Coordinationamongagenciesatthenationalandstatelevelwasunevenandvariedinefficacy.
The majority of victims of sex trafficking in Brazil are female and from situations of
extreme poverty in a context of social exclusion.26 In general they come from poor
communities,have loweducational levels, live inperipheral/marginalizedcommunitieswitha
lackofsanitationortransportation,andlivewithafamilymemberandoftenhavechildrenof
their own.27 Often these women and adolescents work in the service industry as cleaners,
maids,cooks,or insmall commerceenterprisesaswaitresses, receptionists,andstoreclerks.
Usually thesepositionsarepoorlycompensatedandarepaid“under thetable,”providingno
benefitsandareknowntohavehighattritionrates.28Mosthavesufferedsometypeof intra-
familialviolence(sexualabuse,rape,sexualassault,andnegligence).29Whiletheimportanceof
26Darlington,S.2014BraziltacklingchildprostitutionforWorldCup-CNNFreedomProject27http://www.childhood.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Pestraf_2002.pdf28http://www.childhood.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Pestraf_2002.pdf29http://www.childhood.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Pestraf_2002.pdf
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thefinancialpropositionisafactorintherecruitment,oftenbasicsurvivalanddesiretoescape
theircurrentreality is themaindriverofyoungwomenfallingpreytotraffickers’advances.30
Often,traffickingvictimsareconfinedconstantlyunderphysicalandpsychologicalthreatuntil
theypay thecostof travel, food,clothing,and ‘documentation’costs,whichoften includesa
fake identification card with a fake date of birth.31 Brazilian researchers Leal and Leal
summarizetheprobleminBrazil:
There’s a direct correlation between poverty, regional inequality and the
existenceoftraffickingroutesforsexualpurposeinallBrazilianregions,witha
fluxfromruraltourbanareas,andtotheless-developedregions.Traffickingin
persons of women, children and adolescents is the result of social
contradictionsmadeitmoreapparentduetoglobalizationsandforthefragility
of the state, making the inequalities of gender, race and ethnicity more
apparent. The phenomena is multidimensional, multifaceted and
transnational… It also has its roots in cultural relations (values that are
patriarchal, chauvinistic, class-based, from gender and adult-centered that
insertwomen,childrenandadolescentsinunequalrelationsofpower….Froma
human rights standpoint, it is configured as a criminal violation of the rights,
mandatingaresponsethatcreatesaccountabilityfortheaggressor,butalsofor
thestateandforsocietyitself.32
DeterminantsofChildSexTraffickinginBrazil
Therearemultiple factors thatcontribute tochild trafficking inBrazil,whicharesummarized
below.
30Darlington,S.2014BraziltacklingchildprostitutionforWorldCup-CNNFreedomProject31http://www.childhood.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Pestraf_2002.pdf32Tráficodemulheres,criançaseadolescentesparafinsdeexploraçãosexualecomercialnoBrasil–realidadeedesafios,Leal&Leal,1998
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Extremeeconomicdisparitiesandlackofsocialmobility
Brazil’s history of political, economic, and social instability has led to high levels of
inequality, putting vulnerable groups at higher risk of exploitation, including children. Youth
unemploymentamongthoseaged15to24yearsofage,estimatedtobe15.8%in2015,33 is
likely tobe furtherexacerbatedbythecountry'scurrenteconomicrecession.34About30%of
the total Brazilian population is younger than 15 years, and 45% of those living in extreme
poverty (less than$61per capita) are in this age group.And the situation is evenworse for
thosewhoareyounger:almost40%offive-year-oldslivewithfamilieswhoearnlessthan$61
peryear.35In2013,Brazil’sGDPwasUS$2.24trillion:thehighestinLatinAmerica.However,its
GDPpercapitaisonlyUS$14,455.36Thereareverylimitedopportunitiesforincome-generation
activitiesforyouthfromlow-incomebackgrounds.37
Deep-rootedhistoricalracism
The vastmajority of girls and boys being sold for sex are Afro-descendants, most of
whom are girls and women between the ages of 15-24.38 Slavery in Brazil lasted for
approximately three centuries, from the start of the 16th century to themid-19th, a period
duringwhich fivemillion slaveswere shipped fromAfrica— around 11 timesmore than to
NorthAmerica.39ThenationwasthelastintheAmericastoabolishslaveryin1888.Butmany
Afro-Braziliansarestillconfinedtothemarginsofsociety.Today,almost70percentofpeople
living in extreme poverty are black.40 And they are almost totally absent from positions of
power. Afro-Brazilians make up 53% of Brazil’s population, a total of about 106 million
individuals. It is theworld’s largestblackpopulationoutsideAfrica.41Asan indicationoftheir
vulnerability,accordingtotheUnitedNationsChildren’sFund,blackBraziliansages12to18are
33http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-employment-china-idUKKCN0S22QI2015100934http://www.bbc.com/news/business-3642542735Neri,M.andDaCosta,D.R.,Otempodascrianças,Brazil:GraduateSchoolofEconomics,GetúlioVargasFoundation,200236LegatumInstitute,2016ProsperityIndex37Someorganizationsareworkingtofillthisgap:ProjectViraVida,anNGOestablishedin2010hasbeensuccessfulintrainingyouthsurvivorsofsexualviolenceinmodernserviceskillsinfashion,tourismandhospitality,gastronomy,digitalcommunication,andofficeadministration.Inthefirstsixyears,theprogramhasserved5,000youthin26citiesacrossBrazilsee:http://www.viravida.org.br.38https://www.unicef.org/about/annualreport/files/Brazil_2016_COAR.pdf39https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-2/african-slavery/40https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/brazil41http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/24/opinion/vanessa-barbara-in-denial-over-racism-in-brazil.html
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almostthreetimesmorelikelytogetkilledthantheirwhitecounterparts,andasurveybythe
BrazilianForumonPublicSecurityfoundthatblackBraziliansaccountedfor68%ofallhomicide
victims.42
Culturalnormsthatsexualizegirls
While an in-depth discussion of this topic is beyond the scope of this paper, Brazil’s
culturalnormsare rooted ina longhistoryofpatriarchy, impunity, andeconomicdisparities.
Thetele-novelasandmediaalsocontinuetoaffecttheBraziliancollectivepsycheonsexuality,
beauty,anddisability,andcontinuetodenigrategirlsandpromoteaperceivedhyper-sexuality
of girls and women. In a 2013 survey of construction workers by Childhood Brasil, 57%
confirmedthatchildrenandadolescentsnearbybigconstructionprojectswerebeingsexually
exploited,while25%ofthemadmittedtohavinghadsexoneormoretimeswithadolescents.43
ChildhoodBrasil concluded that, “In theeyesof thispopulationofmaleworkers, there isno
sexualexploitationofchildrenandadolescents.”44A2012reportbyInstitutoProMundofound
that77%ofmenthoughtitwascommontohavesexwith“underageprostitutes.”45
Brazil ranks fourth in theworld in terms of adolescentsmarrying by 15 years of age.
ProMundo data shows that olderman seek younger women because they are perceived as
more “obedient”ofmen,becausebyassociation they feel younger themselves, andbecause
they want to “marry someone who they can teach things to.”46 Gender inequality clearly
contributes to the sexual exploitation of Brazilian girls, through unequal power dynamics,
commodification of women as sexual objects at the disposal of men, and uneven share of
familyresponsibilitiesthatinthepoorestsectorsforcingmotherstoenterintoprostitutionto
ensurethesurvivalofchildren.47
42https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/12/08/lethal-force/police-violence-and-public-security-rio-de-janeiro-and-sao-paulo43http://www.childhood.org.br/dimensoes-e-impactos-dos-grandes-eventos-esportivos#as-licoes44http://www.childhood.org.br/dimensoes-e-impactos-dos-grandes-eventos-esportivos#as-licoes45https://promundoglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/SheGoesWithMyBoat_ChildAdolescentMarriageBrazil.pdf46https://promundo.org.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/02/Understanding-Mens-Use-of-Violence-Against-Women-IMAGES-Brazil-Chile-Mexico.pdf47RightsoftheChild,ReportsubmittedbytheSpecialRapporteuronthesaleofchildren,childprostitutionandchildpornography,JuanMiguelPetit,2004
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Girlsandboyssubjectedtosexualabuseandviolenceathomeorthosewholiveinan
environmentwhereadultprostitution iswidespread learn toviewsuch sexual activityas the
normandmaynotseethemselvesasvictimslater.48Thisiscompoundedbythepervasivebelief
thatadolescentvictimsofsextraffickingaretoblamefortheirsituation.49
Culturalnormsthatacceptviolenceagainstwomen
A16-yearoldadolescentgirl froma low-incomecommunity inRiowasgang-raped in
2015.Graphicphotosandvideosoftheunconscious,nakedadolescentwerepostedonTwitter,
and severalmen jokedonlineabout theattack.50 Thecase rockedBrazil, andhighlighted the
nation’s deep-rooted problem of violence against women. The Brazilian Center for Latin
American Studies found thatmore than92,000womenwere killed in gender-related crimes,
includingrapeanddomesticabuse,from1980to2010.51Accordingtoa2014reportbyanNGO
calledtheFórumBrasileirodeSegurançaPública(BrazilianForumofPublicSecurity),arapeis
reported to police every 11 minutes in Brazil.52 In 2014, more than 47,500 rapes
werereportedinthecountry,ofthosecases61%ofthevictimswereblackwomen.53
Technologyasanenabler
Brazil’s fastest growing online population of young people has made the country,
according to theWall Street Journal, “the social media capital of the universe.”54 Internet
technologies and digital networks give users the unprecedented ability to connect and
communicate instantaneouslywith individualsand largeaudiencesover longdistances.While
suchtechnologieshavecertainlyhadaliberatingeffect,theyalsoenabletraffickerstoexploita
greater number of victims across geographic boundaries.55WhatsApp, which now hasmore
than100millionusers inBrazil (90%ofwhomhaveamobilephone)hasenabledsellersand
482016OffendersontheMoveReport,AGlobalStudyonSexualExploitationofChildreninTravelandTourism,ECPATInternational492016OffendersontheMoveReport,AGlobalStudyonSexualExploitationofChildreninTravelandTourism,ECPATInternational50https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/29/world/americas/first-arrest-made-in-gang-rape-case-in-brazil.html51https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/29/world/americas/first-arrest-made-in-gang-rape-case-in-brazil.html52http://www.forumseguranca.org.br/estatisticas/introducao/53https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/brazil54https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000142412788732330110457825795085789189855Latonero,Mark,Ph.D.,HumanTraffickingOnline-TheRoleofSocialNetworkingSitesandOnlineClassifieds,2011
16
buyers to connect in an unprecedented way.56 In 2015 Reuters reported that traffickers
worldwide are increasingly using socialmedia to contact vulnerable teenagers and sell them
into sexwork. 57 Theyarequick toadopt the latestonlineplatformspopularwith teenagers,
creating new challenges for law enforcement agencies. Once limited to luring victims in the
street, traffickers and their intermediaries can now communicate and recruit thousands of
peoplethroughInstagram,Facebook,Kik,Tagged,Twitter,WhatsAppandSnapchat.58Europol,
theEuropeanUnion’spoliceagency,hasstatedthatsocialmediaandotheronlinetechnology
havenotonlytakentherecruitmentandsellingprocessoffthestreetsbutalsoallowtraffickers
tocontrolvictimsusingremotesurveillance.59
Lackoftrustinthejusticesystem,corruption,andacultureofimpunity
Brazilians have very little faith in the judicial system, which is generally viewed as
corrupt. In a 2013 Transparency International study, 50% of Brazilians reported that they
believetheirjudicialsystemiscorruptorextremelycorrupt.60Thelegalsystemisalsoincredibly
slow-moving.Conservativestatisticsestimatethenumberoflawsuitsawaitingfinaldecisionto
bemore than 50million.61 Between 1995 and 1999, 32.2million cases entered theBrazilian
courts. However, only 22.6million of thesewere decided during the same period.62 Judicial
stagnation in Brazil is caused by an excess of guaranteed appeals as well as an overloaded
SupremeCourt.63
Lack of trust in the police is also an aggravating factor. According to Human Rights
Watch, police in the state of Rio de Janeiro have killedmore than 8,000 people in the past
56https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000142412788732330110457825795085789189857https://www.reuters.com/article/women-conference-traffickers/feature-tech-savvy-sex-traffickers-stay-ahead-of-authorities-as-lure-teens-online-idUSL8N1343ZL2015111658Thesefindingswereconfirmedbythe2016OffendersontheMoveReport,AGlobalStudyonSexualExploitationofChildreninTravelandTourism;Britain’sNationalCrimeAgency59GlobalCorruptionBarometerofTransparencyInternational,201360GlobalCorruptionBarometerofTransparencyInternational,201361GlobalCorruptionBarometerofTransparencyInternational,201362InternationalTradeandBusinessLawReview,Jones.R&Moens,G.,200863TheUnitedNationsHumanRightsCouncilconfirmedthatcourtsinBrazilare‘extremelyslow,’citingtheextensiveappealssystem;UnitedNationsPressRelease,‘UnitedNationsExpertConcernedAboutLackofAccesstoJusticeinBrazil’.
17
decade.64In2015,policewereresponsibleforonefifthofthehomicidesinthecityofRioalone.
According to Amnesty International, the police are responsible for as much as 15% of the
homicidesinRiodeJaneiro.65InSãoPaulo,thepoliceareresponsibleforasmanyas1outof5
violentdeaths.66Corruptbehaviorof lawenforcersmayhelp traffickers to recruit, transport,
andexploittheirvictims;corruptcriminaljusticeauthoritiesmayobstructtheinvestigationand
prosecutionofcases,and/orimpedetheadequateprotectionofvictimsofthecrime.67
64https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/brazil65https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/americas/brazil/report-brazil/66https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/brazil67https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/brazil
18
Legalframeworkstoaddresschildsextrafficking
InternationalLaw
Trafficking in human beings is not a recent phenomenon. Nevertheless, a common
internationallegaldefinitionfortheterm‘trafficking’wasnotarticulateduntilDecember2000
during the Political Conference of the United Nations in Palermo, Italy, when 121 countries
signedtheInternationalConventionAgainstTransnationalOrganizedCrime,whichincludedthe
ProtocoltoPrevent,SuppressandPunishTraffickinginPersons,especiallyWomenandChildren
(the Palermo Protocol). The Convention entered into force September 29, 2003 and the
protocolenteredintoforceon25December2003.ThePalermoProtocoldefinestraffickingin
personsas:
[T]he recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboringor receiptof persons, bymeansofthethreatoruseofforceorotherformsofcoercion,ofabduction,offraud,ofdeception,oftheabuseofpowerorofapositionofvulnerabilityorofthe giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of aperson having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.Exploitationshall include,ataminimum,theexploitationof theprostitutionofothersorotherformsofsexualexploitation,forcedlabororservices,slaveryorpracticessimilartoslavery,servitudeortheremovaloforgans.
Notably,thedefinitionoftraffickingdoesnotnecessarilyrequiremovement.Furthermore,even
whenthedefinitionoftraffickingaddressesthemovementofthevictim(“transfer”,“transport”
and“receipt”)thereisnospecificationthatthismovementhastobeacrossborders,whichis
particularly relevant given the prevalence of internal trafficking within Brazil. Importantly,
Article3(b)ofthePalermoProtocolnotesthatthe“consentofavictimoftraffickinginpersons
totheintendedexploitation”describedintheabovedefinitionisrenderedirrelevantwhereany
ofthemeansdescribedinthedefinitionhavebeenemployed.
Importantly,Principle8ofthePalermoProtocolrequiresstatestoensurethatthevictim
isprotectedfromfurtherexploitationandharm(fromthosewhohavealreadyexploitedthat
19
personandfromanyoneelse).UnderthePalermoProtocolstatesareexplicitlyresponsiblefor
protecting and caring for victims and are required to provide victims of national and
internationaltraffickingwithphysicalandpsychologicalcarethatisadequatetomeetatleast
immediate needs. The Protocol is supplemented by a number of Guidelines that focus on
specificelementsofsuchcareandsupport.Guidelines6.1and6.2,forexample,requestStates
andotherstoconsiderensuring,alongwithNGOs,theavailabilityofsafeandadequateshelter
thatmeetstheneedsoftraffickedpersonsandaccesstoprimaryhealthcareandcounseling.
ThePalermoProtocoloffersadditionalprotections forchildren.Article3(c)articulates
that“[t]herecruitment,transportation,transfer,harboringorreceiptofachildforthepurpose
ofexploitationshallbeconsidered ‘trafficking inpersons’even if thisdoesnot involveanyof
the means set forth” in the definition. This means that the crime of trafficking in children
requires only an action (movement, sale, receipt, etc.) carried out for the purpose of
exploitation; it is not necessary to establish any “means” such as deception, coercion or the
abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability. Thismeans that when a child is recruited,
enticed,harbored,transported,provided,obtained,ormaintainedtoperformacommercialsex
act, it is not necessary to prove force, fraud, or coercion in order for the offense to be
characterized as human trafficking. There are no exceptions tothis rule: Children who are
“prostituted” are by definition trafficking victims.68 Guideline 8 of the Palermo Protocol
specifies that the particular physical, psychological harm suffered by trafficked children and
their increased vulnerability to exploitation require that they be dealt with separately from
adulttraffickedpersonintermsoflaws,policies,programs,andinterventions.Itfurtherstates
that child victims should be provided with appropriate assistance and protection and full
accountshouldbetakenoftheirspecialrightsandneeds.69
Beyond the 2004 ratification of the Palermo Protocol, Brazil has signed or ratified all
major international child protection instruments, including the Geneva Declaration of the
68TraffickinginPersonsReport,2015,USDepartmentofState69Surtees,R.(2013).AfterTrafficking:ExperiencesandChallengesinthe(Re)integrationofTraffickedPersonsintheGreaterMekongSub-region,UNIAP/NEXUSInstitute
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Rights of the Child (1924), The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), The Second
DeclarationoftheRightsoftheChild(1959),TheConventionontheRightsoftheChild,(1989),
TheViennaDeclarationandProgrammeofAction(1993),andtheWorstFormsofChildLabor
Convention182(1999).UndertheUNConventionontheRightsoftheChild(CRC)Stateshave
thedutytoensuretheprotectionofeverychildagainstanyformofneglect,abuse,violence,
andexploitation.70
NationalLegalFramework
As mentioned in an earlier section, Brazil ratified the Palermo Protocol in 2004,
affirmingtorevisethecountry’spenalcode,whichatthetimedidn’talignwiththeProtocol.
Twelve years late, with decree 5.017/2004, Law 13.344 was revised on October 16, 2016
addressingdomesticandinternationaltraffickinginpersonsandcriminalizedallformsoflabor
traffickingandsomeformsofsextrafficking,andprescribedpenaltiesoffourtoeightyearsof
imprisonmentandafine.Thelawalsocreatedadditionalprovisionsforthecrimeoftrafficking
in persons in Article 149-A71 of the penal code (added to the penal code after the crime of
reducingapersontoconditionsanalogoustoslavery).72
Retrospectively, in 2006, Brazil created the Política Nacional de Enfrentamento ao
Tráfico de Pessoas to implement a national plan on coping with trafficked persons (Plano
NacionaldeEnfrentamentoaoTráficodePessoas,PNET-I).73In2008,BrazilhostedtheIIIWorld
70UNConventionontheRightsoftheChild(CRC)71Article149oftheBrazilianPenalCodeReducingtoaconditionanalogoustoslavery,eitherbysubjectingsomeonetoforcedlabororexhaustiveworkday,orbysubjectinghim/hertodegradingworkingconditions,orrestrictinghis/herlocomotion,byanymeans,becauseofindebtednesstowardstheemployerorhisagent:Penalty–imprisonmentfromtwotoeightyearsand,inaddition,afineaccordingtothepenaltycorrespondingtotheviolence.§1.Thesamepenaltiesapplytothosewho:I–restricttheuseofanymeansoftransportbytheemployee,inordertoretainhim/herintheworkplace;II–keepsovertsurveillanceintheworkplaceorseizesdocumentsorpersonalbelongingsoftheemployee,inordertoretainhim/herintheworkplace.72http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto-lei/Del2848compilado.htm73MinistériodaJustiçadoBrasil.TráficodePessoas–IIPlanoNacionalwww.portal.mj.gov.br
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CongresstoCombatSexualExploitationofChildrenandAdolescents,atwhichthegovernment
committedtorevisingthe2006Planbasedonthenatureoftransnationalcrimes,therolethat
technology plays in these crimes, and the structure of psycho-social work for victims as a
fundamentalcomponentofthelong-termstrategyofbreakingthecycleofviolence.74
DomesticLawsprotectingChildren
Brazil’senactmentoftheEstatutodaCriançaedoAdolescente(StatuteontheChildand
Adolescent, ECA) in 1990 marked a major and unprecedented milestone in Latin America
becauseitgavechildrentheirfullrightsascitizens.Sincethen,thecountryhasmovedtoward
building a system of protection to ensure the rights of children. The ECA called for the
establishment of an institutional framework to protect children’s rights, but years after its
adoption,severalprovisionsofECAareyettobefullyimplementedinpractice.In1993,Brazil
created a Parliamentary Investigative Commission (CPI, Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito)
withthemandatetofurtherinvestigatethesexualexploitationofchildrenandadolescentsin
Brazil.75BrazilputintoplaceTheNationalPlanforCombatingSexualViolenceAgainstChildren
andAdolescentsin2000(PlanoNacionaldeEnfrentamentoàViolênciaSexualcontraCriançase
Adolescentes), The National Plan of Family and Community Interaction (Plano Nacional de
ConvivênciaFamiliareComunitária) in2006,TheNationalPlan toCombatHumanTrafficking
(Plano Nacional de Enfrentamento ao Tráfico de Pessoas II) in 2008, The Decennial Plan for
Children and Adolescents (Plano Decenal dos Direitos de Crianças e Adolescentes), and The
National Program for Human Rights (Programa Nacional dos Direitos Humanos- PNDH-III) in
74Brazilhasalsoengagedinextensiveawarenesscampaignsontrafficking,particularlyaroundlargesportingevents.In2013,BraziljoinedtheUnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime(UNODC)BlueHeartCampaignagainstHumanTrafficking.BrazilianpopstarIveteSangalowasappointedasanationalUNODCGoodwillAmbassadorandbecamethefaceofthecampaign,whichaimstomobilizeBraziliansocietyagainstthiscrime.TherewerealsoothercampaignstoraiseawarenessaboutchildexploitationingeneralaroundthemajorsportingeventsthattookplaceinBrazilin2014and2016suchas“GetontheField”(EntreemCampo,RedesPelosDireitosdaCriançaedoAdolescente)plannedbyECPATBrasil,TheNationalCommitteetoCombatSexualViolenceofChildrenandAdolescents(ComitêNacionaldeEnfrentamentoàViolênciaSexualContraCriançaseAdolescentes),TheNationalAssociationofCentersfortheProtectionoftheRightsoftheChildandAdolescents(AssociaçãoNacionaldosCentrosdeDefesadosDireitosdaCriançaedoAdolescente),ANCED/DCIBrasil(SeçãoDefenseforChildrenBrasil),TheNationalForumfortheRightsofChildrenandAdolescents(FórumNacionaldeDefesadosDireitosdaCriançaedoAdolescente,FNDCA),andtheNationalForumofChildSlaveLaborEradication(FórumNacionaldePrevençãoeErradicaçãodoTrabalhoInfantil,FNPETI).FortheWorldCup,theBraziliangovernmentsetaside8millionReais(about$3.3USDmillion)tocombatchildsexexploitationinhostcities.TheBraziliangovernment,theNGOcommunityandUNagenciesalsodevelopedtheConvergenceAgendaofPromotion,ProtectionandDefenseoftheRightsofChildrenandAdolescentsinGreatEventsbeforemega-sportingevents.75http://www.cidh.oas.org/countryrep/brazil-eng/chaper%205%20.htm
22
2010.In2013,BrazilsignedtheBrasiliaDeclarationonChildLabor,whichprovidesguidancefor
an integratedresponsetochild laborandsetambitiousgoalstoeliminatetheworstformsof
child labor by the year 2016.76 Andmore recently, in 2018, changes to the ECAwere put in
effect, specifically Law 13.431/2017 which re-establishes the systems of guarantees of the
rights of the child and reinforces the vulnerability of the child, and that their consent is
irrelevant in accordance with the Palermo Protocol (evidence of deception, force, coercion,
should not be required elementswhen children are the victims of trafficking cases).77While
these plans represent good intention and commitment to protecting the rights of Brazilian
children, their decentralized organization, bureaucratic layers of overlapping and sometimes
conflictingeffortsbymultiple committeesandorganizedbodies, chronic lackof funding, and
general obstacles to implementation of any theory to action, all impede the practical
implementationoftheseworthygoals.
ChildrenGuardianshipCouncils
In 1990, one year after the almost universal ratification of the 1989 United Nations
Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), the Statute on the Child and Adolescent,
Exploração Comercial de Adolescentes (ECA) was passed into law in Brazil as part of the
progressive Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 following years of military dictatorship.
CloselyfollowingthemainprinciplesoutlinedintheUnitedNationsConventionoftheRightsof
theChild,ECArepresentedaprofoundmodificationinthewaychildrenandadolescentswere
consideredbytheBrazilianlegislation.78Thefactthatthislegislation,“currentlyacknowledged
as one of the most advanced in the world, was enacted in a society well-known for its
numerous examples of violations of child rights, is a clear indication of the many deep
contradictionsthatcharacterizeBrazil.”79
762013BrasiliaDeclarationonChildLabor,ILO,http://www.ilo.org/ipec/Campaignandadvocacy/BrasiliaConference/lang--en/index.htm77http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2015-2018/2017/Lei/L13431.htm78Rizzini,I.,TheChild-SavingMovementinBrazil:IdeologyintheLateNineteenthandEarlyTwentiethCenturies,200279Duarte,Cristina.,Hoven,Cristina.W.,Rizzini,Irene,Earls,Felton,Carlson,Mary.TheevolutionofchildrightscouncilsinBrazil.InternationalJournalofChildren'sRights.
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ChildrenGuardianshipsCouncils(CGCs,“ConselhosTutelares”)wereestablishedallover
Brazil as part of ECA’s implementation. CGCs are regulated by ECA and are of strategic
importanceinthesystemthatguaranteestherightsofthechildasitensuresthattherightsof
thechildaresafeguardedbyother institutions.TheCGCsdonotprovideanydirectserviceto
children or their families. Rather, they are permanent, autonomous, non-jurisdictional
institutionswiththemandatetoinformpublicpoliciesatthemunicipallevelsandmonitorthe
implementation of the policies to guarantee children’s rights as outlined in the UNCRC
according to the “System of Guarantees of the Rights of the Child and Adolescents” (the
“SystemofGuarantees”).TheSystemofGuaranteesisathreeaxessystemthatissupposedto
articulate and integrate government and civil society on the mechanisms of promotion,
protection, and executive control of the rights of the child at all levels. This system is
responsibleforactivatingthecompetentservicesinthejudiciary,andinrelevantsectors,such
ashealth, education and social assistance. The roleof theCGCs is to ensure that children in
need or at-risk receive the best possible assistance. Therefore, the CGCs respond to a wide
range of situations (e.g., child abuse, school drop-out, inadequate health care, legal issues,
etc.). It should be emphasized that the CGCs are not responsible for actually providing the
needed service; their task is to make referrals and guarantee that children actually get the
neededintervention.Anyone,includingchildrenthemselves,families,teachers,socialworkers,
policemenorotherofficials,mayaskCGCstointervene.
Intotal,thereare5,904CGCsacrossthe5,570municipalitiesinBrazil,meaningthat99%
ofmunicipalitieshaveadedicatedCGC.80TheCGCisformedbyfivecommunitymembersvoted
inbythelocalcommunity. ItsmembersreceiveaboutR$4,500monthly($1,382USD)andare
eligible for maternity and paternity leave, vacation time, and a year-end bonus. One
municipalitymayhavemorethanoneCouncil, forexample, ina largemunicipality likeRiode
Janeiro, there are dozens. Under the ECA, Public Defender’s Office (“Ministério Público”) is
responsibleforthemonitoringoftheoperationoftheCGCs.
80268municipalitieshavefewerthanoneCGCper100,000people,somehavemultiples,andsomehavenone.
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ChallengesandOpportunitiestoPreventandRespondtoChildSexTrafficking
ChildrenGuardianshipCouncils
Intheory,theCGCsshouldworkwellgiventheirautonomyandtheircapillarystructure
throughout Brazil. In practice, however, the system for enforcing children’s rights is not
operatingasitwasenvisionedinECA.Legalprofessionals,publicdefenders,publicprosecutors
and judges, operate in an inefficient institutional environment replete with constraints and
dysfunctionaswellas loopholes that leadtopervasive impunity forperpetrators.The lackof
resourcesandthelackoftrainingofcounselorshampertheproperfunctioningofmanyCGCs.
Theirpoliticizednaturecouldalsobeanobstacletotheirfunctioningeffectively,ascounselors
oftenusetheirelectionandappointmentasafirststepintheirpoliticalcareers.
Most CGCs don’t have the physical infrastructure or the ability to train and
professionalize the elected counselors.Once elected, a counselor is given a brief training on
ECAbefore startingonhisorherpost,but the training is insufficientandnot requiredoften
enough.InterviewswithlocalNGOsinRiodeJaneirorevealedthatCGCsoftendonothavethe
expertise or resources to identify child victims correctly and refer them to the appropriate
services. The people selected as members might know little or very little about trauma,
developmentalmilestones,ormentalhealth,forexample.Moreover,thereisvery littlethird-
partymonitoringoroversightofCGCs’functioning.
Assessing the performance of CGCs is also difficult. A number of researchers from
differentNGOsinBrazilmentionedthebarriersinaccessinganydataandfilesfromsomeofthe
CGCsinRiodeJaneirostate,asanexample.CGCsarenotpreparedtosystematicallycollector
analyze data about the cases they see. There is an existing system—Sistemade Informação
Para Infância e Adolescência (SIPIA)— but it is underutilized and for the most part the
informationisnotenteredelectronically.Forexample,asearchforcommercialsexexploitation
casesinthestateofRiodeJaneirofromJanuary1,2016toDecember30,2016producedzero
results (see image 2). One CGC counselor who has been in her position for 34 years in a
25
prominent,high-volumeCGC inRiodeJaneiro’ssaid ifshehastoshareany informationwith
thepoliceorahospital,forexample,shesendsitbyfax.Shedoesnottrustthe“SIPIA”system
andkeepsallofhercases inhardcopies,whichwerevisiblysittingatherdeskwheredetails
could be read. The low level of sophistication of the current data systems in CGCsmake it
impossibletoaccountforallcasesofcommercialexploitationofchildren(andtomultiplecount
forothers)acrossmunicipalities,andimpossibletoshare.
AsamplesearchinSIPIAforcommercialsexexploitationcasesinthestateofRiodeJaneiro
fromJanuary1,2016toDecember30,2016,showing“noresults”.
The best practices documentation available to the general public covers the physical
aspects of the “Model CGC Unit” including placement of water fountains, distance between
front desk and counselor’s office, but it does not inform the quality of its personnel,
infrastructure,technicalsupport,ormonitoring.81In2012,theHumanRightsSecretariatofthe
Presidencystartedanationalassessmenttounderstandwhatbasic toolsofserviceeachCGC
was missing, and as a result, established that each CGC should have at a minimum: one
automobile, five computers, one printer, one refrigerator and one drinking fountain. The
assessmentshowedthat44%oftheCGCsdon’thaveanautomobile,25%don’thavealandline,
37%don’thavea24-houremergencycellphone,and52%havechangedaddressatleastonce
in the last 4 years and 15% changed more than once.82 Nowhere in the narrative of any
documentationdoestheSecretariatprovidesanylanguageonhowtobettertraincounselors,
81http://www.sdh.gov.br/assuntos/criancas-e-adolescentes/programas/fortalecimento-de-conselhos/conselho-tutelar-referencial/arquivos/manual-de-orientacoes-para-construcao-dos-conselhos-tutelares82http://www.mpap.mp.br/images/infancia/Cadastro_CT.pdf
26
orbettermonitortheirwork.
The CGCs could play a key role in combating child sex trafficking in Brazil. They are
poised, in eachmunicipality to be the frontline advocates to identify victims; to understand,
gather,andanalyzetrendsinrecruitmentbytraffickers;toworkwithschoolsandchurcheson
prevention; to partner with local NGOs on advocating for high-quality healing and re-
integrationservicesforvictims.
Definitionsoftrafficking
Solvinganychallengerequiresacommonunderstandingoftheproblemitself.InBrazil,
although the legislation has been aligned with The Palermo Protocol since late 2016, the
implementation of the law lags behind. The domestic sex trafficking of Brazil’s poorest and
mostvulnerablechildrenishardlydiscussedbecauseitisstillnotperceivedofas“trafficking”,
despitethe2016changesinlegislation.83ThisinconsistentuseofterminologyinBrazilbetween
commercial sexual exploitation, “child prostitution,” and trafficking seriously hinders the
development and application of public policies between the multiple involved government
bodies as the definitions are still fragmented and recorded among multiple systems of
information.IfgovernmentbodiesandNGOsdon’tconsidercertainindicatorsthatwouldhelp
themtoidentifytraffickingvictims,thevictimswillfallthroughservicedeliverycracksandadds
tothe“invisibility”oftheproblem.ThemisidentificationoftraffickingvictimsinBrazilmightbe
keeping Brazil from securing valuable international funding to support the work of NGOs
assistingtraffickingvictims.
The Palermo Protocol’s provisions have not yet permeated to local level government
andNGOs,despitelegislationchangein2016.Duringsomeofmyinterviewsatthelocallevel,
governmentandNGOstaffrecognizedthatcommercialexploitationofchildrenexists,butnone
really addressed it under a trafficking framework. Nearly every source interviewed – from
83 Article149ofthePenalCodeisstillmisalignedasitreferstoadditionalsentencingforinternationalbordercrossing.ThereisadditionalsentencingfortraffickerswhenavictimcrossesinternationalbordersfromBrazil,butnotifavictimisbroughtintoBrazil.https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_111297.pdf
27
government, to NGO, to the average public— questioned the political will required to see
domesticsextraffickingasapriority.
Lackofinfrastructure
AlthoughBrazil hasmade significant progress in protecting the rights of children, the
countrystill lackstheinfrastructureandresourcestoidentify,rescue,shelter,andrehabilitate
traffickingvictims.Lawenforcement,socialworkers,teachers,andotherfrontlineworkershave
notbeenofferedthetrainingorgiventheresources toenable themto identify theproblem.
NGOsalsocite the lackof financial resources, theextremelyslowpaceof the justicesystem,
andtheprecariousconditionsofthepublicsystemsandnetworksthataresupposedtobe in
placetoprotectwomenandchildren.Theyalsocitethelackofcapacity/professionalizationof
thepeoplewhoarethefrontlineworkersinthedirectservicespacebothingovernmentandin
NGOs.84
Governmentsupportofservices
The federal government does not fund specialized shelters or services for trafficking
victims.General victim servicesand shelters vary inquality fromstate to stateandgenerally
remainunderfundedandinadequate.In2013therewereabout45,000availablebedsatboth
governmentandNGOsheltersthroughoutBrazil,specificallyforchildrenandadolescents,but
noefforthasbeenmadetomakethesebedsavailableaccordingtoagerangeorgender,even
though thispolicyalreadyexists in thePlanoNacionaldePromoçãoeDefesadosDireitosde
Crianças e Adolescente a Convivência Familiar e Comunitária.85 Anti-trafficking offices were
responsible for referringvictims to services,butauthoritiesdidnot reporthowmanyvictims
wereactually referred.Thegovernmentoperatesspecializedsocial servicecentersacross the
countrywherepsychologistsandsocialworkersprovidedassistancetovulnerablepeople,but
only23%werecertifiedtoassisttraffickingvictimsandmanycenterswereunderfunded.86
In 2013— the last year for which statistics were available—these centers reported
84https://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/brazil.php85MinistérioPúblico,201386https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/
28
assisting292 traffickingvictims; authoritiesdidnot report theageor genderof228of these
victims, but reported assisting 12 girls, 10 women, 10 boys, and 32 men. There were no
specializedservices formaleand transgendersex traffickingvictims.Thegovernmentdidnot
fundlong-termshelterfortraffickingvictims.87
Lackofreliabledata
There isaprofoundlackofdatarelatedtochildexploitation inBrazil.Thefiguresthat
existare fromtheHumanRightsSecretariatof thePresidency’sRightsAbusehotline“Disque
DenúnciaNacional”(Dial100).ComplaintsareforwardeddirectlytoDial100,buttheyinclude
all human rights violations, and are not exclusive to sexual exploitation, sexual violence, or
trafficking.Paralleltothehotline,there isafreeapp“ProtejaBrasil”(ProtectBrazil).Theapp
alsoreceivescomplaintsconcerningplaceswithoutaccessibility,internetcrimes,andviolations
related to other vulnerable populations. In 2013 the hotline received more than 120,000
denunciationsofviolationsofchildren’srights.AnalysisofreportstotheDial100hotlinefound
thatnearly50%ofvictimswerefemale,60%wereAfro-Brazilian,andvictimsofviolencewere
mainly aged 8-14, with 65% of the aggressors belonging to their immediate family.88 Sexual
violencerankedfourthplaceamongtheDial100complaintsin2013at26%(sexualviolenceis
classified in two categories: “domestic abuse of a minor, like statutory rape, and sexual
exploitation for profit, like prostitution”). In 2013 there were 28,552 reports of abuse and
10,664ofsexualexploitation.89Thereisnodataonthequalityoronthefollow-upservicesof
Disque100referrals.
87MinistérioPúblico,201388http://www.sdh.gov.br/disque100/disque-direitos-humanos89http://www.ipsnews.net/2014/06/red-card-for-exploitation-of-children-at-brazils-world-cup/
29
AddressingthePsychologicalImpactofChildSexTrafficking
Trafficking often has a profound long-term impact on the health and well-being of
survivorsasaresultofphysical,sexual,andpsychologicalabuse,forcedorcoerceduseofdrugs
andalcohol,socialrestrictionsandmanipulation,economicexploitationanddebtbondage,and
otherabuses.90Theinflictionofphysicalinjuriesandtheirpsychologicalimpactareinallcases
intertwined.Indeed,interpersonalphysicalviolenceoftenincludesapsychologicalcomponent.
Forexample,physical injurywhich isspecifically intendedtodegrade,humiliate,orsubjugate
the victim results in psychological injury and distress. Psychological control—ranging from
emotional manipulation to threats of violence or witnessing violence against others— may
causeavictimtoself-harmorattemptsuicide,therebyresultinginphysicalinjury.
The experience of severe trauma can overwhelm healthy adaptation, resulting in
intense fear, helplessness, loss of control, threat of annihilation, helplessness, and terror.91
These reactions may affect normally integrated functioning, increasing physiological arousal
andemotionalderegulation,andcausechanges incognitionandmemory.92 Inastudyof387
child and adolescent survivors of human trafficking attending post-trafficking services in
Thailand,Cambodia,andVietnam,56%screenedpositivefordepression,33%foranxiety,and
26% for PTSD.93 Child trafficking victims, by virtue of their age andmaturity, may not have
developed the toolsandskillsneeded tocopewith the traumathatwouldbedifficult foran
adult to overcome. Children and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to trauma because
their brains are not fully developed. During childhood, new neuronal pathways and
interconnections form because the brain is constantly being shaped by new experiences.94
When experiences involve trauma, the brain cannot learn new information because it is
focused insteadonavoidingharmanddanger.Whenchildrenexperience trauma, “there isa
90Zimmerman,C.etal.,TheHealthRisksandConsequencesofTraffickinginWomenandAdolescents,2003,http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/php/ghd/docs/traffickingfinal.pdf;Addressingmentalhealthneedsinsurvivorsofmodernslavery,acriticalreviewandresearchagenda,TheFreedomFundandtheHelenBamberFoundation,201591http://www.barnardos.org.uk/considering_trauma_and_recovery-2.pdf92http://www.barnardos.org.uk/considering_trauma_and_recovery-2.pdf9382%female;agesrangingbetween10and17;Kissetal.,2015b94Ford,2009
30
shiftfromabrain(andbody)focusedonlearningtoabrain(andbody)focusedonsurvival.”95
Moreover,theyoftenlackresourcessuchaseducation,professionalskills,orfinances,tobuild
ahealthyandpositivelifeaftertrafficking.
A common response to severe trauma is dissociation, which is the perceived
detachmentof themind fromtheemotional stateand thebody.96Dissociativebehaviorsare
frequentlyobservedacross theclinical spectrumof cases inwhich interpersonalviolencehas
occurred.97Manyvictimsoftraffickingalsosufferfrom“hyper-vigilance,”whichisacondition
ofbeingconstantly“onguard,”oftencontinuinglongafterthevictimhasescapedtheconfines
of their situation.98 People who have been trafficked frequently express fears that they are
beingwatchedorfollowedbyotherpeople,orthattheyarebeingspokenabout,mocked,and
laughedatbycasualacquaintancesorstrangers.99Thosefearsarecompoundedbyfeelingsof
shameandlowself-esteem,particularlyinthosewhohavesufferedfromsexualviolencewho
mayperceivethatotherscaninstinctively“see”or“know”whathashappenedtothem.100All
those factorscanresult insocial isolationandan inability to formpositiverelationships.Self-
harm is a form of coping with overwhelming emotion, particularly anxiety. It is common
amongstsurvivorsofinterpersonalviolenceincludingsexualabuse/assault.101
AdverseChildhoodExperiences(ACEs)
AdverseChildhoodExperiences(ACEs)refertosomeofthemostintensiveand
frequentlyoccurringsourcesofstressthatchildrenmaysufferearlyinlife.Suchexperiences
includemultipletypesofabuse,neglect,violencebetweenparentsorcaregivers,otherkindsof
serioushouseholddysfunctionsuchasalcoholandsubstanceabuse,andpeer,community,and
collectiveviolence.ACEsarebiologicalstressorsthatdisrupthumanneurologicaldevelopment
and,inturn,interferewithnormalcognitionandbehavior.Neurosciencehasshownthat
95DahliaNissaSilberg,TheUtilizationofMovementandDancetoSupportChildrenintheAftermathofCommunityDisaster.96https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5156567/97https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/TIP_module3_Ebook.pdf98http://www.helenbamber.org99Zimmerman,Cathyhttp://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1343272/1/498767.pdf100Zimmerman,Cathyhttp://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1343272/1/498767.pdf101Zimmerman,C.,etall,StolenSmilesStolensmiles:asummaryreportonthephysicalandpsychologicalhealthconsequencesofwomenandadolescentstraffickedinEurope,2006
31
childrenwhoexperienceadversitiescanhaveaphysiological“toxicstress”responsethat
inhibitstheirbraindevelopment,compromisefunctioningofthenervousandimmunesystems,
andimpacttheirphysicalandmentalhealthcognition,behavior,andrelationships.102Individual
ACEshaveacumulativeeffect,whichcanbeexpressedasthesumofallACEsanindividualis
exposedto,oftenreferredtoasa“traumadose.”Followingthelaunchofreportssuchasthe
WorldReportonViolenceandHealthandtheUNStudyonViolenceAgainstChildren,Scholars
increasinglyrecognizedtheconsequencesofchildmaltreatment.Inthedecadesincethefirst
ACEStudyresultswerepublished,anumberofotherinitiativesindevelopedanddeveloping
countrieshavebegunexaminingtheconsequencesofchildmaltreatmentandothertraumatic
stressorsforhealthriskbehaviorsandincreasedlong-termchronicdiseaseconsequences.103
ThesestudiesshowthatthehighertheACEscore(andthereforethetraumadose),themore
frequentandseveretheconsequencesinrespectofcognitiveandbehavioraldisturbances.104
HighACEscoresarecorrelatedwithincreasedlikelihoodofsmoking,alcoholabuse,illicitdrug
abuse,andriskysexualbehavior.105ACEsalsoincreasetheriskofheartdisease,chroniclung
disease,liverdisease,suicide,injuries,HIVandSTDs.Fromapublichealthlens,ACEsarewidely
prevalent,highlyinterrelated,andintergenerational.106
Inmanycases,victimsoftraffickinghavesufferedtraumaticexperiencessuchasabuse,
neglect,exploitationand/orsocialandeconomicdeprivationthatbeganintheirdevelopmental
years,makingthemspecificallyvulnerabletotargetingfortrafficking.107Theseearlytraumatic
experiencesarecompoundedthroughtheprocessofbeingtrafficked.
102NationalScientificCouncilontheDevelopingChild.(2005/2014).ExcessiveStressDisruptstheArchitectureoftheDevelopingBrain:WorkingPaper3.UpdatedEdition.http://www.developingchild.harvard.edu103Includingacomparativeriskassessmentofchildsexualabusetoinformtheglobalburdenofdisease(GBD)estimates;theGlobalSchools-basedStudentHealthSurvey(GSHS),theInternationalSocietyforPreventionofChildAbuseandNeglect(ISPCAN)InternationalChildAbuseScreeningTool(ICAST),andcountry-specificprojects(e.g.inAustralia,China,Malaysia,Singapore,SouthAfrica,Swaziland,andVietnam).104http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/activities/adverse_childhood_experiences/global_research_network_may_2009.pdf105CenterforDiseaseControl,DivisionofViolencePrevention,MajorFindings,AboutBehavioralRiskFactorSurveillanceSystemACEData106WHO,AddressingAdverseChildhoodExperiencesToImprovePublicHealth:ExpertConsultationhttp://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/activities/adverse_childhood_experiences/global_research_network_may_2009.pdf107https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/An_Introduction_to_Human_Trafficking_-_Background_Paper.pdf
32
The typicalACEs surveywould aim to identify 10 typesof childhood trauma. Five are
personal: 1. physical abuse, 2. verbal abuse, 3. sexual abuse, 4. physical neglect, and 5.
emotional neglect. And five are related to other family members: 1. a parent who’s an
alcoholic,2.amotherwho’savictimofdomesticviolence,3.afamilymemberinjail,4.afamily
memberdiagnosedwithamentalillness,5.andthedisappearanceofaparentthroughdivorce,
death,orabandonment.Eachtypeoftraumaiscodedasone“point.”So,forexample,aperson
who’s beenphysically abused,with one alcoholic parent, and amotherwhowas a victimof
domestic violencehasanACE scoreof three.BasedondirectobservationataBraziliannon-
profitorganizationthatworkswithat-riskgirls,aswellasconversationswithprogramstaff,itis
believedthatthegreatmajorityofprogramparticipantshaveexperiencedatleastfourofthese
typesoftrauma.ACEscoresof4orhigherarecorrelatedwithanincreasedriskofmanyhealth
consequences including adult onset chronic disease, depression, suicide, being violent, and
becomingavictimofviolence;suchtraumahasalsobeenshowntoincreasethelikelihoodof
chronicpulmonary lungdiseaseby390percent;hepatitisby240percent,depressionby460
percent,andsuicideby1,220percent.108
108https://acestoohigh.com/?s=got+your+ace+score%3F&submit=Search
33
AddressingtheChallengeswithAlternativeTools
Given the scaleofmodernslaveryaround theworld, there isa criticalneed tobetter
understandthementalhealthneedofsurvivors.Andgiventhatmostvictimsandsurvivorsare
in developing countries with inadequate health infrastructure, it’s necessary to identify
effective, low-cost,scalabletreatmentoptionsthatcanbeusedbylocalorganizationstohelp
millionsofsurvivorstotackletheirtrauma.”109Asof2013Brazilhad5,259psychiatrists,12,377
psychologists,11,958socialworkers,3,119psychiatricnursesand2,661occupationaltherapists
workingforthefederalhealthsystem(UnifiedHealthSystem)in2013.110Theseareaverysmall
numberswhenoneconsidersthecountry’s240million-personpopulation.
Thefundamentalcomponentsofassistanceforyoungsurvivorsofsextraffickingarethe
provisionofasafe,secureenvironment,accesstosocialandemotionalsupport,educationand
play. Awide range of therapies for survivors of violence exist tomeet the specific needs of
victims of trafficking including individual psychotherapy, trauma-focused therapy/trauma
counseling, systemic psychotherapy/family therapy, psychodynamic therapy, counseling,
Gestalt therapy, existential and group psychotherapy,Hakomi-appliedmindfulness, yoga and
movementclass,cranio-sacraltherapy,osteopathy,andacupuncture.However,inBrazil,many
survivors reside in areas where there are not enough mental health professionals to help
childrencopewithpost-traffickingphysicalandmentalhealthsymptomsorpreventthemfrom
becoming vulnerable to the same forces that led them to be trafficked in the first place.
Servicesareunequallydistributedacrossregionsofthecountryandtherearesubstantialgaps
inmentalhealthcareandtrainedsocialworkers,especiallyinpoorregionsofthecountry.
Given the impactof traumaon thebrain andnervous system, somatic approaches to
treatment may be of potential benefit to traumatized people.111 In particular, intervention
109Grono,N.,CNNInternational,2015Traumatizedandvulnerable,slaverysurvivorslivewithmentalhealthissues.110TheUnifiedHealthSystem(SUS)isasingle,publicsystemtoaggregateallhealthservicesprovidedbyfederal,stateandmunicipalpublicinstitutionsthroughdirectandindirectadministration,aswellasfoundationssupportedbypublicauthorities.Thesenumberswerethelastavailable.111VanderKolk,1994;VanderKolk,2014;VanderKolk,2006.
34
approachesthatincorporatesomaticformsofregulationmaybenefittraumatizedchildrenand
adolescents for whom language-based approaches are difficult to implement. A somatic
interventionforchildrenandadolescentsdoesnotdependonverbalexpressionbytheclient,
uses some form of movement-based activity, and may build interoceptive awareness as
componentsortoolsforimprovedself-regulation.Failuretointegratesensoryinput,modulate
arousal, and engage in effective verbal communication interferes with the capability of
traumatizedindividualstoengageinthepresent,therebycausingthem“tolosetheirwayinthe
world.”112Somevictimsoftraffickingcometoexperiencetheirbodyasacontinuoussourceof
suffering,beyondtheircontrol.Theyare inseparablefromtheirpainanddetachedfromtheir
body as a sourceof vitality,which inhibits their ability to function in daily life. Responses to
trauma combine to exacerbate anxiety, panic, and vulnerability, resulting in isolation and
withdrawalfromotherpeople.
Body-mind therapyuses themutual influenceofbodyonmind,andmindonbody to
facilitatehealingandrecoveryfromtraumaandaidintheprocessingofunpleasantsensations
andemotionsthatoriginates inphysicalsensations.Mind-bodyapproaches involve increasing
the tolerance of feelings and sensations that originatewithin the body,modulation of those
emotions,andlearningeffectiveactiontoconfrontthesenseofphysicalhelplessness.
DanceMovementTherapy:MeninaDança
Trauma leaves its imprint on both mind and body and research demonstrates that
effective treatment requires addressing the involvement of both.113 Reconnecting with the
body, learninghowtocare for thebody,developingmorepositive feelings for thebody,and
recreatingsexualitymustoccurintheprocessofhealing.114
Menina Dança is a Brazilian non-profit organization that works with at-risk girls in
communitiesalongtheBR-116,Brazil’s“exploitationhighway”servingabout150girlsages6-21
112VanderKolk,2006.113https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181584/114Mills,LettyJ.&Daniluk,JudithC.,HerBodySpeaks:TheExperienceofDanceTherapyforWomenSurvivorsofChildSexualAbuse,2002,JournalofCounselingandDevelopment
35
inthecityofMedinainMinasGerais.Thereisnotonesingleplaygroundinthetown,although
there aremakeshift soccer fields throughout town and three semi-commercial squares with
park benches. None of Menina Dança’s programs have been formally evaluated since they
openedtheirdoorsin2011.115IobservedtheprogramtounderstandhowasmallNGOinBrazil
couldbetter supportandengagevulnerable, at-riskgirls, andhowmovementanddancecan
facilitatechangeandpromotehealing.NotallofthegirlswhoattendMeninaDançahavebeen
trafficked,butallofthemhaveahighdegreeofvulnerability.116
Menina Dança is primarily a “before and after-school” program that uses Dance
Movement Therapy (DMT) as a primary tool for engagement. A primary theoretical
underpinningofthispsychotherapeuticpracticeisthatmovementisaprimarylanguageforall
humanbeingsand,assuch,isapowerfulmeanstoaccessimplicitmemoryandstoredhistory,
trauma-relatedornot.Fromadevelopmentalperspective,DMTacknowledgesthenon-verbal
roots of all human language, communication, and experience, and therefore may be
particularly suited to work with survivors who have literally experienced the unspeakable
directly on their bodies. Dance may be considered the creative or expressive aspect of
movement,andformanycultures,likeBrazilianculture,wherethecreativeprocessisincluded
inritual,healing,anddailylife,DMTmaybemoreappropriatethanconventionaltalk.117Infact,
in someofmymeetingswith staff,many shared that girls refer to their bodieswith shame,
guilt,anddissociation,andtheydescribedthetransformationthegirlsfeltwhentheydanced.
BecauseDMTusesmovementastheprimarymeansofcommunication,thebodyisnot
merelyaddressedintherapybutactuallygivenavoice.Survivorscaneventuallyregainasense
ofcontroloverconfusingthoughtsandfeelingsastheynavigatetheirownbodilyexperience.
Because of its active intervention methods, DMT is an important form of treatment for
traumatized childrenwhose brain development, nervous systems, and externalized behavior
are alteredby traumatic experiences.Movement anddance served an important role in this
processbyallowingforhealingself-expressionandplay.
115AccordingtothenExecutiveDirector,RitaMarques.116SinceIwasonthegroundinAprilof2016,RitaMarques,oneofthefoundersofMeninaDançaanditsExecutiveDirectorlefttheorganizationduetoadisagreementwiththeBoardofDirectors.117Gray:ExpressiveArtsTherapies:WorkingwithSurvivorsofTorture
36
Recommendations
Much more research is needed in order to fully understand the scope of child sex
trafficking in Brazil and to formulate effective and realistic preventive measures, improve
servicedeliverystandards,clarify rolesof themultipleagencies involvedandbetter integrate
policiesthataffectthemostvulnerablefamiliesandchildren,betterintegratethegovernment
responsewithNGOeffortsacrossBrazil,establishbenchmarksfortrainingoffrontlineworkers,
andultimatelyputBrazilinabetterpositiontocombatthetraffickingofitschildren.Basedona
comprehensive analysis of challenges and opportunities to combat trafficking of children in
Brazil,thefollowingrecommendationsareproposed:
1. Rethink the roleofCGCs in combatingchild sex trafficking inBrazilby strengthening
and equipping the Child Guardianship Councils with infrastructure (vehicles, computers,
databases),butalsowithbetterandmorefrequenttrainingandoversightofcounselors.Invest
inimplementationoftheCGCsintendedpurposesetforthintheECA.Improvechildtrafficking
datacollectionamongtheCGCs,municipalpolice, statepolice,healthclinicsandschoolsand
continuetoimproveonthecommunicationofactorswithinthe“RededeProteção”(Network
ofProtection),alsostrengthencollaborationand integrationamongtheseseparatedsystems,
reducingoverallbureaucracyinthesystemsthatconvergearoundthechild.
2. Provideprofessionalizationandcapacity training to teachers, social-workers,doctors,
nurses,paramedics,policeofficers,andallCGCstaff, includingtrainingforrapididentification
ofdomesticchildvictimsoftrafficking,andlegalandpsychosocialtraining.Helpsocietyat-large
recognize that these are not separate unrelated incidents of child exploitation throughout
Brazil, but a hidden systematic crisis that is failing themost vulnerable andmarginalized of
Braziliancitizens
37
3. Improve the Disque 100 hotline and data collection across multiple governmental
bodies:bothintermsofcollecting,sharing,analyzingthedata,butalsoinbeingabletoactually
helpthosewhocallin,ratherthanservingprimarilyasarepositoryofcalls;connectDisque100
data with international hotlines to share data, strategies, and resources. Invest in data
collection as it relates to the mapping of vulnerabilities and risks that leave many at a
heightenedrisk,andstartdeployingresourcesmoreeffectivelyandefficientlybasedonbetter
understandingoftheseriskfactors.
4. Invest in alternative treatment interventions for childrenwho are trauma survivors:
fund small pilot studies of effectiveness of certain therapies on child survivors’ healing;
document and evaluate services and interventions that support survivors; and train more
individualsandNGOstodeliversomeofthoselow-costinterventionssuchasDanceMovement
Therapy. Adopt specialized policies and programs to protect and support childrenwho have
beenvictimsoftrafficking.Childrenshouldbeprovidedwithappropriatephysical,psychosocial,
legal, educational, housing, and health-care assistance. Design treatments that take into
accountthecompoundingeffectsofACEsinthelivesofchildren.
38
Appendix1:Op-Ed
Childrensoldforsex-Brazilmuststopthedomesticsextraffickingofitschildren
July2016
Brazil ismakingheadlines lately,with storiesabout thecrumblingpolitical system, thecostly
infrastructureupgrades for theOlympics, the Zika virus, and theendless corruption scandals
that plague the country.However, there is amore frightening story not being told: Brazilian
childrenarebeingsoldforsex.
Sex trafficking of children is one of the gravest human rights violations of our time and it is
happeninginmyhomecountrytoday.TheBraziliangovernmentmustdomoretoprotectand
assist the most marginalized of its citizens, especially in an era where technology enables
buyerstofindyounggirlsandboyswiththetouchofafewbuttonsonasmartphone.
UNICEF reports that themosthiddenandunderreported formof violenceagainst children is
sexualabuseandthatchildrenwhohavebeensexuallyabusedareatheightenedriskofbeing
drawn into thecommercial sex trade.Childrenwhohavebeensexuallyexploiteddealwitha
myriadofhealthissuesfromdepression,anxiety,andtraumaticstress,todissociationbetween
brainandbodyfortherestoftheirlives.Theymaybewithdrawn,moody,self-destructiveand
sometimes suicidal. The overall negative health outcomes from the accumulation of stress
disrupt early brain development and compromise functioning of the nervous and immune
systems.
On a recent research trip to Brazil,I discovered that very few mental health and stress-
regulationserviceswereavailabletochildrensurvivorsofsextrafficking.Thereisnocohesive,
systematic responseto identifyvictims,andprovidequalifiedandspecificservices. Iwasalso
astonishedbythelackofoveralltrainingandresourcesoftheChildrenGuardianshipCouncils
(ConselhosTutelares),whicharepresentinalmostallmunicipalitiesinBrazil,putinplaceinthe
1990sasindependent,autonomousinstitutionstoguaranteetherightsofthechild.
39
Brazilisindenialaboutthescopeoftheproblem.ConsistentlypeoplereferredtotheNortheast
of Brazil as a hotspot for this problem (which it is), but they failed to see that this is also a
probleminBrazil’slargestcities,RiodeJaneiroandSãoPaulo.ManyofthepeopleIinterviewed
toldmethatthefastestwaytogetkilledinBrazilwastoreportonthesystematicexploitation
ofchildrenhappeningacrossthecountry;manypeoplealsotoldmethatservices likeWhat's
App havemoved the conversations and exchanges between traffickers and buyers off the
streets.
The U.S. State Department confirms that Brazilian women and children are exploited in sex
trafficking and some police officers tolerate “child prostitution,” patronize brothels, and rob
andassaultwomeninprostitution,impedingproactiveidentificationofsextraffickingvictims.It
alsopointsoutthatBrazilianstatutesprohibitingtraffickingdonotalignwithinternationallaw,
andthatgovernmentfundingandprovisionofspecializedservicesforvictimsisinadequate.
TheinvisibilityofthisphenomenonmaysteminpartfromthepermissivenessoftheBrazilian
culture and the objectification of women and girls. Sexual stereotypes are embedded in
everyday life in this historically patriarchal society.Unless Brazilians canbreak free from the
social norms that accept and normalize those stereotypes and related behaviors,we cannot
addresstherootcausesofthisproblem.A2012reportbyInstitutoProMundofoundthat77%
ofmenthoughtitwascommontohavesexwith"underageprostitutes".
It is true that there are many urgent ills plaguing the country starting with the corruption
scandalsofBrazil'stopleadership.However,protectingchildrenfromtheworstformofhuman
rights abuses must rise above political priorities. Brazil ratified the UN’s Palermo Protocol
(whichdefined trafficking inpersons) in2004, showinga commitment toall formsofhuman
trafficking.Yetvictimsofthiscrimearenotreceivingthelegalassistanceoraccesstophysical,
mentalandsocialservicesthatthegovernmentshouldmakeavailabletothem.
40
TheBraziliangovernmentmustactimmediately.First,itmustincreasetrainingandoversightof
ChildrenGuardianshipCouncilsinallmunicipalitiessochildtraffickingvictimsareidentifiedand
receive specialized care. Second, it must strengthen the network of victim care services,
including fundingspecificprogramsof re-integrationandassistance for thispopulation (legal,
psychological, economic, educational/vocational, and social) and verify through ongoing
oversightthatvictimsofsextraffickingactuallyreceivethosecomprehensiveservices.Lastly,it
must increase efforts to investigate and prosecute trafficking offenses,and convict and
sentencetraffickers;“perceivedimpunity”fromlawenforcementisakeydriverofdemand.
Preventing the sexual exploitation of children must become a priority for the Brazilian
government,andapriorityconversationforeveryBraziliancitizen.Thereisanopportunitywith
thecurrentmediaattentiontobuildontheinternationalcommunity’sawarenessandprotect
Brazilianchildrenfrombecomingvictimsofthisheinouscrime.
NatashaDolby isahumanrightsactivist,philanthropistandaResearchFellowat theWSD
HandaCenterforHumanRightsandInternationalJusticeatStanfordUniversity.
41
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AbouttheWSDHandaCenterforHumanRightsandInternationalJustice
TheWSDHandaCenterforHumanRightsandInternationalJusticeequipsanewgenerationof
leaders with the knowledge and skills necessary to protect and promote human rights and
dignity forall.Reflectingadeepcommitmentto international justiceandtheruleof law, the
Center collaborates with partners across Stanford University and beyond on innovative
programsthatfostercritical inquiry intheclassroomandintheworld.TheCenterpursuesits
mission through a range of international programs including justice sector capacity-building
initiatives, civil society outreach efforts, trial monitoring, expert consultancies, and archival
resource development, with a focus on transitional justice initiatives and new technologies.
The Handa Centerwas originally founded in 1999 as the War Crimes Studies Center at UC
Berkeley. In 2014,Director David Cohenmoved the Center to Stanford University with the
generous support of Dr. Haruhisa Handa and his foundation, Worldwide Support for
Development (WSD). The move enabled the newly re-named Handa Center to sustain its
establishedinternationalprograms,whileexpandingthescopeofopportunitiesformeaningful
student engagement by integrating classroom curricula with faculty research, student
internships,andcommunity-engagedlearningopportunities.
In Fall 2016,the Handa Center launched Stanford’s firstMinorin Human Rights, opento
undergraduates inanymajor. This has been accompanied by new interdisciplinary curricula
that enable students to apply a human rights lens to issues and regions of their
choosing.Meanwhile, the Center remains engaged with several interdisciplinary, policy-
oriented research and applied initiatives both domestically and internationally. The Center
focusesonwide-rangingissues includinghumantrafficking, traumamentalhealth, justiceand
reconciliationinpost-conflictsocieties,andatrocitiespreventionandresponse.
ThroughitsprogramsatStanfordandbeyond,theCenteriscommittedtoincreasingawareness
ofandraisingthelevelofdiscoursearoundnewdevelopmentsinthefieldsofhumanrightsand
internationallawamongavarietyofstakeholders.
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Ingratitudetomanywhohavehelpedmakethisprojectarealitywiththeirthoughts,suggestions,timeandefforts.ThalesTreigerArcoverdeLuisFabianodeAssisJuliaBlecknerJessieBrunnerMariaLauraCanineuDavidCohenRenataMariaCoimbraSáviaCordeiroEvaDenglerClarissaDesterroCristinaFernandesDavidHarrisNadineBurkeHarrisInstitutoProMundoStaffRitaMarquesMeninaDançaStaffTatyanaRapiniFabianaSeveroRebeccaSurteesAliceTaylorLuzTur-SinaiGozalAnnaFloraWerneckCathyZimmerman
NATASHA DOLBY RESEARCH FELLOW
