Domain III Life Science

CellsUnicellular Organisms – one cell Example: Bacteria, some ProtistsMulticellular Organisms – more than

one cell Example: All animals and

plants.

These organisms are arranged in levels of organization:

Organisms

Organ systems

Organs

Tissues

Cells

Organelles

Molecules

Atoms

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Alive

Not Alive

Characteristics of living organisms and the Cell

Theory

• Make it simple: all organisms must

metabolize energy, reproduce, grow, move, respond, and generally have complex organization.

Cell Theory states:• All living things

are made of cells• Cells are the basic

unit of structure and function in organisms.

• All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Prokaryotic Cells• Simple cellular

organization with no nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

• Example: Bacteria• Diseases caused by

bacteria: Cholera, diphtheria, Dysentery, Tetanus, MRSA, Strep Throat, Tooth Decay.

Eukaryotic Cells

Domain: EukaryaFound in 4

kingdoms• Protista• Fungi• Plantae• Animalia (Cell

Shown)

Eukaryotic Cells – Complex Cellular Organization

Organelles:

• Nucleus – DNA/Chromosomes• Rough ER – Protein Synthesis

(ribosomes attached)• Smooth ER – lipids synthesis• Golgi Apparatus – packaging & shipping• Mitochondria – ATP production• Ribosomes – Protein Synthesis• Peroxisome – involved in hydrogen

peroxide synthesis and degradation

Eukaryote=True nucleus

Ribosomes: site of protein

synthesis… a.k.a.

translationPolypeptide chain

Ribosomes

Ribosomes are Not membrane-bound

Bacteria have themToo!

What is unique to:

Animal Cells:• Lysosomes –

contain digestive enzymes.

• Centrioles – used in cellular division.

Plant Cells:• Chloroplast – site of

photosynthesis• Cell Wall – formed of

proteins and cellulose and lies outside of the plasma membrane

• Vacuole – huge storage compartment for water and starch

Questions for you to answer #1

1. What is a difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?A. Eukaryotes have a nuclear membrane and therefore a nucleus.B. Organelles are found only in prokaryotes.C. The cells of prokaryotes only contain cytoplasm.D. Prokaryotes contain an endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 2

A disease not caused by bacteria

A. TetanusB. Strep ThroatC. DysenteryD. HIV

Question 3Match the function to the organelle:

Ribosome A. Packaging Mitochondria B. Lipid SynthesisSmooth ER C. Protein SynthesisGolgi Apparatus D. Cellular Respiration

Question 3

Match the function to the organelle:Ribosome A. Packaging Mitochondria B. Lipid SynthesisSmooth ER C. Protein SynthesisGolgi Apparatus D. Cellular Respiration

C

D

B

A

Membrane Structure: Phospholipid Bilayer

Some proteins, called peripheral proteins, are stuck to the surface of the membrane.

Glycolipids act as surface receptors and stabilize the membrane.

Some proteins completely penetrate the phospholipid layer, allow specific molecules through.

Glycoproteins play an important role in cellular recognition and immune responses. They help stabilize the membrane structure.

In’N’Out: No energy required:

Passive Transport – relies on thermal energy of matter and the cell does not work (No energy “ATP” used – High Concentration to Low Concentration). Four types:

• Diffusion (usually solutes)• Facilitated Diffusion – membrane

enzyme carries the substance• Osmosis – diffusion of WATER across a

semi-permeable membrane (usually solvent due to solute concentration)

• Bulk flow – movement of fluids affected by pressure.

Cellular Transport

Active Transport – Requires energy –• Membrane Pumps – moves materials

opposite to diffusion or against the gradient.

• Endocytosis – Two types:Phagocytosis – solids (phag= eat)Pinocytosis – liquids (pino= drink)• Exocytosis – expel materials from

the cell

Plasma membra

ne

Cell cytoplasm

Materials that are to be collected and brought into the cell are engulfed by an invagination of the plasma membrane.

1

Vesicle buds off from the plasma membrane.

2

The vesicle carries molecules into the cell. The contents may then be digested by enzymes delivered to the vacuole by lysosomes.

3

ENDOCYTOSIS

(exocytosis is pretty much the opposite)

Question 4

The use of transport vesicles and energy to move large solid materials into a cell is called?A. Bulk FlowB. ExocytosisC. PhagocytosisD. Osmosis

Question 5Which of the following is an example of osmosis?

A. The movement of ions from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.B. The movement of ions from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration.C. The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.D. The movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration.

Question 6

What happens to a cell when particles move out of the cell through facilitated diffusion?A. The cell gains energy.B. The cell uses energy.C. No energy change takes place.D. The cell produces energy.

Photosynthesis

Sugar(to rest of the

plant)

Oxygen gas(through stomata)

Water and nutrients

(via the roots)

Carbon dioxide gas

(through stomata)

6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2OChlorophyll

Light

Sunlight

Photosynthesis Equation:“follow the money”, I mean

“carbon”

Photosynthesis – First Stage

Light Dependent Reactions:

The captured light energy is transferred to electrons that come from H2O and O2 is the byproduct.

ATP is produced

Second Stage of Photosynthesis:

Light Independent Reactions:

Energized electrons are transferred to CO2 to form glucose in the Calvin Cycle.

Autotrophs use the energy from the sun to make organic compounds and are the basis of all terrestrial and most aquatic food chains.

Cellular RespirationHighly energized electrons stored

temporarily in glucose are removed (oxidation reactions) in a stepwise fashion to maximize energy captured at each step (and avoid blowing things up).

All organisms must use energy and the energy is in the form of ATP.

Mitochondrial matrix

Cristae

ATP

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Substrate-level phosphorylation

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND OXIDATIVE

PHOSPHORYLATIONThe inner membrane of the

mitochondria

GLYCOLYSISThe cytoplasm

Glucose ➙Pyruvate

Electrons carried via

NADH

KREBS CYCLEMatrix of the mitochondria

Electrons carried by NADH and

FADH2

Oxidative phosphorylation

ATPATP

Mitochondrion

6CO2 + 12H2OC6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

ATP Structure

Phosphate groups Ribose

Adenine

The chemical structure of

adenosine triphosphate (ATP),

and a space filling molecule

(right).

H HH H

OHOH

OCH2

N

C HC

CNC

NCH

NH2

N

OP

O

O-

O- OP

O

O-

OP

O

O-

Phosphate groups

Adenine

Ribose

Stage 1: Glycolysis• Anaerobic process

in the cytoplasm in which glucose is oxidized to two pyruvates. Both pyruvates are 3-Carbon.

• All organisms complete glycolysis using enzymes.

Step 2: Krebs Cycle

• Occurs in the Mitochondria

• Aerobic process that oxidizes pyruvate to CO2 and H+ are released to Hydrogen acceptor molecules.

Acetyl Coenzyme

A

CoAAcetyl

(2 carbons)

Oxaloacetate(4 carbons)

Citrate(6 carbons)

2 carbons(as CO2)

Carbon dioxide

Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain “oxidative phosphorylation”• Electrons from the hydrogen are used to create a chemical gradient

resulting in an osmotic gradient that is used to resynthesize ATP from ADP + 1P

• After electrons are used they are transferred to Oxygen to form H2O.

Mitochondrial matrix Low H+ concentration

Inter-membrane space High H+ concentration

2H + ½O2

(oxygen)

H2O(water

)H+

H+

NADH + H+ NAD+FADH2

FAD

H+

H+ H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

H+

e-

e-e-

e-

H+

Relationship between Photosynthesis and Cellular

Respiration

Question 7

What two products of photosynthesis are reactants in cellular respiration?A. Glucose and oxygenB. Glucose and waterC. Oxygen and carbon dioxideD. Sunlight and oxygen

Question 8

In what stage of photosynthesis is the molecule CO2 fixed in to the energy molecule glucose?A. GlycolysisB. Krebs CycleC. Calvin CycleD. Light Dependent Reactions

Question 9

Which stage of cellular respiration occurs in all organisms under anaerobic conditions?A. GlycolysisB. Krebs CycleC. Electron Transport ChainD. Calvin Cycle

Question 10What organelles are the locations of

the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?A. Chloroplast and RibosomesB. Chloroplast and Golgi ApparatusC. Chloroplast and Endoplasmic ReticulumD. Chloroplast and Mitochondria

DNA and RNA

Chromosomes, Genes,

and Protein Synthesis

Structural differences between DNA and RNA include:

DNA RNA

Strands Double Single

SugarDeoxyribos

eRibose

Bases Guanine Guanine

Cytosine CytosineThymine UracilAdenine Adenine

DNA

RNA - FactsRNA is a single strand with sugar –

phosphate repeating units that is coded directly from a gene on the DNA molecule. There are three types of RNA molecules:

Messenger RNA (mRNA) – coded from the DNA carrying the sequence for a protein.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) – carries the amino acids to the ribosomes and contains the anticodon sequence

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – located in the ribosomes and helps bind the other two types of RNA during protein synthesis.

DNA Replication(Semiconservative)

• allows cells to pass genetic information on to offspring.

• Errors in the process results in mutations.

• Remember A – T and G – C.

The letter “C” fits intoThe letter “G”…like they are cuddling.

Mnemonic

DNA is unwound by an

enzyme, DNA helicase.

New pieces of DNA are formed

from free nucleotide units joined

together by enzymes.

The free nucleotides (yellow)

are matched up to

complementary nucleotides in

the original strand by DNA

polymerase.

Each new strand winds with its

template strand into two new

DOUBLE HELIXES…. SEMI-

CONSERVATIVE

Free nucleotidesare used to constructthe new DNA strand

Parent strand of DNA is used as a template to match

nucleotides for the new strand

The new strand of DNA is constructed using the

parent strand as a template

Question 11

The functional unit of both DNA and RNA is the nucleotide. What comprises the nucleotide?A. Sugar, Protein, and a BaseB. Sugar, Phosphate, and a BaseC. Sugar, Protein, and a RibosomeD. Sugar, Phosphate, and a Ribosome

Question 12

Which sequence of bases will pair with the base sequence CTAGGATTC in a DNA molecule?A. GATCCTAAGB. ATGTTGCCAC. CTAGGATTCD. GAATCCTAG

Question 13

The enzyme responsible for the attaching of new nucleotides to form new strands during DNA replication is?A. DNA helicaseB. DNA pairaseC. DNA polymeraseD. DNA replicase

Question 14

Which RNA molecule has the anticodon sequence?A. MessengerB. TransferC. RibosomalD. DNA

Protein Synthesis – 2 steps

Transcription – nucleus DNA mRNA

Translation – cytoplasm mRNA rRNA tRNA protein

TAC on the template DNA strand

GeneTranscription unit Three

nucleotides make up a triplet

GeneDNA

3 '5 'START Triplet STOPTriplet Triplet Triplet Triplet Triplet Triplet Triplet Triplet Triplet Triplet Triplet TripletSTARTSTOP

This polypeptide chain forms one part of the functional protein.

Functionalprotein

This polypeptide chain forms the other part of the functional protein.

Amino acidsA triplet

codes for one amino acid

Polypeptide chain Polypeptide chain

Protein synthesis: transcription and translation

Nucleotide

In models of nucleic acids, nucleotides are denoted by their base letter.

GENE to PROTEIN RELATIONSHIP

• The central dogma of molecular biology for the past 50 years has stated that genetic information, encoded in DNA, is transcribed into molecules of RNA, which are then translated into the amino acid sequences that make up proteins. This simple view is still useful.– The nature of a protein determines its role in the cell.– Reverse transcription is carried out by some RNA viruses.

It converts viral RNA into DNA, whichis incorporated into the host’s genome.

Immunological?

Transport?

Catalytic?

Contractile?

Regulatory?

Structural?

DNA

Reverse transcription

Transcription

mRNA

tRNA

Amino acid

Translation

Protein

Transcription occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

DNA nucleotide sequence mRNA Steps:1. Messenger (m)RNA is copied from

DNA, by unzipping a portion of the DNA helix that corresponds to a gene using RNA polymerase.

2. Only one side of the DNA will be transcribed, and nucleotides with the proper bases (A with U and C with G) will be sequenced to build mRNA.

3. mRNA leaves the nucleus.

Translation – occurs in the cytoplasm with ribosomes forming proteins

mRNA rRNA tRNA proteinsSteps:1. mRNA attached to a ribosome2. tRNA molecules pick up an amino acid

and carry them to the ribosome.3. tRNA anticodon and the mRNA codon

join together4. As the amino acid chain lengthens

enzymes form peptide bonds between amino acids.

5. The tRNA exit to locate a new amino acid and this process continues until the stop codon is reached.

Overview of Protein Synthesis

TranscriptionDNA to mRNA

TranslationmRNA to protein

Question 15DNA RNA Protein (= trait)

In the diagram above, what is the function of RNA?A. Carry the set of instructions that replicates another DNA molecule in the protein chain.B. Carry the set of instructions that places amino acids in the protein chain.C. Carry the set of instructions that places phosphate molecules in the protein chain.D. Carry the set of instructions that bonds hydrogen to the protein chain

Question 16

What is the process in which mRNA is coded from the DNA and in what part of an eukaryotic cell does it occur?A. Transcription, NucleusB. Transcription, CytoplasmC. Translation, NucleusD. Translation, Cytoplasm

Question 17

Looking at the picture to the right, what type of RNA is shown?A. mRNAB. tRNAC. rRNAD. sRNA

Question 18

The DNA sequence, GATTACACG, would code which of the following mRNA sequence?A. CTAATGTGCB. CTUUTGTGCC. CATATGTGCD. CUAAUGUGC

Question 19

What process is being shown in the diagram to the left?A. TranscriptionB. TranslationC. ReplicationD. Selection

MutationsAny random, permanent change in the DNA

molecule. Many are harmful, some have no effect, and some benefit the organism. Nature selects those mutations that are beneficial or adaptive in organisms to help shape the course of evolution.

DNA sequence: GCATACCATypes of mutations:Deletion – lost base GC*TACCADuplication – extra copies GCATCATACCAInversion – backwards CGATACCA

Question 20

If the DNA sequence was ATGCTGGC, what type of mutation is shown in the following sequence, ATGCGCTGGC,A. DeletionB. DuplicationC. InversionD. Replication

Classification

The Science of Taxonomy

5 Kingdom vs 6 Kingdom5 Kingdoms: Monera (prokaryotic), Protista

(eukaryotic), Fungi* (eukaryotic), Plantae* (eukaryotic), Animalia (eukaryotic)

6Kingdoms: Eubacteria (prokaryotic), Archaebacteria (prokaryotic), Protista (eukaryotic), Fungi* (eukaryotic), Plantae* (eukaryotic), Animalia (eukaryotic)

* Cell Wall Present (Chitin in Fungi and Cellulose in Plantae)

What is the difference: Monera has been split into the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.

What no Viruses?

older

old

AP Bio Book 2007 says:

• 3 domains:– Bacteria, Archaebacteria,

Eukaryote• Eukaryote Domain has four

Kingdoms:– Protists– Fungi– Plants– Animals

FilovirusThis newly emerged group of viruses, include the dangerous Marburg and Ebola.

Hepatitis virusesThe viruses responsible for hepatitis A, B and C.

HerpesvirusNearly 100 herpesviruses are known. Types found in humans include those that cause cold sores, chickenpox, shingles, and genital herpes.

InfluenzavirusThis virus causes influenza in humans. Rapid mutation has resulted in many strains.

PapillomavirusThis virus causes the formation of warts in humans.

RhinovirusMore than 100 rhinoviruses have been identified. They are the most common cause of colds.

HIVThe human immuno- deficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS.

LyssavirusThis bullet-shaped virus causes rabies.

VIRUSES

Viruses• Viruses are either a segment of DNA or RNA

with a protein coat and are acellular. (Does not meet the life processes… it is not alive… no cells)

• Infection pattern of viruses is either lytic or lysogenic. Lysogenic pattern has a dormancy stage.

• Vaccinations is the most effective defense against viral infections. Antibiotics CANNOT treat viral infections.

• Viral Diseases: AIDS, Chickenpox, Common Cold, Hepatitis, Flu, Measles, Mumps, Polio, Rabies, Smallpox, Warts, Avian Flu, and West Nile Virus.

• Viruses that infect bacteria are Bacteriophage.

Virus Life Cycle

Lysogenic virusesAre like sleeper cells;They hang out andReplicate invisibly

Lytic viruses are likeTerrorists; theyDestroy the cell asThey replicate by theThousands and leave.

Question 21

How are viruses different from living organisms?A. Viruses have no DNA or RNA.B. Viruses use host cells to reproduce.C. Viruses contain no proteins.D. Viruses can be killed by antibiotics.

Question 22

Which kingdom is a decomposer and has a cell wall composed of chitin?A. ProtistaB. AnimaliaC. PlantaeD. Fungi

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT an effective viral disease treatment or prevention?A. AntibioticsB. Flu VaccineC. Control of animals that carry rabiesD. Avoiding close contact with people who have colds.

Evolution

• Theory of Evolution includes: Variation exist within the genes of a population, some organisms are better suited to survive and reproduce, and resources are limited so competition exists.

• Evidence of evolution include: fossils, DNA sequence, Comparative Anatomy, & Comparative Embryology.

Comparative Anatomy:

Similar structure toDo different Functions:Gene programs areconserved

Comparative Embryology:

All look similar atEarly stages:Gene programs are conserved

Ecology

• Autotrophs or producers are organisms that capture sunlight or other organic molecules to form an organic molecules. Photosynthesis. Examples: plants, algae, and bacteria

• Heterotrophs or consumers are organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy(food). Examples: Fungi, bacteria, animals.

Heterotrophs Relationship• Herbivore – Animals that eat only plants

(Cows)• Carnivore – Animals that eat only other

animals (Lions)• Omnivore – Animals that eat both plants

and animals (Humans, Wolves, Bears)• Detritivores – obtain energy from dead

organisms and organic waste. (Earthworms and fungi)

• Decomposers – are detritivores that cause decay. (Bacteria and fungi)

Symbiosis RelatioshipsSymbiosis is a close relationship between two

organisms that are different species.• Commensalism – one organism benefits and

the other does not benefit nor is harmed. Ex:Clown Fish and Sea Anemone (Finding Nemo)

• Mutualism – both species benefit. Ex: Lichens (which are fungi and algae)

• Parasitism – one organism lives directly on other organism. Ex: Tapeworm and Humans

• Predation – one organism captures and eating another. Ex: Gazelle and Lion

Energy and Matter in the Ecosystem

Matter is recycled through the ecosystem, where energy is lost between the trophic levels.

• Food Chain – shows direct relationshipsPlantsGrasshopperBlue JayProducer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer (3 trophic levels)

• Food Web – interrelationships within an ecosystem between producers, consumers, and decomposers.

90% of energy is lost between each trophic level!

Biogeochemical Cycles

Water Cycle – Evaporation and Transpiration, Condensation, Precipitation, and Runoff

Carbon Cycle – Photosynthesis/Cell Respiration

Nitrogen Cycle – Nitrogen fixation, Nitrification, Assimilation, and Denitrification

Question 24

Algae Krill Cod Leopard Seal

Which term describes the algae in the food chain above?A. DecomposersB. ConsumersC. ProducersD. Herbivores

Question 25

Which of the following is not recycled through the environment?A. EnergyB. CarbonC. NitrogenD. Water

Question 26

Which form of interaction takes place when a killer whale devours a seal?A. CommensalismB. MutualismC. PredationD. Parasitism

Question 27

Which process does not return carbon to the environment?A. Burning of fossil fuelsB. PhotosynthesisC. Cellular RespirationD. Decay

Human Systems

Four Types of Tissues

• Epithelial – lines the body surfaces. Continuously replaced.

• Nervous – carries information throughout the body.

• Connective – supports, protects, and insulates the body. (Blood, bone, fat, and cartilage)

• Muscle – movement (Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal)

Integumentary System

Structures: Skin, Hair, and NailsFunction: Protects the body from

injury, defense against pathogens, regulate body temperature, and prevents the body from drying out.

Skeletal System

Structures: Bones, jointsFunction: Provide protection to internal

organs and work with muscles for movement.

Tendons attach muscles to bone. Ligaments connect bone to bone and limit the movement of bones.

Joints include Ball and socket(hip), pivot(neck), hinge(fingers), gliding(wrist), and saddle(thumb only).

Circulatory SystemStructures: Heart, Blood, and Blood Vessels.Heart – 4 chambers, atrium(2) receives blood

and ventricles(2) pump bloodBlood – composed of red blood cells, white

blood cells, plateletsBlood Vessels – arteries, veins, and capillariesFunction: connects all organs in the body and

transports material throughout the body.Pulmonary – Heart to Lungs & Systemic –

Heart to Body

The Heart: 4 Chambers = high efficiency

• Atria:– Entrance

• Ventricle:– Exit

Chamber– Power

Pumper

Pathway of blood through the heart

Vena Cava (blood from the body) Right Atrium Right Ventricle Pulmonary Artery Lung Pulmonary Vein Left Artium Left Ventricle Aorta

Pathway of blood through the blood vessels:

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Vein

Respiratory SystemStructures: Diaphragm, Lungs, Pharynx,

Trachea, Bronchi, and AlveoliFunction: Works with the circulatory

system to transport oxygen to the cells of the body for cellular respiration and the removal of carbon dioxide.

Pathway of air: Pharynx Larynx TracheaBronchi Bronchioles Alveoli

Exchange occurs between the alveoli and capillaries

Destination: Lungs!! • It’s all about surface area!

• Your lungs have enough surface area to cover a tennis court!

Digestive System

Structures and Pathway: Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestines, Large Intestines, and Rectum. Accessory Organs: Liver, Pancreas, and Salivary Glands.

Function: To break down large organic molecules in food to usable smaller molecules.

Steps: Ingestion Digestion Absorption Elimination

Excretory System

Structure: Kidney, Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra

Function: The removal (excretion) of water soluble NITROGENOUS waste in blood from chemical activities in cells including ammonia from metabolism of proteins.

Two Steps: Filtration and Reabsorption

Nervous SystemStructures: Neurons, brain, and spinal cord.Function: Controls and coordinates functions

throughout the body. Uses both chemical and electrical signals.

Electrical impulse travels: DendriteCell Body Axon (neurotransmitter) Dendrite

Neurotransmitters are chemical/protein messengers

Central Nervous System – Brain and Spinal CordPeripheral Nervous System - Nerves

Immune System

Function: To protect the body from disease causing agents (pathogens).

Nonspecific defenses: Skin, Inflammatory response, histamine, tears, and increase in temperature.

White Blood Cells – 3 types – Neutrophils, Macrophages, and Killer T Cells

Endocrine System

Structure: Glands and HormonesFunction: Regulate the activity of the

body using hormones.Endocrine glands produce hormones and

are secrete directly into the blood or fluid around cells.

Gland and Hormone pairs: Adrenal–adrenaline, Ovaries-estrogen, Pancreas–insulin, and Testes–testerone

Reproductive System

Function: Reproduction of offspringMale Reproductive System: Testes

produces sperm (haploid cell 23 chromosomes)

Female Reproductive System: Ovaries produce ova (haploid cell 23 chromosomes), fallopian tube (fertilization occurs) and uterus (embryo development).

Question 28

Which structure in the digestive system is primarily responsible for the absorption of nutrients?A. MouthB. StomachC. Small IntestinesD. Rectum

Question 29

What is the correct order of the digestive process?A. Elimination, Ingestion, Digestion, AbsorptionB. Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, EliminationC. Ingestion, Absorption, Digestion, EliminationD. Digestion, Elimination, Absorption, Ingestion

Question 30

Which statement describes the interaction between two different body systems?A. Muscles move when a nerve impulse is received from motor nerves.B. Cells produced in the inner layer of the epidermis move upward toward the outer layer of skin.C. Air filtered and warmed in the nose.D. Macrophages attack and kill invading pathogens.

Question 31Which statement best describes the

interactions between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system in humans?A. The central nervous system controls the peripheral nervous system.B. The peripheral nervous system controls the central nervous system.C. Both systems are controlled by the endocrine system.D. The systems work independently.

Question 32

Where does fertilization of the ova usually occur in humans?A. OvaryB. Fallopian TubesC. UterusD. Vagina

Question 33

What two systems work directly together in movement of a muscle?A. Endocrine and MuscularB. Digestive and MuscularC. Circulatory and MuscularD. Nervous and Muscular

Question 34

Which organ below is not responsible for the removal of waste from the human body?A. StomachB. LungsC. SkinD. Kidneys

Question 35

When oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and the alveoli, which two systems are interacting?A. Circulatory and DigestiveB. Respiratory and EndocrineC. Circulatory and RespiratoryD. Endocrine and Digestive

Plants

Just the facts

Basic Organs of Plants

• Roots – Anchorage and Absorption

• Stems – Supports leaves• Leaves – Photosynthesis• Flowers – Reproduction ( found

only in Angiosperms)

Nonvascular Plants

Nonvascular plants lack roots, stems, and leaves.

Examples: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts

Vascular Plants

Vascular tissues are xylem and phloem. (much like our vessels in our bodies) Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves for photosynthesis. Phloem transports sap (sugar and water) from the leaves to other areas of the plants.

Vascular Plants include Gymnosperms (pine trees) and Angiosperms (flowering plants).

Plant Responses to the Environment

Responses to the environment by plants are due to tropisms. Tropisms are either positive or negative, depending on if the plant bends toward or away from the stimulus.

Examples:Phototropism – sunlightThigmotropism – touchPhotoperiodism – length of sunlight to

darkness/flowering

Question 36

When a plant grows toward light, which tropism is shown?A. ThigmotropismB. PhotoperiodismC. GuttationD. Phototropism

Question 37

Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts are examples ofA. Nonvascular PlantsB. Vascular PlantsC. GymnospermsD. Angiosperms

Question 38Plants have adaptations that increase

their chance of survival. For example, when the leaves of a mimosa plant are touched, all of the leaves fold up. A valid conclusion about this adaptation is that mimosa plants developed this response as protection againstA. Too much lightB. Leaf-eating animalsC. Cold temperaturesD. Dry Weather