Does transnational education compete with international ... · Does transnational education compete...
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Does transnational education compete with
international student mobility: Evidence and strategic considerations
Dr Vangelis Tsiligiris PhD, FHEA, FCMI
@tsiligiris
Citation:
Tsiligiris, V. (2014). Does transnational education compete with international student
mobility: Evidence and strategic considerations. Presented at the Council of Validating
Universities Annual Conference, Birmingham, UK.
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Government
Power
Substitutes
Student’s power
キstudent as customerク
Abundance
of
information
Quality as
キvalue for moneyク
Neoliberal
macroecono
mic policies
Quality as
キvalue for moneyク
Conflicting
government
policies
Competitive
landscape in
international
higher
education
Threat of new
providers
Expansion of
capacity in
offshore HE
systems
Market
liberalization
Rise of new
キalternative providersク
MOOCs,
Open Access
Content
The competitive landscape in international higher education
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Higher Ed market development options
Market Penetration Local market(s) International students
Product Development Personalised learning Online Modular delivery Post-MOOC
Market Development
Franchising Validation Progression agreements Dual degrees Branch Campuses
Diversification Contextualised
programmes Joint ventures Joint degrees
Product (programmes, delivery modes)
Existing New
Existing
New
Ma
rke
t
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To TNE or not to TNE ?
From a student perspective;
will TNE replace international mobility?
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OBHE study
1. What are the factors affecting student choice of TNE vs outbound mobility?
2. How do TNE and international student mobility trends compare in each of top TNE host countries?
3. How has the development of TNE enrolments in top TNE host countries impacted the number of outbound students from these countries studying in the UK?
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Method
• Countries
– Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, China
• Mixed methods approach
- Quantitative data (HESA, UNESCO)
- Qualitative data (personal interviews with TNE experts in each TNE host country)
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Factors affecting students’ decision to choose TNE
Malaysia Cost of studying and traveling abroad Current UK visa restrictions Family pressures to remain at home Reduction in government scholarships to study abroad Development of local TNE programmes
Singapore as above, plus
Failure to get into leading public institutions Maintain a part-time job Be close to future employment prospects Perception about the quality of UK degrees
Hong Kong
as above
China as above, plus
Reputation of the awarding institution plays a significant role Dual degrees (as a Chinese award is considered more recognisable than
from an overseas institution)
Culturally compatible environment
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Students studying wholly overseas vs outbound mobile students (2007/08–2011/12)
Students studying wholly overseas vs Malaysian students in the UK (2007/08–2011/12)
Malaysia
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Malaysia Outbound and inbound mobility ratios (%) (1998–2011) (Source: UNESCO)
Top destination countries for outbound students from Malaysia (1999, 2005, 2011) (Source: UNESCO)
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Students from Malaysia studying in the UK per 100 students from Malaysia (1998–2011)
Number of students from Malaysia in the UK (1998–2011)
Malaysia
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Singapore Students studying wholly overseas vs outbound mobile students (2007/08–2011/12)
Students studying wholly overseas vs Singapore students in the UK (2007/08–2011/12)
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Singapore Outbound and inbound mobility ratios (%) (2009–2012)
Top destination countries for outbound students from Singapore (1999, 2005, 2011) (Source: UNESCO)
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Singapore Students from Singapore studying in the UK per 100 students from
Singapore studying abroad (1998–2011)
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Hong Kong Students studying wholly overseas vs outbound mobile students (2007/08–2011/12)
Students studying wholly overseas vs Hong Kong students in the UK (2007/08–2011/12)
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Hong Kong Outbound and inbound mobility ratios (%) (2003–2011)
Top destination countries for outbound students from Hong Kong (1999, 2005, 2011)
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Hong Kong Number of students from Hong Kong in the UK (1998–2011)
Students from Hong Kong studying in the UK per 100 students from Hong Kong studying abroad (1998–2011)
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China
Students studying wholly overseas vs Chinese students in the UK (2007/08–2011/12)
Students studying wholly overseas vs outbound mobile students (2007/08–2011/12)
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International Students in China - (2004–2011)
Outbound mobile students from China - (1998–2012) China
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Outbound mobility ratio (%). (1998–2011)
Top destination countries for outbound students from China (1999, 2005, 2011) (Source: UNESCO)
China
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China Students from China studying in the UK per 100 of students
from China studying abroad – (1998-2001)
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Students studying on
UK TNE
Outbound mobility
Inbound mobility
UK as destination for students
from TNE host country
Substitution Effect
High growth Minor decline High growth Minor decline Minor for the
UK
High growth Minor decline High growth Decline Not for the UK; some
indication for Australia
Growth Minor decline Growth Growth Minor for
both the UK and Australia
Minor Growth Very high growth
Very high growth
High growth
No
Malaysia
Singapore
China
Hong Kong
Summary of findings
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Developmental process policy model for the TNE market
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Brand recognition
across borders
&
% of total resources
available for
international
activities
Globalisation Strategy
e.g. Branch Campuses,
online, international
students
Multi-domestic
Globalisation Strategy
e.g. Branch Campuses and
bespoke academic programmes,
joint and double degrees
Export Strategy e.g. franchising, twinning
and articulation agreements,
online delivery
Multi-domestic Export
Strategy e.g. validation, joint
ventures
Value of contextualization in
offshore target market
Low
High
Low High
International business strategies for higher education
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References
• Ennew, C., & Greenaway, D. (2012). The globalization of higher education. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved from http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9781137265050
• Hill, C. W. L. (2014). International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace (10 edition.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
• Kell, P. M., Vogl, G., Kell, P., & Vogl, G. (2012). Transnational Education: Big Business Around the Globe. In International Students in the Asia Pacific (Vol. 17, pp. 25–42). Springer Netherlands. Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/content/w46n42719j6u7543/abstract/
• Molesworth, M., Scullion, R., & Nixon, L. (2010). The Marketisation of Higher Education and The Student As Consumer. Taylor & Francis.
• Tsiligiris, V. (2014). Transnational Education vs International Student Mobility: Substitutes or Distinct Markets? (pp. 1–53). The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education. Retrieved from http://www.obhe.ac.uk/documents/view_details?id=952
• Tsiligiris, V. (2014). The Competitive International Higher Education Marketplace: Identifying Business Strategies to Succeed, The Evolllution. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/8111253/The_Competitive_International_Higher_Education_Marketplace_Identifying_Business_Strategies_to_Succeed_parts_1_and_2_
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Thank you for your attention !