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Doesspeculativedesigncontributetopublicengagementofscienceandtechnology?|TobieKerridge|MultiplePathways09 1
Doesspeculativedesigncontributetopublicengagementofscienceand
technology?
TobieKerridge,PhDstudent,Goldsmiths,UniversityofLondon
ForpublicationatSwissDesignNetworkSymposium09,12-13November2009,Lugano,Switzerland,pleasedonotquotewithoutpermissionfromtheauthor.
IntheUKthereisaconsiderableandgrowingbodyofscientists,fundingcouncils,
scientificsocietiesandsciencecommunicatorsfromvariousprofessionalbackgroundswhohavetakenonthetaskofengagingthepublicwithscienceandtechnology
(Burchell,2007;Wynne,2006).Recentpolicycommitmentstofundthesediverse
projectshavebeenlinkedtotheproblemofperceptionsofriskattachedtooutcomesofcontemporarytechnologiesincludingbiotechnologyandnanotechnology(Kearneset
al.,2006).InthispaperIoutlinesomewaysinwhichdesignpracticescouldcontributetothesecommitmentstothepublicengagementofscienceandtechnology,byfocusing
onMaterialBeliefs,aprojectfundedbytheEngineeringandPhysicalSciencesResearch
Council1.Additionally-andinthespiritoftheconferencethemeofMultipleWays-IwouldliketocrossovertoScienceandTechnologyStudiesforsomeassistancewitha
frameworkthroughwhichtostageatentativeandinitialdiscussionofthiscontribution.
Somecontextsforconsideration
BeforelookingatMaterialBeliefsinmoredetailIprovidesomeadditionalcontextforthediscussion.IstartbyrecoveringsomeexistinglinksbetweendesignandScienceand
TechnologyStudies(STS),largelythroughanexpositionofasymposiumonthatthemeinthejournalDesignIssues(Woodhouse&Patton,2004).Ithenfollowthroughtheselinkageswithsomeentrypointsfordesignasengagement,withadescriptionofthe
currentstateofpublicengagementofscienceintheUKasithasbeenarticulatedbySTSscholarship.FinallyIlllooktoparticularformsofdesignpracticenotablycritical
design,anddesignfordebateinparticular-thatarecharacteristicofhowdesignwas
conceptualisedintheMaterialBeliefsproject.
InanintroductoryessaytotheDesignIssuessymposiumonrelationshipswithSTS,
WoodhouseandPattondistinguishbetweenproximatedesignersanddesignbysociety(Woodhouse&Patton,2004).RecallingVictorPapanek(Papanek,1984),Nigel
Whiteley(Whiteley,1993),andothers,theconceptofDesignforSocietyprovidesamuchbroaderanddiscursivenetworkofactorsthanthedesignersandclientsthat
compriseproximatepractices.Thisextendednetworkhasimplicationsforthewaysin
whichdesignmightthenbediscussed,includingconsiderationsoftheinstitutionsresponsibleforsettingparameters,proceduresanddirectionswithinwhichproximate
designerswork.Thispatternationhasconsiderableinfluenceontechnological
innovationandservestoprivilegeparticularaccountsoftechnologybytheexclusionofothers(Woodhouse&Patton,2004,p.2).Ofrelevancetomydiscussionhereofdesign
1EPSRCgrantdetailsofMaterialBeliefsareonlineat
http://gow.epsrc.ac.uk/ViewGrant.aspx?GrantRef=EP/E035051/1
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asitcontributestopublicengagement,isthesensethatpublicconcernsaboutdesign
outcomesmightappropriatelybetakenupinapublicway(Woodhouse&Patton,
2004,p.3)sothat:
Ratherthanthrowingresponsibilityondesignersandclientsalone,withgovernmentofficialsinthebackgroundasintermittentlimitsetters,howmightdesignmoveintopublicdebate,systematicinquiry,andinstitutionalpracticesinunprecedentedways?
(Woodhouse&Patton,2004,p.3)
Inthisway,anSTSaccountofthenetworkswheredesignhasahandprovidesan
alternativetoaccountsofimproveddesigns,orbetterproducts,bytakingprocedural
focusawayfromthedesignerandthedesigntoconsidertherelationshipsbetweenmaterials,technologies,bureaucrats,institutions,usersandotheractors.Thisprepares
thegroundforreflectionuponhowpublicsbecomeconstitutedinparticularwayswithinthesenetworksofhumansandnon-humans.Elsewherethesestructureshave
beendescribedascyborgsandhybrids,andalsoasassemblages,withinthecontextofpublicengagement(Irwin&Michael,2003;Michael,2002).Whatistheroleofspeculativedesignintheformationoftheseassemblages,andwhataccountsare
achieved?Doesthisanalysisprovidetheunprecedenteddescriptionsofthe
relationshipsbetweenpeopleandtechnology,anticipatedbyWoodhouseandPatton?
IntheUKthereisanongoingefforttoaddressproblemsintherelationshipbetweenscienceandthepublic,throughpublicengagementprogrammes.Accountsof
engagementactivitiesvarywidelyacrosstheactorsinvolved,whichincludescience
communicatorsbasedatmuseums,scientificfundingbodiesandprofessionalinstitutions,think-tanksinvolvedinpolicy,scientistsengagedinresearchand
sociologistsexploringrelationshipsbetweenscienceandsociety.Governmentalaccountsofpublicengagementoftenforegroundtheformationofcitizenshiparoundscienceandtechnologyasanormativeprocess.Forexample,thisisevidentinthe
languageofarecentreportthatanticipatesaroleforpublicengagementintheformationofapublicthatisexcitedbyandvaluingscienceandconfidentintheuseof
science(DIUS,2008,p.5).Therehasbeensomecriticismthatthesedescriptionsof
engagementprivilegeaperceptionofapublicwhomisunderstandscience,orapublicwhoinappropriatelyattributerisktoparticulartechnologies.Itfollowsthatpublic
engagementcanaddressthesedeficits,andproducealiterateandtrustingpublic(Wynne,1992).Ratherthaneducatingthepublic,engagementpracticeshaveelsewhere
beenreframedintermsofprovidingmorerobustdialoguethattakeslayconcernsinto
account,andwhichalsoenabledialoguetotakeplaceatearlierstagesofscientificdevelopment.Forexample,aNanotechnologylabprovidedaccessforasocialscientist
andpublicgroupstohelpimaginewhatthesocialdimensionsmightbe,eventhough
theeventualapplicationsofthesciencearen'tyetclear(Wilsdon&Willis,2004).Thereisastrategyheretoprovideaccesstolaboratoryspacesfornon-scientists,sotheycan
thenwitnessscienceasaprocessratherthanasatechnologicalblackbox(Latour,1987).Dialogueattheseformativestagesofscientificresearchprovideopportunities
forwhathasbeendescribedasanupstreamdebateabouttheoutcomesand
implicationsofscience(Kearnesetal.,2006).Thesestrategiesoffersomeclearopportunitiesforspeculativedesignpractice,whereitcanhelpimaginehowemergent
researchwouldbecomesubjecttosocialandculturalvalues.
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Sowhatdesignpracticesinformspeculativedesign,asitmightbeperformedasan
innovativeformofpublicengagement?Ratherthanpursuingmodelsofusability,and
optimisation,designingwithtechnologycanprovideopportunitiestodiscovernewpleasures,newformsofsociability,andnewculturalforms(Gaver&Dunne,1999,p.
25).Thisperspectiveondesignresearchleadstothedevelopmentofplayfulprototypeswithambiguousfunctions,whichaimtoshiftcurrentperceptionsoftechnology
functionally,aesthetically,culturally,andevenpolitically(Gaver&Dunne,1999,p.25).
Theambitionhereisnottoiterateorimprovethedesign,buttouseparticularformsofuser-centreddesign,andmethodsfromsocialscience,toconsidertheeffectofthe
designasatriggerforreflectionsoneverydaylife.Thiscontextrelatestoconcernsin
thepublicengagementcommunityforincreasingtheopportunitiesforupstreamencounterswithscientificresearchthatencourageimaginativereflectionfromnon-
experts.
AseconddesigntrajectoryinformingMaterialBeliefsiscriticaldesign,whichaimsto
toaskquestions,provokedebate,raiseawareness,andexplorealternatives(Beaveretal.,2009,p.64).CriticalDesignhasbeendescribedasanexplorationoftheconventionsofsciencefiction,artpracticeandtheaestheticsofcinema.Herearesophisticated
representationsofidentity,offeringspacesforcomplexindividualsmovingthroughan
equallycomplex,technologicallymediated,consumerlandscape2.Thesedesignprovocationsofferalternativestoaccountsdepictingalinearprogressionofscientific
enquirythroughtostabletechnologicalproducts.TheselinearmodelshavebeenchallengedinthefieldofSociologyofScientificKnowledge3andlaterSTS,particularly
withLawsdescriptionofheterogeneousengineering(Law,1987).Accountsofcritical
designarticulatefreshroutesthroughtechnoscientificlandscapes,andmakethese
reappraisalsavailabletopublicgroupsthroughexhibitionsandpublications.Thereisanopportunityherealsoforsomedevelopmentoftheimplicitclaimsmadeforcriticaldesignandtheassociatedprojectofdesignfordebate4;whoisinvolvedindebatehere,
whatkindsofdebatetakeplaceandwhataretheeffects?
InhisdiscussionofJohnDeweysThePublicandItsProblems,CarlDisalvocontextualisescriticaldesignthroughitsabilitytoconstructthepublicbyincreasing
societalawareness,andmotivatingandenablingpoliticalaction(DiSalvo,2009).
Disalvooutlinesprojectionasawayofdescribinghowcriticaldesignmightrepresentapossiblesetoffutureconsequencesassociatedwithaparticularissuesothatthesocial
orethicalimplicationsoftechnologiescanbeconsidered.ForDisalvothereisaprospectformoreworktobedonehere,andhespecificallypointstotheopportunitiesfor
workingwithotherfieldsincludingSTStohelpanswerthequestionDoesthe
contributionofdesigntotheconstructionofpublicsreallymatter?andifsoWhen?andHow?(DiSalvo,2009,pp.61-62).Ihopetooffersometentativeresponsestothis
question,inthefollowingdiscussionofMaterialBeliefsasitaimstoextendtheseforms
2DesignInteractionssite,availableathttp://www.interaction.rca.ac.uk/information/department.html,
accessed16/6/093StevenShapinoffersanoverviewofSSKinHereandEverywhere(Shapin,1995)4DesignforDebateisdescribedinapostgraduatedesignbriefat
http://www.interaction.rca.ac.uk/briefs/designForDebate.html,accessed16/6/09
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ofdesignthroughidentifyingandbuildingrelationshipswithpublicengagementof
scienceandtechnology(PEST)throughSTS.
InthisintroductorysectionIhaveofferedsomecontextforframingadiscussionofthe
contributionofspeculativedesignforpublicengagementofscienceandtechnology.Ihavesuggestedthatitmightbefruitfultoconsideramuchbroadernetworkofactorsbeyondthedesignerandtheclient,andshownhowexistinglinkstoSTSscholarshipcan
helphere.Ithendemonstratedthatpublicengagementisanheterogeneousand
complexfield,andthatrecentdescriptionsofcitizenparticipationthattakeplaceupstreamwhenresearchisstillbeingdoneinthelabisasgoodaplaceasanytolocatea
designerlyassociationwiththisfield.FinallyIoutlinedsometypesofdesignresearch,
includingethnographicInteractiondesignandcriticaldesign,whichpreparethegroundforadiscussionofpracticethatImdescribingherearespeculativedesign.Withthis
contextinmind,inthenextsectionofthepaperIwouldliketofocusonapractice-basedresearchproject,asawayoflinkingtheseissuestoempiricaldata.
MaterialBeliefs
MaterialBeliefswasatwo-yearinterdisciplinaryprojectfundedbytheEngineeringand
PhysicalScienceResearchCouncil5.Thisfundingwaslinkedtoacallthataimedto
refreshpublicattitudestoengineeringintheUK.Theallocationofresourcestosupportthecallarearguablylinkedtoreportsfromscienceinstitutionsaboutacrisisinthe
publicperceptionofengineering6.WhileMaterialBeliefsdidnotconcretelyaimtorehabilitateattitudestowardUKengineering,theproposalarticulatedanambitionfor
speculativedesigntoleadintheformationofexperimentalconnectionsbetween
scienceandengineeringresearchtakingplaceinUKacademiclabswithpublicgroups,toprovideopportunitiesfordiscussionaboutscienceandsociety7:
ThereisaneedtocommunicateanddemocratiserecentinnovationinUKengineering,andwiththisanopportunitytochallengeandinvigoratethepublic's
perceptionofengineering.UnconventionalcollaborationmethodsusedinPPE
projectslikeBiojewelleryandRobertDoubleday'ssociologicalperspectiveonnanotechnologyresearchareextendedinthisproposal,andemployedtoframea
creativeandinnovativeprocessforrepresentingthetechnicalandsociocultural
issueswhichattendengineeringresearch,toalargeanddiverseaudience.
Thefollowingsectionsoffersomereflectiononthedevelopmentanddeliveryof
MaterialBeliefsasisrelatestosomeofthecontextualissuesdescribedabove.Idrawupondatageneratedduringthecourseoftheproject,structuringthedataasfour
historicalmoments,whichareindicativeofhowtheprojectdevelopedovertime.Istart
withadescriptionofbuildingarelationshipwithabiotechnologyresearchcentre.Ifollowonwithanaccountofprovidingaccesstothiscentreforthepublic,andthen
5EPSRCgrantdetailsofMaterialBeliefsareonlineat
http://gow.epsrc.ac.uk/ViewGrant.aspx?GrantRef=EP/E035051/16ForanexampleseethePublicAttitudestoEngineeringandEngineersreport,availableonlineat
http://www.etechb.co.uk/research/reports/public_attitudes.cfm7Extractfromthecaseforsupportdocument,accompanyingtheMaterialBeliefsproposal
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provideanaccountofaspeculativedesignproject,whichdevelopedsomeoftheissues
raisedwiththesepublicgroups.InthefinalsectionIsketchsomeexamplesofpublic
exhibitionsthatcirculatethedesignstolargerpublicgroups.Giventheheterogeneityofthedataavailablethroughtheproject,andmyowninvolvementintheproductionof
thisdataasadesigner,Idrawonamixtureofmethods.Forexample,thisincludesparticipantobservationoffocusgroupsattendedbyprojectparticipants,field-notes
writtenaspartofthetutoringofpostgraduatestudents,anddiscourseanalysisof
materialsincludingemails,interviewsandexhibitioncatalogues.
Accessingbiotechnologylaboratories
AtproposalstageMaterialBeliefsexpressedanambitiontoaccesslabs,andtomakethempermeabletonon-specialists8.Thisapproachwasinfluencedbyresearchthathad
articulatedupstreaminteractionbetweenscienceandsocialscience(Doubleday,2007).
Additionallytheproposalemphasisedbiomedicalandcybernetictechnologiesasatechnologicalfocus,respondingtoincreasedinstitutionalcapacityforbiotechnological
research.Technologiesandapplicationsanticipatedtoemergefromtheseresearchareashavebeendescribedasraisingarangeofnovelchallengesforsocietythatare
highlyappropriatefornewformsofcitizenparticipation(Burchell,2007).
Biotechnologycentreswereidentifiedthroughonlinesearches,andindividualresearcherswereapproachedbydesignerscontractedtoMaterialBeliefs,todiscuss
theirinvolvementintheproject.
MaterialBeliefsprovidedresourcesforfourinterdisciplinaryclustersthatwereeach
leadbyadesignerinsomeformofcollaborationwithscientists,researchersand
techniciansbasedinanacademicresearchfacility.Theclustersoperatedinverydifferentways,andthevariouscollaborativefeatureshavebeendocumentedelsewhere
(Dawson,2009).Thispaperwillfocusontheoutcomeofonecluster,basedattheInstituteofBiomedicalEngineering(IBE)atImperialCollegeLondon.
TherelationshipwithIBEwasnegotiatedwithTonyCass,adirectorattheinstitute.In
commonwiththeotherclusters,followinginitialcontactbyemail,filmedinterviewswereusedasaninitialexploratorytooltodrawoutsomedescriptionoffacilities,roles
andresearch.TopicswereformedduringtheinterviewwithCass,whichwasleadby
twodesigners.Thefootagewasthenpresentedasaseriesofclipsonline9.Whiletheseinterviewsarelowqualitysketchesratherthandocumentaries,usingfilmtodocument
andrepresentmomentsofdesignresearchhasbeencharacterisedasenablingdialoguesbetweenparticipants,researchersanddesigners(Raijmakers,2007).
8Extractfromthecaseforsupportdocument,accompanyingtheMaterialBeliefsproposal9Theclipsareavailableonlineathttp://www.materialbeliefs.com/collaboration/tony-c.php
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above:ViewoftheInstituteofBiomedicalEngineering,stillfromaninterviewwithTonyCass
Whilethereisscopetodiscussthesemethodsinmoredetail,IwouldliketofocusonhowthesediscussionswithCassprovidedanentrypointfortheformationofanetwork
forpublicengagement.Theinterviewsprovideaninitialdescriptionoftheresearchfromtheresearchersperspective,whichemphasisestheeventualapplicationsthat
comeoutoftheresearch.ForexampleCasscharacterisestheinstituteasparticipating
inareasofresearchincludingtissueengineering,medicalrobotics,bionicsandnano-scaleapplications.10.Hethendescribesadvancesinbionicsasfollowingonfrom
understandinghowtomakebiologyandelectronicstalktooneanotherinordertodevelophybriddevices11thatwillenablenewapplicationswhichoffersolutionsto
healthcareproblems.
Cassprovidesalinearmodelofscientificinnovation,wherescienceresearchleadstoanewtechnologythatprovidesabenefittoapatient.Thishasbeendescribedasaregime
ofeconomicsandtechnoscientificpromises(Wynneetal.,2007),whichischaracterisedbythecreationofafictiontocreateresourcestosolvehumanproblems.These
promissoryaccountsofinnovationprovideacleardivisionoflabour,betweenthose
thatdevelopthetechnologiesandthosethatusethem(Wynneetal.,2007),andthereisasensethatalternativeregimesofinnovationmightsupportnewformsofinteraction
betweenscientistsandotheractors(Wynneetal.,2007).Iwillturnnowtotwo
accountsofhowthisinitialnetworkatIBEcouldbeextendedtoincludeotheractors,andhowthisextensionlinkedbiomedicalresearchtothesocialandculturalconcernsof
theseothers,andgeneratedalternativestoriesoftechnology.
Providingaccessforothers
ImplicitinthistermspeculativedesignthatIamusing,isasensethatthereisindeedsomekindofspeculationtakingplace.Thisbegsthequestion,whoisspeculating-isthe
speculationperformedinsomewaybyadesignerandthensomehowembodiedinthe
design,ordoesspeculationtakeplaceoutthere,bythevisitortoadesignshoworthe
10Quotetakenfromcliphttp://www.materialbeliefs.com/collaboration/video/tony-c/5.mov 11Quotetakenfromcliphttp://www.materialbeliefs.com/collaboration/video/tony-c/28.mov
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readerofadesignjournal(asthesedesignsarenotproductstobeusedbyusers,but
objectsthataredistributedandexperiencedinotherways)?InthissectionIwilltryto
demonstratethatthesequestionscanbereframedthroughanassociationwithformsofpublicengagement.Illprovidetwoexamplesofhowalternativeaccountsoftechnology
canbeinvitedfromthepublicbyprovidingaccesstotheresearchthatistakingplaceatIBE.Thefirstisaneventwithasmallinterdisciplinarygroup,thesecondisaworkshop
withalargergroupcombiningstudentsfromadesignbackgroundwithresearchers
fromtheinstitute.
MindtheLoopwasahalf-dayworkshopconvenedatIBEinMarch2008.Theaimofthe
daywastobringtogetherindividualstodiscusstheartificialpancreas-aresearch
projectatIBEaimedathelpingtocontroldiabetesandtodrawoutindividualconceptionsofthetechnologyasitrelatedtopersonalexperiencesandknowledge.
Therewasnoinstrumentalobjectiveforthemeeting;ratheritwasanattempttomakeuseoftheprojectresourcestobuildanetworkofdiscussantsfromdifferent
backgroundswithaninterestinacommontechnology.ThisstrategywasdevelopedthroughadiscussionbetweentheGPandthedesignerabouttherelationshipsbetweenindividuals,systems,devicesanddata12thatformaroundtheartificialpancreas.This
conversationfollowedfeedbackfromaparticipantataneveningofdebateattheDana
centre,13aboutherexperiencesofexistingdiabetestechnology,whichincludesasensorandpumpforinsulindelivery:
IhavetostillbequiteinventiveabouthowIwearthis,sothatpeopledon'tknowthatI'mwearingit,soIhavetohavealittlepocketsewnintomyclothesandthings
whatprocessesareyouusingtogetthedesignersinearlyenough,andparticularly
thepatients,becausewedon'ttendtogetaskedaboutwhichfeatureswethinkare
important...14
Agroupoffivepeople,comprisingtheparticipant,NHSdoctoranddesignerpresentattheDanaevent,andadditionalaresearcherfromIBEdevelopingtheartificialpancreas
andafilmmaker,wereinvitedtoattendtheevent.Thesessionstartedwith
introductionsandplanningfollowedwithadescriptionoftheartificialpancreasplatformbytheresearcher,thensomereflectionsfromeachparticipant,followedby
somequestionsandanswers,andfinallysometimeforindividualreflectionaboutthe
process.Thefilmmakerfollowedtheproceedingsandcapturedmostofthesessionsothatashortfilmcouldbeeditedasadocumentoftheprocess15.
12PersonalemailbetweenaresearcheratIBEandtheauthor13Seehttp://www.materialbeliefs.com/events/dana.phpfordocumentationoftheTechnoBodies;HybridLife?event 14QuotefromaparticipantatTechnoBodies;HybridLife?event,seepreviousURLforfilmclip15Seehttp://www.materialbeliefs.com/events/loop.phpforfilmsandadditionaldocumentation
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Above:ParticipantsofMindtheLoopmeeting,thetestbenchfortheartificialpancreas
Theengineerinitiallydescribedthattheambitionoftheartificialpancreasistoprovidecontrolofbloodsugarlevelsinahumanbodyasasubstitutionforlostbiological
function:
We'velookedatthebiologyofthepancreasandquestionedwhathappenswhenthe
pancreasseesglucoseandreleasesinsulinWevetakenthatfunctionofthebetacell
andwevereplicateditusingelectroniccircuits,toprovideanartificialpancreasfortype1diabeticsbasedontheactualbiologyofthepancreas16
Ademonstrationofthetechnologyonabenchinanelectronicslabshowedhowthemicrochiprespondstochangesinbloodsugar(measuredasavoltagelevel)by
triggeringthereleaseofinsulininpulsesthatmapcloselytothebiologicalpatternof
control.Accountsofexistingtechnologyfromthediabeticpatientprovideadifferentperspective:
IrealisedIwasusingtheword"Feel"aboutthepump...thisistechnology,andit'sabsolutelyamazing,butwhenyouhavetolivewithitdayindayout,youdoactually
havefeelingsaboutthistechnologybecauseitmakesadifferencetohowyoufeel,it
affectsyourself-esteemhowyouwearit,soIrealisedthathowIfeelaboutthetechnologyisactuallyreallycomplicated
Thedescriptionofthistechnologyisunstable,asitissubjecttodivergentvaluesand
expectationsbasedonaparticularorientationtothetechnology(makingorusingfor
example).STSaccountsofthesekindsofheterogeneousgroupstalkofepistemiccommunities(Haas,1992)andhybridcommunities(Callon,2004;Callon&Rabeharisoa,2003).Hybridcommunitiesareatthesametimecollaborativeand
contrary,bringingtogetherexpertknow-howandlayexperienceintheformulationof
newandmorerobustmedicaldevices.Thereispotentialhereforspeculativedesigntolinktotheseprocesses-andperhapstoanextenttostageenvironmentsthatcontribute
totheformationoftheseheterogeneouscommunitiesnotbecausethistypeofdesign
hasaninstrumentalstakeinthedevelopmentofmedicalproducts,butfortwootherreasons.Firstlydesigncanbenefitfromthecomplexityoftherepresentationsof
16QuotefromaparticipantatMindtheLoopevent,seepreviousURLforfilmclip
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technology,andthepresentationofexperiencesfromdifferenthumanactors.Secondly
iscanpulltogethergroupswhowouldotherwisenothaveoccasiontoarticulatethese
differentformsofknowledge,again,nottocontributetodevelopmentofproducts,butinordertoprovideoccasionsforengagementbetweenexpertsandpublics.
AsasecondexampleofprovidingpublicaccesstothebiomedicalresearchenvironmentatIBE,InowfocusonaworkshopforagroupofpostgraduatestudentsfromtheRoyal
CollegeofArt.Theworkshopformedthestartofafour-weekbriefleadbyElio
CaccavaleandKerridgetitledScienceandSociety17.Ratherthanprovidinginnovationforscienceandtechnology,ananalyticalorcriticalpracticeisencouragedinthe
students.Astheheadofdepartment,TonyDunnedescribesinaninterview:
CriticalDesignusesspeculativedesignproposalstoaskquestions,provokedebate,raiseawareness,andexplorealternatives.Itsoppositeisaffirmativedesignthat
reinforcesthestatusquo.Itrejectstheideathatdesigncanonlyexistinrelationto
industryanditsnarrowagenda,anditsetsouttoexploreotherwaysdesigncancontributetosociety(Beaveretal.,2009,p.64)
Theaimoftheworkshopthenistodevelopthisquestioningrolefordesignpracticeasitrelatestoemergingbiotechnologies.Akeyissuehereistofindamechanismto
encouragearobustrelationshipbetweenthedesignstudentsandtechnology.Thiswas
accomplishedbyworkingdirectlywithresearcherswhowereactivelyengagedinlaboratory-basedexperimentationwiththetechnologiesthatwereobjectsof
inspirationforthestudents.Theoreticaldiscussionsofintangibleanddistantprocesses(inthiscasebiotechnology)areswappedoutwithmoregrounded,empirical
experiences.ThispointisdealtwiththoroughlybyWilkieandWardintheirpaper
aboutstrategiesforcriticalpracticeatundergraduatelevel,wherethecriticalstudiescanonofBaudrillard,DerridaanddeCerteauarechallengedbyempiricalparadigms
inspiredbySTSaccountsoftechnologyandsociety(Ward&Wilkie,2008,p.1).Ratherthanconductingdesk-boundresearch,studentsareinsteadencouragedtogetamongst
thephenomenaandpracticesthatexcitethem;togoout,opentheblackboxesand
untanglethecomplexitiesandnoveltytheyencounterandindoingsoprovidetheirownsituatedandpartialdescriptionsandnewdesigncontexts(Ward&Wilkie,2008,p.2).
InowfocusonanexampleofstudentworkcomingoutoftheRCAworkshopatIBE,and
therelationshipwitharesearcherthatleadtothework,togroundthisdiscussion.TheworkshopatIBEcomprisedofageneralpresentationoftheInstitute,atouroffacilities,
twopresentationsfromresearchersabouttheirresearch,anexperimenttoisolateDNAconductedinthewetlab,andawrap-upsessionwherethebriefwasset.Oneofthe
researchersfromIBEwhopresentedwasOliveMurphy,whodescribedanimplantable
blood-pressuremonitorforPatientswithchronicconditions,incorporatingapassiveradiosystemtotransmitdatatoanexternalunit.
17Furtherdocumentationandadescriptionofstudentprojectsisavailableonlineat
http://www.materialbeliefs.com/events/rca-ibe.php
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Above:WorkshopforstudentsatIBE,testinganimplantablebloodpressuremonitor
DiscussionbetweenMurphyandthestudentscanbecharacterisedasfocussingonissuesarisingfromhowbiomedicaldatasentwirelesslyfromahumanbody,mightbe
re-appropriatedbyservicesotherthantheremotehealthcare.ThisdiscussionaboutdatamonitoringwasdevelopedinNellyBenHayounsprojectCathytheHacker.Hayoun
designedpropsandmadeshortfilmsdocumentinghow you can hack your bloodpressure implant to provide fake, healthy data to an insurance company that ismonitoring the fictional Cathys lifestyle in order to make decisions on the premiumshe should pay on her health insurance18. Through an interview and follow upconversations with Murphy, Hayoundevisedhackswhichincludedattachingasensortoanenergeticpetcat,inordertogenerateasurrogatedata set, while The closingspin cycle of the washing machine also does a good job19. The influence ofHayounsaccesstotechnology,facilitiesandresearcherupontheprojectareclear,butalsoofinterestistheexperienceoftheseencountersuponMurphy,whocommentedaboutthe
experienceduringafocusgroupsession20:
Iwouldhaveassumed,Ohofcoursethisiseverybodysbenefitlikeyou,youmaynotwantoneyouknow,peoplescivillibertiesandeverythingand,anditwasNellie
whofirstraisedtheissueof,well,what,whatifyourinsurancecompanywillmake
youhaveanimplantorelsewontcoveryourhospitalexpenses...
TheseencountersprovidedHayounwithatechnicalcontexttointerpretcritically,while
Murphytakesanactiverolewithinanalternativedescriptionofherownresearch.
SomethingsimilarcanbesaidabouttheMindtheLoopmeeting,wheredifferentviewsandexperiencesofonthemanagementoftype1diabetescametogethertomakenew
typesofknowledge.Inthisway,unfinishedbiomedicalsciencebecomesencounteredbyaparticularformofpublic(studentsorpatients),withaparticularorientationtowards
18TheprojectCathytheHackerisdocumentedbyNellyBenHayounonlineat
http://www.nellyben.com/index.php?/project/biotech/ accessedon7/8/0919ibid.20ThefocusgroupinterviewwasconductedattheendoftheMaterialBeliefsprojectbyEmilyDawson,andincludedparticipantslinkedtoactivityattheInstituteofBiomedicalEngineering.Adescriptionof
methodsandadiscussionoffindingareavailableinareportavailablefordownloadat
http://www.materialbeliefs.com/pdfs/Summative-Evalution.
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thesciencethatis,asetofmotivations,agendasandimpulsesthatprovidemomentum
totheencounter.CallonandRabehorisoahavetalkedabouttheco-productionof
scienceandsocietyinthemedicalcontextoftheFrenchMuscularDystrophyAssociation(AFM),wheredoctors,patientsandpatientsfamiliescametogetherthrough
aprocessofresearchinthewildsothatdifferentformsofknowledgebecomeinterleaved(Callon&Rabeharisoa,2003).Theobjectofthelaboratoryaccessin
MaterialBeliefsisnotmedicalknowledge,aswasthecasewiththeAFMresearch.
Ratherspeculativedesignisamotivatorortriggerforacoalescingofnon-standardgroupsofpeople,expertsandpublic,inordertodiscussthewaysinwhichtechnology
inscribesformsofsociality.Intermsofcontemporaryformofpublicengagement,much
issaidabouttheneedfornewformsofdialoguebetweenexpertsandlaypublicthattakeplaceupstream,atearlierandformativemomentsinthelifeoftechnoscience.Of
theengagementpracticesthathavedevelopedupstreammodels,ithasbeensaidthatthewaysinwhichtherisksorimplicationsoftechnologiesarepresented,orthe
questionswithwhichtheengagementisstagedhavebeenpre-framedbytheengager,sothatwhatweseeisrestrictedtoeitheranaffirmationordismissalofinstitutionalconcerns,ratherthanamorefreerangingdebate(Wynne,2006).AsWynnedescribes,
thereisnoroomleftforconstructivenegotiationofpossiblealternatives,multiple
trajectories,anddifferenttechnologiesasthepre-framingoftheengagementactivityimposesanunquestionedpresumptionthatthepublicsconcernswhichweare
supposedtobeinvestigatingandlearningtounderstandareonlyinstrumentalconcernsaboutimpacts(Wynne,2006,p.218).Thereisaopportunityherefordesign
toidentifyemergingtechnologyasamalleableandcreativematerial,andtoprovidea
frameworkaroundthismaterialforencountersbetweenexpertsandparticularpublicgroupsthatleadsintothespontaneousidentificationandemergenceofissueswithin
whichtothenframealternatives.
Developingspeculativedesigns
InowfocusonadifferentaspectofMaterialBeliefs,whereissuesandconcernsabouttechnosciencearepulledintoinformthedesignanddevelopmentofprototypes.In
commonwiththeotherinterdisciplinaryclustersthatmadeupMaterialBeliefs,there
wasanambitionfortheresearchatIBEtobetransformedintomoredevelopedandresolveddesigns21.Theaimofthesedesignswastoinsomewaycombinealternative
applicationsthatwerebeingarticulatedthroughthediscussionstakingplacebetween
expertsandinterestedpublics,withresearchtrajectoriesatIBE.Additionallythedevelopmentoftheseprototypeswasconceivedastakingplacethroughsomeformof
collaborationbetweenthedesignersandtheresearchers.InthissectionIwilldescribeVitalSigns,asetofprototypesdevelopingoutofthediscussionsbetweenpublicsand
researchersattheIBE,andsubsequentlythroughalargernetworkoftechnologies,
21Theoriginalfundingproposalfocusedoncollaborationsbetweendesignersandengineers;Theaimof
thisproposalistopairexperiencedresearchengineersanddesignersthrougharesidencyprogram,leadingtoaseriesofpublicexhibitionsandengagementevents.Theseeventswillopenupareflective
andcriticalspacearoundtheroleoffuturetechnology,wheretheengineers'researchcanberepresented
tothepublicinastimulatingway
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materials,issuesandinstitutions.IreturntoSTSdescriptionsofassemblages,inorder
tocharacterisethewaysinwhichtheseprototypestookshapeasamobilisationof
differentactors,withparticularattentionpaidtoMikeMichaelsaccountofinventiveproblemmaking(Michael,2009).InthisrespectIprovidesomesnapshotsofthe
materialandconceptualcontextsthatwerecombinedandembodiedinthedesign.
VitalSignsistechnologicallybasedontheDigitalPlaster,abiomedicalmonitoring
platformthatsitsalongsideIBEresearchprojectsrelatedtopersonalisedhealthcare.
TheDigitalPlasterisabody-wornsensorthatlinkstoadistributedplatformforbodymonitoring:
Poweredbythin,flexiblebatteries,andlookingmuchlikeaplaster,thebody-worn
Sensium-enabledmonitorscanprocessandextractkeyfeaturesofthedataandintelligentlyintegrateitintoanelectronicmedicalrecordviaabasestation,usinga
power-optimisedwirelessoperatingandnetworkingsystem(Toumazou,Christofer,
2008)Wynnemightdescribethedigitalplasterasapromissorytechnology,andwhilethe
applicationisincomplete,itexistsinanumberofpartialforms.Forexamplethereisapublishedaccountofaplatformforultralowpower,wireless,biometricsensing
(Toumazou,Chris&Lee,2005)andamonitoringplatformthatincludesabodysensor,
thoughitissmallandnotyetminiaturisedtothepointofbeingplaster-like22.WhiletheDigitalPlasterisprimarilydiscussedasamedicalproduct,itisalsolinkedtoother
markets:
Monitoring'healthandwellness'hasapplicationstosport,bymonitoringphysical
statesduringperiodsofprolongedactivityandstress.Constantmonitoringbuildsa
morecompletepictureoffitnessandphysiologicalchangeovertimethanconventionalsamplingtechniques.23
Thereisasensethatthisisatechnologyflexibleenoughtoperformacrossdifferentcontextsofuse,andforVitalSigns,thecoretechnologiesofthebiometricsensorpatch
andtheabilitytosendthedataacrossthenetworkweredecoupledfrommedicaland
sportsapplications.InthiswayVitalSignswasinitiallyconceivedasasetofproductsforpresentingacompletepictureofphysiologicaldata,thoughthecharacteristicsof
thatpicture,andthemotivationforpicturingwereatthisstageopen.
Existingproductsusemobilephonenetworkstotransmitsenseddata.ForexampletheAlertMesystemisadistributedsuiteofsensorsthatattachtoproductsratherthen
people,sothatthehomeownerreceivesSMSmessageswhenadoorisopened,orwhenthecentralheatinghascomeon24.Elsewheretherearearangeofproductsforparents
tomonitortheirchildren,variouskindsofbabymonitors,devicesthatattachtoachilds
shoethatislinkedtotheanalarmonaparentskeyfob.Technologiesarearrangedin
22AdescriptionofTheSensiumLifePebbleisavailableonlineat
http://www.toumaz.com/public/page.php?page=sensium_pebble (accessedon7/8/09)23FromthePersonalisedHealthcareresearchsectionoftheIBEwebsiteavailableathttp://www3.imperial.ac.uk/biomedeng/research/personalisedhealthcare (accessedon8/8/09)24AlertMEisamodularandwirelesslylinkedIntelligentHomeSecuritysystem,detailsaboutthe
productisavailableonlineathttp://www.alertme.com/
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configurationsthatbringhumansandnon-humanstogetheracrossdistances,
frequentlythroughapplicationsthataimtoprovideformsofcontrolorreassurance.
Thesemoremundaneexamplesofassemblagesforcontrolareattimesdisruptedandquestionedthroughextremeversionsthatcanmakeusfeeluncomfortable.Anexample
isCottonwoolKids,adocumentaryproducedforCuttingEdge,aseriesbroadcastonUKChannel4.HereananxiousparentmeetsanengineerinhisofficeatReadingUniversity,
tohearaboutatrackingdevicethatwouldbeimplantedinherdaughtersbody.The
engineerdescribes:
Youcouldprovideasortofvirtualfence,sowhenshegoesoutsideacertainarea,or
ifshegoesintoacertainplaceyoudon'twanthertogoto,thenyoucouldathome
havethisredlightflashing(Neale,2008)
Themothersdesperation,theengineersconvictioninatechnologicalsolutionandthe
silentpresenceofthedaughtermakeforuncomfortableviewing,andperhapsour
notionsofwhatisreasonableorethicalintermsofhowandwhytechnologiesareconfiguredareraised.Thesequestionsremainsettledorobscuredintheencounters
withmoremundanetechnologies.InMichaelsaccountofTechnoscienceandEverydayLife,thesevarioussocialorderingsofpeopleandtechnologyexistalongsideone
another:
Inallthis,technoscienceasacirculationnecessarilytiestogetherwhathavepreviouslybeenseenasseparatethehumanandthenonhuman,thenaturalandthe
social;orratheritisconstitutivelyproductiveofhybridswhoseontologicalandpoliticalstatusisambiguousandmultiple.(Michael,2006)
Aroleofspeculativedesignistoactwithinthenetworksithasestablishedbybringing
togetherandlayeringtheseambiguousandmultipleaccountswithinitsobjects.Theseobjectsthenareaboutmultiplyingmeanings,andprovidingadditionalcomplexity
(Michael,2009),ratherthanclosingdownaroundparticularproblemsasstableproducts.
VitalSignsrepositionstheDigitalPlasterasaplatformforchildmonitoring.Itdevelops
someofthethemesbroughtupinthestudentsworkaftertheirvisittotheIBE,whichincludedtheissuesofsurveillanceandtrustsuggestedinHayounsandotherstudents
work,andfromdiscussionsaboutdatamanagementduringtheMindtheLoopmeeting.
ToalargeextentVitalSignsdevelopstheconversationbetweenthemotherandtheengineerinCottonWoolkids.Ratherthananimplantedtransponder,sensors
embeddedinaskinwornpatchmeasurebiometricdata,whichistransmittedthroughamobilephonenetworkandbecomesembodiedinthebehaviourofthreedevices,sothat
thechildsheartrate,movementandbreathingcanbemonitoredinrealtime.Twosets
oftheprototypesweremade,ablueandapinkset,foraboyandforagirl,andadoptingotherfeaturesofthedesignlanguageusedinthemonitoringproductsdescribedearlier.
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Above:StillfromCottonWoolKidsDocumentary,theVitalSignsprototype
VitalSignsareworkingprototypes;theyareUSBdevicesthatincorporateanLED
display,ormotorsforactuation.Thedevicesuseanembeddedmicrocontroller25attachedtoapurposebuiltprintedcircuitboardalongwithawirelessmodulesothat
dataforthecontrolofthedevicescanbetransmittedovertheairaswellasviatheUSBsignal.Theprocessofdesigninganddevelopingfunctionaldevicescanbeseenasa
strategyforinvolvingotherpeople.Forexamplethecircuitboardswereassembledat
IBEandthisleadtoconversationswithresearchersaboutsolderingsmallcomponents,thecaseswereinitiallyprintedusingarapidprototypingtoolalsoatIBE,programming
codewasdiscussedandsharedwithforummembersattheArduinowebsiteandthe
deviceswereputtogetherwithhelpfromdesignersattheInteractionResearchStudio.Inthiswaythedesignprocessenlistsabroadernetworkofpeople,andsothedesign
outcomesthenembodyabroaderrangeofconcernsandattitudes.Thismightbetheorisedasabroader,messierassemblage,andinpracticeitmeansthatthereare
moreopportunitiesforotherstoencounterandtobecomeembroiledwiththe
prototypes,whichspiraloutinmanyconceptualdirections,raisingquestionsaboutamultitudeofindistinctissuessurroundingscienceandtechnology(Michael,2009,p.
10).ItistotheseopportunitiesIwouldliketoturnforinthefinalsectionofthispaper,
whichwillexplorehowspeculativedesignswerecirculatedtolargerpublicgroups.
Circulatingspeculativedesign
IntheprevioussectionsIhavedescribedhowabiomedicallabcanbeaccessedandaninterdisciplinarygroupestablished,thenhowparticularpublicgroupscanask
questionsaboutresearch,andthenhowthesesquestionsorissuesbecomeembodiedindesigns.Inthisfinalsection,Illprovidesomeexamplesofengagementpracticeswith
publicgroupsoutsideofthelaboratory,focussingonexhibitions.Designisfairlyaccomplishedwhenitcomestodoingexhibitions,andarguablyfordesignpracticesthat
donotleadtocommercialproducts,theexhibitionmightbeseenasthemainarena
25EachdevicecontainsanArduinoNanoboard,whichisapopularplatformforphysicalcomputing
applicationsinartanddesigneducation.Arduinoisanopensourcehardwareandsoftwareenvironment
seehttp://www.arduino.cc/
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wheredesignartefactsareencountered.Theaimofthissectionistoconsidersome
featuresofthepublicconstitutedthroughtheeventswhereMaterialBeliefsoutcomes
whereexhibited.
Onewayofconsideringthemake-upoftheexhibitionpublicistothinkabouthowtheeventmakesitselfavailabletovariousgroups.MaterialBeliefswasinstalledinfoursections,whereeachsectioncomprisedoftheoutcomesfromoneoftheclusters,so
VitalSignswasexhibitedwiththethreeotherprojects;Neuroscope,Carnivorous
DomesticEntertainmentRobotsandBonsaiCells.ThefourMaterialBeliefsprojectswereincludedinanumberofgroupexhibitions,includingNowhere/Now/Hereat
LABoralCentrodeArteyCreacininGijn,CrossingOveratTheRoyalInstitutionof
GreatBritaininLondonandTouchMeFestivalinZagreb.Eachshowhadadifferentcuratorialambition,"enquiryincontemporarydesign","exchangesinartand
biotechnologies",and"artattheintersectionofscienceandtechnology"26.Inthisway,theseeventsarecomposedofhierarchiesofresources,fromtheissuesandtechnologies
ofindividualprototypeslikeVitalSigns(anxiousparentsandbiometricmonitoring),whichsitswithinthebroaderaimsofMaterialBeliefs(designersandengineersforpublicengagement),whichisinturnsubjecttocuratorialthemesandambitions.The
exhibitioncaninturnbeseeninthecontextoftheinstitutionalaimsofthevenue,and
eventheconstitutionorpolicyofthebodiesthatresourceorfundthevenue.Tosomeextentthecompositionofthosevisitingtheexhibitionreflectsthesedifferent
hierarchies;someonemightattendbecausetheyareapatronoftheRoyalInstitution,orperhapstheyareacolleagueofthecurator,oranothermightbesubscribedtoan
internetmailinglistaboutbiomedicalfutures.Theexhibition-goingpublicisnota
generalpublic,butaself-selectinggroup,whereindividualsinitiallyidentifywitha
particularexhibitionresource,andwheretheymaybeambivalenttootherresources.
Above:VisitorswithVitalSignsprototypesattheNowhere/Now/HereexhibitionatLABoral,anda
displayforMaterialBeliefsattheCrossingoverexhibitionattheRoyalInstitution
Howcanwetalkaboutexhibitionsintermsofpublicengagement?Theorisingabout
theseeventsmeansturningawayfromaconceptionoftheexhibitionofscienceand
26Statementsaretakenfromcatalogueorbrochuresforeachofthethreeexhibitions
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technologyashavinganinstrumentallyeducationalrole27.Insteadofaccountingfor
publicengagementbyprovidingvisitormetrics,orevaluatinglearningoutcomes,we
canagainturntoSTSforanalternativeframework.ArecentexamplewhereSTSagendashavebeenexplicitlylinkedtoanexhibitionformatisthecurationofMaking
ThingsPublic,installedatZKMinKarlsruhein2005.Inhisintroductiontoaneditedvolumetoaccompanytheexhibition,co-curatorBrunoLatourwrites:
Anexhibitioncannotdomuch,butitcanexplorenewpossibilitieswithamuch
greaterdegreeoffreedombecauseitissogoodatthoughtexperiments,orratherGedankenaustellung.Oneofthoseattemptsistodesignnotoneassemblybutrather
anassemblyofassemblies,sothat,muchlikeafair,visitorsorreaderscancompare
thedifferenttypesofrepresentation.(Latour,2005)
ForLatourthereisaninterplaybetweentheserepresentations,whichleadsto
questions,includingWhatchangedoesitmakeinthewaypeoplemakeuptheirmind
tobeattachedtothings?.Ratherthanfencing-inparticularinstancesoftechnosciencelikethediscoveries,innovationsandapplicationsofthesciencemuseuman
alternativeaimforanexhibitionthenmightbetouncoverhowparliaments(thatisthemechanismformakingthingspublic)mightbeenlargedorconnectedormodified
orredrawn.Thereisanopportunityforspeculativedesignpracticestomakethemost
ofpublicexhibitionsasawayofprovidingresourcesforwhatMichaelhasdescribedas"creativeorinventiveproblemmaking"(Michael,2009,p.6).
Conclusions
InthispaperIhaveprovidedatentativeaccountofthecontributionofspeculative
designtopublicengagementofscience.ScienceandTechnologyStudiesweredrawnuponasatheoreticalmethodologywithwhichtoconsiderempiricaldatafromMaterial
Beliefs,adesign-leadpublicengagementprojectfundedbytheEPSRC.Thepaperopenedbysuggestingthreecontextsthroughwhichtoconsidercontribution,an
accountofliteratureprovidinglinksbetweenSTSanddesign,abriefdescriptionof
contemporarypublicengagementpracticeandrelatedliteraturefromSTS,andexamplesofdesignapproachesthatinformedspeculativedesignasitwaspractisedin
MaterialBeliefs.
ThepaperthenprovidedfourhistoricalsnapshotsfromMaterialBeliefsthroughwhichtodevelopthesecontextualtreatmentsofthequestionofcontribution.Theywere
accessingabiotechnologyresearchcentre,providingaccesstothatenvironmentforothers,developingspeculativedesignsandthencirculatingthesedesignsbeyondthe
labtolargerpublicgroups.Byinitiallybuildingrelationshipswithlaboratories,
speculativedesignprovidesagroundfordiscussionsbetweenresearchersandnon-expertsaboutincompletetechnologies,andthesediscussionsarguablyconstitutenew
formsofinteraction(Wynneetal.,2007)thatsupportalternativeaccountsofthosetechnologies.Itwasshownthatbyresourcinglaboratoryaccessforparticularpublic
groups,non-technicalandemotiveaccountsofthetechnologywerecombinedwith
27ForexamplethestrategyofinstitutionslikeNMSIgroup,whichincludestheScienceMuseumin
London,isto"toinspireandengageouraudiences"(NMSI,2007).
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technicalandoperationalknowledge.Theseframingsweresustainedbyspeculative
design,intermsofprovidingaframeworkforaformofresearchinthewild(Callon&
Rabeharisoa,2003),whichratherthanbuildingheterogeneouscommunitiesinordertogeneratenovelmedicalortechnicalknowledge,wouldinsteadtestandrespondto
contemporaryformsofpublicengagementthroughthedesignofalternativetechnologies.Itwasthendemonstratedthatthequestionsarisingfromtheselaboratory
encountersbetweenresearchersandthepubliccouldbeinterleavedwithother
conceptualresources,alongwiththetechnicalandmaterialresourcesofthelab,andembodiedindesignprototypes.Finallytherewasabriefdiscussionofhowthe
circulationoftheseprototypesinpublicexhibitionsmadetheseissuesavailableto
others,andthatalthoughtheprototypesweredispersedwithinahierarchyofconcernsandagendas,theexhibitionencouragedmattersofconcernratherthanmattersof
fact(Latour,2005).
Acknowledgements
ThispaperisaninitialandpartialversionofanempiricalchapteraboutMaterialBeliefs,formingpartoftheauthor'sPhDthesis.Asonereviewerobserved,ithasthe
characterofaworkingpaperratherthanaresearchpaper,andtheauthorisgratefulfor
theopportunitytowritethisaccount,eventhoughtheresultisalittleunsettled.
MaterialBeliefswasbasedattheInteractionresearchStudio,intheDepartmentof
DesignatGoldsmiths,UniversityofLondon,andwasfundedbytheEngineeringandPhysicalSciencesResearchCouncil.TheprojectwasmanagedbyAndyRobinson,while
designersJamesAuger,ElioCaccavale,TobieKerridge,JimmyLoizeauandSusana
Soaresleadfourclusters,supportedbycollaborationswithSteveJackman,AleksandarZivanovic,JulianVincent,KevinWarwick,SlawomirNasuto,BenWhalley,Mark
Hammond,JuliaDownes,DimitrisXyda,DavidMuth,TonyCass,OliveMurphy,NickOliver,DianneFord,LuisaWakeling,JulieDanielsandAnnaHarris.
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