DoE Task 1. Marsdenia longiloba - Home - Roads and ... · PDF fileDoE Task 1 – Direct...

Upgrade of the Pacific Highway Warrell Creek to Nambucca Heads

DoE Task 1 – Direct and indirect impacts Marsdenia longiloba 1

DoE Task 1. Marsdenia longiloba

Based on the information provided to the Department, it is likely that residual to this species will be significant. For example, the proposed action will impact on ~156 individuals belonging to a number of sub-populations located at the end of the range for this species, greater than 44 ha of habitat loss or modification and indirect impacts to multiple subpopulations. The proposed action is also likely to result in fragmentation and isolation causing genetic isolation and leading to localised extinction. 1. The Department requires clarification to determine the scale and extent of direct and indirect impacts on Marsdenia longiloba:

a) An assessment of impacts beyond the direct removal of habitat and total known individuals is required. Please provide a detailed discussion of the impacts to each subpopulation, as well as the ongoing viability of the subpopulations and the remaining individuals within these, including ongoing direct/indirect impacts on the subpopulations remaining, and the location and distance of the remaining individuals in the subpopulations in relation to the highway. b) A justification of the use of a 10 m buffer to determine the extent of indirect impacts to the species and demonstration that roadside pollutants, contaminants, alteration of habitat, invasion by weeds/pathogens, hydrological change and edge effects will not extend beyond 10 m during construction and operation of the highway. c) Clarification of how Table 2 correlates to habitat depicted in the maps provided and please provide a finer scale map of each sub-population and the location of each in relation to the proposed action. Response Task 1a:

The assessment of direct and indirect impacts to individuals and sub-populations of Marsdenia longiloba from the upgrade of the Pacific Highway, Warrell Creek to Nambucca Heads (WC2NH) is based on the survey results from the following: • Targeted surveys along the proposed action footprint completed by Benwell (2013) for the Threatened

Flora Management Plan. • Targeted surveys completed by Benwell (2014) for a genetic study of impacts to Marsdenia longiloba

at fine, medium and broad geographic scales. • Targeted surveys completed by GeoLink (2014) along the utilities alignment. The SKM (2010) data set as presented in the Warrell Creek to Urunga (WC2U) Environmental Assessment (EA) Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) (2010) has not been included in the analysis of the impacts of the proposed action due to the age of the data. This data however has still been considered in identifying previously confirmed locations for the species adjacent to the proposed action in order to understand the extent of potential habitat. It should be noted that the methodology varied for each of the surveys completed and subsequently there is variation in the results yielded based on the survey intensity, duration and area covered. Specifically the survey completed by Benwell (2013) which targeted surveys completed for the TFMP along the WC2NH alignment was more comprehensive compared to the Benwell (2014) genetic study and the SKM (2010) biodiversity assessment which were carried out over broader geographic areas. Consequently, results suggesting a greater concentration of individuals within the project alignment would potentially be skewed due to the greater intensity of survey effort in the area.


DoE Task 3 – Fauna Crossing Modifications 2

In defining the direct and indirect impacts to individuals and sub-populations of Marsdenia longiloba the following definitions have been used: Direct impact

The clearing calculations and areas of habitat affected during construction of the proposed action as defined in the Referral were based on the following:

• Concept design with 15 metre buffer. • Operational water quality basins with 10 metre buffer. • Adjustments to access roads within Nambucca State Forest with 10 metre buffer. • Utility adjustments with clearing requirements of utility authorities. • Three metre clearing width for boundary fencing - excluding within Nambucca State Forest and swamp

forest where a flying fox camp is located. • A 10 per cent contingency which includes provision for clearing for construction phase water quality

basins, accesses to ancillary facilities, stockpile sites and design refinements. The area of direct impact has been shown in the map series included in Appendix A as the area shaded with pale yellow diagonal lines. Indirect impact

Includes individuals that are outside the clearing corridor boundary and the area of direct impact as defined above but within an area within 10 metres of the clearing corridor. No construction activities would occur in this area however indirect impacts may result within this area and potential impacts include alteration of habitat, invasion by weeds/pathogens, hydrological change, edge effects and contamination from roadside pollutants. The area of indirect impact has been shown in the map series included in Appendix A as the 10 metre buffer area between the bold yellow dotted line and the area of direct impact defined above. In-situ within the road reserve

These individuals are located within the future road reserve however are outside the area of indirect impact as detailed above. In-situ areas within the road reserve are all the remaining areas that are outside the area of indirect impact as defined by the yellow dotted line in the map series included in Appendix A, but are within the project road boundary defined by the bold orange line. Outside the project boundary

Are those individuals that are outside the future road reserve and outside the areas defined as being directly or indirectly impacted or in-situ within the road reserve. These individuals would not be impacted by the proposed action either directly or indirectly. The project road boundary has been defined by an orange line on the map series included in Appendix A.


DoE Task 3 – Fauna Crossing Modifications 3

Sub-populations:

Sub-populations found along the alignment have been identified based on the Benwell (2013) definition that a “sub-population is spatially discrete occurrences of a species more than 100 metres apart”. Ten sub-populations have subsequently been identified along the proposed upgrade and have been identified in the map series included as Appendix A. Sub-populations are identified as a transparent grey area in the map series included in Appendix A. Based on the definitions above it was identified that 102 individuals of Marsdenia longiloba would potentially be directly impacted by the proposed action and 4 individuals would be potentially indirectly impacted. A further 70 individuals are located outside the road boundary and 1 individuals would remain in-situ within the road boundary. None of these individuals would be impacted by the proposed action. A summary of the impacts of the proposed action to individuals of Marsdenia longiloba is summarised in Table 1 and a more detailed description of the impacts is contained in Table 2. Table 1 Summary of the impacts of the proposed action to individuals of Marsdenia longiloba recorded during targeted surveys

Summary of impacts Number Directly impacted 102 Indirectly impacted 4 Sub-Total of individuals impacted by the proposed action 106 In-situ within the road reserve 1 Outside the road boundary NO IMPACT 70 SKM records not identified in subsequent survey NO IMPACT 13 Sub-Total of individuals not impacted 84 Grand Total of individuals within and adjacent to the proposed action 190

The extent of vegetation clearing will be minimised during construction of the proposed action and individuals of Marsdenia longiloba will be retained where reasonable and feasible. Consequently, it is anticipated that the number of directly and indirectly impacted individuals will be less than indicated in Table 1 above.



Table 2 Summary of the direct and indirect impacts to Marsdenia longiloba.

Sub-population

Survey Id Survey Easting Northing Numbers Height Impact Distance from alignment

Sub-pop-1 ml-1 Benwell 2013 497485.5 6610603 1 small Directly impacted 0 Sub-pop-1 ml-2 Benwell 2013 497468.4 6610615 1 small Directly impacted 0 Sub-pop-1 ml-3 Benwell 2013 497477.2 6610619 15 small Directly impacted 0 Sub-pop-1 BW1 Benwell 2014 497488.4 6610583 1 0 Direct 0 Sub-pop-1 BW2 Benwell 2014 497493.5 6610586 1 0 Direct 0 Sub-pop-1 BW3 Benwell 2014 497496.4 6610583 3 0 Direct 0 Sub-pop-1a ml-106 Benwell genetic study 29 497217.5 6610928 1

Outside project boundary 295

Sub-pop-1a ml-109 Benwell genetic study 29 497205.2 6610962 1

Outside project boundary 327 Sub-pop-1a ml-110 Benwell genetic study 29 497210.4 6610964 1


Sub-pop-1a ml-112 Benwell genetic study 29 497307.5 6610897 1

Outside project boundary 217 Sub-pop-2 ml-5 Benwell 2013 496683.9 6609586 1 small Directly impacted 0 Sub-pop-2 ml-7 Benwell 2013 496637.2 6609472 6 0.6m Directly impacted 0

Sub-pop-2 WP305 SKM 2008 496699 6609462 2 mature

Direct impact but not identified in subsequent surveys 0

Sub-pop-2 WP306 SKM 2008 496698 6609466 1 juvenile


Sub-pop-2 WP308 SKM 2008 496705 6609503 1 Juvenile


Sub-pop-2 WP404, Mars05 SKM 2008 496692 6609461 1 medium




Sub-population


Sub-pop-2 WP405, Mars06 SKM 2008 496710 6609400 2 medium

In-situ within the road corridor but not identified in subsequent surveys 17

Sub-pop-2 WP406, Mars07 SKM 2008 496718 6609387 2 Juvenile Outside project boundary 31

Sub-pop-2 WP407, Mars08 SKM 2008 496776 6609306 2

Medium Further upslope Outside project boundary 116

Sub-pop-2 V04 GeoLink 2014 496575 6609539 1 Mature vine Outside road bound 24

Sup-pop-3 ml-8 Benwell 2013 496576.6 6609216 2 0.6m Directly impacted 0 Sup-pop-3 ml-9 Benwell 2013 496589.2 6609222 1 4m Directly impacted 0 Sup-pop-4 ml-27 Benwell 2013 496471.8 6608755 1 0.4m Directly impacted 0 Sub-pop-5 GS05 Benwell 2014 496172 6608264 1 0.2 Direct 0 Sub-pop-5 GS06 Benwell 2014 496185 6608287 1 2.2 Direct 0 Sub-pop-5 GS07 Benwell 2014 496192 6608323 1 0.3 Direct 0 Sub-pop-5 GS08 Benwell 2014 496184 6608313 1 0.3 Direct 0 Sub-pop-5 GS09 Benwell 2014 496212 6608369 1 1.5 Direct 0 Sub-pop-5 GS10 Benwell 2014 496207 6608368 1 3 Direct 0 Sub-pop-5 ml-22 Benwell 2013 496188.4 6608256 2 0.1m Directly impacted 0 Sub-pop-5 ml-23 Benwell 2013 496180.3 6608299 1 1m Directly impacted 0 Sub-pop-5 ml-24 Benwell 2013 496177.4 6608314 1 0.5m Directly impacted 0 Sub-pop-5 ml-25 Benwell 2013 496183 6608331 2 0.8m Directly impacted 0 Sub-pop-5 ml-26 Benwell 2013 496256.9 6608315 6 0.5m Directly impacted 0 Sub-pop-5a WP0 SKM 2008 496117 6607898 1 medium Outside project boundary 172 Sub-pop-5a WP1 SKM 2008 496055 6607918 1 small Outside project boundary 106 Sub-pop-5a WP10 SKM 2008 495657 6607966 1 seedling Outside project boundary 150 Sub-pop-5a WP2 SKM 2008 496061 6607898 1 seedling Outside project boundary 117



Sub-population


Sub-pop-5a WP271 SKM 2007 495970 6607903 4 various sizes Outside project boundary 37

Sub-pop-5a WP411, Mars12 SKM 2008 495900 6607918 2 medium juvenile


Sub-pop-5a WP412, Mars13 SKM 2008 495809 6607932 1 medium


Sub-pop-5a WP6 SKM 2008 495916 6607891 1 medium

Indirect impact but not identified in subsequent surveys 5

Sub-pop-5a WP7 SKM 2008 495697 6607954 1 small Outside project boundary 114

Sub-pop-5a WP8 SKM 2008 495703 6607987 5 larger specimens Outside project boundary 111

Sub-pop-5a WP9 SKM 2008 495694 6607974 1 small Outside project boundary 114 Sup-pop-6 GS04 Benwell 2014 495672 6607601 1 0.2 Direct 0 Sup-pop-6 GS12 Benwell 2014 495645 6607740 1 0.5 Outside project boundary 44 Sup-pop-6 GS13 Benwell 2014 495647 6607781 1 0.7 Outside project boundary 78 Sup-pop-6 GS14 Benwell 2014 495636 6607784 1 3 Outside project boundary 88 Sup-pop-6 ml-35 Benwell 2013 495663.8 6607572 1 4m Directly impacted 0 Sup-pop-6 ml-36 Benwell 2013 495660.8 6607568 1 0.2m Directly impacted 0 Sup-pop-6 ml-37 Benwell 2013 495671.5 6607608 3 0.8m Directly impacted 0 Sup-pop-6 ml-38 Benwell 2013 495684.4 6607593 1 0.1m Directly impacted 0 Sup-pop-6 ml-39 Benwell 2013 495702.8 6607610 1 0.1m Directly impacted 0 Sup-pop-6 ml-40 Benwell 2013 495744.3 6607633 1 small Directly impacted 0 Sup-pop-6 ml-41 Benwell 2013 495722.5 6607683 10 small Directly impacted 0 Sup-pop-6 ml-42 Benwell 2013 495722.7 6607703 1 1.5m Directly impacted 0



Sub-population


Sup-pop-6 ml-43 Benwell 2013 495716.8 6607725 1 0.1m Directly impacted 4 Sup-pop-6 ml-44 Benwell 2013 495748.1 6607748 2 0.3m Directly impacted 0

Sup-pop-6 WP0, Mars03 SKM 2008 495772 6607646 1 medium

Indirect impact but not identified in subsequent surveys 7

Sup-pop-6 WP0, Mars04 SKM 2008 495751 6607650 1 medium


Sup-pop-6 WP269 SKM 2007 495812 6607660 10 various sizes Outside project boundary 44

Sup-pop-7 V11 GeoLink 2014 495058 6606623 1 Mature vine Directly impacted 0

Sup-pop-8 GS03 Benwell 2014 494356 6604084 1 1 Indirect 6

Sup-pop-8 ml-92 Benwell 2013 494347 6604098 1 1.1m In-situ within the road reserve 49

Sup-pop-8 ml-93 Benwell 2013 494336 6604191 1 1.8m Directly impacted 61

Sup-pop-8 V02 GeoLink 2014 494356 6604083 3

Mature vine and small number of juveniles. Indirectly impacted 6

Sub-pop-9 GS01 Benwell 2014 489653 6594556 1 1.6 Direct 0 Sub-pop-9 GS02 Benwell 2014 489660 6594591 1 0.6 Direct 0 Sub-pop-9 ml-62 Benwell 2013 489567 6594529 10 0.1m Directly impacted 0 Sub-pop-9 ml-63 Benwell 2013 489635.7 6594537 1 0.1m Directly impacted 2 Sub-pop-9 ml-68 Benwell 2013 489663.7 6594589 1 1.5m Directly impacted 5 Sub-pop-9 ml-69 Benwell 2013 489653.6 6594595 1 1m Indirectly impacted 2 Sub-pop-9 ml-71 Benwell 2013 489557.5 6594589 1 2m Directly impacted 6



Sub-population


Sub-pop-9 ml-71a Benwell 2013 489553.7 6594592 3 2m Directly impacted 0 Sub-pop-9 ml-72 Benwell 2013 489683.3 6594583 1 1m Directly impacted 0

Sup-pop-10 V07 GeoLink 2014 489559 6594392 2

Two mature vines Directly impacted 12

Sup-pop-10 V08 GeoLink 2014 489560 6594392 3

Mature vine and small number of juveniles. Directly impacted 12



Unnamed ml-111 Benwell genetic study 29 496931.4 6610541 1

Outside project boundary 310 Unnamed ml-119 Benwell genetic study 29 497393.5 6611482 3









Outside project boundary 793 Unnamed GS11 Benwell 2014 497971 6613686 1 0 Outside project boundary 3100

Unnamed LBMR00042700 OEH Atlas 2014 496204 6610138 1 1 mature individual. Outside project boundary 641

Unnamed LBMR00042701 OEH Atlas 2014 495804 6609038 1

1 immature individual Outside project boundary 680

Unnamed LBMR00042702 OEH Atlas 2014 496504 6610438 2 1 Outside project boundary 595



Sub-population


immature, 1 mature.

Unnamed LDGP99041404 OEH Atlas 2014 496004 6609188 4 Outside project boundary 484 Unnamed LDMPI0009878 OEH Atlas 2014 496104 6609188 1 Outside project boundary 387 Unnamed SF189016-2 OEH Atlas 2014 496056 6610015 1


Unnamed SF282263-2 OEH Atlas 2014 496058 6610029 1

Outside project boundary 700 Unnamed SF282263-3 OEH Atlas 2014 496235 6610138 1


Unnamed ml-90 Benwell 2013 494181 6604547 2 2.5m Outside project boundary 242 Unnamed ml-91 Benwell 2013 494198 6604550 1 0.8m Outside project boundary 222



Assessment of impacts beyond the direct removal of habitat and known individuals

An assessment of the impacts beyond the direct removal of habitat and known individuals has been provided by Andrew Benwell in Appendix B. This includes a discussion on:

• The impacts to each subpopulation. • Population dynamics of the Marsdenia longiloba. • The ongoing viability of the subpopulations and the remaining individuals within these.

Response Task 1b:

Provide a justification of the use of a 10 m buffer to determine the extent of indirect impacts to the species and demonstration that roadside pollutants, contaminants, alteration of habitat, invasion by weeds/pathogens, hydrological change and edge effects will not extend beyond 10 m during construction and operation of the highway.

The justification to the 10 metre buffer has been provided in Benwell response, refer to Appendix B. Response Task 1c:

Clarification of how Table 2 correlates to habitat depicted in the maps provided and please provide a finer scale map of each sub-population and the location of each in relation to the proposed action. The response to the Department of the Environment on the 4 April 2014 included advice that the distribution and abundance of suitable habitat for Marsdenia longiloba on a local and regional scale has been based on mapped vegetation types as defined in the CRAFTI regional mapping layer. Suitable habitat was defined according to OEH (2012) and Benwell (2013) and includes areas of wet sclerophyll forest and rainforest as identified in the CRFAFTI map series. Suitable habitat at the site includes all the areas all areas of wet sclerophyll forest and rainforest that would be directly impacted by the proposed action as per the definition included in Response task 1a, refer to the map series included in Appendix A. Suitable habitat available on a local scale is defined as all areas of wet sclerophyll forest and rainforest within 10 kilometres of the proposed action, refer to the map series included in Attachment 1 of DoE Response to Requirement 1 – Marsdenia provided in early April 2014. Suitable habitat available on a regional scale is defined as all areas of wet sclerophyll forest and rainforest within 30 kilometres of the proposed action, refer to the map series included in Attachment 2 of DoE Response to Requirement 1 – Marsdenia provided in early April 2014. The results of the GIS assessment for areas and abundance of suitable habitat for Marsdenia longiloba at the site and on a local and regional scale are summarised in Table 2. Table 2 Abundance of suitable habitat at the site, local and regional scale.

CRAFTI Vegetation type

At the site (ha) Local scale ie within 10 km (ha)

Regional scale within 30 km (ha)

Wet sclerophyll 43.30 14,485 39,795 Rainforest 0.66 1,680 17,225 Total 43.96* 16,165 57,020 * As discussed previously the impact on potential habitat of Marsdenia longiloba for the project corridor is considered to be actually lower and in the order of 19.6 hectares

As detailed previously in DoE requirement 1 Marsdenia response, the area of impact at the site of 43.96 hectares is considered to be actually lower. Analysis completed by Benwell (refer to Table 2 of Appendix B)



further supports this and suggests that the area of clearing of habitat for each of the Marsdenia longiloba sub-populations identified adjacent to the proposed action would be around 17.8 hectares.

Based on the areas shown in Table 2 the total area of potential habitat for the Marsdenia longiloba located in the local area that would be directly impacted by the project is around 0.12%, comprising less than 0.001% of the habitat available in the region.

Further detail on direct and indirect impacts at the site has been provided in the additional analysis completed by Andrew Benwell from Ecos Environmental, refer to Appendix B of this response. Finer scale mapping of each sub-population is provided in Appendix A.



References Benwell 2013, Warrell Creek to Urunga: Threated Flora Management Plan. Report prepared for Roads and Maritime Services by Dr Andrew Benwell. Available online at: http://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/roadprojects/projects/pac_hwy/port_macquarie_coffs_harbour/nambucca_hds_to_urunga/documents/cemp/threatened_flora_management_plan_march_2013.pdf

Roads and Traffic Authority, 2010a, Warrell Creek to Urunga Upgrading the Pacific Highway. Environmental Assessment, Roads and Traffic Authority January 2010. Volumes 1 and 2 of the WC2U EA (RTA, 2010a) available online at: http://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/roadprojects/projects/pac_hwy/port_macquarie_coffs_harbour/warrell_creek_to_urunga/project_documents/

http://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/roadprojects/projects/pac_hwy/port_macquarie_coffs_harbour/nambucca_hds_to_urunga/documents/cemp/threatened_flora_management_plan_march_2013.pdf

http://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/roadprojects/projects/pac_hwy/port_macquarie_coffs_harbour/nambucca_hds_to_urunga/documents/cemp/threatened_flora_management_plan_march_2013.pdf

http://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/roadprojects/projects/pac_hwy/port_macquarie_coffs_harbour/warrell_creek_to_urunga/project_documents/

http://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/roadprojects/projects/pac_hwy/port_macquarie_coffs_harbour/warrell_creek_to_urunga/project_documents/



APPENDIX A Map series of the individuals and sub-populations located at the site of the WC2NH alignment (1:3,000 scale)

Appendix A Figure 1 | Sub-population 9 and 10 Marsdenia longiloba

Sub-population 9

Sub-population 10

Survey Id Number Impact Distance from alignment (metres) Source

V07 2 Directly impacted 12 GeoLink 2014V08 3 Directly impacted 12 GeoLink 2014V09 1 Directly impacted 15 GeoLink 2014V10 1 Directly impacted 9 GeoLink 2014


GS1 1 Direct 0 Benwell 2014GS2 1 Direct 0 Benwell 2014 ml-62 10 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013 ml-63 1 Directly impacted 2 Benwell 2013 ml-68 1 Directly impacted 5 Benwell 2013 ml-69 1 Indirectly impacted 2 Benwell 2013 ml-71 1 Directly impacted 6 Benwell 2013 ml-71a 3 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013 ml-72 1 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013

CO

CKB

UR

NS

LAN

E

V7V8V9

V10

1000

1100

1200

1300

ml-62 ml-63

ml-68ml-69

ml-71ml-71a

ml-72

20m

20m

10m 20m

GS1

GS2

NSW

SPA

TIA

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@ A4

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SCOTTSHEAD

MACKSVILLE

BELLWOOD

NAMBUCCAHEADS

0 120 m1:3,000

Road design Benwell (2014) Marsdenia longiloba records GeoLINK (2013) Marsdenia longiloba records Road boundary Directly impacted Directly impacted

1 km corridor Indirectly impacted Indirectly impacted

10 metre elevation contours Outside project boundary Outside road boundary

Clearing corridor boundary direct impacts Benwell (2013) Marsdenia longiloba records SKM (2010) Marsdenia longiloba records Directly impacted Records outside road boundary or no longer present10 metre buffer on clearing corridor indirect impacts In-situ within the road reserve OEH Atlas records

CRAFTI Vegetation - Wet sclerophyll Outside road boundaryIndirectly impactedCRAFTI Vegetation - Rainforest

Outside road boundaryBenwell's sub-population habitat boundary

EPBC REFERRALUpgrade of the Pacific Highway, Warrell Creek to Nambucca Heads

DATA SOURCESESRIMar

basemaps 2013, Roads anditime Services 2010, 2013,

LPMA 2010, SKM 2010, OEH 2013

I:\ENVR\Projects\EN04164\Technical\Spatial\GIS\GIS_Directory\ArcMap\Figures\EPBC\DoE_Requirements\EN04164_GIS_EPBC_F007_MarsdeniaSubPop_r4v2_20140601.mxd

Appendix A Figure 2 | Sub-population 8 Marsdenia longiloba

Sub-population 8

OLD

COAST

RO

AD

V2

12000

12100

12200

12300

12400

ml-92

ml-93

v2 ml92

ml93

10m

10m

10m

20m

GS3

S_E

PB

C_F

007_

Mar

sden

iaS

ubP

op_r

4v2_

2014

0601

WARRELLCREEK

SCOTTSHEAD

MA CKSVILLE

BELLW OOD

NAMBUCCAHEADS

NSW

SPA

TIA

L -G

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GI


GS3 1 Indirect 6 Benwell 2014 ml-92 1 In-situ within the road reserve 49 Benwell 2013 ml-93 1 Directly impacted 61 Benwell 2013 V02 3 Indirectly impacted 6 GeoLink 2014 @ A4 0 120 m 1:3,000





CRAFTI Vegetation - Wet sclerophyll Outside road boundary Indirectly impacted CRAFTI Vegetation - Rainforest

Outside road boundary Benwell's sub-population habitat boundary


DATA SOURCESESRIMar

basemaps 2013, Roads and itime Services 2010, 2013,

LPMA 2010, SKM 2010, O EH 2013


10m

O

14900



V11 1 Directly impacted 0 GeoLink 2014

15000

10m

20m

WARRELLCREEK

SCOTTSHEAD

MACKSVILLE

BELLWOOD

NAMBUCCAHEADS

Sub-population 7

LDC

OAS

TR

OAD

V11

14400

14500

14600

14700

14800

30m

20m

10m

20m

10m

NSW

SPA

TIA

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Sub

Pop

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2_20

1406

01

@ A40 120 m1:3,000








DATA SOURCESESRIMar


LPMA 2010, SKM 2010, OEH 2013


30m


Sub-population 6


GS04 1 Direct 0 Benwell 2014GS12 1 Outside project boundary 44 Benwell 2014GS13 1 Outside project boundary 78 Benwell 2014GS14 1 Outside project boundary 88 Benwell 2014 ml-35 1 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013 ml-36 1 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013 ml-37 3 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013 ml-38 1 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013 ml-39 1 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013 ml-40 1 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013 ml-41 10 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013 ml-42 1 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013 ml-43 1 Directly impacted 4 Benwell 2013 ml-44 2 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013 WP0,Mars03 1

Indirect impact but not identifiedin subsequent surveys 7 SKM 2008

WP0,Mars04 1

Direct impact but not identified in subsequent surveys 0 SKM 2008

WP269 10 Outside project boundary 44 SKM 2007

OLD

COAST

RO

AD

15800

15900

16000

16100

16200

ml-35ml-36

ml-37 ml-38

ml-39

ml-40

ml-41

ml-42

ml-43

ml-44 30m

10m

20m

30m

20m

10m

20m

GS4

GS12

GS13GS14

NSW

SPA

TIA

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@ A4

WARRELLCREEK

SCOTTSHEAD

MACKSVILLE

BELLWOOD

NAMBUCCAHEADS

0 120 m1:3,000








DATA SOURCESESRIMar


LPMA 2010, SKM 2010, OEH 2013



Sub-population 5

Survey Id Number Impact Distance from alignment (metres) Source Sub-Population

GS05 1 Direct 0 Benwell 2014 Sub-pop-5GS06 1 Direct 0 Benwell 2014 Sub-pop-5GS07 1 Direct 0 Benwell 2014 Sub-pop-5GS08 1 Direct 0 Benwell 2014 Sub-pop-5GS09 1 Direct 0 Benwell 2014 Sub-pop-5GS10 1 Direct 0 Benwell 2014 Sub-pop-5 ml-22 2 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013 Sub-pop-5 ml-23 1 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013 Sub-pop-5 ml-24 1 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013 Sub-pop-5 ml-25 2 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013 Sub-pop-5 ml-26 6 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013 Sub-pop-5

OLD

CO

AST

RO

AD

16600

16700

16800

16900

17000

17100

ml-22

ml-23

ml-24

ml-25

ml-26

10m

10m

20m

10m

20m

10m

GS5

GS6

GS7GS8

GS9GS10

NSW

SPA

TIA

L -G

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Sub

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_r4v

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1406

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@ A4

WARRELLCREEK

SCOTTSHEAD

MACKSVILLE

BELLWOOD

NAMBUCCAHEADS

0 120 m1:3,000








DATA SOURCESESRIMar


LPMA 2010, SKM 2010, OEH 2013


20m

30


Sub-population 4


ml-27 1 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013

OLD

CO

AST

RO

AD

BELLWO

OD

ROAD

17000

17100

17200

17300

17400

17500

17600

ml-27

30m

30m

40m

20m

m

30m

NSW

SPA

TIA

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BC

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7_M

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Sub

Pop

_r4v

2_20

1406

01

@ A4

WARRELLCREEK

SCOTTSHEAD

MACKSVILLE

BELLWOOD

NAMBUCCAHEADS

0 120 m1:3,000








DATA SOURCESESRIMar


LPMA 2010, SKM 2010, OEH 2013


Sub-population 3

Survey Id Number Impact Distance fromalignment (metres) Source

ml-8 2 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013ml-9 1 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013

Appendix A Figure 7 | Sub-population 2 and 3 Marsdenia longiloba

Sub-population 2

Sub-population 3


ml-5 1 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013 ml-7 6 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013

WP305 2 Direct impact but not identifiedin subsequent surveys 0 SKM 2008



WP404, Mars05 1 Direct impact but not identifiedin subsequent surveys 0 SKM 2008

WP405, Mars06 2

In-situ within the road corridorbut not identified in subsequent surveys 17 SKM 2008

WP406, Mars07 2 Outside project boundary 31 SKM 2008WP407, Mars08 2 Outside project boundary 116 SKM 2008


ml-8 2 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013 ml-9 1 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013

SWAMPY CREEK

OLD COAST ROAD

V4

17800

17900

18000

18100

18200

ml-5

ml-7

ml-8 ml-9

v4

40m

30m

30m

20m

NSW

SPA

TIA

L -G

IS M

AP

file

: E

N04

164_

GIS

_EP

BC

_F00

7_M

arsd

enia

Sub

Pop

_r4v

2_20

1406

01

@ A4

WARRELLCREEK

SCOTTSHEAD

MACKSVILLE

BELLWOOD

NAMBUCCAHEADS

0 120 m1:3,000








DATA SOURCESESRIMar


LPMA 2010, SKM 2010, OEH 2013


10m

ml-106


Sub-population 1


ml-1 1 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013 ml-2 1 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013 ml-3 15 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2013BW1 1 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2014BW2 1 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2014BW3 3 Directly impacted 0 Benwell 2014

LINK ROADEXISTIN

GHIG

HWAY

19300

19400

19500

19600

19700

19800

ml-1ml-2

ml-3

10m

30m

30m

10m

20m

20m

BW1BW2BW3

ml-112

NSW

SPA

TIA

L -G

IS M

AP

file

: E

N04

164_

GIS

_EP

BC

_F00

7_M

arsd

enia

Sub

Pop

_r4v

2_20

1406

01

@ A4

WARRELLCREEK

SCOTTSHEAD

MACKSVILLE

BELLWOOD

NAMBUCCAHEADS

0 120 m1:3,000








DATA SOURCESESRIMar


LPMA 2010, SKM 2010, OEH 2013




APPENDIX B Response to the Department of Environment’s Request for Further Information on Marsdenia longiloba (Slender Marsdenia)

1

30.5.2014 Response to the Department of Environment’s Request for Further Information on Marsdenia longiloba (Slender Marsdenia) 1 Introduction The Department requires clarification to determine the scale and extent of direct and indirect impacts on Marsdenia longiloba:

a) An assessment of impacts beyond the direct removal of habitat and total known individuals is required. Please provide a detailed discussion of the impacts to each subpopulation, as well as the ongoing viability of the subpopulations and the remaining individuals within these, including ongoing direct/indirect impacts on the subpopulations remaining, and the location and distance of the remaining individuals in the subpopulations in relation to the highway.

b) A justification of the use of a 10 m buffer to determine the extent of indirect

impacts to the species and demonstration that roadside pollutants, contaminants, alteration of habitat, invasion by weeds/pathogens, hydrological change and edge effects will not extend beyond 10 m during construction and operation of the highway.

2 Assessment of impacts beyond the direct removal of habitat and known

individuals 2.1 Sub-population modelling The Department of Environment (DoE) has requested an “assessment of impacts beyond the direct removal of habitat and total known individuals”. To provide a more comprehensive assessment of impact we subjectively modelled the extent of sub-populations beyond the Warrell Creek to Nambucca Heads (WC2NH) road corridor, based on topographic and vegetation data, and our understanding of the habitat of Marsdenia longiloba. This is derived from the author’s survey experience with this species on the Mid North Coast of NSW, including several targeted surveys for Marsdenia longiloba (and other threatened species) for the Warrell Creek to Urunga, Nambucca Heads to Urunga, Bonville, and Sapphire to Woolgoolga highway projects. The author also specialises in vegetation/habitat mapping and has consulted to OEH on regional vegetation classification and mapping on several major projects. We modelled the extent of sub-populations previously mapped by SKM within the project boundary, using the definition of a sub-population given in the Warrell Creek

2

to Urunga Threatened Flora Management Plan (Ecos Environmental 2013). These sub-populations were numbered 1 to 10 by SKM. We modelled the wider extent of each sub-population using the following information/tools: • 10m digital terrain model; • CRAFTI (OEH) vegetation type layer; • known records of Marsdenia longiloba from several sources; • aerial photography; • Google Earth tools, including viewing terrain in 3-D to enhance topographic

features such as slopes and gullies to assist in mapping the potential habitat of Marsdenia longiloba.

Marsdenia longiloba habitat was defined as follows: Marsdenia longiloba occurs in hilly terrain in wet sclerophyll to moist open forest, from the coast inland to the foothills of the Great Escarpment ranges, where the climate is subtropical. It is also reported to occur in rainforest and on rock outcrops, although occurrences appear to be very rare and possibly on the margin of these ecosystems. Marsdenia longiloba favours the intermediate zone between true rainforest and grassy open forest on hill slopes (ie. wet/moist sclerophyll forest with mid-stratum rainforest elements). It favours mid to lower slopes, southerly aspects (not always) and medium or high nutrient geology (e.g. metasediment, basalt). The results of the sub-population modelling are shown on Figure 1, Sheets 1-4. We have also included ‘screen shots’ of 3-D images of each sub-population from Google Earth (see pgs 15-20). Additional predicted sub-populations were also mapped where located within approximately 500m of the road corridor. These are indicated by letters (eg. 1a, 1b) after the closest known sub-population. The predicted sub-populations indicate that potential habitat likely to contain scattered Marsdenia longiloba individuals, continues well away from the road corridor where forest terrain is present. The modelled sub-population are described briefly below: Sub-population 1 (Figure 1, Sheet 1) Sub-population 1 is located at the northern end of the WC2NH road corridor. It occupies the head of a broad, north-facing valley not far from the coastal plain. The existing Pacific Highway forms an artificial eastern and northern boundary to the sub-population. Marsdenia longiloba is predicted to occur at low to very low density throughout this polygon. Sub-population 1a (Figure 1, Sheet 1) Sub-population 1a was not mapped by SKM as it is not intersected by the road corridor. It contains known records of Marsdenia longiloba near the northern end of the polygon where it abuts the North Coast Railway line which forms an artificial boundary. The sub-population occupies the mid and lower slopes of a north facing valley. The CRAFTI vegetation mapping only captures a small part of the wet sclerophyll forest/moist open forest almost certainly present in the valley. It can be

3

seen that the sub-populations occupy small sub-catchments and that similar sub-catchment units extend west of the road corridor. These more distant units are also predicted to contain Marsdenia longiloba in low to very low abundance, as typically seen in this species. Sub-population 1b (Figure 1, Sheet 1) This predicted sub-population was not mapped by SKM as it is not intersected by the road corridor. The CRAFTI vegetation mapping shows a horse-shoe shaped core of wet sclerophyll forest. Marsdenia longiloba is likely to occur throughout the sub-population polygon at low to very low density, particularly on mid to lower slopes, and higher up the slope on a southerly aspect, in wet sclerophyll forest and moist open forest. Sub-population 2 & 3 (Figure 1, Sheet 1) Sub-populations 2 & 3 occupy north and south branches respectively, at the head of an east facing sub-catchment. As they merge, they are really part of a single sub-catchment or sub-population unit. The CRAFTI vegetation mapping shows that the sub-population area is occupied by wet sclerophyll forest and rainforest. From the aerial photography and the local vegetation pattern, the rainforest is unlikely to be true rainforest, but rather wet sclerophyll forest with well developed rainforest understorey. We truncated the sub-population polygon at the eastern end for the purpose of this assessment, although in reality it extends further east. Known records occur in the head of the sub-catchment and further occurrences are likely at low to very low density throughout the polygon. Sub-population 4 (Figure 1, Sheet 2) Sub-population 4 contains one known record of Marsdenia longiloba at the head of a south-facing sub-catchment. This can be seen clearly in Google Earth viewing the imagery in 3-D, although the sub-catchment is not apparent from the digital terrain model (ie. contours), which appears to be inaccurate in places. The sub-catchment is likely to contain occurrences of Marsdenia longiloba scattered at low to very low density throughout. Sub-population 5 (Figure 1, Sheet 2) Sub-population 5 encompasses a cluster of known records in the head of a broad west facing sub-catchment. About half of the sub-population area is impacted by the road corridor. Sub-population 5a (Figure 1, Sheet 2) This sub-population running east-west across the road corridor contains several records of Marsdenia longiloba from the EA. The records were not identified by SKM as a sub-population as they are several years old and no plants were recorded during more recent surveys. This sub-catchment is likely to have been overlooked during

4

recent surveys. The records indicate Marsdenia longiloba is present throughout the sub-catchment unit at low to very low density. These records would most likely be targeted during pre-clearing survey work for the WC2NH the threatened flora management plan. Sub-population 6 (Figure 1, Sheet 2) This sub-population occupies an east facing valley which contains CRAFTI mapped wet sclerophyll forest and rainforest. There is a cluster of known records at the head of the northern arm of the sub-catchment intersected by the road corridor. The mapped polygon is likely to contain more occurrences of Marsdenia longiloba scattered throughout at low to very low density. The polygon was truncated for the purposes of this assessment. (It can also be seen that if extended further east this sub-population would link up with sub-populations 5a and 4, so that many of the sub-populations are actually inter-linked, forming a web of potential habitat like to contain Marsdenia longiloba.) Sub-population 7, 7a & 7b (Figure 1, Sheet 2) This sub-population includes one known record in a north-facing sub-catchment, most of which is cleared to the north and west. Most of the remaining sub-catchment is impacted by the road corridor. Two other sub-catchments (7a & 7b) are shown to the east. These are likely to contain further occurrences of Marsdenia longiloba at low to very low density. (It can be seen that the CRAFTI mapping shows wet sclerophyll forest covering most of this area. The roughness of the mapping is indicated by the straight line vegetation boundaries and wet sclerophyll forest mapped over cleared land visible on the aerial photograph.) Sub-population 8 (Figure 1, Sheet 3) This sub-population includes a cluster of known records in remnant vegetation along Old Coast Road, where the records follow property fence lines, some of the vines growing on barbed wire fencing. Previous habitat was cleared for rural residential properties. During fieldwork it was observed that the remaining Marsdenia longiloba plants are threatened by roadside herbicide spraying. Sub-populations 9 & 10 (Figure 1, Sheet 4) Separate sub-populations were mapped by SKM, although the sub-population modelling for this report indicates the two sub-populations could be considered as one unit. A small stream forms a boundary between the two units. Marsdenia longiloba is likely to occur at low to very low abundance throughout the sub-population polygons.

9

2.2 Population Dynamics of Marsdenia longiloba My initial impression of the population dynamics of Marsdenia longiloba during survey work and translocation of this species for the Bonville and Sapphire to Woolgoolga projects (Coffs Harbour district) was of a species that reproduces vegetatively and with a clonal population structure. This was because seed pods were never found (the Flora of NSW states that pods of Marsdenia longiloba have never been observed), although occasional flowering plants were seen, and salvage translocation of this species revealed that Marsdenia longiloba stem individuals grew from rhizome-like roots. The great majority of individuals were small plants shooting off underground rhizomes. Further field studies have shown that large Marsdenia longiloba plants although rare are not quite as uncommon as thought, but just hard to see. The stems are leafless and look similar to the stems of common vines such as Morinda jasminoides. The leaves are higher up in the mid-stratum layer and this is where most flowers are produced and probably seed pods. Two seed pods were found on one plant during survey work for the NH2U project. One pod was collected and yielded just over 100 seed, which were germinated with a near 100% success rate. The seeds are flattened like a disc, about 2-3mm in length and have a pappus or parachute similar to a dandelion seed and can probably be dispersed over long distances by the wind. Observing the growth of seedlings it seems likely that a proportion of the small stem individuals observed in the field are actually seedling plants, as well as vegetation shoots. During transplanting, it was found some rhizomes went straight down into the soil rather than growing horizontally and may have been seedlings rather than vegetative shoots. This indicates that the clonal patches seen during fieldwork probably establish initially from seed and the species can establish new patches by wind dispersal of seed. Given the large area of potential habitat, Marsdenia longiloba is probably more resilient to loss and fragmentation of habitat than previously thought. 2.3 Discussion The sub-populations described in the WC2U Threatened Flora Management Plan and mapped by SKM were not intended to indicate a unique or distinct population unit. The term ‘population’ in ecology denotes a collection of organisms found in a certain geographical area, or location. This can be defined at any geographical scale according to user preference or application. We did not have the information for a more rigorous definition of sub-population in terms of distribution of plants and genetic variation. Sub-populations were proposed in the TFMP simply for the purpose of putting a handle on how many clusters or occurrences of Marsdenia longiloba were intersected by the highway upgrade. The sub-population modeling in this report provides more information on the distribution of predicted habitat of Marsdenia longiloba beyond the project corridor. Closer to the road corridor, where there are substantial numbers of known records, the probability of finding Marsdenia longiloba in the modeled habitat is considered

10

to be high. Further away, probably less. There is also a substantial area of unmapped potential habitat likely to contain Marsdenia longiloba (at a typical low to very density) extending east and west of the road corridor where forest is present. Impact analysis on the modeled sub-populations (see Table 1) found that four sub-populations would be substantially impacted (>30% cleared) by the road corridor – nos. 5, 7, 8 and 10. One sub-population would have more than 50% of its area cleared – no. 5 (53%). The other sub-populations (1, 1a, 1b, 2, 3, 4, 4a, 5a, 6, 7a, 7 & 9) require less than 30% clearing. The modeling exercise did not include mapping all predicted sub-populations within 500m of the road corridor, or the large area of potential habitat further away from the road corridor on State Forest and private property, which is likely to contain Marsdenia longiloba, sparsely distributed at low to very low density. It was also shown that several of the sub-population link up, as the sub-catchments where they occur merge with adjoining sub-catchments when followed downstream. Rather than being spatially discrete demographic units, the sub-populations occur in a web of interconnecting (predicted) habitat (likely to support Marsdenia longiloba at low to very low density). Although separated by ridge lines higher up the sub-catchment, they interconnect lower down. This distribution pattern combined with the wind dispersed seed produced by Marsdenia longiloba (see Section 2.2) indicates that the WC2NH highway corridor is unlikely to have a significant fragmentary impact on Marsdenia longiloba such that demographically or genetically distinct units of Marsdenia longiloba distribution would become extinct. Table 1: The percentage of sub-populations requiring clearing for the WC2NH Pacific Highway corridor.

NAME IMPACT TOTAL AREA

(Ha) CLEARED AREA

(Ha) % of Total

Cleared Sub-pop-1 CLEARING 5.2 1.4 27 Sub-pop-

1a NOT

CLEARED 11.3 11.3 0 Sub-pop-

1b NOT

CLEARED 13.6 13.6 0 Sub-pop-2 CLEARING 13.1 2.1 16 Sup-pop-3 CLEARING 3.9 0.4 10 Sup-pop-4 CLEARING 11.2 1.9 17 Sub-pop-5 CLEARING 5.0 2.6 53 Sub-pop-

5a CLEARING 10.8 1.6 15 Sup-pop-6 CLEARING 21.9 2.9 13 Sup-pop-7 CLEARING 4.5 1.4 32 Sub-pop-

7a NOT

CLEARED 3.6 3.6 0 Sub-pop- NOT 5.6 5.6 0

11

7b CLEARED

Sup-pop-8 CLEARING 0.5 0.2 31 Sub-pop-9 CLEARING 6.4 1.8 28 Sup-pop-

10 CLEARING 3.5 1.5 42

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3 Justification for a 10 m buffer to determine the extent of indirect impacts

b) A justification of the use of a 10 m buffer to determine the extent of indirect impacts to the species and demonstration that roadside pollutants, contaminants, alteration of habitat, invasion by weeds/pathogens, hydrological change and edge effects will not extend beyond 10 m during construction and operation of the highway.

Monitoring of in-situ roadside individuals of threatened plants has been conducted for several Pacific Highway upgrade projects, including Brunswick Heads to Yelgun, Yelgun to Chinderah and Sapphire to Woolgoolga (S2W). The monitoring found that evidence of adverse impacts such as plant dieback due to micro-climate change and weed invasion were generally limited to within 10m of the edge of clearing or road construction. Monitoring of roadside sub-populations of Marsdenia longiloba was undertaken for the S2W project. A total of 136 Marsdenia longiloba individuals were present within 10m of the clearing limit/edge of construction, plus a considerable number further back from the edge (Ecos Environmental 2010; 2011). The monitoring found that the great majority of individuals persisted through clearing and construction without adverse impact. There was some dieback but this was attributed to drought induced seasonal dieback. (Ecos Environmental (2010; 2011). Results of monitoring in-situ roadside threatened flora. Reports to Leighton Fulton Hogan Joint Venture, Sapphire to Woolgoolga Pacific Highway Upgrade.) The WC2U Threatened Flora Management Plan (Ecos Environmental 2013) includes a number of measures specifically designed to protect threatened flora remaining in situ within the indirect impact zone, usually defined as within 10-15m of the edge of clearing/construction. Measures to counteract edge effects included landscaping and revegetation targeted to roadside threatened species locations, as described in Section 5 of the MP: “Where threatened plant species are present on the edge of construction, the Landscaping/ Revegetation Plan would revegetate batters and bare areas with ecologically compatible, native species to suppress weed growth, restore natural vegetation and provide edge protection for threatened species. The Landscaping Plan/Vegetation Management Plan/CEMP for the WC2U project would contain specific revegetation measure for each roadside threatened flora location to ensure these sites are adequately buffered with fast growing native species and weeds do not become dominant. The Plans would contain an implementation schedule with actions and targets for each threatened species location, rather than treating threatened species sites as part of the general highway landscaping/ revegetation. Generally weed invasion would be minimised by the following measures:- • Weeds often invade roadside vegetation in salvaged topsoil used to top-dress

batters and bare areas. The WC2U footprint has extensive areas of weed free

13

forest with topsoil free of weed seed and rhizomes that should be used for this purpose. Topsoil salvaged from weed free forest would be used to top-dress batters and bare areas.

• Soil free of weed seed would be particularly useful in areas to be planted with ground covers or other low landscape plantings that tend to be overrun with weeds in a short time, even with the use of mulches.

• Rapid revegetation of bare areas with hardy native species to produce a dense ground cover that excludes weeds; either dense shrubbery and/or ground layer plants such as native grasses and Lomandra.

• A plant ecologist would be requested to identify areas of forest within the clearing footprint suitable for salvage of weed free topsoil for use in revegetation and landscapring, and to advise on appropriate methods of storage and use.

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Screen-shots of modelled sub-populations in Google Earth 3-D view (yellow line is the boundary of the modelled sub-population or predicted habitat of Marsdenia longiloba; construction footprint in faint grey; the project boundary is the orange line; green dots are known records; x 3 vertical exaggeration) Sub-population 1 (looking south east). Sub-population 1a (looking south). Sub-pop 1 in the background. North Coast railway line in foreground.

15

Sub-population 1b (looking east). Nambucca Heads in the background. Sub-population 2 (looking east).

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Sub-population 3 (looking north east). Abuts sub-population 2 on the northern side.

Sub-population 4 (looking north).

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Sub-population 5 (looking north east). Sub-populations 5a and 6 (looking north northeast).

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Sub-population 7 (looking south). Sub-populations 7a & 7b (looking east).

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Sub-population 7a & 7b and known records of SM. Project boundary – orange line. Sub-population 8 (looking north). Old Coast Road follows ridge crest. Sub-population 9 & 10 (looking north).

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