DOCUMENT RESUME TNSfTTUTIov American Tnst. of ... hierarchy, fact collection, -Pees and services,...
69
ED 035 227 ATITHOP TTTT,7, TNSf"TTUTIov PUB DA", NOT AITATLABL 7')OM 771)Pq PPICP 17SCPTPTOPS ABSTRACT DOCUMENT RESUME EF 003 772 'vans, Penjamin H. Wheeler, C. Herbert, Jr. 7mergina Techniaues 2: Architectural Programming. American Tnst. of Architects, Washington, D.C. 69 6Rp.; Emerging Techniques of Architectural Practice - a continuing study by the Committee on Research cor Architects American Tnstitute of Architects, 1735 New York Avenue, r.W., Washington, D.C. 20006 FTIPS Price MF-cr0.50 HC Not Available from EDPS. *Architecture, Bibliographies, Communications, *Design, Evaluation, Information Seeking, Information Storage, Methods, Planning, *Programing, *Techniques, Testing A selected collection of architectural Programming techniques has been assembled to aid architects in building design. Several exciting and sophisticated techniques for determining a basis for environmental design have been developed in recent years. These extend to the logic of environmental design and lead to more appropriate and useful facilities. The significant areas of concern with architectural programing are communications, problem definition and hierarchy, fact collection, -Pees and services, research, testing, and evaluation. Case studies and examples of techniques indicated rossible uses of architectural programing for planning and design. (TC)
Transcript of DOCUMENT RESUME TNSfTTUTIov American Tnst. of ... hierarchy, fact collection, -Pees and services,...
ED 035 227
ATITHOPTTTT,7,
TNSf"TTUTIovPUB DA",NOT
AITATLABL 7')OM
771)Pq PPICP17SCPTPTOPS
ABSTRACT
DOCUMENT RESUME
EF 003 772
'vans, Penjamin H. Wheeler, C. Herbert, Jr.7mergina Techniaues 2: Architectural Programming.American Tnst. of Architects, Washington, D.C.696Rp.; Emerging Techniques of Architectural Practice- a continuing study by the Committee on Researchcor ArchitectsAmerican Tnstitute of Architects, 1735 New YorkAvenue, r.W., Washington, D.C. 20006
FTIPS Price MF-cr0.50 HC Not Available from EDPS.*Architecture, Bibliographies, Communications,*Design, Evaluation, Information Seeking,Information Storage, Methods, Planning, *Programing,*Techniques, Testing
A selected collection of architectural Programmingtechniques has been assembled to aid architects in building design.Several exciting and sophisticated techniques for determining a basisfor environmental design have been developed in recent years. Theseextend to the logic of environmental design and lead to moreappropriate and useful facilities. The significant areas of concernwith architectural programing are communications, problem definitionand hierarchy, fact collection, -Pees and services, research, testing,and evaluation. Case studies and examples of techniques indicatedrossible uses of architectural programing for planning and design.(TC)
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7
EmergingTechniques 2
ArchitecturalProgramming
Emerging Techniques of ArchitecturalPractice a continuing study by theCommittee on Research for Architects
byBenjamin H. Evans, AIA
Director, Education & Research Programs(1967-68)
The American Institute of Architects
and
C. Herbert Wheeler, jr., MAArchitect and Associate Professor
Department of Architectural EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State University
The American Institute of Architects1735 New York Avenue, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
rlrl
"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS COPYR IGHTED
MATE_RIAL tlY MIPWFICHE ONLY t1/45 13fEN trAsBY the.A04,trif.atic Tirstiture.TO ER IC AND ORGANIZATIONS OPERATING UNDE
AGREEMENTS WITH THE U. S. OFFICE OF EDUCATION.
FURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM
REQUIRES PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER."
Mrtiaor. T. Kombick,MAvivedor Ps-04E5S?mace Procinuis-2
Copyright® 1969 by The American Institute ofArchitects. Manufactured in the United Statesof America. All rights reserved. No part of thisbook may be reproduced or utilized in anyform or by any means, electronic or mechan-ical, including photocopying, recording, or byany information storage and retrieval sys-
tem without permission in writing from thepublisher.
Library of Congresscatalogue card number: 68 --39553
Contents
Foreword
PART I by BENJAMIN H. EVANS 7
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 9
DefinitionElements of ProgrammingValuesProgrammers
Chapter 2 SIGNIFICANT AREAS OF 11
CONCERNCommunicationsProblem Definition and
HierarchyFact CollectionFees and ServicesResearch, Testing, and
Evaluation
Chapter 3 CASE STUDIES 15
Bibliography
PART II by C. HERBERT WHEELER, JR. 21
Chapter 4 TECHNIQUES OF PRACTICE 23
List of Techniques & ExhibitsDiscussion of Technique
GroupsStandardizationData BankingPlanning the ProgramInvestigationAnalysisPresentationReferences
ForewordThe AIA report, "Emerging Techniques ofArchitectural Practice," by Professor C.Herbert Wheeler, Jr., MA, delineatedmany new practices in the architecturalprofession which appear to have signifi-cant effect on future practices. One ofthe areas thought to have a most criticalneed and also to have great potential wasthat of architectural programming.
As part of the continuing study of"emerging techniques" of architecturalpractice, the Committee on Research forArchitecture of The American Institute ofArchitects felt that the area of program-ming needed investigation and directedthat this study be undertaken. Recogniz-ing that within the limited time, budget,and manpower available, a thorough anddetailed study of "how-to program"could not be completed, the Committeedecided that a collection of programmingtechniques would be useful as an aid toall practitioners who are continually try-ing to improve the quality of their ownservices.
The Committee wishes to express itsappreciation to the many architecturaland consulting firms which contributedtheir time and energy in helping to gatherthis information, to C. Herbert Wheeler,Jr., AIA, for his continuing interest, assist-ance, and inspiration for collection of in-formation on techniques (chapter 4); andBenjamin H. Evans, AIA, on whom theprime responsibility rested.
C. M. DEASY, FAIAChairman, Committee onResearch for Architecture
COMMITTEE ON RESEARCHFOR ARCHITECTURE 1967
Cornelius M. Deasy, FAIA, ChairmanRobert M. Dillon, AIARoslyn Lindheim, AIA
Bill N. Lacy, AIACharles Thomsen, AIA
C. Theodore Larson, FAIARobert H. Dietz, FAIA
Stephen A. Kliment, AIADonald Kenneth Sargent, FAIA
Perry S. Clark, AIAHarold Horowitz, AIA
Robertson Ward, Jr., AIARichard G. Jacques, AIA
Roland E. Wilson, AIACharles Ellis Duncan, AIA
Benjamin H. Evans, AIA, Staff Executive
CH
#TE
R
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
In th
e pa
st, a
rchi
tect
s ha
ve a
lmos
tal
way
s de
alt w
ith h
isto
rical
bui
ld-
ing
type
s. T
hey
knew
som
ewha
tin
tuiti
vely
whi
ch p
hysi
cal e
nviro
n-m
ent w
ould
suf
fice
to m
eet
the
alre
ady
wel
l est
ablis
hed
patte
rns
of a
ctiv
ity o
f soc
iety
. A b
ank
was
aba
nk, a
nd a
sch
ool,
a sc
hool
.E
very
one
knew
wha
t wou
ldta
ke p
lace
in th
ese
inst
itutio
ns. A
thor
ough
and
leng
thy
anal
ysis
of t
hein
stitu
tiona
l ope
ratio
n w
as n
ot
nece
ssar
y pr
ior
tode
sign
. As
soci
ety
and
tech
nolo
gych
ange
d an
d
beca
me
mor
e co
mpl
icat
ed,
arch
itect
s an
d ow
ners
had
to lo
okfo
r
new
way
s to
dete
rmin
e th
e ba
sis
for
envi
ronm
enta
lde
sign
.
Som
e ex
citin
g an
d so
phis
ticat
edte
chni
ques
for
dete
rmin
ing
this
basi
s ha
ve b
een
deve
lope
d in
rec
ent y
ears
whi
ch e
xten
d to
the
logi
c of
env
ironm
enta
l des
ign
and
whi
ch le
ad to
mor
e ap
prop
riate
and
usef
ul fa
cilit
ies.
How
ever
,th
ere
is s
till m
uch
to b
e do
ne in
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f met
hods
for
anal
ysis
and
in g
ettin
gth
ese
met
hods
into
gen
eral
use
.O
wne
rs a
nd c
lient
s fr
eque
ntly
are
relu
ctan
t to
finan
ce a
thor
ough
anal
ysis
of t
heir
need
s be
caus
e of
ala
ck o
f und
erst
andi
ng a
s to
the
valu
e of
suc
h st
udie
s an
d be
caus
epe
ople
are
stil
l abl
e to
ado
ptm
any
old
build
ings
and
spa
ces
to fi
t new
need
s. T
hat t
hey
are
sofr
eque
ntly
abl
e to
do
so s
omew
hat
conc
eals
the
fact
that
too
ofte
n
old
build
ings
, stil
l str
uctu
rally
soun
d, a
re b
eing
raz
ed b
ecau
seth
ey
have
out
lived
thei
r fu
nctio
nal a
ndec
onom
ic u
sefu
lnes
s an
d ca
nnot
be a
dapt
ed. P
eopl
e fr
eque
ntly
do
not
reco
gniz
e th
at th
is is
ofte
n
a re
sult
ofth
e la
ck o
f far
sigh
ted
plan
ning
.It
is n
ot y
et p
ossi
ble
topl
an a
nd d
esig
n fa
cilit
ies
whi
ch c
anal
way
s, w
ithou
t fau
lt, e
ffect
ivel
yan
d ef
ficie
ntly
res
pond
to c
hang
ing
need
s an
d ne
w s
ocie
tal p
atte
rns,
but t
here
is n
o do
ubt t
hat p
lan-
ning
and
stu
dy te
chni
ques
can
be d
evel
oped
whi
ch w
ill b
e m
ore
effe
ctiv
e. G
ener
ally
spe
akin
g, b
ette
rpl
anni
ng p
roce
sses
, or
arch
itec-
tura
l pro
gram
min
g te
chni
ques
,w
ill r
esul
t in
envi
ronm
enta
l spa
ces
whi
ch a
re b
ette
r su
ited
to fu
ture
need
s an
d le
ss p
rone
to fi
nanc
ial
or fu
nctio
nalo
bsol
esce
nce.
The
pro
cess
for
doin
g th
is is
com
mon
ly
refe
rred
to a
s A
rchi
tect
ural
Pro
gram
min
g.
Def
initi
on
Arc
hite
ctur
al p
rogr
amm
ing
in th
is c
onte
xtis
def
ined
as
the
proc
ess
by w
hich
crit
eria
are
dev
elop
edfo
r th
e de
sign
of a
spa
ce,
build
ing,
faci
lity,
phy
sica
l env
ironm
ent,
and/
or a
ny u
nit o
f the
env
ironm
ent.
The
term
pro
gram
min
g in
its
gene
ric s
ense
can
be a
pplie
d to
any
plan
ning
of f
utur
e pr
oced
ures
, but
inth
is r
epor
t it i
s us
ed o
nly
as
it ap
plie
s to
arc
hite
ctur
e.It
is th
e m
eans
thro
ugh
whi
chda
ta a
bout
the
need
s of
the
ultim
ate
build
ing
user
are
dete
rmin
ed a
nd e
x-pr
esse
d fo
r th
e in
stru
ctio
n of
the
arch
itect
in th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
a de
sign
sol
utio
n.A
sta
tem
ent o
f suc
h cr
iteria
wili
incl
ude
all o
f the
cha
ract
eris
tics
or fu
nctio
nal
requ
irem
ents
exp
ecte
d of
a g
iven
activ
ity to
be
hous
ed, a
nd m
any
incl
ude
soci
al,
spiri
tual
, est
hetic
, or
esot
eric
cons
ider
atio
ns th
at m
ay o
r sh
ould
influ
ence
the
deci
sion
mak
ing.
The
arc
hite
ctur
al p
rogr
amus
ually
will
be
stat
ed in
writ
ten
form
,
but t
he w
ritte
n fo
rm it
self
is n
otth
e pr
ogra
m; i
t is
a st
atem
ent
ofth
e pr
ogra
m a
t som
e pa
rtic
ular
poin
t in
time.
A p
rogr
am is
not
ade
finiti
ve o
bjec
t.It
is a
pro
cess
whi
ch s
eldo
m,
if ev
er, r
each
es a
n
idea
l sta
te, a
nd th
e pr
oces
sus
ually
con
tinue
s th
roug
h pl
anni
ngan
d
desi
gn a
s ne
w id
eas
are
form
ulat
edan
d ne
w h
ypot
hese
s ar
e de
rived
.T
here
is o
ften
conf
usio
n am
ong
diffe
rent
dis
cipl
ines
abo
ut th
e
term
pro
gram
min
g,an
d, in
deed
, thi
s di
ffere
nce
of d
efin
ition
or
inte
rpre
tatio
n fr
eque
ntly
lead
s to
serio
us p
robl
ems.
Edu
cato
rs,
for
exam
ple,
ofte
n re
fer
to th
ede
velo
pmen
t of s
pace
req
uire
men
ts a
s"e
duca
tiona
l spe
cific
atio
ns,"
whe
reas
the
arch
itect
con
side
rs th
is
prog
ram
min
g.
Ele
men
ts o
f Pro
gram
min
g
Ter
min
olog
y is
, of c
ours
e, im
port
ant
only
inso
far
as it
is a
vita
lfa
ctor
in c
omm
unic
atio
ns.
Wha
t is
mor
e im
port
ant f
or th
isdi
s-
cuss
ion
is a
n un
ders
tand
ing
of th
e ra
nge
of e
lem
ents
incl
uded
in
an a
rchi
tect
ural
pro
gram
so
that
all
conc
erne
d pa
rtie
s ca
n co
mm
uni-
cate
. The
re a
re fo
urge
nera
l pai
ls o
f the
pro
gram
min
g pr
oces
s:
CLI
EN
T P
HIL
OS
OP
HY
AN
DO
BJE
CT
IVE
S
Est
ablis
h th
e cl
ient
's g
oals
,at
titud
es, a
spira
tions
, cha
ract
er-
istic
s, e
tc.
FU
NC
TIO
NA
L R
ELA
TIO
NS
HIP
SR
elat
ions
hips
bet
wee
n ad
min
istr
atio
n,de
part
men
ts, s
er-
vice
s, e
quip
men
t, pr
oces
ses,
com
mun
ity, p
ublic
, etc
.
9
FA
CIL
ITY
SP
AC
E R
EQ
UIR
EM
EN
TS
Dev
elop
men
t of r
equi
rem
ents
bas
ed o
n ac
tivity
pro
gram
s,eq
uipm
ent n
eeds
, tra
ffic
mov
emen
t, pe
rson
nel p
roje
ctio
ns,
etc.
CLI
EN
T B
AC
KG
RO
UN
D A
ND
RE
SE
AR
CH
Stu
dies
to d
eter
min
e co
mm
unity
cha
ract
eris
tics,
eco
nom
icba
se, i
ndus
tria
l pot
entia
l, la
bor
mar
ket,
popu
latio
n di
stri-
butio
n, g
row
th p
roje
ctio
ns, e
tc.
The
dev
elop
men
t of a
pro
gram
sta
tem
ent c
over
ing
thes
e ite
ms
isth
e re
spon
sibi
lity
of th
e cl
ient
. Nat
ural
ly, t
he c
lient
may
ass
ign
this
resp
onsi
bilit
y to
an
outs
ider
, but
his
ow
n or
gani
zatio
n m
ust t
ake
anac
tive
role
in th
e de
velo
pmen
t of t
he p
rogr
am if
that
pro
gram
is to
accu
rate
ly a
nd e
ffect
ivel
y re
flect
the
need
s an
d de
sire
s of
the
clie
nt.
Som
etim
es th
e cl
ient
thin
ks th
at th
e ta
sk c
an b
e de
lega
ted
to s
ome-
one
else
, pos
sibl
y th
e ar
chite
ct, s
o th
at th
e cl
ient
doe
s no
t nee
d to
be in
volv
ed. N
othi
ng c
ould
be
less
pro
duct
ive.
It is
nec
essa
ry, h
owev
er, t
hat t
he a
rchi
tect
be
invo
lved
in th
epr
ogra
mm
ing
proc
ess
from
the
very
beg
inni
ng s
o th
at h
e ca
n as
sist
the
clie
nt in
thin
king
cre
ativ
ely
abou
t his
pro
gram
and
so
that
he,
the
arch
itect
, can
sta
y w
ell i
nfor
med
of t
he r
easo
ns b
ehin
dpr
o-gr
amm
ing
deci
sion
s. A
str
ong
clie
nt-a
rchi
tect
rel
atio
nshi
p is
in-
valu
able
in th
e de
velo
pmen
t of a
goo
d pr
ogra
m a
nd th
e ul
timat
efa
cilit
y.A
fter
the
colle
ctio
n an
d an
alys
is o
f dat
a on
the
four
ele
men
ts o
fpr
ogra
mm
ing,
the
arch
itect
then
can
dev
elop
his
pro
gram
inst
ru-
men
t fro
m w
hich
the
desi
gns
are
prod
uced
.T
his
inst
rum
ent
gene
rally
incl
udes
the
follo
win
g:
spec
ific
faci
lity
requ
irem
ents
site
dev
elop
men
t req
uire
men
tsch
arac
teris
tics
of th
e oc
cupa
nts
char
acte
ristic
s of
the
site
obje
ctiv
es o
f the
mas
ter
plan
rela
tive
loca
tion
and
inte
r-re
latio
nshi
p of
spa
ces
func
tiona
l req
uire
men
ts fo
r th
e fa
cilit
yfle
xibi
lity
need
s fo
r fu
ture
gro
wth
and
cha
nges
prio
rity
of n
eed
amon
g re
quire
men
tssp
ecia
l res
tric
tions
and
lim
itatio
nsbu
dget
The
re c
erta
inly
are
diff
eren
ces
of o
pini
on a
s to
wha
t spe
cific
ele
-
men
ts a
re n
orm
ally
incl
uded
in p
rogr
amm
ing.
Mas
ter
plan
ning
the
plan
ning
of b
road
ele
men
ts th
at u
sual
ly p
roce
eds
the
plan
ning
of a
spe
cific
faci
lity
is d
efin
itely
an
impo
rtan
t inp
ut fo
r pr
ogra
m-
min
g, b
ut it
gen
eral
ly is
don
e se
para
tely
from
wha
t is
com
mon
lyca
lled
prog
ram
min
g fo
r a
spec
ific
faci
lity.
Som
e ar
chite
cts
cons
ider
that
the
colle
ctio
n of
fact
s pe
rtai
ning
to s
ite, u
tiliti
es, a
ndso
fort
h,is
not
par
t of t
he p
rogr
amth
at th
e pr
ogra
m d
eals
with
con
cept
s.F
easi
bilit
y st
udie
s, fi
nanc
ial a
naly
ses,
and
site
ana
lyse
sar
e lik
ewis
eso
met
imes
con
side
red
part
of p
rogr
amm
ing
and
othe
r tim
es c
on-
side
red
sepa
rate
. The
fact
that
diff
eren
t peo
ple
use
the
term
arc
hi-
tect
ural
pro
gram
min
g to
mea
n di
ffere
nt c
once
pts
is, o
fco
urse
,co
nfus
ing.
How
ever
, as
iong
as
clie
nt a
nd a
rchi
tect
alik
e re
aliz
e th
epr
oble
m, t
hey
can
take
car
e to
be
sure
they
are
talk
ing
abou
t the
sam
e su
bjec
t.
Val
ues
The
val
ues
of g
ood
arch
itect
ural
pro
gram
min
g ar
e m
anyf
old.
The
proc
ess
clar
ifies
the
inte
ntio
ns o
f ow
ner,
use
r, a
nd d
esig
ner
befo
repl
anni
ng is
beg
un. I
t red
uces
the
nece
ssity
for
chan
ges
durin
g fin
alde
sign
, dev
elop
men
t of c
onst
ruct
ion
docu
men
ts, a
nd c
onst
ruct
ion.
It pr
ovid
es a
bas
is fo
r ar
bitr
atio
n sh
ould
diff
eren
ces
of o
pini
onoc
cur.
It re
duce
s th
e ch
ance
s fo
r w
aste
d sp
ace,
exc
essi
ve e
quip
-m
ent,
and
poor
rel
atio
nshi
ps b
etw
een
part
s.Jo
hn S
umm
erso
n w
rote
in th
e R
oyal
Inst
itute
of B
ritis
h A
rchi
tect
sJo
urna
l, "T
he p
rogr
amm
e [s
ic] a
s th
e so
urce
of u
nity
is,
so fa
r as
Ica
n se
e, th
e on
e ne
w p
rinci
ple
invo
lved
in m
oder
n ar
chite
ctur
e."
Insh
ort,
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f tho
roug
h pr
ogra
mm
ing
proc
edur
es h
olds
prom
; :le
of b
eing
the
mos
t sig
nific
ant d
evel
opm
ent i
n ar
chite
ctur
ein
cur
rent
tim
es.
Pro
gram
mer
s
Ofte
n pr
ogra
mm
ing
has
been
don
e by
who
ever
hap
pens
to b
e av
ail-
able
at t
he a
ppro
pria
te m
omen
t and
not
alw
ays
by th
ose
who
wer
ebe
st e
quip
ped
by e
duca
tion
and
trai
ning
. The
res
ults
hav
e cl
early
dem
onst
rate
d th
e ne
ed fo
r ta
lent
in th
is v
ery
impo
rtan
t pro
cess
.A
rchi
tect
s an
d cl
ient
s, a
s w
ell a
s ot
hers
, hav
e an
d ar
e de
velo
ping
thei
r ca
pabi
litie
s fo
r do
ing
prog
ram
min
g. T
here
appe
ars
to b
ede
velo
ping
wha
t mig
ht b
e co
nsid
ered
a n
ew s
peci
ality
that
of
deal
ing
with
the
arch
itect
ural
pro
gram
. Arc
hite
ctur
al fi
rms
are
find-
ing
that
obj
ectiv
e,qu
ality
pro
gram
s ar
e be
stac
com
plis
hed
whe
n a
pers
on w
ithth
e pr
oper
exp
erie
nce
and
know
ledg
e ha
ndle
s th
e in
-
vest
igat
ions
. Con
tem
pora
ryen
viro
nmen
t is
soco
mpl
icat
ed, a
nd
beco
min
g m
ore
so e
very
day,
that
the
intu
itive
pro
cess
esar
e
ofte
n no
long
er a
dequ
ate
for
prog
ram
min
g. T
oday
's p
rogr
amm
ers
mus
t be
espe
cial
lyqu
alifi
ed to
con
duct
anal
ytic
al, o
bjec
tive,
un-
bias
ed, l
ogic
al, a
nd c
reat
ive
stud
ies
of th
e us
er's
nee
ds.
The
re a
re m
any
prog
ram
min
gex
pert
s ac
tive
inth
e fie
ld to
day.
A n
umbe
r of
them
have
foun
d it
prof
itabl
e to
oper
ate
as in
de-
pend
ent c
onsu
ltant
s,of
ten
wor
king
for
both
arch
itect
ural
firm
s an
d
clie
nts.
Bec
ause
of t
he c
ompe
tenc
eof
thes
e pr
ogra
mm
ers,
som
ear
chite
ctur
al fi
rms
have
foun
dth
eir
wor
k m
ost h
elpf
ul.
Unf
ortu
-
nate
ly th
ough
, the
re a
re s
ome
so-c
alle
d pr
ogra
mm
ing
spec
ialis
ts
who
se w
ork
has
not
been
ben
efic
ial t
o th
ear
chite
cts.
Oth
er p
rogr
amm
ers
who
have
dev
elop
ed c
ompe
tenc
yha
ve g
one
to w
ork
for
univ
ersi
ties,
gove
rnm
ent a
genc
ies,
indu
stria
l org
aniz
a-
tions
, and
oth
er la
rge
clie
nts.
The
se p
eopl
e ar
eha
ving
a s
igni
fican
t
influ
ence
on
the
natu
re o
fth
e ph
ysic
al e
nviro
nmen
tof
thei
r in
sti-
tutio
ns a
s th
ey a
rede
velo
ped.
Som
etim
es th
ear
chite
cts,
who
are
the
reci
pien
ts o
f the
resu
lts o
f the
effo
rts
of th
ese
prog
ram
mer
s,
judg
e th
eir
wor
k to
hav
ebe
en q
uite
use
ful.
Oth
ertim
es th
eir
wor
k
is c
onsi
dere
d re
stric
tive
and
uncr
eativ
e.T
he b
asic
pre
mis
e of
cons
ultin
g pr
ogra
mm
ers
seem
sto
be
that
the
prog
ram
mer
mus
tbe
in a
com
plet
ely
impa
rtia
l pos
ition
that
he m
ust b
e so
meo
new
ho h
as n
o pr
ejud
ices
,w
ho is
com
plet
ely
un-
bias
ed in
his
app
roac
h to
the
stud
y. C
onsu
ltant
s ar
gue
that
they
are
in a
bette
r po
sitio
n to
mee
tth
ese
requ
irem
ents
than
arch
itect
s.
Arc
hite
cts,
on
the
othe
rha
nd, a
rgue
that
pro
gram
min
gca
nnot
be
done
effe
ctiv
ely
with
out
sim
ulta
neou
sly
cons
ider
ing
desi
gn.
Per
-
haps
the
impo
rtan
t poi
ntis
that
pro
gram
min
gsh
ould
be
done
by
capa
ble
pers
ons
rega
rdle
ssof
org
aniz
atio
nal p
ositi
on o
red
ucat
iona
l
back
grou
nd.
It is
logi
cal t
hat p
erso
nsta
lent
ed in
one
are
a w
illbe
mor
e ef
fi-
cien
t at t
hat j
ob th
an a
t som
eta
sk w
hich
doe
s no
t req
uire
the
full
rang
e of
thei
r ta
lent
s. T
hus,
desi
gner
s w
ho a
re c
alle
d up
onto
do
prog
ram
min
g fr
eque
ntly
are
not
used
effi
cien
tly, p
artic
ular
lyw
hen
ther
e ar
e th
ose
arou
ndw
ho a
re w
ell p
repa
red
todo
the
job.
Col
-le
ctin
g ro
utin
e in
form
atio
n is
aw
aste
of d
esig
nta
lent
and
ofte
n th
e
wro
ng in
vest
igat
orw
ill o
verlo
ok s
igni
fican
tfa
ctor
s.
The
re a
re e
lem
ents
ofp
rogr
amm
ing
for
whi
chth
e ar
chite
ct is
not
trad
ition
ally
edu
cate
d, s
uch
asth
e in
vest
igat
ion
ofth
e po
tent
ial
mar
ket f
or a
cer
tain
type
of c
omm
erci
al e
nter
pris
e.H
owev
er, a
rchi
-
tect
s ca
n, a
ndof
ten
do, e
mpl
oy e
xper
tsfo
r su
ch jo
bs ju
st a
s m
ost
prog
ram
min
g co
nsul
ting
firm
s w
ould
hav
e to
do.
One
mig
ht c
on-
clud
e th
at ta
lent
isw
here
you
find
it a
ndth
at "
title
" is
not
as
impo
rtan
t as
capa
bilit
y.B
ecau
se th
e si
gnifi
canc
eof
goo
d pr
ogra
mm
ing
is b
eing
rec
og-
nize
d m
ore
than
eve
r,ar
chite
ctur
al fi
rms
are
conc
entr
atin
g on
de-
velo
ping
gre
ater
cap
abili
ties
in th
is a
rea.
Arc
hite
cts
are
assu
min
g
a gr
eate
rle
ader
ship
rol
e in
the
prog
ram
min
g pr
oces
s an
dth
e re
-
sults
of t
heir
incr
ease
dpr
epar
edne
ss a
re r
efle
cted
inin
crea
sing
ly
bette
r en
viro
nmen
tal
faci
litie
s.
SIG
NIF
ICA
NT
AR
EA
S O
FC
ON
CE
RN
The
stu
dy r
epor
ted
here
in in
clud
es d
iscu
ssio
nsw
ith a
sel
ecte
d gr
oup
of p
eopl
e fr
omth
roug
hout
the
coun
try.
It is
not
an
atte
mpt
tode
term
ine
all a
ctiv
ities
inpr
ogra
mm
ing
or to
rep
ort a
n""
wer
age"
cond
ition
. Rat
her
itis
an
atte
mpt
tose
ek o
ut th
ose
who
wer
e
repo
rted
as
doin
g so
met
hing
unus
ual.
Whe
ther
or
not
thos
e in
ter-
view
ed w
ere,
inde
ed,
doin
g so
met
hing
unu
sual
depe
nds
on th
e
read
er's
exp
erie
nce
and
view
poin
t. S
ome
will
find
man
y of
the
cond
ition
s re
port
ed fo
reig
n to
thei
r ow
n ex
perie
nce.
Som
e w
ill fi
nd
new
idea
sw
hich
they
will
put
tow
ork
in th
eir
own
prac
tice.
Som
e
will
find
man
y of
the
activ
ities
des
crib
ed a
sor
dina
ry. T
he fo
llow
-
ing,
how
ever
, ref
lect
sth
at w
hich
app
ears
tobe
com
mon
am
ong
thos
e in
terv
iew
ed.
Com
mun
icat
ions
The
mos
t com
mon
con
cern
see
ms
to b
e w
ith th
edi
fficu
lty o
f com
-
mun
icat
ions
. The
re is
firs
tof
all
diffi
culty
ove
r th
ein
terp
reta
tion
of
the
wor
d "p
rogr
am."
Arc
hite
cts,
clie
nts,
use
rs,
and
prog
ram
mer
s
are
cons
tant
lym
isun
ders
tand
ing
each
oth
er's
inte
ntio
ns b
ecau
se
each
tend
s to
atta
ch a
diffe
rent
mea
ning
to th
e te
rm.
The
re is
als
o
the
prob
lem
of g
ettin
g at
the
clie
nt's
or
user
'sre
al d
esire
sof 11
i,
f
getti
ng th
e cl
ient
to th
ink
thro
ugh
and
clea
rly e
xpre
sshi
s ne
eds.
The
re is
the
prob
lem
of t
hecl
ient
's u
nder
stan
ding
wha
tse
rvic
es h
e
can
expe
ct fr
omhi
s ar
chite
cts
and
cons
ulta
nts
of u
nder
stan
ding
wha
t the
arc
hite
cts'
cap
abili
ties
and
mot
ivat
ions
are
of u
nder
-
stan
ding
why
the
arch
itect
wan
ts to
disc
uss
and
inco
rpor
ate
cert
ain
esth
etic
or
subj
ectiv
e el
emen
ts,
who
se v
alue
can
not b
ecl
early
or
defin
itely
sta
ted.
The
re is
the
prob
lem
of t
he p
rogr
amm
ercl
early
com
mun
icat
ing
his
findi
ngs
toth
e de
sign
er. T
here
is th
epr
oble
m
of th
e ar
chite
ct c
omm
unic
atin
ghi
s de
sign
dec
isio
ns to
the
clie
nt
in o
rder
that
the
clie
nt m
aycl
early
und
erst
and
wha
t his
finis
hed
faci
lity
will
be
like
and
how
itw
ill s
atis
fy h
is n
eeds
.U
nles
s th
e el
emen
ts o
fco
mm
unic
atio
n ar
e re
solv
ed,
prob
lem
s
will
aris
e, th
e jo
b of
pla
nnin
gan
d de
sign
will
be
mor
edi
fficu
lt an
d
less
effe
ctiv
e, a
nd th
e ar
chite
ct's
prof
it w
ill p
roba
bly
dim
inis
h.T
oo
man
y pr
ofes
sion
als
fail
to r
ecog
nize
the
impo
rtan
ceof
a g
reat
er
emph
asis
on
com
mun
icat
ion.
Pro
blem
Def
initi
on a
nd H
iera
rchy
Des
pite
the
trad
ition
al n
otio
nth
at a
rchi
tect
ure
has
alw
ays
been
a
prob
lem
-sol
ving
pro
cess
, the
re is
agr
owin
g re
cogn
ition
that
man
yen
viro
nmen
tal f
acili
ties
do n
otfu
nctio
n ap
prop
riate
ly b
ecau
seof
the
inhe
rent
diff
icul
ty in
dete
rmin
ing
wha
t the
rea
lpr
oble
ms
or
issu
es a
re p
rior
to d
esig
n.In
any
des
ign
effo
rt,
ther
e ar
e us
ually
man
y pr
oble
ms
tobe
sol
ved,
som
e of
maj
ordi
men
sion
s an
d so
me
very
sec
onda
ry.
Too
ofte
n it
is d
iff;c
ult t
ode
term
ine
whi
ch o
f the
prob
lem
s is
mos
t im
port
ant a
ndth
eref
ore
mos
t lik
ely
to h
ave
am
ajor
influ
ence
on
the
final
form
of f
acili
ty.
Qui
te o
ften
a cl
ient
sta
tes
wha
t he
feel
s ar
e th
e m
ost
pres
sing
prob
lem
s on
ly to
find
late
r in
the
plan
ning
pro
cess
that
thes
e w
ere
not t
he r
eal i
ssue
s.F
ailu
re to
det
ect t
he e
ssen
ce o
fth
e pr
oble
m a
t
an e
arly
sta
gele
ads
to w
aste
d ex
pend
iture
sof
ene
rgy,
tim
e, a
ndfin
ance
s an
d so
met
imes
res
ults
in a
conf
usin
g an
d in
effic
ient
des
ign.
Arc
hite
cts
are
mos
t ofte
n cr
itici
zed
for
wha
t is
left
out o
f a fa
cilit
yra
ther
than
wha
t is
incl
uded
.T
his
is b
ecau
se th
e av
erag
e pe
rson
,an
d in
deed
clie
nt, h
as li
ttle
com
preh
ensi
on o
f the
hie
rarc
hy o
fel
e-
men
ts w
hich
mus
t be
esta
blis
hed
in th
e de
sign
sta
ge.
It is
ext
rem
ely
diffi
cult
for
a de
sign
er to
dev
elop
ahi
erar
chy
of
desi
gn it
ems
that
pre
sent
s th
eto
tal r
ange
of p
robl
ems
insu
ch a
way
as
to p
erm
it ea
syev
alua
tion.
Itis
diff
icul
t, fo
r in
stan
ce, t
ode
cide
whe
ther
a p
artic
ular
, ver
yef
ficie
nt c
ircul
atio
n ar
rang
emen
t
12
will
be
mor
e va
luab
le th
anan
othe
r w
hich
allo
ws
grea
ter
esth
etic
,
and
henc
e, h
uman
res
pons
es.
Aga
in, i
t is
impo
rtan
t tha
tth
e pr
o-
gram
min
g pr
oces
s at
tem
pt to
deal
in s
ome
way
with
this
hier
arch
y
of p
robl
ems
in o
rder
that
the
clie
nt a
nd a
rchi
tect
can
arriv
e at
sens
ible
dec
isio
ns w
hich
ultim
atel
y w
ill fi
t with
in th
ebu
dget
.
Fac
t Col
lect
ion
The
col
lect
ion
of fa
cts
pert
inen
tto
the
desi
gn o
f a n
ewfa
cilit
y
wou
ld s
eem
at f
irst g
lanc
e to
be a
sim
ple
prob
lem
.It
freq
uent
ly is
anyt
hing
but
sim
ple.
Of c
ours
e, a
nyon
e ca
nco
llect
info
rmat
ion,
but
the
prob
lem
is to
col
lect
the
right
fact
s, a
nd to
pre
sent
them
in a
sens
ible
ord
er. E
xtra
neou
sda
ta o
nly
tend
s to
con
fuse
the
issu
es.
It ha
s be
en s
aid
that
the
cost
of c
ompi
ling
triv
ia is
high
and
that
the
cost
of a
naly
zing
it is
eve
nhi
gher
.S
ome
prog
ram
mer
s se
em to
appr
oach
info
rmat
ion
gath
erin
g in
a ra
ther
casu
al w
ay. T
hey
just
try
to u
ncov
erth
e cl
ient
's n
eeds
by
aski
ng th
e rig
ht q
uest
ions
.T
his
esse
ntia
lly in
tuiti
ve p
roce
ssha
s
prod
uced
som
e no
tabl
e pr
ogra
ms
sim
ply
beca
use
the
peop
le d
oing
the
prog
ram
min
g w
ere
extr
emel
y ca
pabl
e, a
nd p
erha
psbe
caus
e th
e
build
ing
type
, was
rea
sona
bly
sim
ple.
But
, for
mos
t pro
gram
mer
s a
mor
e sy
stem
atic
appr
oach
wou
ld s
eem
to b
e ne
cess
ary.
Man
y fir
ms,
both
arc
hite
ctur
al a
nd o
ther
, are
deve
lopi
ng s
ets
of s
ched
ules
,qu
estio
nnai
res,
and
form
s fo
r us
ein
dat
a co
llect
ion
that
will
hel
p
them
to a
void
ove
rlook
ing
impo
rtan
t ite
ms.
Onc
e th
efo
rms
are
com
plet
e, th
ey c
an b
e re
view
ed,
appr
oved
, and
sig
ned
byth
e
owne
r he
lpin
g to
clar
ify th
ose
elem
ents
con
side
red
esse
ntia
l.
On
the
othe
r ha
nd, t
here
are
thos
e w
ho a
rgue
that
que
stio
nnai
res
and
form
s te
nd to
lim
it an
dre
stric
t the
inqu
isiti
vene
ssof
the
pro-
gram
mer
so
that
he m
ay o
verlo
ok s
omet
hing
of im
port
ance
sim
ply
beca
use
it ha
s no
t app
eare
din
a p
revi
ous
job.
Und
erth
ese
con-
ditio
ns, p
rogr
ams
may
bec
ome
ster
eoty
ped.
Mos
t peo
ple
will
agr
ee
that
whi
le q
uest
ionn
aire
s an
dfo
rms
may
be
very
val
uabl
e as
ach
eckl
ist a
nd e
valu
ativ
e to
ol,
they
can
not c
ompe
nsat
een
tirel
y fo
r
a cr
eativ
eat
titud
e on
the
part
of t
he d
ata
colle
ctor
.
In th
e pa
st, a
rchi
tect
spa
rtic
ular
ly h
ave
felt
that
ext
ensi
vekn
owl-
edge
abo
ut th
e fu
nctio
ns o
f any
spec
ific
build
ing
type
was
not
nece
ssar
y. T
hetr
aditi
onal
atti
tude
has
bee
nth
at a
goo
d de
sign
er
can
lear
nw
hat h
e ne
eds
to k
now
abo
ut a
give
n se
t of p
robl
ems
by
fairl
y el
emen
tary
obs
erva
tions
and
stud
y. T
here
hav
e be
endi
ffer-
ence
s of
opi
nion
abou
t thi
s fo
r so
met
ime
even
with
in th
e ar
chite
c-
tura
l pro
fess
ion.
A te
am w
hich
has
des
igne
d m
any
scho
ols,
for
inst
ance
, may
feel
that
they
hav
e a
muc
h be
tter
gras
p of
the
situ
a-tio
n th
an th
e no
vice
. On
the
othe
r ha
nd, t
he u
nini
tiate
d fe
el th
atth
ey c
an b
e m
ore
crea
tive
that
they
are
not
res
tric
ted
by p
re-
conc
eive
d id
eas
deve
lope
d on
the
last
suc
h jo
b.T
here
see
ms
little
dou
bt, h
owev
er, t
hat t
he c
urre
nt a
nd fu
ture
com
plex
ities
of f
unct
ions
that
mus
t be
hous
ed, c
oupl
ed w
ith in
-cr
easi
ngly
com
plex
equ
ipm
ent a
nd c
onst
ruct
ion
tech
niqu
es, w
illm
ore
and
mor
e re
quire
an
orde
rly a
ndan
alyt
ic p
rogr
amm
ing
proc
ess.
The
intu
itive
pro
cedu
re, w
ithou
t the
use
of s
yste
mat
icto
ols,
is n
ot g
oing
to p
rodu
ce th
e ne
cess
ary
resu
lts.
The
dev
elop
men
t of t
he s
yste
mat
ic p
roce
ss s
eem
s lik
ely
to r
e-qu
ire th
e gu
idan
ce o
f spe
cial
ists
. Ind
eed,
ther
e is
alre
ady
deve
lop-
ing
a si
zabl
e bo
dy o
f pro
fess
iona
ls w
hich
is d
evot
ing
its e
ntire
effo
rtto
war
d de
velo
ping
com
pete
nce
in p
rogr
amm
ing
and
even
in s
peci
albu
ildin
g ty
pes.
Whi
le a
bac
kgro
und
in a
rchi
tect
ure
seem
s to
be
cons
ider
ed o
ne o
f the
mos
t val
uabl
e in
gred
ient
s, s
ome
know
ledg
eof
bus
ines
s an
d m
anag
emen
t als
o ap
pear
s to
be
very
use
ful.
Fees
and
Ser
vice
s
Per
haps
the
mos
t fru
stra
ting
prob
lem
con
nect
ed w
ith p
rogr
amm
ing
is th
e m
atte
r of
res
pons
ibili
ty a
nd c
ompe
nsat
ion.
Abo
ut th
e on
ly"s
tand
ard"
ther
e is
for
esta
blis
hing
the
resp
onsi
bilit
y an
d de
term
in-
ing
the
arch
itect
's c
ompe
nsat
ion
for
prog
ram
min
g is
the
AIA
Doc
-um
ent B
131,
"S
tand
ard
For
m o
f Agr
eem
ent B
etw
een
Ow
ner
and
Arc
hite
ct."
Thi
s do
cum
ent c
onta
ins
the
follo
win
g pa
ragr
aphs
:
AR
CH
ITE
CT
'S S
ER
VIC
ES
Sch
emat
ic D
esig
n P
hase
1.1.
1 T
he A
rchi
tect
sha
ll co
nsul
t with
the
Ow
ner
to a
scer
tain
the
requ
irem
ents
of t
he p
roje
ct a
nd s
hall
conf
irm s
uch
requ
irem
ents
to th
e O
wne
r.
1.3
AD
DIT
ION
AL
SE
RV
ICE
S
The
follo
win
g se
rvic
es a
re n
ot c
over
ed in
Par
agra
phs
1.1
or1.
2.If
any
of th
ese
Add
ition
al S
ervi
ces
are
auth
oriz
ed b
y th
e
Ow
ner,
they
sha
ll be
pai
d fo
r by
the
Ow
ner
as h
erei
nbef
ore
prov
ided
.1.
3.1
Pro
vidi
ng s
peci
al a
naly
ses
of th
e O
wne
r's n
eeds
, and
pro
-gr
amm
ing
the
requ
irem
ents
of t
he P
roje
ct.
1.3.
2 P
rovi
ding
fina
ncia
l fea
sibi
lity
or o
ther
spe
cial
stu
dies
.1.
3.3
Pro
vidi
ng p
lann
ing
surv
eys,
site
eva
luat
ions
, or
com
para
tive
stud
ies
of p
rosp
ectiv
e si
tes.
1.3.
4 M
akin
g m
easu
red
draw
ings
of e
xist
ing
cons
truc
tion
whe
nre
quire
d fo
r pl
anni
ng a
dditi
ons
or a
ltera
tions
ther
eto.
The
se s
tate
men
ts in
dica
te th
at p
rovi
ding
full
info
rmat
ion
on th
epr
ogra
mm
ing
is th
e re
spon
sibi
lity
of th
e cl
ient
, alth
ough
the
clie
ntm
ay e
mpl
oy h
is a
rchi
tect
to u
nder
take
the
job
of p
rogr
amm
ing
for
an a
dditi
onal
fee.
Unf
ortu
nate
ly, t
he d
ocum
ent d
oes
not c
lear
lyde
fine
whi
ch o
f the
var
ious
ele
men
ts o
f pro
gram
min
g ar
e to
be
cons
ider
ed a
s pa
rt o
f the
arc
hite
ct's
bas
ic s
ervi
ces.
Hen
ce, t
here
isro
om fo
r in
terp
reta
tion
and
mis
unde
rsta
ndin
g.In
ord
er to
avo
idth
is a
nd a
ny p
ossi
ble
subs
eque
nt a
rgum
ents
, man
y ar
chite
cts
choo
seto
han
dle
the
prog
ram
min
g th
emse
lves
with
in th
eir
basi
c se
rvic
esan
d fe
es, c
ompe
nsat
ing
for
the
addi
tiona
l cos
t by
esta
blis
hing
an
adeq
uate
bas
e fe
e in
the
begi
nnin
g.S
ome
arch
itect
s be
lieve
that
ther
e sh
ould
be
no q
uest
ion
abou
tth
e pr
ogra
m b
eing
don
e by
the
arch
itect
and
with
in h
is b
ase
fee.
The
y co
nten
d th
at th
is is
the
best
way
to c
olle
ct th
e pr
oper
dat
aan
d to
arr
ive
at th
e be
st d
ecis
ions
in th
e cl
ient
's in
tere
st.
Som
e ar
chite
cts
mai
ntai
n th
at s
epar
atin
g pr
ogra
mm
ing
from
the
arch
itect
's o
ther
res
pons
ibili
ties
impl
ies
that
ther
e ar
e so
me
serv
ices
whi
ch a
re n
eces
sary
and
som
e w
hich
are
not
, and
that
the
owne
rca
n ta
ke h
is c
hoic
e. S
uch
prac
tices
tend
to g
ive
an im
age
of th
epr
ofes
sion
as
selli
ng s
ervi
ces
in "
little
pac
kage
s."
Per
haps
the
mos
t sig
nific
ant p
robl
em p
rodu
ced
by a
ssum
ing
that
prog
ram
min
g is
par
t of t
he a
rchi
tect
's b
asic
ser
vice
s is
that
in th
ede
velo
pmen
t of s
ome
build
ing
type
s th
e pr
ogra
mm
ing
is q
uite
sign
ifica
nt a
nd r
equi
res
a co
nsid
erab
le e
xpen
ditu
re o
f tim
e an
den
ergy
. Unl
ess
the
arch
itect
's fe
e is
incr
ease
d, a
nd m
any
times
it is
not,
the
firm
will
lose
mon
ey o
r at
leas
t fai
l to
mak
e a
prof
it on
that
job.
On
the
othe
r ha
nd, s
ome
build
ing
type
s ar
e so
sim
ple
that
very
littl
e pr
ogra
mm
ing
is r
equi
red
and
the
arch
itect
eas
ily c
anab
sorb
the
cost
with
in h
is b
ase
fee.
13
Arc
hite
cts
som
etim
es d
opr
ogra
mm
ing
for
ajo
b at
thei
r ow
n
cost
, kno
win
gth
at it
will
red
uce
orzl
imin
ate
thei
r pr
ofit,
sim
ply
beca
use
they
feel
are
spon
sibi
lity
to p
rodu
ce a
good
faci
lity.
The
repu
tatio
n of
the
firm
is a
tst
ake
if th
ey a
ttem
pt to
desi
gn o
n th
e
basi
s of
a fa
ulty
pro
gram
.D
oing
the
prog
ram
min
gfo
r th
e cl
ient
free
of
char
ge in
dica
tes
a
dedi
catio
n to
goo
dde
sign
, but
it a
lso
says
som
ethi
ng a
bout
the
lack
of g
ood
busi
ness
prac
tices
. The
196
8 A
IAst
udy
on th
e "C
ost
of A
rchi
tect
ural
Ser
vice
" pr
oves
the
poin
t.T
here
are
man
y in
dica
-
tions
that
the
arch
itect
is n
ot p
rope
rly o
ref
ficie
ntly
cha
rgin
g fo
r,
or e
ven
reco
rdin
g, th
e se
rvic
e he
rend
ers.
Suc
h in
cons
iste
nt p
rac-
tices
as
thos
e in
volv
edin
pro
gram
min
gte
nd to
con
fuse
the
clie
nt's
imag
e of
the
arch
itect
and
cons
eque
ntly
stim
ulat
e th
e gr
owth
of
cons
ultin
g pr
ogra
mm
ers
who
wor
k ou
tsid
e th
ear
chite
ctur
al p
ract
ice.
The
"C
ost o
fA
rchi
tect
ural
Ser
vice
s" s
urve
yre
veal
s se
vera
l sta
-
tistic
s w
hich
are
rele
vant
to th
is d
iscu
ssio
nof
fees
and
ser
vice
s:
1 O
n jo
bsco
ntra
cted
with
priv
ate,
indi
vidu
al c
lient
s, o
nly
one
out o
f fiv
ecl
ient
s pr
ovid
ed a
writ
ten
prog
ram
.In
50%
of t
he
case
s, th
ear
chite
ct r
ated
the
prog
ram
sof
poo
r qu
ality
. On
thos
e jo
bs fo
r w
hich
the
prog
ram
min
g w
asdo
ne b
y th
e ar
chi-
tect
, the
ave
rage
addi
tiona
l inc
ome
for
prog
ram
min
g w
as r
e-
port
ed to
be
abou
t $80
0 pe
rjo
b.2
Inst
itutio
nal o
rco
rpor
ate
clie
nts
prov
ided
pro
gram
s on
one
out o
f tw
ojo
bs, a
nd th
e ar
chite
cts
rate
d 60
% o
f the
se a
sgo
od.
On
jobs
whe
repr
ogra
mm
ing
was
don
eby
the
arch
itect
, the
aver
age
addi
tiona
l inc
ome
was
abou
t $4,
000
per
job.
3 F
or F
eder
al a
ndS
tate
gov
ernm
ent
clie
nts,
the
surv
eyin
dica
tes
that
pro
gram
s ar
e pr
ovid
ed o
nfiv
e ou
t of s
ix jo
bsan
d 66
% a
re
rate
d as
goo
d. F
or th
epr
ogra
mm
ing
done
by
the
arch
itect
, the
aver
age
estim
ated
add
ition
al in
com
e w
as$3
,200
per
job.
4 F
or lo
cal g
over
nmen
tcl
ient
s, th
ree
out o
f sev
enpr
ojec
ts in
-
clud
ed p
rogr
ams
from
the
clie
nts,
60%
of
whi
ch w
ere
rate
d
good
by
the
arch
itect
s.
Res
earc
h T
estin
g an
dE
valu
atio
n
Whi
le p
rogr
amm
ing
incl
udes
a g
reat
dea
l of
fact
gat
herin
g, it
als
o
inev
itabl
y in
clud
es s
ome
prog
nost
icat
ions
or
dow
nrig
ht g
uess
es
abou
t wha
t kin
d of
faci
lity
will
be
requ
ired
or e
ven
wha
t fun
ctio
n
will
be
hous
ed in
the
futu
re. S
uch
pred
ictio
ns a
reba
sed
prim
arily
upon
pas
tex
perie
nces
. Des
igne
rs m
aykn
ow fr
om p
revi
ous
ex-
14
_
perie
nce
that
apa
rtic
ular
roo
m p
atte
rnw
ill w
ork
unde
r ce
rtai
nci
rcum
stan
ces.
The
y kn
owth
at c
erta
in o
ther
pla
nsw
ill n
ot w
ork.
The
exp
erie
nce,
how
ever
,us
ually
com
es p
rimar
ilyby
cha
nce.
Som
etim
es a
pre
viou
scl
ient
or
user
will
com
plai
nab
out s
ome
face
t
of a
faci
lity
that
doe
s no
tw
ork
prop
erly
. Whe
nth
e ar
chite
ct is
calle
d up
on to
exp
lain
why
som
ethi
ng d
oes
not
wor
k, h
e be
gins
to
build
up
an a
ccum
ulat
ion
of k
now
ledg
e of
thin
gsth
at d
o an
d do
not w
ork.
How
ever
, the
re s
eem
s to
be a
gro
win
g te
nden
cyfo
r
arch
itect
s to
sys
tem
atic
ally
stud
y th
eir
finis
hed
prod
ucts
to d
e-
term
ine
whe
ther
the
orig
inal
dec
isio
ns, o
r pr
ogra
ms,
are
perf
orm
-
ing
as e
xpec
ted.
A tr
uly
thor
ough
eval
uatio
n of
a p
rogr
am a
ndde
sign
is, i
ndee
d,
quite
com
plic
ated
in m
ost c
ases
and,
alth
ough
arc
hite
cts
and
own-
ers
are
relu
ctan
tto
finan
ce s
uch
stud
ies,
the
need
for
them
is g
row
-
ing
cons
tant
ly b
ecau
seof
the
incr
easi
ngco
mpl
exity
of f
unct
ions
and
equi
pmen
t. T
here
hav
ebe
en m
any
atte
mpt
s ov
erth
e pa
st fe
w y
ears
to d
evel
op s
tand
ard
proc
edur
es b
y w
hich
bui
ldin
gde
sign
can
be
eval
uate
d, b
ut, b
y an
d la
rge,
ver
ylit
tle s
yste
mat
ic p
ost-
cons
truc
tion
stud
y ta
kes
plac
e.P
roba
bly
the
mor
e si
gnifi
cant
are
aof
act
ivity
in r
esea
rch
isw
here
user
func
tions
are
obse
rved
, man
ipul
ated
,an
d st
udie
d in
ord
er to
esta
blis
h cl
ear
rela
tions
hips
betw
een
wha
t is
curr
ently
done
in p
rac-
tice
and
wha
t can
be
done
with
bet
ter
plan
ning
.S
uch
stud
ies
are
part
icul
arly
pop
ular
at t
he p
rese
ntin
the
publ
ic h
ealth
faci
litie
s
sect
or, p
rinci
pally
beca
use
fund
ing
is m
ore
avai
labl
e an
d be
caus
e
the
peop
le c
once
rned
with
hea
lth fa
cilit
ies
are
espe
cial
ly w
orrie
d
abou
t the
incr
easi
ng r
ate
of o
bsol
esce
nce.
The
re is
act
ivity
als
o in
the
area
of s
imul
atio
nst
udie
s. S
ever
al
prom
inen
t res
earc
hers
,ps
ycho
logi
sts,
and
arc
hite
cts
are
look
ing
for
met
hods
by
whi
ch d
esig
ns c
anbe
sim
ulat
ed a
ndev
alua
ted
whi
le
still
in th
e pl
anni
ng s
tage
s.T
here
are
tech
niqu
esbe
ing
stud
ied
thro
ugh
whi
ch o
bser
vers
can
be e
xpos
ed to
a s
imul
ated
envi
ron-
men
t. T
here
are
also
tech
niqu
es b
eing
deve
lope
d fo
r m
akin
g ob
-
serv
atio
ns (
a te
chni
que
ofsi
mul
atio
n) in
side
a s
cale
mod
el th
roug
h
the
use
of s
peci
al o
ptic
alar
rang
emen
ts s
omew
hat o
nth
e pr
inci
ple
of th
e pe
risco
pe.
The
re a
re s
tudi
es in
pro
gres
sto
find
way
san
d
mea
ns b
yw
hich
the
com
pute
r ca
nbe
use
d to
pre
-tes
tsp
ecia
l ar-
rang
emen
ts a
nd m
ovem
ent
patte
rns.
The
com
pute
ris
eve
n be
ing
used
, with
the
aid
of a
nos
cillo
scop
e, to
vis
ually
pre
sent
am
ovin
g
imag
e of
a p
ropo
sed
desi
gn.
Suc
h re
sear
ch a
ndsi
mul
atio
n te
chni
ques
undo
ubte
dly
will
pro
ve
extr
emel
y us
eful
to a
rchi
tect
s in
the
futu
re, b
ut th
ere
will
still
be
the
need
for
care
ful a
nd s
yste
mat
icev
alua
tion
of fu
ll-si
zed
faci
litie
s
in o
rder
to b
uild
a s
tore
of r
ecor
ded
expe
rienc
ean
d kn
owle
dge.
Arc
hite
cts
shou
ld n
ot a
void
thei
rre
spon
sibi
lity
to p
rove
to th
em-
selv
es a
nd to
thei
r cl
ient
s th
atth
eir
desi
gns
eith
er w
ork
orfa
il to
wor
k th
e w
ay th
ey w
ere
plan
ned.
Suc
h da
ta is
ess
entia
l to
con-
tinue
d pr
ogre
ss.
CH
aTE
R
Cas
e S
tudi
es
Whi
le th
e sp
ecifi
c pr
ogra
mm
ing
tech
niqu
es d
escr
ibed
in th
e pr
e-ce
ding
cha
pter
may
be
very
usef
ul to
ols,
if ta
ken
out o
f con
text
thei
r us
e co
uld
prov
ein
effe
ctua
l.It
is th
eref
ore
appr
opria
teth
at
ther
e be
som
e di
scus
sion
oft
he o
rgan
izat
iona
l pro
cedu
res
used
by
vario
us fi
rms
so th
at p
rogr
amm
ing
can
be s
een
in it
s ap
prop
riate
posi
tion
as a
par
t of a
tota
l effo
rt. T
he fo
llow
ing
case
stud
ies
are
pres
ente
d as
inte
rest
ing
exam
ples
of p
roce
dure
. The
tech
niqu
esus
ed m
ay b
e ef
fect
ive
for
one
orga
niza
tion
and
not f
or a
noth
er,
but
the
desc
riptio
ns a
re p
rese
nted
in th
e ho
pe th
at th
eyw
ill p
rovi
de
usef
ul in
sigh
ts.
Cas
e S
tudy
1:
AR
CH
ITE
CT
UR
AL
FIR
M
It is
true
, of c
ours
e,th
at a
larg
e fir
m c
an d
o ce
rtai
nth
ings
that
a
smal
ler
firm
can
not d
osi
mpl
y be
caus
e it
is la
rge
and
has
a w
ide
varie
ty o
f ava
ilabl
e re
sour
ces.
How
ever
, a c
aref
ul a
naly
sis
of o
ne
larg
e fir
m's
pro
cedu
res
prov
ides
som
e he
lpfu
l hin
ts th
at m
aybe
usef
ul e
ven
for
smal
ler
firm
s. T
he p
artic
ular
pro
cedu
res
here
in
outli
ned
are
from
a la
rge
sout
hwes
tfirm
(15
0 em
ploy
ees)
.T
his
rela
tivel
y ne
w fi
rm,
esta
blis
hed
sinc
e W
orld
War
II,
rece
ntly
deci
ded
to d
eleg
ate
the
prog
ram
min
gre
spon
sibi
lity
for
the
firm
to a
spec
ial s
ectio
n di
rect
ed b
y on
eof
the
seni
or p
artn
ers.
The
sec
tion
is c
once
rned
with
thre
epr
inci
pal p
hase
s of
act
ivity
: 1)
todo
re-
sear
ch a
nd c
olle
ct in
form
atio
nfo
r us
e by
the
proj
ect m
anag
ers
and
desi
gner
s; 2
) to
est
ablis
h an
alyt
ical
prog
ram
min
g te
chni
ques
and
teac
h th
e pr
ojec
t man
ager
s an
dde
sign
ers
how
to u
se th
em, a
nd 3
)
to p
rovi
de s
ervi
ce to
clie
nts
in th
e de
velo
pmen
tof
pro
gram
stat
emen
ts.
Why
a s
epar
ate
sect
ion
for
prog
ram
min
g? T
he fi
rm b
elie
ves
that
good
des
igne
rs a
nd p
roje
ct m
anag
ers
are
not n
eces
saril
y go
od p
ro-
gram
mer
s. D
esig
ners
som
etim
es tr
y to
get
the
clie
nt in
to a
cor
ner
to g
et h
im to
com
mit
him
self
to a
pre
conc
eive
d id
ea o
r a
con-
cept
form
ulat
ed o
nin
suffi
cien
t dat
a. L
ater
the
clie
nt m
ayre
aliz
e
that
he
agre
ed to
som
ethi
ngw
ith w
hich
he
is n
ot r
eally
satis
fied,
and
a lo
t of c
ostly
red
esig
nw
ork
may
be
nece
ssar
y or
he
may
alw
ays
secr
etly
res
ent t
here
sults
of t
he p
roje
ct. T
he fi
rmbe
lieve
s
that
som
eday
the
prog
ram
min
gse
ctio
n m
ay w
ork
itsel
f out
of a
job
whe
n al
l of t
heir
proj
ect m
anag
ers
are
fully
pre
pare
d to
acc
ept a
nd
hand
le th
eir
own
prog
ram
min
gef
fort
s.
Obj
ectiv
ity
Pro
gram
min
g m
ust b
egin
with
aco
llect
ion
of fa
ctua
l dat
a. T
heco
llect
ing
mus
t be
done
sys
tem
atic
ally
and
obje
ctiv
ely.
The
fact
sm
ust n
ot b
e cl
oude
dw
ith o
pini
ons
or p
reju
dice
s.T
his
firm
doe
s
not m
ind
thro
win
gda
ta a
way
, but
it w
ants
the
data
exp
osed
for
insp
ectio
n. T
hey
put d
own
ever
ythi
ng th
at c
an b
e pu
t on
pape
r,w
hich
em
phas
izes
the
impo
rtan
ceof
obj
ectiv
e da
ta c
olle
ctio
n.T
his
docu
men
tatio
n is
bel
ieve
d ne
cess
ary
for
com
mun
icat
ion.
Obj
ectiv
ity, h
owev
er, h
as to
be
tem
pere
d w
ith c
reat
ivity
at s
ome
poin
t. T
his
firm
bel
ieve
sth
at th
e an
alyt
ical
app
roac
h is
nec
essa
ryan
d co
rrec
t, bu
t tha
tob
ject
ivity
alo
ne fr
eque
ntly
will
fail
to u
n-co
ver
sign
ifica
ntpo
ssib
ilitie
s un
less
cre
ativ
e in
quis
itive
ness
is th
ere
also
. Thi
s is
the
reas
on w
hyth
ey b
elie
ve s
tron
gly
that
goo
dar
chi-
tect
s ar
e th
e m
ost
logi
cal p
eopl
e to
do
the
prog
ram
min
g.
Pra
ctic
e P
hilo
soph
y
The
re a
re th
ree
maj
or b
elie
fsth
at g
over
n th
is fi
rm's
app
roac
h.T
hese
bel
iefs
hav
e a
sign
ifica
ntbe
arin
g on
thei
r pr
ogra
mm
ing
ef-
fort
s. F
irst,
the
firm
bel
ieve
sin
wha
t the
y ca
ll th
e"P
robl
em-s
olvi
ngap
proa
ch."
The
y be
lieve
that
arch
itect
ure,
to a
gre
at d
egre
e, is
a
proc
ess
of s
olvi
ng a
serie
s of
pro
blem
s, a
ndth
at u
nles
s yo
u kn
ow
wha
t the
pro
blem
s ar
e yo
uw
ill n
ever
hav
e a
good
pie
ceof
arc
hi-
tect
ure.
Sec
ondl
y,th
ey b
elie
ve in
the
team
con
cept
.T
hey
belie
ve 15
that
sol
ving
pro
blem
sto
day
can
best
be
done
by
ate
am o
f peo
ple
with
a v
arie
ty o
f tal
ents
.T
hey
belie
ve th
at th
ede
man
ds o
f mod
ern
soci
ety
can
best
be
met
thro
ugh
the
effo
rts
of a
coor
dina
ted
and
crea
tive
team
. Thi
rdly
,th
e fir
m b
elie
ves
inw
hat t
hey
call
thei
r"s
quat
ters
tech
niqu
e."
Thi
sis
a p
roce
ss b
y w
hich
the
firm
sen
ds a
team
of d
esig
ners
toth
e si
te o
f a n
ew p
roje
ctfo
r th
e de
velo
pmen
t
of p
relim
inar
y de
sign
s.It
prov
ides
opp
ortu
nity
for
brin
ging
the
clie
nt in
to th
e op
erat
ion
alm
ost a
s pa
rt o
f the
des
ign
team
,an
d it
allo
ws
the
desi
gner
s to
beco
me
fam
iliar
with
the
pecu
liarit
ies
of
the
loca
l situ
atio
n.T
he u
se o
f the
"sq
uatte
rste
chni
que"
is a
n
uniq
ue c
hara
cter
istic
of th
is fi
rm w
hich
they
belie
ve p
ays
off i
n
bette
r de
sign
and
bet
ter
clie
nt c
omm
unic
atio
ns.
Ano
ther
par
t of t
his
firm
'sph
iloso
phy
is th
at p
rogr
am, c
ost,
and
site
go
toge
ther
as
the
elem
ents
that
giv
e fo
rm to
apr
ojec
t. T
hese
are
the
big
"for
m-g
iver
s" a
nd m
ust
be c
onsi
dere
d to
geth
er a
s
wel
l as
indi
vidu
ally
.T
he fi
rm lo
oks
at th
e pr
ogra
min
term
s of
initi
al b
udge
t, op
erat
ing
cost
s,an
d lo
ng te
rm c
osts
.T
he th
ree
elem
ents
com
bine
d pr
ovid
eth
e re
al e
ssen
ce o
f the
prob
lem
to b
e
solv
ed.
Gen
era:
Goa
ls
A li
stin
g of
the
goal
sof
this
arc
hite
ctur
al fi
rmw
ill h
elp
to u
nder
-
stan
d th
eir
appr
oach
.
To
iden
tify
and
unde
rsta
nd th
e pr
oble
ms.
With
the
prob
lem
-
solv
ing
appr
oach
to d
esig
n,pr
ogra
mm
ing
is p
robl
emde
finin
g.
To
prov
ide
a so
und
basi
s fo
r re
spon
sibl
e de
sign
."R
espo
nsib
le"
is u
sed
here
to m
ean
resp
ondi
ng to
the
arch
itect
ural
pro
gram
.It
is d
iffic
ult t
o re
spon
d to
a v
ague
or fa
ulty
pro
gram
and
still
com
e up
with
are
liabl
e de
sign
.
To
find
the
uniq
uene
ssof
a p
roje
ct. D
esig
nso
lutio
ns m
ay
take
sev
eral
form
s be
caus
eea
ch p
roje
ct in
volv
es a
diffe
rent
prog
ram
, adi
ffere
nt s
ite, a
nd a
diff
eren
t cos
tbu
dget
.
To
boil
dow
n th
ear
chite
ctur
al p
rogr
am to
its
esse
nce.
A
prog
ram
can
be v
ery
com
plex
, so
it is
nec
essa
ryto
see
k ou
t a
man
agea
ble
num
ber
of e
ssen
tial
elem
ents
.
To
disc
rimin
ate
betw
een
the
impo
rtan
t for
m-g
iver
san
d th
e
less
impo
rtan
t det
ails
.W
hile
the
flow
of d
etai
led
info
rmat
ion
mus
t not
be
stop
ped,
cons
tant
effo
rt m
ust
be m
ade
to d
efin
e-
16
ate
the
mos
t per
tinen
tfa
ctor
s. T
he p
roce
ss m
ay ta
ke tw
o st
eps:
the
first
ste
p se
eks
form
-giv
ers
for
the
conc
eptu
alde
sign
; the
seco
nd s
tep
prov
ides
the
deta
ilsfo
r de
sign
dev
elop
men
t. B
yth
at ti
me,
the
flood
of
deta
ils w
ill n
ot o
bscu
re th
atw
hich
real
ly is
impo
rtan
t in
plan
ning
.
To
esta
blis
h de
sign
obje
ctiv
es. T
he id
entif
icat
ion
of m
ajor
goal
s an
d bi
g pr
oble
ms
prov
ides
adi
rect
ion
for
desi
gn.
To
unco
ver
sour
ces
for
insp
iratio
n. W
hile
a m
ere
listin
g of
spac
e re
quire
men
tsis
no
sour
ce fo
r in
spira
tion,
eve
rypr
ojec
t
has
the
pote
ntia
l ing
redi
ents
in th
e pr
ogra
m, l
and,
and
cost
to s
tir th
e im
agin
atio
n.T
o es
tabl
ish
the
limita
tions
and
exp
lore
the
poss
ibili
ties.
Est
ablis
h th
e re
aliti
es o
f a p
roje
ctan
d, w
here
ther
e is
leew
ay,
expl
ore
for
alte
rnat
ives
.
To
disc
over
the
real
mea
ning
of fa
cts.
The
col
lect
ion
of fa
cts
is e
asy
enou
gh, b
ut fa
cts
mus
tbe
org
aniz
ed a
nd a
naly
zed
to
be u
sefu
l.T
o un
cove
r an
d de
velo
p st
rong
conc
epts
. The
tric
k is
tore
cogn
ize
a co
ncep
t whe
n on
eis
in th
e of
fing.
To
esta
blis
h th
e fu
nctio
nal
requ
irem
ents
. Thi
s is
, per
haps
,th
e
mos
t obv
ious
goal
, but
pro
gram
min
g m
ust
prob
e be
yond
func
tion.
To
dete
rmin
e th
ele
gal,
phys
ical
, and
soc
iolo
gica
lin
fluen
ces.
Eve
ry s
ite is
rep
lete
with
form
-giv
ing
char
acte
ristic
s. T
hele
gal
and
phys
ical
may
be
obvi
ous.
The
soc
iolo
gica
l one
s, s
uch
as
trad
ition
, eco
logy
, and
res
pect
of n
eigh
bors
, are
mor
esu
btle
.
To
dete
rmin
e th
edi
ffere
nce
betw
een
wan
ts a
ndne
eds.
Wan
ts
refe
r to
pre
conc
eive
dso
lutio
ns o
r de
sire
s no
t fou
nded
on
the
basi
c pr
oble
ms.
Nee
ds r
efer
toth
e re
alis
tic r
equi
rem
ents
ofsp
ace
to m
eet
func
tions
, whi
ch r
ecog
nize
limita
tions
of
budg
et.
To
initi
ate
cost
con
trol
.A
gree
men
t mus
t be
reac
hed
on a
real
istic
initi
al b
udge
t at t
his
time.
An
optim
istic
budg
et c
an
resu
lt on
ly in
a d
isap
poin
ting
bid
letti
ng.
To
esta
blis
h co
mm
unic
atio
n am
ong
the
team
mem
bers
. Tea
mm
embe
rs in
act
ion
do n
ot h
ave
time
to r
ead.
Eve
ry it
emof
info
rmat
ion
shou
ld b
edo
cum
ente
d gr
aphi
cally
for
quic
k
refe
renc
e.
Pro
cedu
re
Thi
s fir
m u
ses
a fiv
e-st
ep p
roce
ssin
pro
gram
min
g:1
esta
blis
h th
e cl
ient
's a
ims,
2 co
llect
, org
aniz
e, a
ndan
alyz
e da
ta,
3 un
cove
r an
d de
velo
p co
ncep
ts,
4 es
tabl
ish
need
s, a
nd5
deve
lop
the
prob
lem
sta
tem
ent o
rbr
ief.
A n
umbe
r of
tech
niqu
es is
used
in th
e pr
ogra
mm
ing
proc
ess
in-
clud
ing
the
use
of fo
rms
tobe
com
plet
ed b
y th
e cl
ient
, as
in th
e
case
of a
col
lege
or
univ
ersi
ty fa
cilit
y. T
he fo
rms
and
Exp
lana
tion
of F
orm
s S
heet
follo
win
gin
dica
te th
e ra
nge
of u
se o
f thi
ste
chni
que.
Oth
er fo
rms
are
deve
lope
dfo
r sp
ecifi
c pr
ojec
ts a
s th
ene
ed a
rises
.
Com
mun
icat
ion
Thi
s fir
m s
ays,
how
ever
, tha
t one
of th
eir
bigg
est p
robl
ems
in p
ro-
gram
min
g is
com
mun
icat
ing
with
the
clie
nt. H
ence
, the
ypl
ace
a
grea
t dea
l of e
mph
asis
on
keep
ing
the
clie
nt "
tune
d in
" to
the
proj
ect.
Thi
s is
don
e by
a c
onst
ant
effo
rt a
t kee
ping
the
clie
nt u
pto
dat
e on
wha
t is
happ
enin
g. A
lot o
f thi
s fir
m's
effo
rt is
thro
ugh
the
use
of v
isua
l aid
s. F
or in
stan
ce,
they
"sp
eak
to th
e cl
ient
" w
ithan
alys
is c
ards
and
with
bro
wn
pape
ran
alys
is s
heet
s. T
he 5
x7 in
ch
anal
ysis
car
ds a
re u
sed
for
desc
ribin
g ea
ch o
f the
man
y po
ints
on
whi
ch th
e cl
ient
sho
uld
bein
form
edon
e id
ea to
each
car
d fo
r
emph
asis
. The
car
ds m
ay d
eal
with
sev
eral
spe
cific
poi
nts
abou
t
the
site
whi
ch w
ill in
fluen
ce th
ede
sign
, or
they
may
rel
ate
rele
vant
clim
atic
dat
a, o
r co
de a
nd z
one
rest
rictio
ns. T
he im
port
ant p
oint
is
that
the
clie
nt lo
oks
thor
ough
ly a
nd s
yste
mat
ical
ly a
tth
e fa
ctor
s
whi
ch w
ill in
fluen
ce th
e de
sign
of h
is fa
cilit
y an
d un
ders
tand
sw
hy
they
are
sig
nific
ant.
On
brow
n pa
per
wor
ksh
eets
, the
firm
illu
stra
tes
for
the
clie
nt
rela
tive
spac
e qu
antit
ies
in b
lock
form
and
in s
quar
e fo
otag
e.D
ur-
ing
a w
ork
sess
ion
thes
esh
eets
can
be
pinn
ed o
n th
ew
all f
or th
ecl
ient
's r
evie
w. A
s ch
ange
s ar
esu
gges
ted,
new
bro
wn
pape
r sh
eets
are
past
ed o
ver
the
old
ones
unt
il a
satis
fact
ory
spac
eal
loca
tion
is
prod
uced
. By
the
time
the
stud
y is
com
plet
e, th
ese
brow
n pa
per
pres
enta
tions
hav
e be
com
e qu
iteth
ick.
Com
pute
rsT
he fi
rm a
lso
is b
egin
ning
to u
seits
inho
use
com
pute
r as
a p
ro-
gram
min
g to
ol b
y co
llect
ing
and
anal
yzin
g da
ta. T
he c
ompu
ter
'...'
,,,, h
,
help
s to
rec
ord
and
reca
ll m
any
past
expe
rienc
es o
n sp
ace
use,
site
anal
ysis
, and
cos
t dat
a.It
help
s in
stu
dyin
gst
uden
t enr
ollm
ents
,
exis
ting
spac
e us
es, a
ndfr
eque
ncy
of u
se. W
hile
the
use
of th
eco
mpu
ter
is s
till i
n a
deve
lopm
enta
l sta
ge, i
n th
e fie
ld o
f pro
gram
-m
ing,
it s
how
s gr
eat p
rom
ise
for
the
futu
re.
Cas
e S
tudy
2:
PR
OG
RA
MM
ING
FIR
M
The
re a
re a
gro
win
g nu
mbe
rof
firm
s th
roug
hout
the
coun
try
whi
ch
spec
ializ
e in
bui
ldin
g pr
ogra
mm
ing.
Am
ong
them
is a
rel
ativ
ely
larg
e fir
m in
New
Yor
k C
ity,
whi
ch h
as a
sta
ff of
pro
fess
iona
lsfr
om
a va
riety
of b
ackg
roun
d di
scip
lines
incl
udin
g in
dust
rial d
esig
n,ar
chi-
tect
ure,
man
agem
ent,
and
econ
omic
s. T
heir
prin
cipa
lbu
sine
ss is
prog
ram
min
g fo
r co
rpor
ate,
inst
itutio
nal,
and
gove
rnm
enta
lcl
ient
s.
The
func
tion
of th
e fir
m is
"to
brin
g to
bea
r a
sum
of e
xper
ienc
e
in a
dvan
ced
rese
arch
ing
tech
niqu
es th
at r
elat
e to
the
hum
an o
c-
cupa
ncy
of s
pace
,by
a s
pace
exp
ert w
ho is
an
info
rmed
, ana
lytic
al
rese
arch
ist,
with
a th
orou
ghkn
owle
dge
of d
esig
n po
ssib
ilitie
san
d
limita
tions
. Thi
s sp
ace
anal
yst
eval
uate
s al
l per
tinen
t fac
ts a
ndfig
-
ures
as
to th
eir
rela
tive
wor
th, c
olla
tes
them
into
prec
ise
need
s, a
nd
inte
grat
es th
em in
to a
firm
,co
here
nt, a
nd m
eani
ngfu
l pro
gram
stat
emen
t with
an
inco
ntro
vert
ible
bas
is in
fact
."T
he fi
rm s
tate
s th
eir
goal
scl
early
and
qui
te s
peci
fical
ly:
crea
te o
ptim
umw
orki
ng e
nviro
nmen
t,or
gani
ze w
ork
and
traf
ficflo
w,
esta
blis
h ef
fect
ive
com
mun
icat
ions
,ac
hiev
e m
axim
um s
pace
util
izat
ion,
fost
er g
ood
pers
onne
l rel
atio
ns,
and
prov
ide
for
orde
rly g
row
th.
The
app
roac
h of
this
firm
isth
orou
gh!y
pro
fess
iona
l. T
hey
have
noth
ing
to s
ell b
ut s
ervi
ces,
and
thei
r pr
inci
ple
obje
ctiv
e is
to p
ro-
vide
a u
sefu
l ser
vice
to th
eir
clie
nt. T
hey
see
this
pro
fess
iona
lism
as p
rovi
ding
them
with
the
basi
s fo
r an
obje
ctiv
e an
d un
prej
udic
edef
fort
, eve
n ex
ceed
ing
in th
is a
rea
the
arch
itect
's. t
radi
tiona
l pos
ition
of u
nbia
sed
advi
sor.
The
y be
lieve
that
they
are
in a
bet
ter
posi
tion
to d
o pr
ogra
mm
ing
than
the
arch
itect
.H
owev
er, t
hey
pref
er to
wor
kw
ith a
rchi
tect
s on
a jo
b an
ddo
not p
resu
me
to u
surp
, not
eve
nin
par
t, th
e ce
ntra
l and
irrep
lace
-
able
rol
e of
the
arch
itect
as
crea
tor.
The
y se
e th
eir
wor
k as
pro
-
vidi
ng a
goo
d fo
unda
tion
onw
hich
the
arch
itect
can
perf
orm
his
desi
gn s
ervi
ces.
The
ir jo
bsin
clud
e m
any
of th
e la
rges
tbu
ildin
g 17
com
plex
es in
the
coun
try
and
they
num
ber
amon
gth
eir
clie
nts
som
e of
the
natio
n's
larg
est a
ndbe
st k
now
n ar
chite
ctur
alfir
ms.
The
app
roac
h of
this
firm
, to
the
achi
evem
ent
of th
e go
als
stat
ed
abov
e, is
thro
ugh
the
follo
win
g st
eps:
conf
er w
ith k
ey p
erso
nnel
,re
view
org
aniz
atio
nald
ata,
deve
lop
pers
onne
l pro
ject
ions
,an
alyz
e pe
rson
nel t
raffi
c,re
view
adj
acen
cy r
equi
rem
ents
,es
tabl
ish
wor
k flo
w p
atte
rns,
insp
ect p
rese
ntly
occ
upie
d sp
ace,
anal
yze
indi
vidu
al w
ork
stat
ions
,de
term
ine
furn
iture
and
equi
pmen
t nee
ds,
deve
lop
wor
k sp
ace
stan
dard
s,es
tabl
ish
conf
eren
ce r
equi
rem
ents
,and
dete
rmin
e sh
ared
faci
litie
s.In
the
real
izat
ion
of th
ese
step
s, a
ser
ies
of q
uest
ionn
aire
s is
used
in fa
ce-t
o-fa
ce in
terv
iew
sw
ith a
ll ke
y pe
rson
nel
invo
lved
in
the
clie
nt's
act
iviti
es. T
hese
ques
tionn
aire
s co
ver
such
mat
ters
as
pers
onne
l str
engt
h, e
xpan
sion
requ
irem
ents
, vis
itor
traf
fic,
ad-
jace
ncy
requ
irem
ents
, and
othe
r sp
ace
utili
zatio
nfa
ctor
s af
fect
ing
spac
e re
quire
men
ts.
The
com
plet
ed q
uest
ionn
aire
sus
ually
are
rev
iew
ed b
yth
e cl
ient
's
top
man
agem
ent
and
a co
ntro
lled
tech
niqu
eus
ed to
ass
ure
uni-
form
ity o
f tre
atm
ent i
n th
epr
oces
sing
of d
ata
and
dete
rmin
atio
n of
spac
e re
quire
men
ts.
Als
o, s
pace
occ
upan
cy"s
tand
ards
" ar
e es
tabl
ishe
dfo
r ea
ch fu
nc-
tiona
l wor
k sp
ace
base
d up
on a
care
ful s
tudy
of
indi
vidu
al jo
b
activ
ities
and
res
pons
ibili
ties.
The
se u
nit s
tand
ards
then
can
be
appl
ied
to th
e nu
mbe
r of
wor
k sp
aces
req
uire
dw
here
uni
form
ity
of tr
eatm
ent i
s de
sira
ble
as a
resu
lt, li
ke fu
nctio
ns r
ecei
velik
e
spac
e. S
peci
al a
reas
,su
ch a
s la
bora
torie
s an
dco
mpu
ter
faci
litie
s,
are
not
cove
red
by th
ese
stan
dard
san
d ar
e de
velo
ped
byin
divi
dual
stud
ies.
TE
CH
NIQ
UE
S
Thi
s fir
m u
ses
seve
ralt
echn
ique
s fo
r de
velo
ping
deta
iled
occu
panc
y
info
rmat
ion.
One
of t
hese
is a
met
hod
for
esta
blis
hing
the
pref
erre
d
rela
tions
hip
of v
ario
us a
ctiv
ities
.T
hree
rat
ings
are
req
uest
edfr
om
clie
nt p
erso
nnel
:
18
1 E
ssen
tial a
djac
ency
,w
hich
mea
ns it
is im
pera
tive
that
the
two
depa
rtm
ents
be
phys
ical
lycl
ose
in o
rder
to o
pera
teef
fect
ivel
y.
2 Im
port
ant a
djac
ency
,whi
ch m
eans
it w
ould
be h
ighl
y de
sira
bia
if th
e de
part
men
tsco
uld
be p
hysi
cally
clos
e or
on
adja
cent
floor
s.3
Con
veni
ent,
whi
ch m
eans
it w
ould
be
conv
enie
ntif
the
two
depa
rtm
ents
wer
e ph
ysic
ally
clos
e, b
ut e
ffect
iven
ess
wou
ld n
ot
be im
paire
d by
sep
arat
ion.
Ano
ther
tech
niqu
e us
ed is
the
repo
rtin
g of
sta
ff w
ork
flow
and
visi
tor
traf
fic r
equi
rem
ents
by e
ach
clie
nt u
nit.
The
am
ount
of v
isito
r
traf
fic r
ecei
ved
by e
ach
unit
is a
fact
or in
det
erm
inin
g de
part
men
tal
loca
tions
with
res
pect
to e
ach
othe
r as
wel
l as
to e
ntra
nce,
elev
ator
and
rece
ptio
n fa
cilit
ies.
In th
e fin
al a
naly
sis,
this
firm
use
s a
"Fun
ctio
nal
Gro
upin
gs"
diag
ram
to g
raph
ical
ly e
xpre
ssth
e re
latio
nshi
ps o
f the
activ
ities
prev
ious
ly a
naly
zed.
The
"Fun
ctio
nal G
roup
ings
" ch
art
show
s th
e
char
acte
ristic
s of
the
anal
ysis
in te
rms
of o
ptim
um fl
oor
size
s,ad
jace
ncy,
traf
fic, t
otal
net
are
aan
d th
e br
eakd
own
inas
sign
ed n
et
area
and
exp
ansi
on s
pace
.O
n co
mpl
ex p
rogr
ams,
com
pute
rana
lysi
s
is u
tiliz
ed in
dev
elop
ing
thes
e so
lutio
ns. T
hese
theo
retic
al d
iagr
ams
have
pro
ven
very
use
ful t
oth
e ar
chite
cts
invo
lved
.
GR
OU
P 1
.*.
.IN
TE
RN
AT
ION
AL
CD
EP
AR
TM
EN
T1
CO
MP
TR
OLL
ER
DE
PA
RT
ME
NT
INF
OR
MA
TIO
NS
ER
VIC
ES
DE
PA
RT
ME
NT
MIT
CH
EM
ICA
LS, I
NC
0 G
GR
OU
P 2
---
----
---
-
CO
RP
OR
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EA
DM
INP
UB
LIC
AD
MIN
SU
PP
OR
TR
EL.
I. A
DV
1
GR
OU
P 3
MA
NU
FA
CT
UR
ING
GR
OU
PIN
DU
ST
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LE
NG
INE
ER
ING
CO
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UM
ER
PR
OD
UC
TS
FO
OD
I B
EV
ER
AG
EP
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KA
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EN
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ND
EQ
UIP
ME
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NF
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ER
VIC
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..
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PR
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SE
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SE
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CIL
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010
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OR
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1.A
DV
PLA
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ES
S
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PR
OS
HO
P
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NA
,:::
::::::
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IND
US
TR
IAL
PR
OD
UC
TS
MA
RK
ET
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GR
OU
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RN
6C
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R
GR
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MA
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FA
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GR
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PIN
DU
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LE
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INE
ER
ING
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.
IND
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4050
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0
::::::
::::::
::::::
::::::
::::::
::::::
::::::
::::::
::::::
::::::
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:::
110
120
130
SC
ALE
IN T
HO
US
AN
DS
OF
NE
T S
QU
AR
EF
EE
T
1970
RE
PO
RT
ST
AN
DA
RD
315,
064
1975
331,
521
1980
345,
6Ii
PO
SS
IBLE
BU
ILD
ING
MO
DU
LE
AB
BR
EV
IAT
ION
S
Cl
-S
HA
RE
D i2
PE
RS
ON
CO
NF
RO
OM
MU
S-
MU
SE
UM
3' 0
"3°
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6"5'
- 0"
5' -
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6'-
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SH
AR
ED
20
PE
RS
ON
CO
NF
RO
OM
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AC
CO
UN
TS
C3
-S
HA
RE
D 3
0 P
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SO
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ON
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S-
NO
TIO
NS
SH
OP
317,
790
334,
415
318,
293
335,
099
318,
162
334,
965
348,
639
349,
582
349,
466
316,
722
333,
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319,
590
336,
439
325,
697
343,
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319,
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336,
313
CC
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EX
EQ
UIP
ME
NT
FO
-F
AC
ILIT
IES
OF
FIC
E
OS
-O
FF
ICE
SE
RV
ICE
SA
TE
LLIT
E
OS
S-
OF
FIC
E S
UP
PLY
ST
OR
AG
E
P1.
-P
UB
LIC
LO
BB
Y
LDR
A -
LOA
DIN
G D
OC
K &
RE
CE
IVIN
G A
RE
AP
TC
-P
RE
SE
NT
AT
ION
& T
RA
ININ
G C
EN
TE
R
347,
572
350,
934
358,
176
350,
829
MP
T-
MG
MT
PR
OF
& T
EC
HP
ER
S A
DM
INT
D-
TR
EA
SU
RY
DE
PA
RT
ME
NT
-1=
EX
PA
NS
ION
SP
AC
E
FU
NC
TIO
NA
L G
RO
UP
ING
S S
OLU
TIO
NA
AN
D B
EC
KE
R A
SS
OC
IAT
ES
,N
EW
YO
RK
AN
DLO
ND
ON
Bib
liogr
aphy
Ago
stin
i, E
dwar
d, "
Pro
gram
ing:
Dem
andi
ng S
pe-
cial
ty in
a C
ompl
ex W
orld
," A
rchi
tect
ural
Rec
ord,
Sep
tem
ber,
196
8.
Ago
stin
i, E
dwar
d, "
The
Val
ue o
f Fac
ilitie
s P
rogr
am-
ing,
"B
uild
ing
Res
earc
hIn
stitu
te C
onfe
renc
e,A
nahe
im, 1
968.
Ale
xand
er, C
hris
toph
er, "
Fro
m a
Set
of F
orce
s to
a F
orm
" fr
om T
he M
an-M
ade
Obj
ect,
edite
d by
Gyo
rgy
Kep
es, G
eorg
e B
razi
ller,
New
Yor
k, 1
966.
Ale
xand
er, C
hris
toph
er, "
Rel
atio
n C
ompl
exes
inA
rchi
tect
ure,
" A
rchi
tect
ural
Rec
ord,
Apr
il, 1
965.
Ale
xand
er, C
. W. J
., N
otes
on
the
Syn
thes
is o
fF
orm
, Har
vard
Uni
vers
ity P
ress
, 196
4.
Arc
hite
cts
Han
dboo
k of
Pro
fess
iona
l Pra
ctic
e, T
heA
mer
ican
Inst
itute
of A
rchi
tect
s, 1
963.
Bec
ker,
Nat
hani
el, "
Spa
ce A
naly
sis
inA
rchi
tec-
ture
," A
IA J
ourn
al, A
pril,
195
9.
Ben
son,
Elli
s M
., "A
ctiv
ity D
escr
iptio
ns fo
r Ju
nior
Col
lege
Net
wor
ks,"
Bur
eau
of E
duca
tiona
l Re-
sear
ch a
nd S
ervi
ce, T
he O
hio
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
,19
66.
Brig
gs, W
illia
m A
., "P
re-P
rogr
amm
ing
and
Pro
-gr
amm
ing
for
the
Live
Per
form
ing
Art
s,"
AIA
Jour
nal,
Dec
embe
r, 1
964.
Cau
dill,
Will
iam
W.,
and
Pen
a, W
. M.,
"Arc
hite
c-tu
ral
Ana
lysi
sP
relu
de,"
Arc
hite
ctur
alR
ecor
d,M
ay, 1
959.
Che
rmay
eff,
Ser
ge a
ndA
lexa
nder
,C
hris
toph
er,
"Com
mun
ityP
rivac
y,"
Dou
bled
ayai
nlC
o.,
Gar
den
City
, New
Yor
k, 1
963.
Cro
mw
ell,
Edw
in, A
IA, "
The
Arc
hite
ctur
al P
ro-
gram
- A
Mea
ns o
f Com
mun
icat
ion,
" A
n ad
-dr
ess
to th
e A
mer
ican
Med
ical
Ass
ocia
tion,
Den
-ve
r, M
ay, 1
967.
Dea
sy, C
. M.,
"Soc
ial P
sych
olog
ical
Con
side
ratio
nsin
Arc
hite
ctur
al P
lann
ing,
" D
easy
& B
ollin
g, L
osA
ngel
es, 1
966.
Dea
sy, C
. M.,
"Peo
ple
in th
e S
tree
ts -
Peo
ple
inth
e P
arks
," D
easy
& B
ollin
g, F
ebru
ary,
196
7.
"Des
ign
Gui
de,"
The
Arc
hite
cts
Jour
nal,
Lond
on,
Eng
land
, Dec
embe
r 15
, 196
5.
Dor
sett,
Cly
de, "
Pla
nnin
g, P
rogr
amm
ing
and
De-
sign
for
the
Com
mun
ity M
enta
l Hea
lth,"
U.S
.P
ublic
Hea
lth S
ervi
ce, 1
966.
Fie
ld, H
erm
an H
., "O
rgan
izin
g th
e P
lann
ing
Pro
-ce
ss,"
Ann
als
of th
e N
ew Y
ork
Aca
dem
y of
Sci
ence
s, V
olum
e 12
8, S
epte
mbe
r, 1
965.
Gre
atB
ritai
n,M
inis
ty o
f Pub
licB
uild
ing
and
Wor
ks, "
Act
ivity
Dat
a M
etho
d,"
An
R &
D B
ulle
-tin
,H
er M
ajes
ty's
Sta
tione
ry O
ffice
, Lon
don,
1966
.
Gut
man
, Rob
ert,
"The
Brie
fing
Pro
cess
in A
rchi
-te
ctur
e,"
Rep
ort #
4,U
rban
Stu
dies
Cen
ter,
Rut
gers
, Mem
o, 1
966.
Hor
owitz
, Har
old,
"T
he A
rchi
tect
's P
rogr
am a
ndth
e B
ehav
iora
l Sci
ence
s,"
Lect
ure
pres
ente
d at
Syr
acus
e U
nive
rsity
, 196
5.
Hou
gh, J
ane
E.,
"Arc
hite
ctur
al P
rogr
am G
uide
-lin
es,"
Nat
iona
l Ins
titut
e of
Men
tal H
ealth
, Ar-
chite
ctur
alC
onsu
ltatio
nS
ectio
n,W
ashi
ngto
n,D
. C.,
1967
.
Lind
heim
, Ros
lyn,
"U
ncou
plin
g th
e R
adio
logy
Sys
-te
m,"
Cen
ter
for
Pla
nnin
g an
d D
evel
opm
ent
Res
earc
h, In
stitu
te o
f Urb
an &
Reg
iona
l Dev
elop
-m
ent,
Uni
vers
ity o
f Cal
iforn
ia, B
erke
ley,
Aug
ust,
1967
.
Mat
zke,
F.
J., "
For
mul
atio
n of
the
Pro
gram
for
Des
ign
of C
olle
ge a
nd U
nive
rsity
Bui
ldin
gs,"
New
Yor
k S
tate
Uni
vers
ity C
onst
ruct
ion
Fun
d,A
lban
y, N
ew Y
ork,
Jul
y, 1
967.
Mel
lem
, Rog
er D
., "D
evel
opin
g a
Hos
pita
l's A
rchi
-te
ctur
al P
rogr
amm
e,"
Wor
ld H
ospi
tals
- L
'Hos
-pi
tal D
ans
Le M
onde
, Per
gam
on P
ress
, 196
7.
Pen
a, W
illia
m M
., an
d G
ood,
Ler
oy V
., "A
rchi
tec-
tura
lP
rogr
amm
ing,
"Ju
nior
Col
lege
Jour
nal,
Oct
ober
, 196
7.
Pub
lic H
ealth
Ser
vice
, Nat
iona
l Ins
titut
es o
f Hea
lth,
"A &
E G
uide
," O
ffice
of A
rchi
tect
ure
and
Eng
i-ne
erin
g, D
ivis
ion
of R
esea
rch
Fac
ilitie
s an
d R
e-so
urce
s, N
IH, J
uly,
196
6.
Rob
inso
n, Ir
a M
., "A
Sim
ulat
ion
Mod
el fo
r R
e-ne
wal
Pro
gram
min
g,"
Am
eric
anIn
stitu
teof
Pla
nner
s Jo
urna
l, M
ay, 1
965.
Ros
setti
,L.
, "C
ompr
ehen
sive
Arc
hite
ctur
al P
rac-
tice:
Bui
ldin
g P
rogr
amm
ing,
" A
IA J
ourn
al, J
an-
uary
, 196
4.
Sm
ith, E
berle
M.,
"Pro
ject
Ana
lysi
s S
ervi
ces
for
Com
mun
ity C
olle
ges,
"C
ompr
ehen
sive
Arc
hi-
tect
ural
Ser
vice
s, T
he A
mer
ican
Inst
itute
ofA
rchi
tect
s, 1
965.
Sou
der,
J. J
., C
lark
, W. E
., E
lkin
g, J
. T. a
nd P
roun
,M
. B.,
"Pla
nnin
g fo
r H
ospi
tals
: A S
yste
ms
Ap-
proa
chU
sing
Com
pute
r-A
ided
Tec
hniq
ues,
"A
mer
ican
Hos
pita
l Ass
ocia
tion,
196
3.
Sou
der,
Jam
es J
.,"E
stim
atin
g S
pace
Nee
ds a
ndC
ost i
n G
ener
al H
ospi
tal C
onst
ruct
ion,
" A
mer
i-ca
n H
ospi
tal A
ssoc
iatio
n, 1
963.
Stu
der,
Ray
mon
d G
., "O
n E
nviro
nmen
tal P
rogr
am-
min
g,"
Are
na, T
heA
rchi
tect
ural
Ass
ocia
tion
Jour
nal,
May
, 196
6.
Stu
der,
Ray
mon
d G
., an
d S
tea,
Dav
id, "
Arc
hite
c-tu
ral P
rogr
amm
ing,
Env
ironm
enta
l Des
ign,
and
Hum
an B
ehav
ior,
" T
he J
ourn
al o
f Soc
ial I
ssue
s,V
olum
e X
XII,
No.
4.
Way
ne S
tate
Uni
vers
ity, "
Bui
ldin
g P
rogr
amm
ing
atW
ayne
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
," O
ffice
of C
apito
l Pro
-gr
ams,
Way
ne S
tate
Uni
vers
ity, D
ecem
ber,
196
6.
Whe
eler
, C. H
erbe
rt, J
r., "
Em
ergi
ng T
echn
ique
s of
Arc
hite
ctur
al P
ract
ice,
" T
he A
mer
ican
Inst
itute
of A
rchi
tect
s, A
pril,
196
6.
IT I
CH
TE
R
Em
ergi
ngT
echn
ique
sof
Arc
hite
ctur
alP
rogr
amm
ing
LIS
T O
F T
EC
HN
IQU
ES
AN
D E
XH
IBIT
S
The
sea
rch
and
inve
stig
atio
n fo
r em
erg-
ing
tech
niqu
es m
ade
by P
rofe
ssor
Whe
eler
res
ulte
d in
the
gath
erin
g of
, and
iden
tific
atio
n of
, tec
hniq
ues
from
var
ious
sour
ces.
The
mat
eria
l was
scr
eene
d an
dpl
aced
into
six
cat
egor
ies.
The
55
tech
-ni
ques
des
crib
ed a
nd s
how
n he
re a
rety
pica
l of t
he te
chni
ques
use
d by
arc
hi-
tect
ural
firm
s an
d th
eir
cons
ulta
nts.
DIS
CU
SS
ION
OF
TE
CH
NIQ
UE
S G
RO
UP
S
Gro
up "
A"
Tec
hniq
ues:
1 N
etw
ork
Pla
n fo
r P
rogr
amm
ing
Pha
seE
xhib
it 1
2 P
rogr
amm
ing
Man
ual
3 S
eque
nce
of P
rogr
am D
ocum
ents
Exh
ibit
24
Con
cept
Pha
se D
evel
opm
ent
Pro
cedu
re5
Pro
gram
Dev
elop
men
t For
mat
6 G
uide
to P
repa
ratio
n of
Pro
gram
7 O
utlin
e of
Pro
cedu
re8
Link
Ana
lysi
s S
ymbo
ls E
xhib
it 3
9 F
low
Cha
rt S
ymbo
ls E
xhib
it 4
Gro
up "
B"
Tec
hniq
ues:
10 B
uild
ing
Typ
e C
ompa
rison
Cha
rt11
Con
stra
int D
iagr
ams
Pla
nnin
gE
xhib
it 5
12 V
aria
ble
Pla
nnin
g F
acto
rs D
ata
13 V
ocab
ular
y of
Crit
ical
Dim
ensi
ons
Exh
ibit
6
Gro
up "
C"
Tec
hniq
ues:
14 P
lann
ing
Pat
hE
xhib
it 7
15 D
esig
n S
tudy
Cha
rts
Exh
ibit
816
Pla
nnin
g S
yste
m D
iagr
am E
xhib
it 9
17 S
tudy
Org
aniz
atio
n C
hart
Exh
ibit
10
Gro
up "
D"
Tec
hniq
ues:
18 S
peci
fic R
oom
Dat
a F
orm
s E
xhib
it 11
19 R
oom
Req
uire
men
ts F
orm
at E
xhib
it 12
20 E
quip
men
t and
Ser
vice
s C
hart
Exh
ibit
1321
Sta
ndar
d R
oom
Req
uire
men
ts F
orm
Exh
ibit
1422
Spa
ce C
riter
ia S
heet
s E
xhib
it 15
23 E
quip
men
t and
Cas
e W
ork
Che
cklis
tE
xhib
it 16
24 B
uild
ing
His
tory
Inve
stig
atio
ns25
Pro
gram
min
g Q
uest
ionn
aire
For
mat
26 P
rogr
am R
equi
rem
ents
Boo
klet
27 A
rchi
tect
's P
rese
ntat
ion
of Q
uest
ions
28 S
pace
-Tim
e Lo
g E
xhib
it 17
29 T
rack
ing
Stu
dies
Exh
ibit
1830
Lin
ks R
elat
ed to
Met
hods
of
Com
mun
icat
ion
Exh
ibit
1931
Ulti
mat
e La
nd U
se In
vest
igat
ions
32 P
opul
atio
n T
rend
Inve
stig
atio
nsE
xhib
it 20
Gro
up "
E"
Tec
hniq
ues:
33 D
epar
tmen
tal L
inka
ges
Exh
ibit
2134
Roo
m R
elat
ions
hip
Mat
rix fo
rC
lose
ness
and
Rea
son
Exh
ibit
22
35 In
ter-
Com
mun
icat
ion
and
Per
sona
lM
ovem
ent C
hart
Exh
ibit
2336
Man
agem
ent R
elat
ions
hip
Ana
lysi
sE
xhib
it 24
37 F
unct
iona
l Rel
atio
nshi
p A
naly
sis
Exh
ibit
2538
Pla
nt F
unct
ion
Dia
gram
s by
Pha
ses
Exh
ibit
2639
Spa
ce R
elat
ions
hip
Dia
gram
Exh
ibit
2740
Act
ivity
Rel
atio
nshi
p A
naly
sis
Exh
ibit
2841
Fun
ctio
nal P
lant
Lay
out A
naly
sis
42 O
pera
tions
Res
earc
h.A
naly
sis
43 S
chem
atic
Mas
ter
Pla
n La
yout
Exh
ibit
2944
Tra
vel C
hart
ing
and
Ana
lysi
s45
Mov
emen
t Ana
lysi
s E
xhib
it 30
46 T
raffi
c D
istr
ibut
ion
Ana
lysi
sE
xhib
it 31
47 M
inim
um P
ath
Ana
lysi
s E
xhib
it 32
48 T
raffi
c S
urve
y an
d A
naly
sis
Exh
ibit
3349
Tra
ffic
Inte
r-C
onne
ctio
n A
naly
sis
Exh
ibit
3450
Des
ire-L
ine
Ana
lysi
s E
xhib
it 35
Gro
up "
F"
Tec
hniq
ues:
51 G
eogr
aphi
cal I
dent
ifica
tion
and
Cod
ing
Exh
ibit
3652
Orie
ntat
ion
Gra
phic
s E
xhib
it 37
53 P
roje
cted
Occ
upan
cy a
nd B
uild
ing
Cap
aciti
es E
xhib
it 38
54 G
raph
ic R
epre
sent
atio
n of
Tra
ffic
Vol
umes
Exh
ibit
3955
Pro
ject
Tim
e S
ched
ulin
g E
xhib
it 40
Ref
eren
ces
Dis
cuss
ion
ofT
echn
ique
s G
roup
s
Gro
upin
g of
Tec
hniq
ues
The
sea
rch
for
tech
niqu
es u
sed
inpr
ogra
mm
ing
reve
aled
man
yte
chni
ques
whi
ch m
ay b
e co
nsid
ered
old
or
new
acco
rdin
g to
the
expe
rtis
e of
indi
vidu
al a
rchi
tect
s.It
seem
ed d
esira
ble
to g
roup
them
so
that
they
cou
ld b
e id
entif
ied,
asse
mbl
ed, a
nd p
rese
nted
here
in. T
he s
earc
h al
so e
xpos
ed th
epr
oced
ures
use
d in
arc
hite
c-tu
ral p
rogr
amm
ing
and
the
exam
inat
ion
of s
uch
proc
edur
es g
ave
insi
ght i
nto,
not
onl
y th
e ch
arac
teris
tics
of a
rchi
tect
ural
pro
gram
-m
ing,
but
als
o, th
e qu
alifi
catio
ns o
far
chite
ctur
al p
rogr
amm
ers.
Sou
rces
for
Tec
hniq
ues
The
tech
niqu
es w
ere
not f
ound
in o
nere
gion
or
in o
ne ty
pe o
fw
ork
or in
one
type
of a
rchi
tect
ural
pra
ctic
e.O
n th
e co
ntra
ry, t
heem
ergi
ng te
chni
ques
of a
rchi
tect
ural
prog
ram
min
g ap
pear
to c
ome
from
man
y di
ffere
nt s
ourc
es.
Pro
gram
min
g S
tem
s fr
om E
xper
ienc
e
Afte
r ex
amin
ing
prog
ram
s an
d ta
lkin
g to
pro
gram
mer
s,it
beca
me
appa
rent
that
goo
d pr
ogra
mm
ing
stem
sfr
om th
e pr
ogra
mm
er's
prio
r ex
perie
nce.
It re
sults
from
the
prog
ram
mer
'sca
pabi
lity
and
com
pete
nce
to u
se s
tand
ard
proc
edur
es a
nd s
yste
mat
ic p
ract
ices
as
wel
l as
data
ban
ks a
nd fe
edba
ck in
form
atio
nw
hich
is in
dica
tive
ofhi
s se
nsiti
vity
in a
spe
cific
bui
ldin
g ty
pe a
rea.
Gro
ups
of T
echn
ique
s fo
r P
repa
ratio
nof
an
Arc
hite
ctur
al P
rogr
am
The
rem
aini
ng g
roup
s of
tech
niqu
es u
sed
inar
chite
ctur
al p
rogr
am-
min
g pe
rtai
n to
the
prep
arat
ion
ofth
e ar
chite
ctur
al p
rogr
am.
Gro
uped
in th
eir
mos
t sim
ple
form
, the
y ar
e: (
a)pl
anni
ng te
chni
ques
,(b
) in
vest
igat
ive
tech
niqu
es, (
c) a
naly
tical
tech
niqu
es, a
nd (
d) p
re-
sent
atio
n te
chni
ques
. Man
y te
chni
ques
can
be u
sed
in s
ever
al o
fth
ese
grou
ping
s. F
or in
stan
ce, a
tech
niqu
eof
inve
stig
atio
n in
volv
ing
a pr
oced
ure
orfo
rmat
may
bec
ome
a go
od a
naly
tical
tech
niqu
e
24
beca
us(
of th
at p
roce
dure
and
form
at.
Like
wis
e, th
e sa
me
tech
-ni
que,
if c
lear
ly p
rese
nted
by
the
proc
edur
e an
d fo
rmat
, als
o m
aybe
a g
ood
pres
enta
tion
tech
niqu
e. In
fact
, as
the
arch
itect
ural
pro
-gr
amm
er b
ecom
es m
ore
expe
rienc
ed in
arc
hite
ctur
al p
rogr
amm
ing,
he s
tyliz
es h
is te
chni
ques
and
pro
cedu
res
toex
pedi
te h
is w
ork
asw
ell a
s le
ssen
the
poss
ibili
ties
of e
rror
and
omis
sion
.
Tw
o C
ateg
orie
s of
Pro
gram
min
gT
echn
ique
s
The
tech
niqu
es s
eem
to fi
t int
o tw
o ca
tego
ries:
(a)
thos
e w
hich
per
-ta
in to
the
prep
arat
ions
mad
e by
the
prog
ram
mer
prio
r to
pro
gram
-m
ing
a sp
ecifi
c ar
chite
ctur
al p
roje
ct,
and
(b)
thos
e w
hich
per
tain
topr
ogra
mm
ing
a sp
ecifi
c pr
ojec
t.T
here
fore
, it w
as d
ecid
ed to
iden
-tif
y, a
ssem
ble,
and
cor
rela
te th
ete
chni
ques
use
d by
arc
hite
ctur
alpr
ogra
mm
ers
prio
r to
the
actu
al a
ssig
nmen
t of t
hear
chite
ctur
al
prog
ram
min
g pr
ojec
tas
sho
wn
in th
efir
st tw
o gr
oups
.
Tec
hniq
ues
of U
sing
Sta
ndar
d P
roce
dure
s, G
roup
"A"
The
rep
etiti
ve n
atur
e of
pro
gram
min
gpr
ojec
ts m
akes
it d
esira
ble
for
the
prog
ram
mer
to h
ave
ast
anda
rd p
roce
dure
.It
is d
esira
ble
also
that
he
mak
e ef
fect
ive
use
of th
e ne
wte
chni
ques
of n
etw
ork
plan
ning
, pro
cedu
ral m
anua
ls, s
tand
ard
guid
es, s
tand
ardi
zatio
n of
sym
bols
, and
so
on. S
uch
tech
niqu
es a
rede
scrib
ed in
Gro
up "
A."
Dat
a B
anki
ng T
echn
ique
s, G
roup
"B
"
The
cap
abili
ty o
f the
pro
gram
mer
isbu
ilt u
pon
each
exp
erie
nce,
espe
cial
ly th
e to
tal e
xper
ienc
e fr
om s
tart
of in
vest
igat
ion
to e
valu
a-tio
n of
feed
back
info
rmat
ion
whi
ch r
etur
ns to
the
prog
ram
mer
afte
rth
e bu
ildin
g is
com
plet
ed. T
he u
se o
ffe
edba
ck in
form
atio
n an
d th
eap
plic
atio
n of
sta
tistic
s, u
nit c
osts
,su
cces
sful
pro
gram
min
g da
ta,
and
"as
built
" in
form
atio
n pl
aces
the
prog
ram
mer
in a
n ad
vanc
edst
andi
ng to
pla
n an
d pr
epar
e th
e ne
xtar
chite
ctur
al p
rogr
am. S
uch
tech
niqu
es a
s th
e as
sem
bly
of p
lann
ing
stan
dard
man
uals
, inv
esti-
gatio
ns o
f pla
nnin
g fa
ctor
s, a
ssem
bly
of c
ompa
rativ
e in
form
atio
n on
prio
r bu
ildin
g ty
pe d
esig
ns, a
ndth
e va
rious
sta
ndar
d vo
cabu
larie
sre
sulti
ng fr
om d
esig
n ex
perie
nce
all
beco
me
tech
niqu
es fo
r ar
chi-
tect
ural
pro
ject
pro
gram
min
g. T
he u
seof
prio
r in
form
atio
n le
ssen
sth
e am
ount
of "
re-in
vent
ing
the
whe
el"
whi
ch g
oes
on in
the
cust
om d
esig
n of
bui
ldin
gs.
Pla
nnin
g T
echn
ique
s G
roup
"C
"
The
tech
niqu
es o
f pla
nnin
gre
veal
the
prog
ram
mer
'sco
mpe
tenc
y
for
tack
ling
the
prob
lem
.S
uch
plan
ning
invo
lves
the
typi
cal p
ro-
cedu
res
of: (
a) d
efin
ing
obje
ctiv
es, (
b) d
eter
min
ing
wor
k in
volv
ed,
(c)
plan
ning
the
sequ
ence
of w
ork,
and
(d)
pre
parin
gth
e pr
esen
ta-
tion.
Gro
up "
C"
tech
niqu
es c
onsi
st o
f pla
nnin
gpa
ths,
pla
nnin
g
diag
ram
s, n
etw
orks
, org
aniz
atio
nal
char
ts, a
nd s
o on
; and
, the
y pr
o-
vide
for
a m
ore
orde
rly a
ndsy
stem
atic
pro
cedu
re fo
rpr
ogra
mm
ing.
Inve
stig
ativ
e T
echn
ique
s, G
roup
"D"
The
ess
ence
of p
rogr
amm
ing
lies
in th
e ar
t of s
earc
hing
,in
vest
igat
-
ing,
and
que
stio
ning
.E
stab
lishi
ng g
ood
chan
nels
of
com
mun
icat
ion
and
voca
bula
ries
for
mut
ual
unde
rsta
ndin
g by
use
r an
dde
sign
er
reve
als
the
prog
ram
mer
'sse
nsiti
vity
to th
e cl
ient
'sne
eds.
Inve
sti-
gativ
e te
chni
ques
sho
wn
inG
roup
"D
" ra
nge
from
stan
dard
form
s,
form
ats,
and
dat
a ga
ther
ing
met
hods
to p
roce
dure
s,ch
eckl
ists
,
crite
ria s
heet
s, a
nd s
uch
item
s w
hich
are
use
ful o
nef
fect
ive
and
obje
ctiv
e in
vest
igat
ions
. Whe
nin
vest
igat
ions
req
uire
nov
elso
lu-
tions
, it
is n
eces
sary
for
the
prog
ram
mer
to u
se n
ewte
chni
ques
such
as:
trac
king
, spa
ce-t
ime
logg
ing,
clie
nt e
duca
tion,
tren
d es
ti-
mat
ing,
and
so
on. T
his
aspe
ctof
pro
gram
min
g is
bas
edso
lidly
on
the
art o
f que
stio
ning
, but
ital
so d
epen
ds, i
n gr
eat m
easu
re, u
pon
the
use
of s
cien
tific
tech
niqu
esan
d bu
sine
ss-li
ke m
etho
ds.
Ana
lytic
al T
echn
ique
s, G
roup
"E
"
The
ass
embl
y of
raw
inve
stig
ativ
eda
ta r
equi
res
expe
rt a
naly
sis.
In
fact
, the
mor
e ex
pert
the
inve
stig
atio
n, th
e m
ore
dive
rse
and
com
-
plic
ated
bec
omes
the
accu
mul
atio
n of
writ
ten
and
grap
hic
data
. In
this
res
pect
, the
Gro
up "
E"
tech
niqu
es, s
uch
as s
cree
ning
,ab
stra
ct-
ing,
cor
rela
ting,
com
parin
g,an
d an
alyz
ing
beco
me
nece
ssar
yto
man
age,
man
ipul
ate,
and
use
the
inve
stig
ativ
em
ater
ial.
The
use
of
scie
ntifi
c an
alys
is is
not
alw
ays
aqu
alifi
catio
n of
the
good
inve
stig
a-
tor,
but
it is
are
quire
d qu
alifi
catio
n of
ago
od a
naly
zer.
A g
ood
anal
yzer
req
uire
s se
nsiti
vity
tooc
cupa
nts
and
build
ing
func
tions
beca
use
he is
req
uire
d to
esta
blis
h: (
a) c
ateg
orie
s of
func
tion,
(b)
degr
ees
of im
port
ance
, (c)
prio
ritie
s of
use
, or
(d)
delic
ate
valu
e
syst
ems.
The
tech
niqu
esof
cha
rtin
g, g
raph
ing,
diag
ram
min
g, v
isua
l-
izin
g, li
nkin
g, r
elat
ing,
anal
yzin
g, a
nd s
o on
are
nec
essa
ryto
orga
nize
dat
a an
d br
ing
the
sign
ifica
nt fa
ctor
s "o
ut o
f the
woo
ds."
Pre
sent
atio
n T
echn
ique
s, G
roup
"F"
Pre
sent
atio
n te
chni
ques
, per
se,
are
the
by-p
rodu
ct o
f: (a
) th
e pr
o-
gram
ana
lysi
sta
lent
and
(b)
the
conc
eptu
alde
sign
er's
vis
ual a
bilit
y.
The
arc
hite
ctur
ally
-tra
ined
pro
gram
mer
mak
es o
rder
ly p
rese
ntat
ions
usin
g ne
w te
chni
ques
of p
rintin
g,re
prod
uctio
n, g
raph
ics,
and
so
on.
He
acce
ntua
tes
the
impo
rtan
tel
emen
ts o
f the
pro
gram
and
show
s
the
brea
dth,
wid
th, a
nd d
epth
of th
e in
vest
igat
ion
with
out
conf
us-
ing
the
deci
sion
mak
ers.
Last
ly, h
e po
rtra
ys th
eth
orou
ghne
ss a
nd
com
plet
enes
s of
the
inve
stig
atio
n.T
he te
chni
ques
of d
ocum
enta
-
tion
and
com
mun
icat
ion
are
espe
cial
ly im
port
ant i
n pr
esen
ting
ef-
fect
ivel
y th
e ar
chite
ctur
al p
rogr
amw
hich
alw
ays
shou
ld b
e a
pre-
sent
atio
n co
mbi
ning
writ
ten,
grap
hic,
and
ora
lly p
rese
nted
mat
eria
l.
Gro
up "
A"
Tec
hniq
ues
TE
CH
NIQ
UE
S F
OR
ST
AN
DA
RD
IZA
TIO
NO
F
AR
CH
ITE
CT
UR
AL
PR
OG
RA
MM
ING
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 1
"NE
TW
OR
K P
LAN
FO
RP
RO
GR
AM
MIN
G P
HA
SE
"
One
arc
hite
ctur
al fi
rm h
asde
velo
ped
a ne
twor
k pl
anfo
r th
e ar
chi-
tect
ural
ser
vice
s, a
s sh
own
inex
hibi
t 1. T
he n
etw
ork
isdi
vide
d in
to
horiz
onta
l fun
ctio
ns o
rre
spon
sibi
litie
s.R
eadi
ng v
ertic
ally
dow
n,
the
resp
onsi
bilit
y ba
nds
are:
clie
nt, l
ocal
con
ditio
ns, s
ite,
the
arch
i-
tect
's fu
nctio
n, m
ater
ials
,eng
inee
ring
syst
ems,
and
con
trac
tor.
Hor
izon
tally
the
netw
ork
show
sth
e se
quen
ce o
f act
iviti
es s
tart
-
ing
with
the
clie
nt-a
rchi
tect
agre
emen
t, pr
ocee
ding
topr
elim
inar
y
disc
ussi
ons
with
a c
lient
,as
sign
men
t of t
eam
pers
onne
l, se
lect
ion
of c
onsu
ltant
s, d
esig
n of
budg
et c
ontr
ol p
rogr
am, s
ecur
ing
surv
eys,
site
ana
lysi
s st
udie
s,cl
imat
ic d
ata,
and
so
on.
The
se a
ctiv
ities
lead
up to
a w
ritte
nst
atem
ent o
f dire
ctio
n(f
or th
e pr
ogra
m)
whi
ch,
whe
n .a
ppro
ved,
initi
ates
the
vario
us in
vest
igat
ions
of s
uch
item
s as
clie
nt's
pro
gram
s an
d go
als
asw
ell a
s co
de a
nd ju
risdi
ctio
nal r
e-qu
irem
ents
. The
n, it
pro
ceed
sw
ith th
e fu
ll in
vest
igat
ion
of s
pace
s
and
cons
ider
s m
ater
ials
,sp
ecifi
catio
ns, a
nd c
osts
on
all
arch
itect
ural
item
s as
wel
l as
all o
f the
engi
neer
ing
and
tech
nica
lsu
bjec
ts. A
ll of
the
abov
e in
vest
igat
ions
are
asse
mbl
ed in
the
form
of a
"pro
gram 25
Exh
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RA
CT
OR
CO
NS
TR
UC
TIO
NP
LAN
NIN
G ei(
IL
EN
D O
FP
RO
GR
AM
I
C P
M N
ET
WO
RK
FO
R P
RO
GR
AM
,P
a. 1
670.
0
26
cost
est
imat
e."
The
pro
gram
is r
evie
wed
and
coo
rdin
ated
,an
d th
en
re-c
ycle
d if
nece
ssar
y. F
inal
ly, i
t is
prep
ared
into
a p
rogr
am b
ookl
etw
hich
is m
ade
read
y fo
r cl
ient
revi
ew a
nd a
ppro
val.
The
nod
es o
f the
net
wor
k ar
ede
sign
ed s
o th
at th
e ch
arac
teris
tics
of th
e ta
sk c
an b
e ad
ded.
The
task
num
ber
is a
t the
top
and
the
budg
eted
wor
king
hou
rs a
re s
how
n at
the
botto
m. T
he s
tart
ing
date
is o
n th
e le
ft an
d th
efin
ishi
ng d
ate
is o
n th
e rig
ht.
Ref
. 1
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 2
"PR
OG
RA
MM
ING
MA
NU
AL"
One
arc
hite
ctur
al fi
rm h
aspr
epar
ed a
sta
ndar
d pr
oced
ure
and
for-
mat
for
prog
ram
min
g. A
tthe
sta
rt o
f eac
h pr
ojec
t, th
e fir
mas
sem
bles
a do
cum
ent
entit
led
"Gen
eral
Info
rmat
ion
and
Pro
gram
min
g M
an-
ual"
whi
ch is
cus
tom
pre
pare
d fo
rcl
ient
s an
d th
e ar
chite
ct's
sta
ff.T
his
man
ual p
rovi
des
gene
ral
info
rmat
ion
on th
e pr
obab
le d
esig
nco
ncep
ts o
f the
bui
ldin
g. T
ost
imul
ate
thou
ght,
the
man
ual
usua
lly
prov
ides
a s
ite p
lan
and
a bl
ock
mod
el p
hoto
grap
h. It
pro
vide
s fo
rdi
scus
sion
s of
the
clie
nt's
obj
ectiv
esfo
r: (
a) im
prov
emen
t of o
pera
-tio
nal e
ffici
ency
, (b)
pro
visi
on fo
rad
equa
te, e
ffici
ent,
and
flexi
ble
spac
e, a
nd (
c)es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f a fu
nctio
nal,
com
fort
able
, and
at-
trac
tive
wor
king
env
ironm
ent.
The
doc
umen
t als
o di
scus
ses
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f a p
roje
ct h
avin
g an
iden
tity
as w
ell a
s ar
chite
ctur
alm
erit,
dig
nity
, sta
bilit
y, a
nd s
o on
.T
he p
relim
inar
y an
d ge
nera
lin
form
atio
n in
clud
es a
dis
cuss
ion
of a
build
ing
mod
ule
with
rel
atio
n
to m
ovab
le p
artit
ions
,lig
htin
g, a
ir co
nditi
onin
g, e
xter
ior
fene
stra
-
tion,
and
so
on.
It ev
en il
lust
rate
s th
e m
odul
ean
d di
scus
ses
spac
e
layo
uts,
siz
es, s
hape
s, c
onfig
urat
ions
,an
d so
on.
All
of th
e ab
ove
ispr
elim
inar
y to
a d
iscu
ssio
n of
pro
gram
min
g as
ajo
int e
ffort
bet
wee
n
arch
itect
and
clie
nt.
The
sec
ond
sect
ion
disc
usse
s an
appr
oach
to p
rogr
amm
ing
and
apr
oced
ure
for
arriv
ing
at p
reci
seun
ders
tand
ings
of a
ims
and
re-
quire
men
ts. I
t sug
gest
s: (
a) th
ede
velo
pmen
t of a
gen
eral
pla
n an
d,th
en, (
b) th
e pr
epar
atio
n of
ade
taile
d pr
oced
ure
for
conf
irmin
gun
ders
tand
ings
and
tech
niqu
es fo
r th
ees
tabl
ishm
ent o
f a b
uild
ing
prog
ram
. It a
lso
sets
fort
h th
e ba
sic
flow
pat
tern
for
liais
onbe
twee
n
clie
nt a
nd a
rchi
tect
. The
pro
gram
min
gap
proa
ch s
ugge
sts
a be
-
ginn
ing
with
: (a)
a d
epar
tmen
tal
revi
ew b
y de
part
men
the
ads
and,
then
, (b)
the
sele
ctio
n of
coo
rdin
ator
sfo
r de
part
men
ts to
act
as
liais
on w
ith th
e ar
chite
ct.
The
bas
ic r
espo
nsib
ilitie
s fo
r pr
ogra
mde
velo
pmen
t are
dis
cuss
ed
and
esta
blis
hed
in th
e ne
xt s
ectio
nw
hich
is d
ivid
ed in
to n
ine
area
s
of p
rogr
am r
espo
nsib
ility
.T
he r
espo
nsib
ilitie
s of
the
arch
itect
are
:1
to s
ched
ule
and
coor
dina
te th
e ac
quis
ition
of p
rogr
amda
ta,
2 to
obt
ain
plan
s fo
r ex
istin
g sp
ace,
and
3 to
per
form
phy
sica
l sur
vey
of e
xist
ing
spac
e.
The
res
pons
ibili
ties
of th
ecl
ient
's r
epre
sent
ativ
es a
re:
4 to
dev
elop
org
aniz
atio
nch
arts
,
5 to
con
duct
foot
-tra
ffic
surv
ey,
and
6 to
sug
gest
gui
delin
esfo
r si
ze o
f priv
ate
or s
peci
aliz
ed s
pace
s.
The
join
t res
pons
ibili
ties
of th
ear
chite
ct a
nd c
lient
are
:
7 to
com
plet
e sp
ecia
l for
ms
(des
crib
ed b
elow
) in
dica
ting
pres
ent
and
futu
re s
pace
and
per
sonn
elre
quire
men
ts,
8 to
rev
iew
che
cklis
t of
spec
ial f
acili
ties,
and
9 to
sug
gest
gui
delin
esfo
r a
prog
ram
of f
urni
shin
gs.
The
pro
gram
min
g m
anua
len
ds w
ith a
sec
tion
on th
em
etho
ds o
f
prep
arin
g da
ta, i
nstr
uctio
ns o
nth
e pr
epar
atio
n of
clie
nt's
orga
niza
-
tion
char
ts, e
xam
ples
of
clie
nt's
org
aniz
atio
n ch
arts
,in
stru
ctio
ns o
n
depa
rtm
ent c
hart
ing,
inst
ruct
ions
on
the
prep
arat
ion
of tr
affic
sur
-
veys
, and
so
on.
The
man
ual i
nclu
des
copi
esof
five
sta
ndar
d da
ta-
gath
erin
g fo
rms
whi
ch h
ave
been
des
igne
d to
ass
ist t
hecl
ient
to
acqu
ire, r
ecor
d, s
umm
ariz
e,an
d tr
ansm
it in
form
atio
n.R
ef. 2
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 3
"SE
QU
EN
CE
OF
PR
OG
RA
MD
OC
UM
EN
TS
"
A c
onsu
ltant
in th
efie
ld o
f med
ical
cen
ter
and
hosp
ital p
rogr
am-
min
g ha
s de
velo
ped
apr
oced
ure
whi
ch d
efin
es th
e"s
eque
nce
of
deci
sion
pro
gram
ste
ps"
assh
own
in E
xhib
it 2.
The
sign
ifica
nce
of
prog
ram
min
g by
ste
ps is
high
light
ed b
y th
e gr
owin
gco
mpl
exity
of
cert
ain
build
ing
type
s. T
his
exhi
bit i
dent
ifies
not
onl
yth
e pr
ogra
m-
min
g do
cum
ents
, but
als
oth
e pr
oces
s st
udie
s ne
cess
ary
toes
tabl
ish
the
prog
ram
.T
he fi
rst d
ocum
ent g
ener
ated
pert
ains
to th
e id
entif
icat
ion
of th
e
proj
ect a
nd is
ent
itled
:1
Dec
isio
n P
rogr
am.
Dur
ing
the
orga
niza
tion
of th
e pr
ojec
t the
firm
pro
duce
s:2
"Fra
mew
ork
of O
rgan
izat
ion"
and
3 "P
olic
y S
tate
men
ts."
27
Exh
ibit
2S
EQ
UE
NC
E O
F D
EC
ISIO
N P
RO
GR
AM
ST
EP
S
TA
BLE
S O
FR
ELA
TIO
NS
!TA
BLE
S O
FO
RG
AN
IZA
TIO
NT
1.4
DE
FIN
ER
ELA
TIO
NS
HIP
S1.
34
ES
TA
BLI
SH
OR
GA
NIZ
AT
ION
FR
AM
EW
OR
KO
FO
RG
AN
IZA
TIO
N
SP
AC
EP
RO
GR
AM
AR
CH
.D
RW
NG
S.
1.1 IDE
NT
IFY
aO
RG
AN
IZE
PR
OJE
CT
1.7
SP
AC
EP
RO
GR
AM
1.9
PH
YS
ICA
LD
EC
ISIO
NP
RO
GR
AM
PLA
NS
1.2
SE
TO
BJE
CT
IVE
SP
OLI
CIE
S
1.5
DE
VE
LOP
FU
NC
TIO
NA
LP
RO
GR
AM
1.8
ES
TA
BLI
SH
FU
ND
ING
aF
INA
NC
ING
1$ DE
FIN
EP
ER
SO
NN
EL
RE
QU
I RE
ME
NT
S
1P
OLI
CY
ST
AT
EM
EN
TS
FU
NC
TIO
NA
LP
RO
GR
AM
S:
PA
TIE
NT
CA
RE
TE
AC
HIN
G
RE
SE
AR
CH
/LE
GE
ND
:
FE
DE
RA
L a
ST
AT
EA
PP
L1C
.IS
TA
BLE
OF
PE
RS
ON
NE
L
PR
OC
ES
S
SE
QU
EN
CE
OF
DE
CIS
ION
PR
OG
RA
M S
TE
PS
=D
OC
UM
EN
T
WO
RK
SC
HE
DU
LE
1.10
ST
AG
EC
ON
ST
RU
CT
.
1.12
DE
VE
LOP
PE
RS
ON
NE
LP
RO
GR
AM
1.11
CO
NS
TR
UC
T.
a O
CC
UP
Y
YL 1.
13
DE
VE
LOP
EQ
UIP
ME
NT
PR
OG
RA
M
PE
RS
ON
NE
LA
CQ
UIS
ITIO
N
PR
OG
RA
M f
EQ
UIP
ME
NT
AC
QU
ISIT
ION
PR
OG
RA
M7
28
Oth
er e
arly
pro
gram
doc
umen
ts a
re:
4 T
able
of O
rgan
izat
ion,
5 F
unct
iona
l Pro
gram
s,6
Tab
le o
f Rel
atio
ns, a
nd7
Tab
le o
f Per
sonn
el.
The
prim
ary
prog
ram
doc
umen
ts th
en a
repr
epar
ed fo
r ap
prov
alan
d ac
tion,
as
follo
ws:
8 S
pace
Pro
gram
,9
Fun
ding
Pro
gram
, and
10 A
rchi
tect
ural
Sch
emat
ics
Oth
er p
rogr
amm
ing
wor
k ac
com
plis
hed
late
rin
clud
es s
uch
docu
men
ts a
s:11
Con
stru
ctio
n S
ched
ule,
12 E
quip
men
t Acq
uisi
tion
Pro
gram
,an
d13
Per
sonn
el A
cqui
sitio
n P
rogr
am.R
ef. 3
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 4
"CO
NC
EP
T P
HA
SE
DE
VE
LOP
ME
NT
PR
OC
ED
UR
E"
A ty
pica
l exa
mpl
e of
the
offic
e pr
oced
ures
,gu
ides
, and
sta
tem
ents
of fu
nctio
n w
hich
hav
e be
en p
repa
red
by a
rchi
tect
ural
firm
s to
clar
ify th
e re
spon
sibi
litie
s fo
r pr
ogra
mm
ing
isth
e fir
st s
ectio
n of
am
anag
emen
t doc
umen
t, "c
once
ptph
ase
deve
lopm
ent p
roce
dure
,"pr
epar
ed b
y on
e A
-E fi
rm. T
he p
roce
dure
: (a)
defin
es th
e w
ork
ofth
e ph
ase
and
(b)
dele
gate
s th
e re
spon
sibi
litie
sfo
r th
e fir
st p
hase
of
serv
ices
. Thi
s fir
m n
ames
a p
roje
ct d
irect
or to
take
ove
rall
resp
onsi
-bi
lity
for
the
proj
ect a
nd a
dire
ctor
of
prod
uctio
n to
mai
ntai
n ad
-m
inis
trat
ive
cont
ract
s du
ring
the
prog
ram
min
gph
ase
as w
ell a
s th
eot
her
phas
es. H
owev
er, t
he fi
rm n
ames
an
arch
itect
ural
des
igne
r-pr
ogra
mm
er, w
ith a
ssis
tanc
efr
om o
ther
s as
nee
ded,
to a
ctua
lly ta
keth
e le
ad in
the
proj
ect,
mee
ting
with
the
clie
nt a
nd th
e pr
ojec
tdi
rect
or a
s of
ten
as n
eede
d to
est
ablis
hth
e pr
ogra
m.
The
fact
-fin
ding
wor
k in
clud
es th
e as
sem
bly
of s
itein
form
atio
n,su
ch a
s: to
pogr
aphi
c su
rvey
s, s
oil b
orin
gs,
utili
ties,
dee
d re
stric
tions
,zo
ning
, bui
ldin
g co
des,
insu
ranc
e re
quire
men
ts,
Dep
artm
ent o
fH
ealth
reg
ulat
ions
, Fire
Mar
shal
l reg
ulat
ions
,an
d re
stric
tions
of
othe
r lo
cal,
Sta
te, a
nd F
eder
al a
utho
rizin
g or
appr
ovin
g ag
enci
es.
Ital
so in
clud
es a
site
insp
ectio
n.T
he a
rchi
tect
ural
des
igne
r-pr
ogra
mm
er a
lso
obta
ins
the
owne
r's r
equi
rem
ents
and
a b
udge
t.A
s th
e re
sult
of a
ll of
the
abov
e, h
e pr
epar
es a
writ
ten
prog
ram
and
obta
ins
appr
oval
of c
lient
and
oth
erke
y m
embe
rs o
f the
arc
hi-
tect
's o
rgan
izat
ion.
He
prep
ares
"th
umb
nail
sket
ches
"an
d a
roug
h es
timat
e of
cos
t. H
e re
view
s an
d co
nsul
tsfr
eque
ntly
with
the
clie
nt, d
irect
or o
f pro
duct
ion,
and
pro
ject
dire
ctor
to m
ake
cert
ain
that
thei
r th
ough
ts a
nd d
esire
s ar
e be
ing
met
. Dur
ing
the
abov
e de
-sc
ribed
"th
umb
nail
sket
ch"
step
s, th
e ar
chite
ctur
alde
sign
er w
orks
mor
e or
less
on
his
own,
obta
inin
g su
ch g
ener
al in
form
atio
n as
he
thin
ks h
e ne
eds
from
eng
inee
rs a
nd o
ther
s to
mak
e re
ason
ably
cert
ain
that
thei
r ge
nera
l req
uire
men
ts a
re n
otov
erlo
oked
.H
e is
prim
arily
eng
aged
in g
ettin
gso
met
hing
dow
n on
pap
er th
atap
pear
s to
mee
t the
clie
nt's
gen
eral
req
uire
men
ts a
nd c
an s
erve
as
the
basi
s of
sou
nd d
esig
nat
the
leas
t pos
sibl
e co
st a
ndef
fort
toth
e of
fice.
But
, he
proc
eeds
to r
evie
w h
is"t
hum
b na
il sk
etch
es"
with
engi
neer
s, s
ite p
lann
ers,
and
all
conc
erne
dan
d at
tem
pts
to d
e-te
rmin
e w
heth
er th
e jo
b w
ill b
e m
odul
ar-c
oord
inat
ed o
rno
t.T
he c
once
pt p
hase
then
app
ears
to n
arro
wdo
wn
to "
thum
b na
ilsk
etch
" dr
awin
gs, c
alle
d "c
once
pts,
" w
hich
are
supp
orte
d by
floo
rpl
ans,
ele
vatio
ns, r
ough
per
spec
tive,
plo
t pla
n,su
ch w
ritte
n m
emo-
rand
ums
or n
otes
as
nece
ssar
y to
exp
lain
the
basi
c de
sign
con
sid-
erat
ions
, and
"an
est
imat
e of
cos
t bas
ed o
n sq
uare
foot
age.
" A
ll of
this
is th
en r
evie
wed
and
app
rova
l is
obta
ined
from
the
clie
nt, t
hear
chite
ctur
al fi
rm's
ass
ocia
tes,
and
app
rovi
ng a
genc
ies.
The
Doc
umen
t des
crib
es th
e fin
al w
ork
of th
e co
ncep
tph
ase
whi
ch in
clud
es th
e pr
epar
atio
n of
an
anal
ysis
of t
hefu
ture
wor
k on
the
job
incl
udin
g: (
a) a
list
ing
of e
ach
shee
t ofd
raw
ings
that
will
be
requ
ired
durin
g sc
hem
atic
s, (
b) a
des
crip
tion
of a
nysp
ecia
l pro
b-le
ms
antic
ipat
ed, a
nd (
c) a
n es
timat
e of
tim
e an
dbu
dget
whi
ch w
illbe
req
uire
d du
ring
the
prep
arat
ion
of s
chem
atic
san
d su
bseq
uent
phas
es. T
he p
rogr
amm
ing
wor
k en
ds w
ith a
"m
eetin
gof
min
ds"
onth
e sk
etch
es, p
rogr
am a
naly
sis,
and
bud
get.
Ref
. 4
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 5
"PR
OG
RA
M D
EV
ELO
PM
EN
T F
OR
MA
T"
One
arc
hite
ctur
al fi
rm h
as d
evel
oped
a s
erie
sof
sev
en la
rge
form
sw
hich
are
use
d by
its
prog
ram
mer
s in
the
inve
stig
atio
nan
d th
epr
epar
atio
n of
an
arch
itect
ural
pro
gram
. Eac
hfo
rm is
'11"
x 1
7" a
ndpr
inte
d on
rep
rodu
cibl
e pa
per
whi
ch c
an b
efil
led
in a
nd la
ter
prin
ted.
Eac
h fo
rm fu
lfills
a c
erta
in p
urpo
se in
the
fact
-fin
ding
sear
ch, d
evel
opm
ent o
f req
uire
men
ts, a
ndan
alys
is o
f dat
a. A
desc
riptio
n of
the
seve
n fo
rms
follo
ws:
29
For
m 1
"C
ode
and
Sta
ndar
ds P
rogr
am"
is a
che
cklis
tof
all
poss
ible
cod
es, a
genc
ies,
and
stan
dard
s w
hich
may
be
appl
icab
le
to th
e jo
b. T
his
form
is u
sed
to c
heck
off
appl
icab
le a
nd n
on-
appl
icab
le r
egul
atio
ns.
It al
so li
sts
such
item
s as
fire
prot
ectio
n
code
s, e
leva
tor
code
s, p
ublic
heal
th s
ervi
ce r
egul
atio
ns,
guid
es,
build
ing
code
s, a
nd s
o on
.
For
m 2
"Cod
e an
d S
tand
ards
Pro
gram
(con
't.)"
is a
form
whi
chpr
ovid
es s
pace
for
the
layo
ut o
f the
site
data
incl
udin
g in
form
a-tio
n on
res
tric
tions
, eas
emen
ts,
setb
acks
, and
so
on.
It pr
ovid
es
a ch
eckl
ist
of im
port
ant c
riter
ia w
hich
may
be g
over
ned
by c
odes
and
regu
latio
ns.
It al
so p
rovi
des
a ch
eckl
ist o
n oc
cupa
ncy
re-
quire
men
ts fo
r ex
its, s
tairw
ays,
hallw
ays,
spe
cial
con
ditio
ns,
and
so o
n.
For
m 3
is a
roo
m a
naly
sis
form
whi
ch r
equi
res
the
listin
g of
room
s in
afiv
e-co
lum
n fo
rm a
nd h
as s
pace
for
the
iden
tific
atio
n
of r
oom
s, d
imen
sion
s, m
ater
ials
and
finis
hes,
ser
vice
s, u
tiliti
es,
and
gene
ral r
emar
ks.
For
m 4
is a
noth
er fo
rmat
shee
t use
d fo
r ar
chite
ctur
al s
ketc
hes
of w
alls
, flo
ors,
pan
els,
roo
fs,
and
othe
r ite
ms
whi
ch a
rene
eded
to d
eter
min
e "U
"fa
ctor
s, g
lass
are
as, s
ound
tran
smis
sion
,ch
arac
-
teris
tics,
and
so
on.
For
m 5
is a
mec
hani
cal s
yste
ms
shee
t whi
ch h
as s
pace
for
dia-
gram
s an
dsc
hem
atic
s to
sho
w th
e pe
culia
ritie
sof
the
vario
usm
echa
nica
l and
ele
ctric
al s
yste
ms,
(HV
A/G
, plu
mbi
ng, p
ower
,an
d so
on)
.
For
m 6
is a
form
at s
heet
use
d to
show
the
func
tiona
l rel
atio
nof
spa
ces
and
othe
r di
agra
ms
mad
e by
the
prog
ram
mer
s to
rec
ord
prob
able
rel
atio
nshi
ps o
f spa
ces.
For
m 7
is a
she
et m
ade
in th
e fo
rmof
pai
nt a
nd c
olor
sch
ed-
ules
to r
ecor
d th
e va
rious
type
sof
inte
rior
info
rmat
ion
whi
ch a
reco
nsid
ered
impo
rtan
t crit
eria
as
far
as th
e ow
ner's
req
uire
men
ts
are
conc
erne
d.R
ef. 5
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 6
"GU
IDE
TO
PR
EP
AR
AT
ION
OF
PR
OG
RA
M"
One
arc
hite
ctur
al fi
rm w
hich
has
deve
lope
d a
com
pete
ncy
in h
ospi
-ta
l des
ign
has
deve
lope
d an
ext
ensi
vegu
ide
for
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f
30
prog
ram
s an
dpl
anni
ng r
equi
rem
ents
. The
guid
e de
scrib
ed h
ere
is p
refa
ced
with
inst
ruct
ions
on
defin
ition
s, o
bjec
tives
, res
pons
ibili
-tie
s, a
nd m
etho
ds.
The
gui
de is
use
d as
a v
ehic
le b
yw
hich
the
owne
r's r
epre
sent
a-tiv
es a
nd th
e ar
chite
ct's
rep
rese
ntat
ives
can
com
mun
icat
e w
ith e
ach
othe
r an
d be
com
e jo
intly
fam
iliar
with
the
over
all p
roce
dure
s fo
rde
velo
ping
the
prog
ram
.T
he g
uide
is u
sed
also
as
the
form
at o
r ou
tline
for
the
inve
stig
a-tio
n.It
incl
udes
sta
tem
ents
abou
t geo
grap
hic
area
and
pop
ulat
ion,
hosp
ital r
esou
rces
, lim
itatio
ns, r
equi
red
conc
lusi
ons,
and
bui
ldin
g
hist
ory
inve
stig
atio
ns.
The
gui
de is
div
ided
into
sec
tions
repr
esen
ting
depa
rtm
ents
ac-
cord
ing
to th
e fu
nctio
n. It
ask
spo
inte
d qu
estio
ns, a
nd r
eque
sts
defin
ition
s, fu
nctio
ns, a
nd r
espo
nsib
ilitie
s.T
hrou
ghou
t the
gui
de
are
rem
inde
rssu
ch a
s "c
onsi
der
circ
ulat
ion,
""d
efin
e fu
nctio
ns,"
"con
side
r w
ork
flow
," "
cons
ider
rela
tions
hips
," "
choo
se c
onsu
lt-an
ts,"
"m
ake
deci
sion
s,"
"sta
tere
spon
sibi
litie
s,"
and
so o
n.T
he g
uide
des
crib
es c
erta
in s
uppl
emen
tal
data
whi
ch is
usu
ally
requ
ired,
suc
h as
:si
te d
escr
iptio
n an
d do
cum
ents
,ap
plic
able
zon
ing
rest
rictio
ns,
tabu
late
d su
mm
ary
of p
rogr
amre
quire
men
ts,
scal
e ar
ea r
epre
sent
atio
n w
hich
prov
ides
a v
isua
l com
paris
onof
are
as o
f diff
eren
t dep
artm
ents
,an
d
a sp
ace
need
s re
view
,an
d so
on.
Ref
. 6
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 7
"OU
TLI
NE
OF
PR
OC
ED
UR
E"
The
out
line
of p
roce
dure
use
dby
one
arc
hite
ctur
al fi
rm in
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f lon
g ra
nge
plan
s is
typi
cal o
f the
sys
tem
atic
ap-
proa
ch w
hich
firm
s us
e in
pro
gram
deve
lopm
ent.
Thi
s pr
oced
ure
show
s th
e in
tera
ctio
n be
twee
ncl
ient
's r
epre
sent
ativ
es, b
uild
ing
com
mitt
ee, a
nd th
e ar
chite
ct's
staf
f in
such
a w
ay a
s to
per
mit
all
inte
rest
ed p
artie
s ha
ving
res
pons
ibili
ties
to c
arry
out t
heir
part
of
the
proc
edur
efr
om in
vest
igat
ion
and
anal
ysis
topl
anni
ng a
ndre
port
ing
of th
e pr
ogra
m e
ffort
.T
he p
roce
dure
incl
udes
: (a)
an
inve
stig
atio
n of
orie
ntat
ion
and
(b)
the
basi
c de
term
inat
es (
orth
e gr
ound
rul
es)
upon
whi
ch th
een
tire
proj
ect i
s de
velo
ped.
It al
so in
clud
es a
n ev
alua
tion
ofex
ist-
Exh
ibit
3LI
NK
AN
ALY
SIS
SY
MB
OLS
S-1
2M
ED
ICA
L T
EA
CH
ING
-17
MO
RG
UE
Rad
. EA
The
r.
58 Ped
.
i D
510
Em
erg.
Rod
Di
. SI
l-S
urgi
caC
ritic
al
U
U '' E 6 t: 518
Kitc
hen
&D
inin
g
53E
EN
T
aA
l lb
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Alg
sees
ieO
ffice
s-R
esid
.C
lass
room
sM
ed. F
acils
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l to
Al l
bM
k
A2e
Mor
gue
41)
S15
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Lbs
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t.1O
BS
uite
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KIT
CH
EN
AN
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52 Fle
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INIS
TR
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ION
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lic F
oci's
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Bus
ines
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olun
teer
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hape
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ante
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itche
n
Al;
e
111)
014
N.4
NU
-
54
4---
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SE
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ICE
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seke
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gLi
nen-
Sor
ting
Mai
nten
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Cen
tral
Str
g.A
l2h ,r,,,
410
MI
5556
OB
NU
Nur
s.'
Med
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urg.
7i -,
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kS
9
5-14
AD
MIN
IST
RA
TI E
OF
FIC
ES
AI@ Alf
Ali
Adm
inis
trat
ion
Nur
sing
Adm
in.
Pub
lic R
elat
e.
(ill
AiA
I%
IP
S19
Ser
vice
&
5-20
PE
RS
ON
NE
L
Sto
rage
Sel
f Car
e
Al2
sA
lbE
mpl
oy. F
oci(
.P
erso
nnel
Off.
14-0 ,1
520
5-15
LAB
OR
AT
OR
IES
Ago
Alb
A2c
Offi
ces-
Pat
h.P
ath,
Lob
s.S
peci
al L
abs.
Pen
.
5-21
ME
CH
AN
ICA
L F
AC
ILS
.K
EY
TO
PR
OG
RA
M R
ELA
TIO
NS
HIP
S T
AB
LEW
hen
dire
ct e
ntra
nces
ore
des
ire, t
heim
port
ance
is in
dica
ted
by:
fund
s-sh
aded
.R
EQ
UIR
ED
DE
SIR
ED
the
fol-
4---
--4-
----
-
HIG
HLY
DE
SIR
AB
LED
ES
IRA
BLE
0=0
0-0
Al2
er
Al2
cT
elho
ne
A 1
2e
The
circ
les
on th
e fo
llow
ing
tabl
es g
ener
ally
rep
rese
ntth
e re
lativ
e si
zes
of th
e pr
ogra
m s
pace
s an
dth
eir
men
tal r
elat
ions
hip.
The
firs
t sta
ge a
reas
are
show
n
The
impo
rtan
ce o
f the
rel
atio
nshi
p is
des
igna
ted
in
low
ing
man
ner:
AB
SO
LUT
E (
Adj
acen
t)R
EQ
UIR
ED
(B
y R
eque
st)
00 0
.0S
-I6
RA
TIO
- T
HE
RA
PY
EO
MA
2d
ing
faci
litie
s an
d th
epr
epar
atio
n of
the
func
tiona
l pro
gram
whi
ch
is a
cle
ar s
tate
men
tof
nee
ds fo
r ea
ch o
fth
e m
ajor
dep
artm
ents
or
elem
ents
and
ofte
n go
es a
sfa
r as
des
crib
ing
traf
fic,
serv
ices
, peo
ple,
publ
ic c
hara
cter
istic
s,an
d ot
her
cons
ider
atio
nsw
hich
affe
ct th
e
ultim
ate
desi
gn. T
he s
tudy
incl
udes
an
anal
ysis
of g
ross
floor
are
a
for
exis
ting
build
ings
as
wel
l as
an a
naly
sis
for
each
sta
ge o
f de-
velo
pmen
t, bu
dget
est
imat
es,
and
prop
osed
sch
edul
es.
Ref
. 7
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 8
"LIN
K A
NA
LYS
IS S
YM
BO
LS"
The
rep
eate
d us
e of
diag
ram
s to
sho
w r
elat
ions
hips
requ
ires
that
arch
itect
ural
firm
s st
anda
rdiz
esy
mbo
ls fo
r th
eir
own
wor
k. O
ne
firm
dev
elop
ed a
sys
tem
of "
link
anal
ysis
sym
bols
," a
s sh
own
in
Exh
ibit
3, w
hich
iden
tifie
s: (
a)si
ze o
f spa
ces
byci
rcle
s, (
b) s
tage
s of 31
cons
truc
tion
by s
hadi
ng,
(c)
the
impo
rtan
ceof
rel
atio
nshi
ps b
y at
-
tach
men
t lin
es, a
nd(d
) en
tran
ce r
equi
rem
ents
by a
rrow
type
s.
Sym
bols
are
exp
lain
edan
d tw
o ap
plic
atio
nsof
the
sym
bols
are
incl
uded
to s
how
pro
gram
rela
tions
hips
. The
diag
ram
s ill
ustr
ated
wer
e of
maj
orsu
bsys
tem
s or
rel
atio
nshi
psw
hich
, in
turn
, wer
e
diag
ram
med
in a
sim
plifi
ed, c
ompr
ehen
sive
man
ner
for
the
entir
e
hosp
ital.
Ref
. 8
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 9
"FLO
W C
HA
RT
SY
MB
OLS
"
Oth
er ty
pes
of s
ymbo
lsus
ed b
y ar
chite
ctur
alfir
ms
who
sho
w fl
ow
of p
eopl
e of
mat
e..a
ls a
re"f
low
cha
rt s
ymbo
ls."
Exa
mpl
es o
f one
firm
's s
ymbo
ls a
resh
own
in E
xhib
it 4,
whi
ch a
lso
desc
ribes
the
appl
icat
ion
of th
e sy
mbo
ls to
show
mov
emen
t pat
tern
sid
entif
ied
by th
e sy
mbo
ls.
Ref
. 9
Gro
up "
B"
Tec
hniq
ues
DA
TA
BA
NK
ING
TE
CH
NIQ
UE
S
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 1
0
"BU
ILD
ING
TY
PE
CO
MP
AR
ISO
N C
HA
RT
"
One
type
of d
ata
bank
ing
invo
lves
the
keep
ing
of u
nit i
nfor
mat
ion
per
type
sof
bui
ldin
gs a
ndpr
epar
atio
n of
cha
rts
com
parin
g pr
e-
viou
sly
desi
gned
and
cons
truc
ted
build
ings
. An
engi
neer
ing
con-
sulti
ng fi
rm c
ompa
res
by c
hart
s su
ch it
ems
asth
e st
ruct
ural
ste
el
in a
bui
ldin
gby
pou
nds
per
squa
refo
ot o
f flo
or a
rea
for
cert
ain
type
s an
dhe
ight
s of
bui
ldin
gs.
Suc
h a
com
paris
onch
art i
s th
e
stoc
k-in
-tra
de o
f ind
ivid
ual
desi
gner
s w
ho h
ave
anal
yzed
thei
r
prio
r w
ork
and
othe
r w
ork
to d
eter
min
eth
e ba
sic
para
met
ers
of
desi
gn w
hich
are
then
used
in c
once
ptua
lde
sign
and
bui
ldin
g pr
o-
gram
min
g. D
esig
nfir
ms,
whi
ch k
eep
reco
rds
of u
nit f
acto
rsan
d
cost
s of
thei
rpr
ior
wor
k in
an
orde
rly a
nd s
yste
mat
icpr
oced
ure,
asse
mbl
e un
it co
mpa
rison
squ
ickl
y an
d ea
sily
dur
ing
the
prog
ram
-
min
g st
age
of n
ewpr
ojec
ts. R
ef. 1
0
32
Exh
ibit
4F
LOW
CH
AR
T S
YM
BO
LS
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een
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t (O
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t (T
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Ii I I
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 1
1
"CO
NS
TR
AIN
T D
IAG
RA
MS
PLA
NN
ING
"
As
cert
ain
build
ing
type
s be
com
e m
ore
spec
ializ
ed, s
uch
as th
ety
pica
l tow
er-t
ype
of o
ffice
bui
ldin
g, g
ener
alpl
anni
ng a
nd d
esig
nin
form
atio
n is
bei
ng d
iagr
amm
ed in
suc
h a
way
as
tobe
a g
uide
for
prog
ram
dev
elop
men
tan
d th
e pr
elim
inar
y se
lect
ion
of b
uild
ing
size
and
con
figur
atio
n. O
ne s
uch
type
of c
onst
rain
t dia
gram
pre
-pa
red
by a
n ar
chite
ctur
al fi
rm in
con
junc
tion
with
its
stru
ctur
alen
gine
erin
g co
nsul
tant
is s
how
n on
Exh
ibit
5.T
he ty
pica
l flo
or p
lan
expl
ains
the
build
ing
layo
ut, f
loor
dim
ensi
ons,
num
ber
of e
leva
tors
,an
d so
on.
The
"co
nstr
aint
dia
gram
" de
scrib
esth
e co
mpr
ehen
sive
stud
y of
suc
h fa
ctor
s as
: (a)
the
net t
ower
are
aal
ong
the
botto
m o
fth
e ch
art,
(b)
the
net a
rea
of a
typi
cal f
loor
alon
g th
e le
ft si
de, a
nd(c
) th
e nu
mbe
r of
floo
rs d
iago
nally
.C
erta
in d
iago
nal l
ines
den
otin
g th
e nu
mbe
rof
floo
rs a
re id
enti-
fied
as m
axim
um a
nd m
inim
um w
ith r
egar
d to
stru
ctur
al e
cono
my
or s
truc
tura
lre
ason
able
ness
. Sup
erim
pose
d on
the
cons
trai
ntch
art
are
two,
bro
ad, g
ray
band
s. O
ne s
how
s th
e lim
its o
f des
irabi
lity
for
a ba
nk o
f ele
vato
r ca
rs (
in th
e ve
rtic
al d
imen
sion
)an
d th
e ot
her
band
sho
ws
the
desi
rabl
e re
ntal
ran
ge fo
r ce
rtai
n flo
or a
reas
(in th
eho
rizon
tal d
imen
sion
). T
he p
aral
lelo
gram
form
edby
the
inte
r-se
ctio
n of
the
two
gray
ban
ds d
efin
es th
epr
obab
le li
mits
of f
easi
-bi
lity
for
this
spe
cific
bui
ldin
g co
nfig
urat
ion.
Ref
. 11
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 1
2
"VA
RIA
BLE
PLA
NN
ING
FA
CT
OR
S D
AT
A"
Arc
hite
ctur
al fi
rms,
clie
nts,
and
con
sulta
nts
keep
reco
rds
of, a
ndas
sem
ble
data
on,
man
y pl
anni
ng fa
ctor
s de
scrib
ed in
the
refe
r-en
ced
artic
le o
n th
e su
bjec
t of a
spe
cial
stu
dy o
fvar
iabl
e pl
anni
ngfa
ctor
s. T
he tw
o-ye
ar s
tudy
invo
lved
an
anal
ysis
of m
any
fact
ors
inho
spita
l ope
ratio
ns a
nd d
esig
n an
d re
sulte
d in
the
deve
lopm
ent o
fa
set o
f fin
ding
s w
hich
incl
uded
: (a)
adm
issi
on r
ates
per
yea
r pe
rth
ousa
nd p
er ty
pe o
f med
ical
car
e, (
b) b
ed r
equi
rem
ents
per
day
per
thou
sand
, (c)
leng
thof
hos
pita
lizat
ion
per
surg
ical
pro
cedu
re,
and
so o
n. T
he d
ata
asse
mbl
ed w
as a
ccom
plis
hed
by "
rule
s of
thum
b" in
form
atio
n w
hich
was
com
pute
d fr
om th
eba
sic
stat
istic
sse
cure
d du
ring
the
inve
stig
atio
n. T
he s
tudy
als
ode
mon
stra
ted
som
epr
actic
al a
pplic
atio
ns o
f the
fact
ors
deve
lope
dan
d sh
owed
how
thei
r us
e de
pend
s up
on th
e in
genu
ity o
f the
pla
nner
or
prog
ram
mer
.
34
Thi
s te
chni
que
for
prog
ram
mer
s is
cha
ract
eriz
ed b
yth
e ac
cum
u-la
tion
of fe
edba
ck d
ata
whi
ch is
ass
embl
ed in
suc
h a
way
as
tohe
lp in
futu
re p
rogr
amm
ing.
Arc
hite
ctur
al p
rogr
amm
ers
usua
llyex
amin
e pl
anni
ng fa
ctor
s fo
r a
serie
s of
sim
ilar
type
s of
bui
ldin
gco
mpl
exes
.T
his
stud
y al
so s
how
s a
com
paris
on b
etw
een
seve
ral i
tem
s su
ch
as: (
a) h
ow m
any
deliv
erie
s pe
r m
onth
, (b)
how
man
y su
rgic
al p
ro-
cedu
res
per
bed
occu
panc
y, (
c) h
ow m
any
staf
fph
ysic
ians
nee
ded
per
bed,
and
so
on.
Ref
. 12
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 1
3
"VO
CA
BU
LAR
Y O
F C
RIT
ICA
L D
IME
NS
ION
S"
One
pro
gram
con
sulta
nt p
repa
res
a "V
ocab
ular
yof
Crit
ical
Dim
en-
sion
s" w
hich
is c
ompr
ised
of t
he c
ritic
al o
r go
vern
ing
dim
ensi
ons
pert
aini
ng to
hum
an e
ngin
eerin
g or
the
hum
andi
men
sion
s of
the
occu
pant
s w
ho w
ill u
se th
e ar
chite
ctur
al s
pace
and
its e
quip
men
t as
show
n in
Exh
ibit
6. S
uch
voca
bula
ries
may
var
ygr
eatly
from
bui
ld-
ing
type
to b
uild
ing
type
. The
dim
ensi
ons
usua
lly p
erta
in to
sec
re-
taria
l wor
k in
offi
ces,
sur
geon
s' w
ork
in o
pera
ting
room
s,cr
afts
-m
en's
wor
k in
sho
ps, m
ater
ials
han
dler
s'w
ork
in w
areh
ouse
s, a
ndso
on
Als
o sh
own
on th
is e
xhib
it is
an
exam
ple
of th
eap
plic
atio
n of
the
criti
cal d
imen
sion
s to
a s
peci
fic fu
nctio
n. T
hese
cond
ser
ies
ofdi
agra
mm
atic
ske
tche
s is
ent
itled
"D
imen
sion
al A
naly
sis
Den
tist
Sta
tion.
"R
ef. 1
3
Gro
up "
C"
Tec
hniq
ues
TE
CH
NIQ
UE
S F
OR
PLA
NN
ING
TH
EA
RC
HIT
EC
TU
RA
L P
RO
GR
AM
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 1
4
"A P
LAN
NIN
G P
AT
H"
Bei
ng a
ble
to e
stab
lish
the
sequ
ence
of
thin
king
and
a s
yste
mat
icap
proa
ch to
the
prog
ram
min
g is
unq
uest
iona
bly
the
arch
itect
's r
ole
in th
e de
velo
pmen
t of t
he p
rogr
am. E
xhib
it 7
show
s on
e ar
chite
ct's
diag
ram
mat
ic c
once
pt o
f the
dev
elop
men
t of a
plan
for
a bu
ildin
gpr
ogra
m. T
he s
eque
nce
goes
from
pro
blem
s th
roug
h ob
ject
ives
thro
ugh
oppo
rtun
ity a
reas
thro
ugh
yard
stic
ks th
roug
h pr
ojec
tions
Exh
ibit
6V
OC
AB
ULA
RY
OF
CR
ITIC
AL
DIM
EN
SIO
NS
-a
Sta
egin
g at
Nig
h B
eech
A. S
tand
ing
erec
t with
fore
arm
s ho
rizon
tal m
anip
ulat
ing
at e
dge
of b
ench
.B
. Sta
ndin
g be
nt o
ver
for
clos
e w
ork
at e
dge
of b
ench
.C
. Sta
ndin
g er
ect w
ith h
ands
at e
yele
vel m
anip
ulat
ing
at e
dge
of b
ench
.D
. Lea
ning
ove
r be
nch
with
suf
ficie
nt b
alan
ce to
man
ipu
late
at a
rm's
leng
th.
Seg
al a
t Law
Dei
tch
E. S
eate
d w
ith n
orm
al s
tudy
Mat
ured
imen
sion
s ap
ply
to ty
pew
riter
use
and
hig
h st
ool a
t ben
ch a
lso.
F. R
isin
g fr
om s
ittin
g po
sitio
n w
ith s
uffic
ient
cle
aran
cefo
r le
gs.
A V
meb
efar
y at
Mea
l Din
vons
inne
eav
nIsn
al a
n an
aid
in W
ats-
toy
'Irw
in&
X -
mar
ks p
atie
nt's
mou
th
left
hand
lzac
h20'
45'
one
hand
_4m
anip
ulat
ion
tmax
.con
trol
led
reac
h
equi
p.to
ble
surf
ace
ri
1. W
OR
KIN
G P
OS
ITIO
N(le
ft re
ach
show
n
reac
h zo
nes
show
n ar
efr
om w
orki
ng p
ositi
on(1
& 3
) on
ly
right
han
dzo
ne
2. M
ID P
OS
ITIO
N(f
eet r
emai
n In
wor
king
pos
ition
)
mov
able
equ
ip. t
able
zon
e
dim
ensi
ons
show
n ar
efr
om th
is p
lane
left
hand
Zon
ero
ll,st
ool z
one
view
er
121
3. R
T. R
EA
CH
from
WO
RK
ING
PO
SIT
ION
DIM
EN
SIO
NA
L A
NA
LYS
IS -
DE
NT
IST
ST
AT
ION
,P
OR
TA
BLE
EQ
UIP
. TA
BLE
SE
AT
ED
DE
NT
IST
4. B
EN
CH
WO
RK
PO
SIT
ION
(rea
ch &
sig
ht to
x-t
ray
view
er)
U)
LES
TE
R G
OR
SLI
NE
- A
SS
OC
IAT
ES
- IN
TE
RN
AT
ION
AL
WE
ST
HA
RT
FO
RD
CO
NN
EC
TIC
UT 1
Exh
ibit
7A
PLA
NN
ING
PA
TH
Exi
stin
gS
urro
undi
ngU
rban
Con
text
Exi
stin
gIn
ner
Inst
itutio
nal
Con
text
Pro
blem
s
N
.111
1(11
Obj
ectiv
es
Sho
rt R
ange
Long
Ran
ge
IOpp
ortu
nity
Are
aC
onst
rain
tsS
cope
of S
ervi
ces
Yar
dstic
ks
Sta
ndar
ds
Sys
tem
s*U
nit P
rogr
ams
N
Pro
ject
ions
Vol
umes
Sys
tem
s Lo
adin
gA
ssum
ptio
ns
Her
itage
Con
text
Bac
k in
Tim
e
Tre
nds
and
Cha
ngin
g.P
atte
rns
Ahe
ad in
Tim
e
DE
VE
LOP
ME
NT
PLA
N
Sta
ged
Are
aS
umm
arie
s
Sta
ged
Cap
ital D
evel
op-
men
t Cos
ts
Sta
ged
Phy
sica
lF
acili
ties
Sta
ged
Site
Pla
nsr
,,ia
l Asp
ects
RE
VIE
W
AN
D
RE
VIS
ION
into
the
prep
arat
ion
of a
deve
lopm
ent p
lan.
How
ever
,th
is p
lann
ing
path
sho
ws
othe
r in
ter-
rela
tions
hips
such
as:
(a)
exi
stin
gsu
rrou
ndin
g
urba
n co
ntex
t, (b
) ex
istin
gin
ner-
inst
itutio
nal c
onte
xt, (
c)he
ritag
e
cont
ext b
ack-
in-t
ime,
and
(d)
tren
ds a
ndch
angi
ng p
atte
rns
ahea
d-
in-t
ime.
Ref
. 14
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 1
5
"DE
SIG
N S
TU
DY
CH
AR
TS
"
A s
tudy
pro
gram
isor
gani
zed,
des
igne
d, a
ndph
ased
to m
ake
the
inve
stig
atio
n an
d pr
epar
eth
e pr
ogra
m, k
eepi
ng in
min
d th
e co
m-
plex
ity o
f the
pro
ject
and
its
time
sche
dule
and
bud
get.
The
cha
rt
in E
xhib
it 8
show
sth
e ph
asin
g of
a tr
ansp
orta
tion
stud
y pr
ogra
m
whi
ch is
sim
ilar
to th
e st
udy
prog
ram
sus
ed in
pro
gram
min
g a
build
-
ing
com
plex
. The
pha
ses
in th
e -c
hart
follo
wth
e no
rmal
dev
elop
-
men
t of a
bui
ldin
g pr
ogra
mw
hich
is d
ata
colle
ctio
n,an
alys
is, f
ore-
cast
ing,
pla
n de
velo
pmen
t,an
d im
plem
enta
tion.
Suc
h ch
artin
g is
used
as
the
basi
c bl
ue p
rint
(or
mas
ter
prog
ram
plan
) fo
r ca
rryi
ng
out t
he s
tudy
.R
ef. 1
5
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 1
6
"PLA
NN
ING
SY
ST
EM
DIA
GR
AM
"
Ano
ther
exa
mpl
e of
the
syst
emat
ic a
ppro
ach
topl
anni
ng is
sho
wn
in th
e E
xhib
it 9,
"land
use
tran
spor
tatio
n st
udy
plan
ning
sys
tem
diag
ram
." T
he im
port
ance
of la
nd u
se a
nd tr
ansp
orta
tion
in a
lmos
t
any
build
ing
proj
ect n
ow m
akes
it n
eces
sary
for
the
arch
itect
ural
prog
ram
mer
toth
ink
com
preh
ensi
vely
abo
utth
e va
rious
inpu
t sub
-
ject
s an
d th
e se
quen
ceof
pla
nnin
g a
syst
em. T
his
diag
ram
and
the
refe
renc
e ar
ticle
des
crib
e a
met
hod
of n
ot o
nly
gath
erin
gth
e co
m-
plex
info
rmat
ion
but a
lso
anal
yzin
g th
e in
form
atio
nfo
r su
bseq
uent
desi
gn. R
ef. 1
6
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 1
7
"ST
UD
Y O
RG
AN
IZA
TIO
NC
HA
RT
"
Pro
gram
inve
stig
atio
ns,
whi
ch a
re s
tart
ed e
arly
and
exte
nded
ove
r a
long
per
iod
of ti
me,
hav
ech
ange
s in
per
sonn
el a
ndre
spon
sibi
litie
s.
The
cha
nges
in p
erso
nnel
are
ofte
n fo
rgot
ten.
How
ever
, one
firm
mai
ntai
ns a
"st
udy
orga
niza
tiona
lcha
rt"
as s
how
n in
Exh
ibit
10.
The
Exh
ibit
8D
ES
IGN
ST
UD
Y C
HA
RT
PH
AS
E I
DA
TA
CO
LLE
CT
ION
EX
IST
ING
TR
AV
EL
PA
TT
ER
NS
EX
IST
ING
LAN
D U
SE
AN
D E
CO
NO
MIC
AC
TIV
ITY
TR
AN
SP
OR
TA
TIO
NF
AC
ILIT
IES _f
PH
AS
E II
TR
IPT
RIP
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
NP
RO
DU
CT
ION
CH
AR
AC
TE
RIS
TIC
SIM
ME
DIA
TE
AN
D A
TT
RA
CT
ION
AN
D M
OD
EL
AC
TIO
N
AN
ALY
SIS
CH
AR
AC
TE
RIS
TIC
SD
EV
ELO
PM
EN
TP
RO
GR
AM
FO
RE
CA
ST
ING
FU
TU
RE
LA
ND
AC
TIV
ITY
.41
1D
EM
AN
DS
FU
TU
RE
TR
AV
EL 4
TR
AN
SP
OR
TA
TIO
ND
EF
ICIE
NC
IES
FU
TU
RE
401
CO
MM
ITT
ED
TR
AN
SP
OR
TA
TIO
NF
AC
ILIT
IES
PH
AS
E II
I
PLA
N D
EV
ELO
PM
EN
T
I
PR
EP
AR
AT
ION
OF
ALT
ER
NA
TE
PLA
NS
4E
VA
LUA
TIO
NA
ND
SE
LEC
TIO
N
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
NP
RO
GR
AM
OB
JEC
TIV
ES
AN
DS
TA
ND
AR
DS
PH
AS
E IV
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
CO
NT
INU
ING
PR
OG
RA
M
37
Exh
ibit
9E
xhib
it 10
PLA
NN
ING
SY
ST
EM
DIA
GR
AM
ST
UD
Y O
RG
AN
IZA
TIO
NA
L C
HA
RT
38
STUDY ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
Exe
mie
reM
mar
y
J. J. TWISTS
Truck t Teti Survey
Supervisor
W. Y. CARSON
Home interview
Supervieer
A. D. LUXE
Coding Supervisor
J. F. SLOANE
1
Assistant Data
Protesting Supervise
I--A. F. LUNARDINI
E. MICE
J. W. LATTA
Study Director
J. V. REEVED
D. P. JOIGENOW
Asesetent Study
Director
D. K. WITREFORD
G. V. IMAM
Internal Survey
Supervisor
K. 3. PFEFFER
Data Collection and
Maintenenco
S. W. SULLIVAN
Dais Processing
Supervisor
L. KWASHTENSKI
J. D. LATTA
G. W BLAKE
Cartographer
G FOX
A. LUSTER
ILand the t Population
Remrch
A. SCHWARTZ
.!bEditor-Librarian
G 4
LALAE F
J.
DO
PC
As
R ..... ch
R. F. COMINsKY
stud
y ch
art s
how
s th
e ch
ange
s of
pers
onne
l and
the
perio
ds o
fre
spon
sibi
lity
for
each
per
son
on th
est
udy
team
.It
was
rep
orte
dth
at m
ore
than
300
diff
eren
t peo
ple
wor
ked
on th
e st
udy
at o
netim
e or
ano
ther
for
the
thre
e-ye
arpe
riod
from
the
begi
nnin
g to
the
end
of th
e st
udy.
- R
ef. 1
7
Gro
up "
D"
Tec
hniq
ues
INV
ES
TIG
AT
IVE
TE
CH
NIQ
UE
S O
FP
RO
GR
AM
MIN
G
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 1
8
"SP
EC
IFIC
RO
OM
DA
TA
FO
RM
S"
One
arc
hite
ctur
al fi
rm fa
cilit
ates
the
conc
eptu
aliz
atio
n of
roo
mda
ta a
nd c
hara
cter
istic
s by
mea
ns o
f a"S
peci
fic R
oom
Dat
a F
orm
,"sh
own
in E
xhib
it 11
. Thi
s fo
rm is
use
d as
ach
eckl
ist i
n pr
ogra
m-
min
g a
sing
le r
oom
or
as a
que
stio
nnai
refo
r de
scrib
ing
the
char
ac-
teris
tics
of a
roo
m. T
he fo
rmhe
lps
the
prog
ram
mer
to th
ink
abou
tan
d pu
t "ca
psul
e da
ta"
abou
t one
spa
ce o
n on
esh
eet o
f pap
er. T
he
data
on
the
form
is b
acke
d up
with
add
ition
al s
heet
s sh
owin
gsk
etch
es, d
iagr
ams,
spe
cific
equ
ipm
ent
data
, det
ails
, and
the
like.
The
met
hod
assi
sts
in a
ccum
ulat
ing
data
on
a si
ngle
spa
ce in
one
spot
.S
ome
arch
itect
ural
firm
s us
em
ulti-
page
form
s fo
r th
e as
sem
bly
of d
ata
and
one
firm
has
deve
lope
d a
16-p
age
form
at fo
rsi
ngle
room
s in
suc
hso
phis
ticat
ed r
oom
s as
che
mic
al,
biol
ogic
al, a
ndot
her
rese
arch
labo
rato
ries.
- R
ef. 1
8
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 1
9
"RO
OM
RE
QU
IRE
ME
NT
S F
OR
MA
T"
It is
not
unu
sual
for
the
crea
tive
arch
itect
to d
evel
op h
is o
wn
form
atw
hich
gra
phic
ally
sho
ws
room
spa
cere
quire
men
ts.
Dat
a is
ac-
cum
ulat
ed o
n fo
rms
whi
ch a
re d
istin
ctiv
e to
thei
r ow
n in
vest
igat
ive
proc
edur
es a
nd a
naly
tical
met
hods
. One
such
roo
m r
equi
rem
ents
form
at p
repa
red
by a
n ar
chite
ctur
al fi
rm is
show
n in
Exh
ibit
12. A
sin
oth
er fo
rmat
s, it
pro
vide
s sp
ace
for
vario
us ty
pes
of in
form
atio
nw
hich
can
be
adde
d fr
om ti
me
to ti
me
toth
e in
vest
igat
ion
docu
-m
ents
. Lat
er it
can
be
asse
mbl
ed in
to c
ompr
ehen
sive
cha
rts
for
use
in th
ede
sign
dev
elop
men
t. -
Ref
. 19
Exh
ibit
11S
PE
CIF
IC R
OO
M D
AT
A
HR
IST
IE, N
ILE
S &
AN
DR
EW
S-
AR
CH
ITE
CT
SJO
BN
O10
.. S
PE
CIF
IC R
OO
M D
AT
AT
YP
E.
NA
ME
:N
O R
OO
MD
AT
E.
SIM
. ND
LAS
T R
EV
:
A. P
UR
PO
SE
OF
AR
EA
G. S
ER
VIC
E T
YP
ES
L. F
LOO
R F
INIS
HS
. AIR
L M
AIN
1. M
AIL
1 R
ES
ILIE
NT
1 T
EM
PE
RA
TU
RE
2. S
UP
PLI
ES
2. C
ON
DU
CT
IVE
2 H
UM
IDIT
Y
3. R
EC
OR
DS
3 S
TA
IN R
ES
IST
EN
T3
SE
P T
HE
RM
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TA
T
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(N
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EQ
UIP
ME
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2 V
OLT
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AN
1. S
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1. T
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RO
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RO
OM
6 O
XY
GE
N
2. V
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2 A
DD
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MA
CH
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4 E
XP
LOS
ION
PR
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F
3. IS
OLA
TE
3 D
UP
LIC
AT
ING
EQ
UIP
5 W
EA
TH
ER
PR
OO
FW
TIR
E P
RO
TE
CT
ION
4.4
IBM
RE
CO
RD
S6
EM
ER
GE
NC
Y1
CO
MB
CO
NT
EN
TS
. EX
PR
ES
SIO
N O
FS
PA
CE
5 F
ILE
S L
ET
TE
R S
IZE
72
SP
RIN
KLE
RS
1 F
OR
MA
L6
FIL
ES
LE
GA
L S
IZE
R. C
OM
MU
NIC
AT
ION
S3
ST
AN
DP
IPE
2. D
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IFIE
D7
FIL
ES
SP
EC
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1 F
IRC
ALA
RM
4 P
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TA
BLE
EX
TIN
G
3 Q
UIE
TN
ES
S11
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ER
ILIZ
ER
2 A
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4 O
RN
AM
EN
TA
L9
HO
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3 E
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RG
EN
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LIG
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SX
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10. R
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ER
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6. S
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S
9. A
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SS
K. S
TO
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PH
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NT
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3 W
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TO
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V (
NO
RM
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CE
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12. T
V A
ER
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SS
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14 U
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L2
DE
SIG
N M
IN
156
SP
EC
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CA
BIN
ET
S14
3 A
CT
UA
L
39
Exh
ibit
12R
OO
M R
EQ
UIR
EM
EN
TS
FO
RM
AT
RO
OM
RE
QU
IRE
ME
NT
SR
EH
AB
ILIT
AT
ION
INS
TIT
UT
EC
F M
UR
PH
Y A
SS
OC
CH
ICA
GO
ILL
CH
ICA
GO
ILL
FU
RN
ITU
RE-
EQ
UIP
ME
NT
FU
RN
ITU
RE
DE
SK W
/CH
AIR
CO
NFE
RE
NC
E T
AB
LE
(1)
SID
E C
HA
IRS
(6)
BO
OK
SHE
LV
ES
15 L
. /FT
.
EQ
UIP
ME
NT
FIL
E D
RA
WE
RS
15"
K 3
0"
NU
MB
ER
PE
OP
LE
staf
fm
ale
-fem
ale
patie
nts
40
ME
CH
AN
ICA
L
HE
AT
ING
, VE
NT
., A
IR C
ON
D.
spec
ial
PLU
MB
ING
spec
ial
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TIO
NS
TE
LE
PHO
NE
DIC
TA
PHO
NE
ELE
CT
RIC
AL
rece
ptac
les
spec
ial l
oads
othe
r
DIM
EN
SIO
NS
15' x
15'
area
225
sa f.
I
DE
PA
RT
ME
NT
PHY
SIC
AL
TH
ER
APY
SC
HO
OL
(N.0
. )SC
HO
OL
DIR
EC
TO
R'S
OFF
ICE
AR
CH
ITE
CT
UR
AL
FLO
OR
S
CA
RPE
TIN
G
spec
ial
WA
LLS
PA
RT
ITIO
NS
spec
ial
CE
ILIN
GS
spec
ial
DO
OR
S W
IND
OW
S
spec
ial
AC
OU
ST
ICA
L
spec
ial
NO
. RO
OM
S R
EQ
UIR
ED
tota
l
1
225
s. f.
CO
DE
10R
ELA
TIO
NS
HIP
TO
OT
HE
R S
PA
CE
S
PR
IMA
RY
ME
DIC
AL
DIR
EC
TO
R'S
OF
FIC
EA
SS
IST
AN
T D
IRE
CT
OR
'SO
FFIC
E
SE
CO
ND
AR
Y
RE
MA
RK
S
EX
IST
ING
AR
EA
tota
ls.
f.
OT
HE
R
Exh
ibit
13E
QU
IPM
EN
T &
SE
RV
ICE
S C
HA
RT
(
Che
mis
try
Sec
tion
Roo
mU
tiliti
esS
ervi
ces
Fur
nitu
reE
quip
men
t
Gen
eral
Lab
.22
0V S
ingl
e P
hase
110V
Plu
gmol
d6
circ
uits
at 2
0 am
psC
ompr
esse
d A
irG
asV
acuu
mC
old
wat
erH
ot w
ater
Flo
or D
rain
Ove
rhea
d S
how
erLa
b B
ench
es (
100
ft.)
Des
ks (
2)W
all C
abin
ets
(40
ft.)
Wei
ghin
g T
able
File
Cab
inet
s (2
)
Ref
riger
ator
Fre
ezer
Dis
hwas
her
Ultr
ason
ic c
lean
erW
ater
Sti
I 1S
pect
roph
otom
eter
Aut
oana
lyze
rG
as C
hrom
atog
raph
Ato
mic
Abs
orpt
ion
Wal
l ove
nS
inks
(2)
Fum
e H
ood
Wei
ghin
g R
oom
110V
Plu
gmol
dB
alan
ce ta
bles
(3)
Lab
Ben
ches
(15
ft.)
Ana
lytic
al B
alan
ce (
2)M
icro
Bal
ance
Mac
ro B
alan
ce
Chr
omat
ogra
phy
Roo
m
110V
Plu
gmol
dH
ot w
ater
Col
d w
ater
Gas
Com
pres
sed
Ai r
Vac
uum
Flo
or D
rain
Ove
rhea
d S
how
erE
xhau
st V
ent
Lab
Ben
ches
(25
ft.)
Tab
les
(2)
Des
kW
all C
abin
ets
(20
ft.)
Sin
kF
ume
Hoo
dH
ot P
late
sD
ryin
g O
ven
Fla
me
Pho
tom
eter
41
_M
ILL
LA I
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 2
0
"EQ
UIP
ME
NT
AN
D S
ER
VIC
ES
CH
AR
T"
In th
e ea
rly s
tage
s of
inve
stig
atin
g th
e ne
eds
of s
cien
ce la
bora
torie
san
d so
phis
ticat
edsp
aces
, it i
s im
potr
ant t
o fo
rese
e th
e te
chni
cal
requ
irem
ents
suc
h as
util
ities
, ser
vice
s, fu
rnitu
re, a
nd e
quip
men
t.O
ne a
rchi
tect
use
s a
colu
mna
r ch
art a
s sh
own
in E
xhib
it 13
to li
stsu
ch n
eeds
. The
tech
niqu
e is
als
o us
ed b
y cl
ient
s to
iden
tify
tech
-no
logi
cally
and
func
tiona
lly a
spa
ce in
suc
h a
way
as
to p
erm
it th
eco
ncep
tual
pro
gram
mer
to u
nder
stan
d th
e sp
ace
desi
gn r
equi
re-
men
ts w
ithou
t atte
mpt
ing
to d
irect
the
spac
e la
yout
.R
ef. 2
0
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 2
1
"ST
AN
DA
RD
RO
OM
RE
QU
IRE
ME
NT
S F
OR
M"
Ano
ther
type
of r
oom
req
uire
men
t for
m, d
evel
oped
by
an a
rchi
-te
ct's
con
sulta
nt, i
s sh
own
in E
xhib
it 14
. The
form
is d
esig
ned
toal
low
spa
ce fo
r pr
ojec
t and
roo
m id
entif
icat
ion
and
squa
re fo
otag
e.It
also
des
crib
es th
e oc
cupa
ncy
and
lists
equ
ipm
ent.
It ha
s a
chec
k-lis
t for
the
inve
stig
ator
to c
heck
-off
room
fini
sh c
hara
cter
istic
s an
dsu
ch o
ther
ser
vice
s as
com
mun
icat
ion,
ligh
ting,
pow
er, m
echa
nica
lse
rvic
es, g
ases
, plu
mbi
ng, a
nd s
o on
.T
he im
port
ant a
spec
t of t
his
tech
niqu
e is
that
by
stan
dard
izat
ion
of fo
rm th
e in
vest
igat
or c
an a
ssem
ble
info
rmat
ion
quic
kly.
He
can
add
info
rmat
ion
from
tim
e to
tim
e an
d, s
ubse
quen
tly, h
e ca
n an
alyz
ean
d sy
nthe
size
the
data
for
the
purp
ose
of p
rese
ntat
ion.
Ref
. 21
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 2
2
"SP
AC
E C
RIT
ER
IA S
HE
ET
S"
The
incr
easi
ng c
ompl
exity
of e
nviro
nmen
tal
spac
e re
quire
men
tsm
akes
it im
port
ant f
or a
rchi
tect
ural
prog
ram
mer
s to
defin
e ac
cu-
rate
ly th
e en
viro
nmen
tal r
equi
rem
ents
with
in c
erta
in s
pace
s su
ch a
sla
bora
torie
s, s
tudi
os, k
itche
ns, h
ospi
tal s
pace
s, s
tora
ge s
pace
s, a
ndso
on.
One
form
, whi
ch h
as b
een
deve
lope
d fo
r ar
chite
ct's
and
engi
neer
's u
se, i
s sh
own
in E
xhib
it 15
. Thi
s fo
rm n
ames
the
vario
usro
oms
or s
pace
s w
hich
hav
e a
com
mon
air
envi
ronm
ent a
nd th
ensh
ows
a fo
rmat
for
decl
arin
g th
e de
sire
d ai
r te
mpe
ratu
re, r
elat
ive
hum
idity
, air
velo
city
, am
ount
of f
resh
, out
door
air,
and
des
ired
pres
sure
with
in th
at ty
pe o
f spa
ce.
Ref
. 22
42
Exh
ibit
14S
TA
ND
AR
D R
OO
M R
EQ
UIR
EM
EN
TS
FO
RM
SU
RG
ER
Y S
UIT
E
1 (a
572
Ope
ratin
g R
oom
si o
t 405
5 (4
360
Pro
gram
med
Are
a (N
et)
2,77
7 S
q. R
.
OC
CU
PA
NC
Y: P
atie
nt +
Fiv
e to
Six
Sta
ff
EQ
UIP
ME
NT
: 1Tab
le, m
ajor
ope
ratin
g (8
4" x
20"
)1T
able
, ins
trum
ent (
24"
x 48
")1T
able
, may
o (1
3" x
20"
)2S
tand
s, b
asin
sing
le (
16"
x 14
11S
tand
, bas
indo
uble
(28
" x
14")
3Buc
kets
, kic
k (1
3" d
iam
eter
)1S
tool
, too
t (30
" x
121
3Sto
ols,
foot
(16
" x
121
1Sto
ol, a
nest
hetis
t's (
14"
x 15
")3S
tool
s, o
pera
tor
(14"
dia
met
er)
1Mac
hine
, ane
sthe
sia
(46"
x 2
7")
1Cab
inet
, ane
sthe
tist (
36"
x 24
") p
orta
ble
1Tab
le, a
nest
hetis
t (20
" x
16 "
)1H
ampe
r, li
nen
(24"
,0)
1Vie
w b
ox (
doub
le, r
eces
sed)
2I.V
. sta
nds
E X S TI
0 F OC
CI
o F I
o F
CE
ILIN
GF
LOO
RE
LEC
TR
ICA
LP
LUM
BIN
G
Aco
ustic
alP
last
er seE
xpos
edtie
rets
rle.o
sn C
emen
t Pla
s
Roa
r Lo
ads
(Ms
fsq
ft.)
Asp
halt
Tile
Vin
yl A
sbes
tos
Tile
Cer
amic
Tile
Vin
yl
Em
erge
ncy
XR
ay O
utle
tC
lock
11-
Wat
er C
lose
tw
Idiv
erte
rU
rinal
Sho
wer
Bat
h T
ubS
ite B
ath
Lava
tory
Cou
nter
Sin
kC
linic
al S
ink
Ser
vice
Sm
kD
rinki
ng F
ount
ain
Flo
or D
rain
Pla
ster
Tra
pD
ispo
ser
Aci
d C
onsi
dera
tions
Ste
am
..--Z
--_
_,.-
---,
--r
ME
CH
AN
ICA
L
WA
LLS
Air
Cha
nges
Ihr
100%
Exh
aust
Roo
m P
ress
ure
Spe
cial
Ven
tilat
ion
Hum
idity
Exh
aust
Hoo
d
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TIO
N--
Z-
Pla
ster
Exp
osed
Mat
teld
azed
Tile
Kee
ne's
Cem
ent P
las.
Vin
yl o
n O
ryw
all
Tel
epliO
neIn
terc
om. S
yste
mpa
ging
Sys
tem
Rat
h° &
Pub
he A
ddre
ss
2Arr
..c.a
4SN
Igem
Cal
lC
entr
al C
het/f
ling
Sys
.
,_9,
e,7.
4,
--7`
WA
INS
CO
TP
IPE
D G
AS
ES
Vin
ylM
atte
glaz
ed T
ileG
laze
d S
truc
tura
l Uni
ts
Oxy
gen-
0,N
itrou
s O
xide
NO
Clin
ical
Gas
Hea
tV
acuu
mC
ompr
esse
d A
ir
DO
OR
LIG
HT
ING
42W
ide
x 7'
Hig
hF
oot C
andl
es a
t Tas
kE
mer
genc
yS
peci
al (
See
Equ
ip )
BA
SE
Mat
tgla
zed
Tile
Gla
zed
Str
uctu
ral U
nits
Rub
ber
Dat
e:A
po,.
by
...,,/
Arc
hite
ct:
ME
DIC
AL
PLA
NN
ING
AS
SO
CIA
TE
S
Exh
ibit
15S
PA
CE
CR
ITE
RIA
SH
EE
TS
Space criteria sheet no. 31
INSTRUCTIONAL - SU' ?ORTINC FACILITIES
AUDIO-VISUAL
Storage
Equipment & Materials Room
File Room
Monitor Room
?review Room
PHYSICAL TRAINING
Storage
CRITERIA
1.
Air temperature:
75° F
2.
Relative humidity:
a.
Cooling:
40-50%
b.
Heating:
20% minimum
3.
Air temperature on occupants:
a.
Cooling:
No more than 7 F° below room temperature.
b.
Heating:
No more than 4 F° above room temperature.
4.
Air velocity on occupants, maximum:
STUDIOS
Storage
LABORATORIES
Storage *
a.
b.
Cooling:
temp (Jiff:
F°
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0+1
at neck:
fpm
xx
x0
10
25
40
60
85
§saD
uesL
imsi
s25
37
53
74
100
xx
Heating:
temp diff:
F°
01
23
4
air velocity:
fpm
30
45
60
75
90
5.
Fresh outdoor air:
From a minimum of 0.2 to a maximum
of 1.0 cfm per sq ft of floor area depending on the
materials to be stored.
In case of doubt, consult
manufacturer for his recommendations.
If people regu-
larly use these spaces for any length of time, use the
above criterion or the following, whichever is higher.
air space:
cu ft/person
100
200
300 400
500
600
700
800
fresh air:
cfm/person
24
18
12
97
65
5
6.
Pressure:
Atmospheric
*In some spaces,of this category, the pressure
(item 6)
should be negative because of the type
of material stored.
In such cases, air shculd be exhausted
directly to out-
doors and should not be recirculated.
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 2
3
"EQ
UIP
ME
NT
AN
D C
AS
E W
OR
K C
HE
CK
LIS
T"
Com
pete
ncy
in a
rchi
tect
ural
pro
gram
min
g sh
ows
up in
the
unde
r-st
andi
ng o
f the
use
r's e
quip
men
t and
furn
ishi
ngs.
Eve
nth
ough
the
func
tiona
l equ
ipm
ent i
n m
any
arch
itect
ural
bui
ldin
g ty
pes
may
beco
nsid
ered
sec
onda
ry to
oth
er a
spec
ts o
f con
cept
ual s
pace
plan
-
ning
, it i
s of
vita
l im
port
ance
in th
e in
vest
igat
ion
of n
eeds
in th
efie
ld o
f sci
entif
ic la
bora
torie
s, h
ospi
tals
, and
soph
istic
ated
spa
ces.
The
exp
ert p
rogr
amm
er in
vest
igat
es th
e fu
nctio
nal e
quip
men
tan
d se
rvic
es b
ecau
se th
ey h
elp
to s
hape
the
spac
ela
yout
s an
d th
ese
rvic
e sy
stem
s. B
ut, o
f prim
ary
impo
rtan
ce is
the
fact
that
thro
ugh
equi
pmen
t a m
utua
l res
pect
and
com
mun
icat
ions
link
can
be e
stab
-lis
hed
betw
een
arch
itect
ural
pro
gram
mer
and
clie
nt's
rep
rese
nta-
tives
. One
arc
hite
ctur
al fi
rm u
ses
a te
chni
que
of li
stin
g eq
uipm
ent
and
case
wor
k in
var
ious
spa
ces
and
then
use
s th
elis
t as
a ch
eckl
ist
for
show
ing
the
plum
bing
con
nect
ions
, hoo
d an
d ov
enre
quire
-m
ents
, as
show
n in
Exh
ibit
16.
Ref
. 23
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 2
4
"BU
ILD
ING
HIS
TO
RY
INV
ES
TIG
AT
ION
S"
Sin
ce a
rchi
tect
ural
ser
vice
s ar
e re
quire
d in
man
y ca
ses
toad
d ne
wbu
ildin
gs o
r ex
tend
old
bui
ldin
gs o
n ex
istin
g si
tes,
it is
impo
rtan
tfo
r th
e ar
chite
ctur
al p
rogr
amm
er to
be
wel
l-ver
sed
onth
e hi
stor
yof
the
clie
nt's
org
aniz
atio
n an
d hi
s ex
istin
gbu
ildin
gs.
It is
ofte
nw
ise
to b
e fa
mili
ar w
ith th
e ex
perie
nces
whi
chth
e cl
ient
has
had
inde
velo
ping
his
exi
stin
g bu
ildin
gs.
For
this
rea
son,
the
arch
itect
ural
pro
gram
mer
delv
es in
to s
uch
hist
orie
s in
ord
er to
be
in a
pos
ition
to c
onve
rse
inte
llige
ntly
with
the
clie
nt's
rep
rese
ntat
ives
.R
e-cr
eatin
g a
prev
ious
arc
hite
ctur
aler
ror
whi
ch th
e cl
ient
has
expe
rienc
ed is
unp
ardo
nabl
e an
d on
e of
the
tech
niqu
es u
sed
by c
onte
mpo
rary
arc
hite
ctur
al p
rogr
amm
ers
is
to in
vest
igat
e th
e cl
ient
's o
ccup
ancy
prob
lem
s. T
he r
e-cr
eatio
n of
the
hist
ory
of th
e or
gani
zatio
n's
use
of a
bui
ldin
gdo
es n
ot n
eces
-sa
rily
need
to b
e do
cum
ente
d, b
ut it
sho
uld
bedo
cum
ente
d if
it is
foun
d to
be
of s
peci
fic im
port
ance
to th
e cl
ient
and
,la
ter
on, t
oth
e de
sign
ers.
Suc
h im
port
ance
may
be
note
d in
a li
stof
"do
's a
nddo
n'ts
" w
hich
wou
ld h
ave
a gr
eat d
eal o
f mea
ning
to th
epr
opos
edoc
cupa
nts
and
user
s of
the
new
bui
ldin
g.R
ef. 2
4
43
Exh
ibit
16E
QU
IPM
EN
T C
HE
CK
LIS
T
0 m 2 o.P
AIN
T L
AB
1. W
OR
K T
AB
LE2.
SIN
K C
AB
INE
T3.
CO
RN
ER
SIN
K4.
FU
ME
HO
OD
- IN
DU
CE
D A
IR5.
FU
ME
HO
OD
-BA
SE
6. C
OU
NT
ER
DR
AW
ER
T. M
ULT
I-D
RA
WE
R F
AU
CE
TS
. DR
AW
ER
CU
PB
OA
RD
CA
BIN
ET
9. D
RA
WE
R C
UP
BO
AR
D C
AB
INE
T10
. EN
D F
ILLE
R P
AN
EL
11. E
ND
FIL
LER
PA
NE
L12
. WA
LK-I
N P
AIN
T S
PR
AY
HO
OD
13. R
EA
GE
NT
SH
ELF
CH
EM
. LA
B.
I. F
LOO
R C
AS
E, S
TE
EL
DO
OR
S2.
FLO
OR
CA
SE
, GLA
SS
DO
OR
S3.
CO
UN
TE
R D
RA
WE
R4.
BR
INK
MA
N B
ALA
NC
E T
AB
LE5.
WA
LL C
AS
E, G
LAS
S D
OO
RS
6. D
RA
WE
R U
NIT
7. C
OR
NE
R C
OU
NT
ER
SIN
KI.
CO
UN
TE
R U
NIT
. FIT
9. F
ILLE
R P
AN
EL
FO
R D
-24
10. F
ILE
R P
AN
EL
FO
R 1
347
11. F
ILLE
R P
AN
EL
FO
R 0
-24
12. F
ILLE
R P
AN
EL
FO
R C
O 2
413
. FU
ME
HO
OD
BA
SE
14. F
UM
E H
OO
D B
AS
E15
. PE
TR
OLI
TH
FU
ME
HO
OD
16. E
PD
XY
SIN
K, I
N F
UM
E H
OO
D17
. FU
ME
HO
OD
. IN
DU
CE
D A
IRIS
. CO
RN
ER
CA
BIN
ET
19. C
UP
BO
AR
D D
RA
WE
R C
AB
INE
T20
. MU
LTI-
DR
AW
ER
CA
BIN
ET
21. C
LEA
N U
P S
INK
22. D
RA
WE
R U
NIT
23. E
ND
PA
NE
LS24
. EN
D P
AN
ELS
25. E
ND
PA
NE
LS26
. EN
D P
AN
ELS
27. T
EN
SIO
ME
TE
R21
. RE
AG
EN
T S
HE
LF
MA
CH
INE
RO
OM
1. T
OM
S O
LSE
N M
AC
HIN
E2.
TE
ST
ING
MA
CH
INE
(30
0,00
0 LB
. TE
ST
)3.
WO
RK
BE
NC
H4.
CA
BIN
ET
ST
OR
AG
ES
CA
BLE
EP
DX
YIN
G B
EN
CH
6. S
AN
D B
OX
7. C
AB
LE O
VE
N
MIS
C. S
AM
PLE
SI.
FR
EE
ZE
R2.
TE
NS
IOM
ET
ER
3. W
EA
TH
ER
OM
ET
ER
0A
SP
HA
LT M
IX D
ES
IGN
& C
ON
TR
OL
I. D
ES
K &
FIL
E C
AB
INE
T2.
AG
GR
EG
AT
E S
TO
RA
GE
3. S
CR
EE
NS
& S
AM
PLE
S4.
RO
TA
PS
5. C
LAS
SIF
YC
CO
MB
INE
7. O
VE
N 2
75S
. BA
LAN
CE
9. W
EA
TH
ER
& M
IX10
. TA
BLE
11. C
OM
PA
CT
OR
12. S
TA
BIL
OM
ET
ER
13. M
OLD
OV
EN
, VE
NT
ED
14. C
LEA
N U
P, W
ITH
HO
OD
15. O
VE
N 1
40IC
SA
MP
LES
IN17
. HE
AT
275
15. W
EIG
HT
19. P
RE
PA
RE
MIX
20. R
ICE
NA
DC
21. S
INK
AN
D A
SP
IRA
TO
R B
AN
K22
. 7 B
AT
H23
. WA
ST
E24
. 140
BA
TH
MC
EX
TR
AC
TIO
NI.
OV
EN
, VE
NT
ED
2. E
XT
RA
CT
ION
UN
ITS
, W/H
OO
D3.
IR D
RIE
RS
. W/H
OO
D4.
ST
ILL
& W
AS
TE
W/H
OO
DS
. BA
LAN
CE
W/H
OO
D6.
7 B
AT
H &
SIN
K A
SP
IRA
TO
R, W
7. R
OT
AP
IL S
CA
LE O
UT
9. S
AM
PLE
S IN
-WO
RK
BE
NC
H
CO
RE
SI.
OV
EN
275
2, W
OR
K S
PA
CE
3. S
P. G
R.-
BA
LAN
CE
, WA
TE
R B
AT
H4.
DIA
MO
ND
SA
W5.
CLE
AN
UP
w/H
000
6. S
TO
RA
GE
7. T
AB
LES
. RE
FR
IGE
RA
TO
R
PH
OT
OM
ET
RIC
LA
B.
I. C
OR
NE
R C
UP
BO
AR
D2.
FU
ME
HO
OD
- IN
DU
CE
D A
IR3.
FU
ME
HO
OD
, BA
SE
, WIT
H S
INK
4. D
RA
WE
R C
AB
INE
T5.
DR
AW
ER
CU
PB
OA
RD
CA
BIN
ET
6. C
OU
NT
ER
CU
PB
OA
RD
CA
BIN
ET
7. C
OU
NT
ER
DR
AIN
ER
UN
IT11
. FLO
OR
CA
SE
9. E
ND
PA
NE
L10
. CO
RN
ER
SIN
K C
UP
BO
AR
D
W. 0
44
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 2
5
"PR
OG
RA
MM
ING
QU
ES
TIO
NN
AIR
E F
OR
MA
T"
Arc
hite
ctur
ally
pre
pare
d qu
estio
nnai
res
can
be c
reat
ivel
y an
d ex
-pe
rtly
des
igne
d to
sec
ure
pert
inen
t inf
orm
atio
n fr
om th
e cl
ient
and
his
repr
esen
tativ
es. T
he in
stru
ctio
ns r
eque
st th
e pe
rson
filli
ng in
answ
ers
or p
rovi
ding
dat
a to
giv
e ca
refu
l con
side
ratio
n to
que
stio
nsso
that
"a
prop
er e
valu
atio
n of
the
spec
ial n
eeds
of t
he p
ropo
sed
envi
ronm
ent m
ay b
e de
term
ined
."O
ne e
xten
sive
que
stio
nnai
re u
sed
by a
n ar
chite
ctur
al fi
rm is
di-
vide
d in
to fo
ur p
arts
. It
is o
ften
fille
d in
by
diffe
rent
per
sons
at
diffe
rent
tim
es a
nd is
des
crib
ed a
s fo
llow
s:
Par
t one
, inv
olve
s a
five-
page
que
stio
nnai
re o
n ge
nera
l sub
ject
san
d in
form
atio
n fo
r m
aste
r pl
anni
ng. T
hese
sub
ject
s ar
e:(a
)
acou
stic
al c
onsi
dera
tions
, (b)
aud
io-v
isua
l and
com
mun
icat
ions
,(c
) bu
ilt-in
-fur
nitu
re, (
d) e
lect
rical
, (e)
plu
mbi
ng, (
f) h
eatin
g an
dve
ntila
ting,
(g)
hea
lth a
nd s
afet
y, (
h) s
truc
tura
l. T
he fo
rm h
assp
ace
to p
rovi
de s
tatis
tical
dat
a on
the
pers
on w
ho fi
lls in
the
ques
tionn
aire
s as
wel
l as
spac
e fo
r ap
prov
al b
y hi
s va
rious
su-
perio
rs, t
hus
emph
asiz
ing
the
sour
ce o
f dat
a an
d th
e re
liabi
lity
of th
e so
urce
.
Par
t tw
o so
licits
info
rmat
ion
on th
e th
ree
grou
ps o
f bui
ldin
geq
uipm
ent r
equi
red
in a
typi
cal b
uild
ing
as fo
llow
s:
Gro
up 1
- co
ntra
ctor
-pur
chas
ed, -
inst
alle
d, a
nd -
conn
ecte
deq
uipm
ent,
incl
udin
g m
onor
ail h
oist
s, h
oods
ove
r he
at p
ro-
duci
ng e
quip
men
t, si
nks,
and
so
on.
Gro
up 2
- o
wne
r-pu
rcha
sed,
-in
stal
led,
and
-co
nnec
ted
equi
p-m
ent,
such
as
shop
mac
hine
s, k
itche
n ra
nges
, ele
ctric
type
-w
riter
s, h
ot p
late
s, r
efrig
erat
ors,
and
so
on.
Gro
up 3
- o
wne
r-pu
rcha
sed,
ow
ner-
inst
alle
d, b
ut w
ithou
tco
nnec
tion
to b
uild
ing
utili
ties,
suc
h as
man
ual t
ypew
riter
s,st
orag
e un
its, f
urni
ture
, and
so
on. T
his
type
of e
quip
men
tqu
estio
nnai
re is
des
igne
d to
mak
e pe
ople
thin
k m
ore
real
istic
-al
ly a
bout
thei
r m
ode
of o
pera
tion
and
equi
pmen
t req
uire
-m
ents
, esp
ecia
lly th
ose
whi
ch r
equi
re s
pace
and
ser
vice
con
-ne
ctio
ns.
Par
t thr
ee is
des
igne
d to
sec
ure
info
rmat
ion
abou
t exi
stin
g su
p-po
rt fa
cilit
ies
whi
ch w
ould
be
mod
ified
, rel
ocat
ed, o
r pr
ovid
ed,
such
as
athl
etic
are
as, m
aint
enan
ce a
reas
, stu
dent
or
facu
lty
cour
ts, s
ocia
l are
as,
swim
min
g po
ols,
and
so
on.
Thi
s qu
estio
n-
naire
is in
tend
ed to
pick
up
info
rmat
ion
whi
ch u
sual
ly d
oes
not
com
e ou
t at
the
star
t of t
he in
vest
igat
ion.
It is
als
o in
tend
ed to
seek
faci
litie
s w
hich
do
not c
ome
unde
r th
e re
quire
men
ts o
f a
sing
le d
epar
tmen
t.
Par
t fou
r is
are
capi
tula
tion
shee
t for
arch
itect
ural
spe
cific
atio
ns
and
a ro
om s
umm
ary.
Thi
s fo
rm c
alls
for
the
prep
arat
ion
and
pres
enta
tion
of a
n or
derly
set
of r
oom
spa
ces
show
ing
quan
titie
s
and
type
s by
are
a gr
oups
and/
or d
epar
tmen
ts. R
ef. 2
5
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 2
6
"PR
OG
RA
M R
EQ
UIR
EM
EN
TS
BO
OK
LET
"
One
arc
hite
ctur
al fi
rm u
ses
ate
chni
que
for
solic
iting
all o
f the
clie
nt's
info
rmat
ion
from
asi
ngle
, key
indi
vidu
al in
acl
ient
's o
rgan
i-
zatio
n. It
is u
nder
stoo
dth
at th
at p
erso
n w
ill s
ecur
eth
e op
inio
ns o
f
all u
sers
con
cern
ed a
ndm
ake
up a
"co
nsen
sus
ofop
inio
ns a
nd r
e-
quire
men
ts."
Suc
h a
66-p
age
Pro
gram
Req
uire
men
tsB
ookl
et is
desc
ribed
her
e.T
he c
lient
's r
epre
sent
ativ
e us
esth
e bo
okle
t whi
ch is
set
up
as:
(a)
a se
ries
ofqu
estio
ns a
nd (
b) a
che
cklis
tof i
tem
s as
follo
ws:
(a)
item
s pe
rtai
ning
toph
iloso
phy
and
polic
ies
are
secu
red
from
the
top
dire
ctor
s,(b
) qu
estio
ns p
erta
inin
g to
depa
rtm
ent f
unct
ions
,eq
uipm
ent,
and
spac
es a
re h
andl
edby
dep
artm
ent h
eads
,an
d
(c)
com
mon
are
as, s
itepl
anni
ng, a
nd g
ener
alfa
cilit
ies
are
han-
dled
by
thos
e m
ost c
once
rned
or
mos
t kno
wle
dgea
ble.
The
sum
mat
ion
of th
isin
form
atio
n is
then
rec
orde
dan
d ke
pt in
the
prog
ram
req
uire
men
tsbo
okle
t whi
ch u
ltim
atel
ybe
com
es th
e
clie
nt's
pro
gram
sta
tem
ent-
in-t
otal
for
the
proj
ect.
Ref
. 26
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 2
7
"AR
CH
ITE
CT
'S P
RE
SE
NT
AT
ION
OF
QU
ES
TIO
NS
"
A te
chni
que
deve
lope
dby
one
arc
hite
ctur
al fi
rmin
volv
es th
e us
e
of a
pro
gram
kic
k-of
f mee
ting
at w
hich
tim
e th
ear
chite
ct p
rese
nts
by p
roje
ctor
or
card
s th
eim
port
ant q
uest
ions
whi
ch m
ust
be
answ
ered
dur
ing
the
prog
ram
min
gph
ase
in o
rder
to a
rriv
e at
ade
sira
ble
solu
tion
to th
e pr
oble
m.
Sho
w c
ards
are
mad
e up
ahea
d
of ti
me
and
have
suc
h qu
estio
ns a
s:
how
man
y oc
cupa
nts
in v
ario
ussp
aces
?
perc
enta
ge a
nd r
atio
of v
ario
us g
roup
s,sc
hedu
les
of e
vent
s fo
r ty
pica
l24
-hou
r da
ys,
rela
tions
hip
of p
eopl
e (g
roup
ings
, tea
m,r
elat
ions
hip)
,
faci
lity
requ
irem
ents
,ph
iloso
phy
of s
ervi
ces,
indi
vidu
al o
r
team
effo
rts,
adm
inis
trat
ive
proc
edur
es,
rela
tions
hip
of r
e-
sear
ch to
ope
ratio
ns, s
taff
mak
e-up
, fun
ctio
nal
perf
orm
ance
,
ultim
ate
serv
ices
des
ired,
com
mon
deno
min
ator
s, m
ajor
ele
-
men
ts, s
ocia
l mix
are
as,
visu
al a
nd p
hysi
cal c
ontr
olre
quire
-
men
t, an
d ot
her
ques
tions
.
The
join
t mee
ting
with
clie
nt a
nd a
rchi
tect
repr
esen
tativ
es fo
-
cuse
s at
tent
ion
onth
e im
port
ant q
uest
ions
,de
mon
stra
tes
the
team
resp
onsi
bilit
y of
arc
hite
ct a
ndcl
ient
rep
rese
ntat
ives
, and
perm
its
the
arch
itect
to le
ad th
ecl
ient
into
logi
cal s
eque
nces
of p
rogr
am-
min
g an
d ne
w a
ppro
ache
s or
solu
tions
.R
ef. 2
7
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 2
8
"SP
AC
E-T
IME
LO
G"
Ano
ther
tech
niqu
e us
ed b
y a
team
of r
esea
rche
rs in
volv
es th
eac
qui-
sitio
n of
a g
reat
dea
l of
info
rmat
ion
abou
t the
mov
emen
tpa
ttern
s
and
func
tioni
ng o
f peo
ple
with
in a
reas
. In
this
cas
eth
e ar
ea w
as
the
core
of a
maj
or c
ity.
The
team
, com
pose
d of
arch
itect
s an
d
plan
ners
, dev
elop
ed a
"sp
ace-
time
log"
in th
e fo
rm o
f abo
okle
t, a
page
of
whi
ch is
sho
wn
in E
xhib
it 17
.T
he e
xhib
it is
a p
hoto
copy
of th
e pa
ge o
f ins
truc
tions
whi
ch a
ccom
pani
ed th
ew
eekl
y lo
g
book
let.
The
boo
klet
was
use
dby
indi
vidu
als
to r
ecor
dth
eir
mov
e-
men
ts a
nd a
ctiv
ities
,su
ch a
s:go
ing
into
the
core
are
a,ac
tiviti
es w
ithin
the
core
are
a,an
dtr
avel
ing
from
the
core
are
a.
Info
rmat
ion
abou
t the
mor
ning
com
mut
ing
hour
, the
mid
dle
of
the
day,
and
eve
ning
com
mut
ing
hour
s w
asse
cure
d an
d la
ter
anal
yzed
.T
he b
ookl
et lo
g w
as m
ade
up s
oth
at e
ach
pers
on w
hoco
oper
ated
in th
e su
rvey
on
asa
mpl
ing
basi
s co
uld
reco
rdhi
s m
ovem
ent a
nd
activ
ity p
atte
rns
for
an e
ntire
wee
k. T
he p
erso
n w
asen
cour
aged
to
stat
e w
heth
er it
was
aty
pica
l wor
k w
eek
or n
ot.
All
of th
e lo
gs o
f
the
sam
ple
wer
e re
capp
ed o
rsum
mar
ized
to d
eter
min
eth
e ac
tivity
patte
rns
in d
iffer
ent p
arts
of th
e co
re a
rea.
, -
45
Exh
ibit
17E
xhib
it 18
SP
AC
E-T
IME
LO
G
SPACL-11311 LOG IIIIIIOCT10116
1.
Oa beemf-la lestractlea gelds sheet please indicate:
a) year are
b) street redress of yew place it employment
e) street address (er block address) of molasses
i.e. 936 38th Ave. O.
900 block 36th Ave. O.
d) are at cress *treats along route to work tint hest
feriae for
you:
edge of your resiesetial area
edge of the devotees area.
2. The scale used for this log establishestiz&Splempas the smallest
salt of time to be recorded.
If the time spirt is a particular activity
area (store) or at a particular activity
(rifles Vue) is less them five
minutes it seed not be shwa. A on= of too
ks ar lees wall them
sot be shwa (se is less them five minutes .
3. Saw specific examples of activity ores uses are
listed is hosed-la
lestractime for gulfames.
Isficatisa of the same of a particular
activity area wolf be useful to et*, but is apt aregairmeenf.
h.
The first sad last pages should be used to indicatethe typical trip to
seek sad from work. The resalaber of the log realm%bemused to 1161w
cote the particular activities of the wickweek.
5.
The activity area space. piece of emelemsrat.should be weed to indicate
time sprat is your ova office or store.
The renaleleg activity area
spaces are for time *peat other
tbea at place of work.
6.
Please fill la a time mice for each > re sisutee
spent is activity or
draw a Liao through the appropriate amber of swarms.
Thus:
MOUE:MY
113411111111119111111111MI111111
=11
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
11R
iSM
EN
TIA
AR
EA
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
111
INIM
M1=
1.11
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
111
111
Dow
Nr
1111
1 IM
MO
II 1
1110
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
IMM
ITT
EM
III M
III IU
M11
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1III
RA
C..L
i. o
UM
& 1
1111
1111
11 IL
I 1!I
IIM
A' S
T I
1111
11M
u In
Imom
rum
ium
t.D
R .c
zte1
1111
111
MI1
111
1111
1111
1MIIM
I11
1111
11-x
wim
o-01
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
EirM
1=11
11 IM
IIIIIM
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
111
Irtr
7=1=
. 111
1111
111
1211
1 11
11.1
1111
1111
1111
111
111=
1=11
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
11-1
.....-
----
....-
.411
...-.
411,
..alm
aim
pThe result will be a graphic record ofeach fop over a week. Flew see
last page of bound -is guide for curet
after completim of log.
Think you.
46
TR
AC
KIN
G S
TU
DIE
S
The
tech
niqu
e is
an
exam
ple
of fa
ct fi
ndin
g w
hich
atte
mpt
s to
reco
nstr
uct a
mod
el o
f the
hum
an a
ctiv
ities
with
in a
n ex
istin
g ar
ea.
The
log
was
one
of s
ever
al te
chni
ques
incl
udin
g sh
ort-
and
long
-te
rm tr
acki
ng, q
uest
ionn
aire
s, a
nd d
epth
inte
rvie
ws
used
to d
e-te
rmin
e an
d co
rrel
ate
activ
ity p
atte
rns
and
attit
udes
of u
sers
of t
heco
re a
rea.
Ext
ensi
ve ti
me-
mot
ion
stud
ies
are
not n
eces
saril
y a
func
tion
ofth
e pr
ogra
mm
er. H
owev
er, h
e of
ten
is r
equi
red
to d
esig
n su
chin
vest
igat
ions
in o
rder
to o
btai
n a
good
pro
gram
whi
ch m
ay b
eba
sed
on a
ctua
l peo
ple,
pro
blem
s, a
nd c
ondi
tions
rat
her
than
on
casu
al o
bser
vatio
ns.
Ref
. 28
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 2
9
"TR
AC
KIN
G S
TU
DIE
S"
Ano
ther
tech
niqu
e w
hich
has
bee
n de
velo
ped
by b
ehav
iora
l sci
en-
tists
con
sist
s of
trac
king
stu
dies
to d
isco
ver
the
beha
vior
pat
tern
s of
peop
le in
sto
res,
mus
eum
s, a
nd li
ke s
pace
s w
hich
hav
e ex
its, e
n-tr
ance
s, d
ispl
ays,
and
oth
er in
fluen
ces
on p
erso
nal m
ovem
ent.
The
prog
ram
mer
on
proj
ects
whi
ch in
volv
e m
ovem
ent c
an m
ake
stud
ies
to d
eter
min
e tr
affic
pat
tern
s ar
ound
furn
iture
, equ
ipm
ent,
and
exits
.A
n ex
ampl
e of
a s
tudy
of t
raffi
c pa
ttern
s is
sho
wn
in E
xhib
it 18
.T
he e
xhib
it sh
ows
the
supe
r-im
posi
tion
of v
ario
us ty
pes
of tr
affic
patte
rns
with
in s
ingl
e sp
aces
. By
trac
king
or
trac
ing
the
mov
emen
tof
peo
ple
over
a p
erio
d of
tim
e, a
n ov
erla
y is
dev
elop
ed w
hich
grap
hica
lly il
lust
rate
s a
set o
f des
ired
line
circ
ulat
ion
patte
rns.
Ref
. 29
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 3
0
"LIN
KS
RE
LAT
ED
TO
ME
TH
OD
S O
F C
OM
MU
NIC
AT
ION
"
Bec
ause
of t
he s
tron
g re
lianc
e on
com
mun
icat
ions
sys
tem
s in
eve
ry-
day
life
and
busi
ness
, one
arc
hite
ctur
al p
rogr
amm
er h
as a
tech
niqu
e`.
r..ir
det
erm
inin
g th
e m
etho
ds o
f com
mun
icat
ion
whi
ch a
re d
esira
ble
for
vario
us d
epar
tmen
ts, g
roup
s, o
r in
divi
dual
s w
ithin
the
build
ing
com
plex
, as
show
n on
"C
omm
unic
atio
ns L
ink
For
mat
," E
xhib
it 19
.In
divi
dual
s ar
e po
lled
as to
the
met
hods
of c
omm
unic
atio
n w
hich
they
des
ire. T
he m
etho
ds r
ange
from
"fa
ce to
face
" to
"ph
one"
to"d
eliv
ery"
and
oth
ers.
Ref
. 30
Exh
ibit
19C
OM
MU
NIC
AT
ION
LIN
K F
OR
MA
T
D.
Link
s to
Rel
ated
Act
iviti
es a
nd M
etho
ds o
f Com
mun
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Act
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etho
ds o
f Com
mun
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ion
Fac
e to
Del
iver
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ace
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neof
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orts
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rter
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irms
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ight
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WT
CLINKAGES BETWEEN
DEPARTMENTS
SEATTLE PORT OF SEATTLE 64
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 3
1
"ULT
IMA
TE
LA
ND
US
EIN
VE
ST
IGA
TIO
NS
"
Arc
hite
ctur
al p
rogr
amm
ers
who
are
give
n a
sele
cted
site
are
face
d
with
a d
iffer
ent t
ype
ofap
proa
ch w
hich
sta
rts
with
apr
e-pl
anni
ng
inve
stig
atio
n of
the
site
pot
entia
l.S
uch
an a
ppro
ach
requ
ires
expe
rtta
lent
and
con
sulta
tion
in th
efie
ld o
f lan
d us
e.O
ne a
rchi
tect
-eng
inee
rfir
m, t
ypic
al o
f man
y ot
hers
, pre
pare
s a
com
plet
e co
ncep
tual
stu
dy o
n"u
ltim
ate
land
use
" fo
r th
e si
te.
The
inve
stig
ativ
e te
chni
ques
req
uire
dm
ake
it ne
cess
ary
for
the
pro-
gram
mer
to c
onsi
der
and
stud
y zo
ning
pla
ns,
build
ing
dens
ity p
lans
,
peak
hou
r tr
affic
stu
dies
, util
ities
plan
s, a
nd s
o on
. Ext
ensi
ve e
co-
nom
ic fe
asib
ility
stu
dies
and
just
ifica
tion
stud
ies
are
requ
ired
as a
prel
ude
to th
e ac
tual
pro
gram
prep
arat
ion.
Ref
. 31
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 3
2
"PO
PU
LAT
ION
TR
EN
DIN
VE
ST
IGA
TIO
NS
"
Pro
gram
spe
cial
ists
inve
stig
ate
thor
ough
ly th
e po
pula
tion
tren
ds,
espe
cial
ly in
the
field
of s
choo
ls, s
tore
s,an
d co
mm
unity
-typ
e bu
ild-
ings
whi
ch s
erve
the
popu
latio
n as
a w
hole
. One
exam
ple
of a
popu
latio
n in
vest
igat
ion
is s
how
n in
Exh
ibit
20. T
he c
hart
, "P
opul
a-
tion
Tre
nd P
redi
ctio
ns,"
not
only
rec
ords
the
tren
ds o
f the
pas
tan
d
the
imm
edia
te fu
ture
, but
als
oth
e lo
ng-r
ange
, pro
ject
ed a
vera
ges
and
estim
ates
. Adm
itted
ly,
proj
ectio
ns v
ary
a gr
eat d
eal.
But
, in
man
y re
spec
ts,
they
can
be
aver
aged
and
estim
ated
by
a ca
refu
lly
prep
ared
set
of f
acto
rs w
hich
isba
sed
on n
ew b
irths
, new
hom
es,
utili
ty e
xpan
sion
, tra
nspo
rtat
ion
expa
nsio
n, a
nd s
o on
.R
ef. 3
2
Gro
up "
E"
Tec
hniq
ues
AN
ALY
TIC
AL
TE
CH
NIQ
UE
S O
FIT
OG
RA
MM
ING
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 3
3
"DE
PA
RT
ME
NT
AL
LIN
KA
GE
S"
One
tech
niqu
e fo
r gr
aphi
cally
show
ing
linka
ges
betw
een
depa
rt-
men
ts o
f a b
uild
ing
com
plex
is s
how
n in
Exh
ibit
21. I
nth
is e
xhib
it,
each
link
age
is id
entif
ied
as a
dual
val
ue ju
dgm
ent b
y ci
rcle
sof
diffe
rent
sha
ding
. The
bla
ckes
t circ
lein
dica
tes
that
one
dep
artm
ent
49
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ibit
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cons
ider
s it
has
a pr
imar
y lin
kage
with
ano
ther
dep
artm
ent a
nd th
eot
her
depa
rtm
ent a
lso
cons
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s it
has
a pr
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kage
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the
first
dep
artm
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The
inve
stig
ator
det
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pant
s w
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egar
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s th
e re
latio
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ding
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he c
ircle
.T
his
tech
niqu
e br
ings
to m
ind
the
stor
y of
suc
h an
inve
stig
atio
nam
ong
hosp
ital d
epar
tmen
t hea
ds. T
he r
esul
ts o
f the
opi
nion
sur
-ve
y sh
owed
that
the
psyc
hiat
ric d
epar
tmen
t hea
d fe
lt th
at h
e ha
d a
stro
ng r
elat
ions
hip
with
all
othe
r de
part
men
t hea
ds; y
et, a
ll ot
her
depa
rtm
ent h
eads
sta
ted
that
they
had
no
rela
tions
hip
with
the
psyc
hiat
ric d
epar
tmen
t hea
d.R
ef. 3
3
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 3
4
"RO
OM
RE
LAT
ION
SH
IP M
AT
RIX
FO
R C
LOS
EN
ES
S A
ND
RE
AS
ON
"
Arc
hite
ctur
al fi
rms
have
exp
ande
d th
e lin
kage
dia
gram
sho
wn
abov
e in
to a
"ro
om r
elat
ions
hip
mat
rix"
or c
hart
whi
ch is
sho
wn
in E
xhib
it 22
. The
cha
rt n
ot o
nly
show
s a
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
two
room
s or
spa
ces,
but
it a
lso
atte
mpt
s to
est
ablis
h a
valu
esy
stem
fcr
the
clos
enes
s of
the
two
spac
es a
nd th
en a
dds
a nu
mer
i-ca
l cod
ing
syst
em fo
r es
tabl
ishi
ng a
rea
son
for
the
clos
enes
s. B
yfil
ling
in th
is m
atrix
, the
pro
gram
mer
beg
ins
to th
ink
deep
ly a
bout
spac
e ch
arac
teris
tics
and
the
rela
tions
hips
. He
is g
uide
dal
so in
toth
inki
ng in
term
s of
val
ue ju
dgm
ents
. Adm
itted
ly, t
he m
atrix
be-
com
es c
ompl
ex; b
ut, o
n th
e ot
her
hand
, it o
ffers
opi
nion
s w
hich
late
r ca
n be
org
aniz
ed a
nd a
naly
zed
as a
set
of g
over
ning
fact
ors.
Thi
s te
chni
que
guid
es th
e pr
ogra
mm
er in
to m
akin
g in
vest
igat
ions
of g
reat
er d
epth
and
sec
urin
g op
inio
ns, b
ut s
tops
sho
rt o
f dic
tatin
gso
lutio
ns fo
r th
e ul
timat
e de
sign
.R
ef. 3
4
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 3
5
"IN
TE
R-C
OM
MU
NIC
AT
ION
AN
D P
ER
SO
NN
EL
MO
VE
ME
NT
CH
AR
T"
To
stat
e th
e in
ter-
com
mun
icat
ion
and
pers
onal
mov
emen
t pat
tern
sbe
twee
n sp
aces
, one
arc
hite
ct a
nd h
is c
lient
pre
pare
rel
atio
nshi
pch
arts
to s
how
the
freq
uenc
y or
irre
gula
rity
of in
ter-
com
mun
ica-
tion
betw
een
spac
es. S
uch
a ch
art i
s sh
own
in th
e fo
rm o
f a m
atrix
on th
e le
ft si
de o
f Exh
ibit
23.
Usi
ng th
e sa
me
tech
niqu
e, th
ey a
lso
iden
tify
the
freq
uenc
y or
Exh
ibit
23IN
TE
RC
OM
MU
NIC
AT
ION
& M
OV
EM
EN
T C
HA
RT
S
IIn
terc
omm
unic
atio
n &
Per
sonn
el M
ovem
ent P
atte
rns
-1
With
Oth
er D
epar
tmen
ts a
nd B
uild
ings
on
Cam
pus
Dep
artm
ent A
reas
23
45
67
89
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Y M
AN
AU
MII
NT
5 C
I E
N T
I FI
C1
5L' P
P L
Y
52
irreg
ular
ity o
f int
er-c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ith o
ther
depa
rtm
ents
on
the
sam
e ca
mpu
s, b
ut n
otin
the
sam
e bu
ildin
g.T
his
appl
icat
ion,
show
n in
the
list o
n th
e rig
ht s
ide
ofE
xhib
it 23
, is
impo
rtan
t whe
nth
e pr
ogra
mm
er is
req
uire
d to
sele
ct th
e m
ost f
avor
able
site
for
abu
ildin
g on
a c
ampu
s to
min
imiz
ew
alki
ng b
ack
and
fort
h.R
ef. 3
5
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 3
6
"MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
RE
LAT
ION
SH
IPA
NA
LYS
IS"
The
arc
hite
ctur
al p
rogr
amm
er o
ften
finds
sim
ilarit
ies
betw
een
or-
gani
zatio
nal c
hart
s, fu
nctio
nal c
hart
s,an
d sp
ace
rela
tions
hip
char
ts.
For
this
rea
son,
the
anal
ysis
of a
nor
gani
zatio
nal c
hart
is a
n im
-
port
ant p
rogr
amm
ing
tech
niqu
e. O
ne s
uch
char
t, sh
own
inE
x-
hibi
t 24,
gra
phic
ally
ana
lyze
s th
e m
anag
emen
tof
the
scie
ntifi
csu
pply
sec
tion
of a
uni
vers
ity h
ospi
tal.
Thi
s fu
nctio
nal c
hart
sho
ws
com
mun
icat
ions
, rel
atio
nshi
ps, a
ndfu
nctio
nal g
roup
ings
.R
ef. 3
6
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 3
7
"FU
NC
TIO
NA
L R
ELA
TIO
NS
HIP
AN
ALY
SIS
"
One
arc
hite
ctur
al fi
rm m
akes
aco
mpl
ete
anal
ysis
of f
unct
ions
for
a sp
ecifi
cde
part
men
t and
ass
embl
es th
e da
ta in
to a
mas
ter
rela
tion-
ship
cha
rt a
s sh
own
in E
xhib
it 25
.T
his
type
of c
hart
sho
ws
the
com
plex
ity o
f the
func
tiona
l dep
artm
enta
lre
latio
nshi
ps. T
he fi
rmal
so p
repa
res
a se
cond
cha
rt, a
ssh
own
in th
e sm
all d
iagr
am o
nth
e
Exh
ibit,
whi
ch d
iagr
ams
the
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
the
spec
ific
de-
part
men
t and
oth
er r
elat
edde
part
men
ts o
f the
bui
ldin
g co
mpl
ex.
Ref
. 37
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 3
8
"PLA
NT
FU
NC
TIO
N D
IAG
RA
MS
BY
PH
AS
ES
"
The
nee
d fo
r pr
ogra
mm
ing
mul
ti-ph
ase
build
ing
cons
truc
tion
mak
es it
nec
essa
ry fo
r ar
chite
ctur
al p
rogr
amm
ers
to d
evel
op th
eul
timat
e ne
eds
of th
e cl
ient
. One
arch
itect
ural
firm
ana
lyze
s th
eul
timat
e bu
ildin
g fa
cilit
ies
requ
irem
ents
and
then
cha
rts
thos
e fa
-ci
litie
s re
quire
d du
ring
the
initi
alph
ase
and
thos
e w
hich
can
be
dela
yed
until
a s
econ
d ph
ase.
Exh
ibit
26,
mad
e by
the
firm
, is
asp
ace
rela
tions
hip
diag
ram
whi
ch s
how
s cl
ient
s an
d ot
hers
the
tota
l
Exh
ibit
25IN
TE
RD
EP
AR
TM
EN
TA
L R
ELA
TIO
NS
HIP
AN
ALY
SIS
1305
tNIC
SS E
DIX
AT
ION
SG
O n
et P
AO
NI
Ic'A
'T 4
:Pts
IS
Div
I s
OFF
goo:
AA
site
mci
t
AU
XIL
IAR
Y?&
A5
IND
US
TE
Cif
.
DIE
SEL
WE
LD
Aul
oira
nvE
TE
CI4
NO
ICG
7
CO
NST
R.
WA
DE
S
v0 -
TE
CH
DIV
ISIO
N
?AN
A -
ME
DIC
AL
INC
V57
72.
7EC
,11
iAes
CO
NS
TR
,MT
-IO
N 7
RA
VE
5
DIV
ISIO
N O
FF
VO
CA
TIO
NA
LIB
M O
FF
ICE
S
AU
XIL
IAR
YA
RE
AS
AU
TO
BO
DY
.R
EPA
IR
ME
TA
LS
HO
P57
0R.
WE
LD
.M
R 7
0057
De
WLD
ING
SH
OP
WE
LD.
CR
VO
CA
TIO
NA
L T
EC
HN
OLO
GY
53
Exh
ibit
26P
r 4N
T F
UN
CT
ION
DIA
GR
AM
S
1O
utsi
de A
dmin
istr
atio
n2
insi
de A
dmin
istr
atio
n3
Con
trol
4 D
inin
g H
all
5 H
ousi
ng O
uadr
angl
e6
Hou
sing
Uni
t7
Arc
ade
8 K
itche
n9
Bar
ber
Sho
p10
Infir
mar
y
SE
RV
ICE
15
Z..
anR
AN
ce
11B
aker
y12
Indu
stry
13 L
ibra
ry14
Sch
ool
15 G
ymna
sium
16 F
ield
Hou
se17
Aud
itoriu
m18
Tre
atm
ent &
Act
ivity
19 C
hape
l -I>
Alik
erIC
FO
OS
PH
AS
E Z
0
'CH
AS
Ear
.
PLA
NT
FU
NC
TIO
N P
IAG
IZA
I*4
54
Exh
ibit
27S
PA
CE
RE
LAT
ION
SH
IP A
NA
LYS
IS
ME
ET
ING
6T
RA
ININ
G R
M.
So
too
FIE
LD S
ER
VIC
E
CO
NP
. NM
600
LIB
RA
RY
PO
TE
NT
IAL
EX
PA
NS
ION
FO
RN
EW
PR
OG
RA
MS
IN F
IELD
SE
RV
ICE
OR
RE
SE
AR
CH
AN
D D
EV
ELO
PM
EN
T
210
TY
PIS
TS
3 21
0
AS
SIS
TA
NT
S 100
RE
SE
AR
CH
& D
EV
ELO
PM
EN
T
UP
PE
R F
LOO
R
VIC
EP
RE
S
SE
C.
112
0
VIC
EP
RE
S
121
/0
WA
ITIN
G N
EC
. I PU
BLI
CE
NT
RA
NC
E
CO
N T
N
UM
.
DIR
EC
TO
RP
UB
LIC
AD
MIN
IST
RA
TIV
E S
ER
VIC
ES
AC
CT
CLE
RK
S
BO
OK
KE
EP
ING 19
0
stc 12
0
PU
RC
HA
SE
PE
RS
ON
AL
224
0
PO
TE
NT
IAL
EX
PA
NS
ION
FO
RN
EW
PR
OG
RA
MS
IN A
DM
INIS
TR
AT
IVE
SE
RV
ICE
S O
R P
UB
LIC
AT
ION
S
r IN
IMP
IM
OO
,R
EA
DE
R
CO
PT
WR
ITE
R
2 a
PU
B IN
FW
ITC
H
i/S
O
We
PU
BLI
CA
TIO
NS
55
Exh
ibit
28A
CT
IVIT
Y R
EL
AT
ION
SHIP
AN
AL
YSI
S
First diagram
6 A's and 11 E's
Second diagram-
Rge, add 14 l's
Third diagram-
RMe preparatory
to adding O's and X's
Electro Labs 3-6
S.R.
56
Process area
Design
Dark room
()Make-up
iE))
Projection
Fabricate
(ElPaint
(DStorage
()Supervisor
()Special signs
Tools
Staging
0 Door area
Second floor east
with balcony
awiM
awsl
960 Sq. ft..
First floor
This area not part
of layout
Supervisor has an "1"
(2-line) relationship to all
first floor activities
South Coast Sign Makers
Sign Ship Layout-
Alternate "C"
2 Story Building
Date:
2-5-52
Scale:
1/16"
Drawn by:
JEH
Proj. no:
61192
l'-0"
com
plex
, and
then
sho
ws
the
phas
e I b
uild
ings
and
the
phas
e II
Exh
ibit
29
build
ings
by
a di
ffere
nce
in s
hadi
ng.
Ref
. 38
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 3
9
"SP
AC
E R
ELA
TIO
NS
HIP
DIA
GR
AM
"
Arc
hite
ctur
al p
rogr
amm
ers
use
eith
er th
e ci
rcul
ar o
r re
ctan
gula
rdi
agra
mm
ing
to s
how
spa
ce r
elat
ions
hips
. One
arc
hite
ctur
al fi
rmpr
epar
es s
pace
rel
atio
nshi
p di
agra
ms,
as
show
n in
Exh
ibit
27, w
hich
iden
tify
spac
es b
y sc
ale,
by
num
ber,
and
by
squa
re fo
otag
e. T
hey
also
sho
w p
rese
nt a
nd fu
ture
bui
ldin
g pr
ogra
ms
in fo
ur c
ateg
orie
s,lin
kage
s, a
nd a
cces
s po
ints
.R
ef. 3
9
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 4
0
"AC
TIV
ITY
RE
LAT
ION
SH
IP A
NA
LYS
IS"
Arc
hite
ctur
al p
rogr
amm
ers
use
the
tech
niqu
es o
f act
ivity
ana
lysi
sas
sho
wn
in E
xhib
it 28
. Thi
s is
an
exam
ple
of a
met
hod
of d
iagr
am-
min
g ac
tiviti
es to
sho
w v
isua
lly a
nd g
raph
ical
ly th
eir
rela
tions
hips
.T
he n
umbe
r in
nod
es r
epre
sent
s an
act
ivity
and
the
line
code
be-
twee
n no
des
repr
esen
ts a
clo
sene
ss r
atin
g or
spe
cial
rel
atio
nshi
p.T
he te
chni
que
can
be d
evel
oped
theo
retic
ally
to fo
rm th
e m
ost
adva
ntag
eous
arr
ange
men
t. T
hen,
the
tech
niqu
e ca
n be
use
d la
ter
on in
sch
emin
g by
sup
erim
posi
ng th
e di
agra
m o
ver
a pr
opos
edsp
ace
arra
ngem
ent a
lso
in th
e sh
own
Exh
ibit.
Suc
h an
ana
lysi
s as
-si
sts
in th
e pl
acem
ent o
f bar
riers
, doo
rs, a
nd li
ke it
ems.
Ref
. 40
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 4
1
"FU
NC
TIO
NA
L P
LAN
T L
AY
OU
T A
NA
LYS
IS"
Indu
stria
l eng
inee
ring
stud
ies
in th
e fie
ld o
f pla
nt la
yout
hav
esh
own
arch
itect
ural
pro
gram
mer
s ho
w th
ey c
an o
rgan
ize
and
stat
epr
oble
ms
in a
form
at w
hich
can
then
be
anal
yzed
for
layo
ut.
Whe
ther
the
final
com
paris
on a
nd a
naly
sis
is d
one
by h
and
or b
yco
mpu
ter,
the
conc
eptu
al in
form
atio
n ne
cess
ary
to:
(a)
anal
yze
spac
e la
yout
s an
d (b
) m
inim
ize
mat
eria
l mov
emen
t and
per
sonn
elci
rcul
atio
n is
acc
ompl
ishe
d by
usi
ng th
e sa
me
form
ats
for
data
gath
erin
g. O
ne te
chni
que
for
show
ing
mat
eria
l han
dlin
g lo
ads
betw
een
wor
k ce
nter
s is
in th
e fo
rm o
f mat
rix w
hich
sho
ws:
(a)
the
wor
k ce
nter
s by
num
bers
on
the
horiz
onta
l and
ver
tical
and
(b)
SC
HE
MA
TIC
MA
ST
ER
PLA
NN
ING
SC
HE
MA
TIC
MA
ST
ER
PLA
N L
AY
OU
T
VO
CA
TIO
NS
TE
CH
NIC
AL
a
PA
RK
ING
HO
ME
EC
ON
OM
ICS
NU
RSI
NG
AD
MIN
IS-
TR
AT
ION
GU
IDA
NC
E
AD
MIS
SIO
NS
EN
GL
ISH
aJO
UR
NA
LIS
M
SCIE
NC
EIA
L
PA
RK
ING
PH I
LO
SOPH
, Y
/ill
Illr
EA
CE
NT
ER
W:tL .F
KO
NG
EM
E
PSY
CH
OL
OG
Y
I BU
ILD
ING
SF
UT
UR
EI
ST
OR
ES
s
CA
FE T
ER
IM
AIN
LIB
RA
RY
IB
UIL
DIN
GS
FU
TU
RE
BU
SIN
ESS
CE
NT
ER
CO
UR
T
MA
TH
EM
PTK
S
STU
DE
NT
CE
NT
EN
Arl
au-V
silS
.s
Will
At
MA
IN
PA
RK
ING
,1SH
OW
ER
GY
MN
ASI
UM
1111
1._
Em
umea
tinG
RO
OM
POO
LL
OC
KE
R
NIL
OT
S*/
PA
RK
ING
AT
HLE
TIC
FIE
LDS
GA
RD
EN
-ERS
SC
CV
E.
11111
This layout shwas the integral relationships between
the instructional program and
the
location of
the
buildings.
There
are always
conflicting balances;
however, it
is Believed
the above is
probably the
arrangement
in accordance with
the best principles
of facility interrelationships and should serve as $
guide when asking the Boater plan.
57
'
Prli:;_
" I
n
,
_-
U
.
111
I
.064
the
inte
rsec
tion
of w
ork
cent
ers
show
ing
a nu
mbe
r re
pres
entin
glo
ads.
Und
erst
andi
ng th
e pr
oble
m b
ecom
es th
e fo
cus
of a
ttent
ion
for
the
prog
ram
mer
s in
volv
ed a
t an
early
sta
ge r
athe
r th
an s
olvi
ngth
e pr
oble
m. T
he te
chni
ques
of s
ettin
g up
the
prob
lem
and
ana
lyz-
ing
it be
com
e a
lead
ste
p to
pro
blem
sol
utio
n.R
ef. 4
1
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 4
2
"OP
ER
AT
ION
S R
ES
EA
RC
H A
NA
LYS
IS"
The
com
plex
ity o
f hos
pita
l des
ign
and
the
adve
nt o
f ope
ratio
nsre
sear
ch h
ave
been
com
bine
d by
arc
hite
ctur
al fi
rms
and
cons
ul-
tant
s as
a m
etho
d of
atta
ck fo
r pr
ogra
mm
ing
the
need
s fo
r ne
who
spita
ls. O
ne s
uch
inve
stig
atio
n by
a h
ospi
tal p
rogr
amm
er r
e-su
lted
in th
e in
nova
tion
of a
sup
ply
trai
n to
pro
vide
effi
cien
t tra
ns-
port
atio
n by
mea
ns o
f ram
ps in
a fi
ve-s
tory
hos
pita
l. T
he r
efer
ence
refe
rred
to h
ere
is m
ade,
net
to c
ite th
e in
nova
tion
itsel
f, bu
t, to
focu
s at
tent
ion
on th
e te
chni
que
of u
sing
ope
ratio
ns r
esea
rch
met
:sod
olog
y to
inve
stig
ate
and
anal
yze
prob
lem
s.R
ef. 4
2
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 4
3
"SC
HE
MA
TIC
MA
ST
ER
PLA
N L
AY
OU
T"
One
con
sulta
nt in
the
field
of a
rchi
tect
ural
pro
gram
min
g an
alyz
es"in
tegr
al r
elat
ions
hips
bet
wee
n th
e in
stru
ctio
nal p
rogr
am a
nd th
elo
catio
n of
bui
ldin
gs"
show
n in
Exh
ibit
29. T
he g
raph
ic m
etho
d of
show
ing
rela
tions
hips
by
circ
les
with
in c
ircle
s ha
s a
cert
ain
func
-tio
nal s
impl
icity
whi
ch le
nds
itsel
f to
cam
pus
mas
ter
plan
ning
.R
ef. 4
3
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 4
4
"TR
AV
EL
CH
AR
TIN
G &
AN
ALY
SIS
"
Hos
pita
ls, i
ndus
tria
l pla
nts,
offi
ce c
ompl
exes
, lab
orat
orie
s, a
nd s
uch
type
s of
bui
ldin
gs r
equi
re th
at c
onsi
dera
ble
atte
ntio
nbe
giv
en to
the
anal
ysis
of t
rave
l tim
e. In
the
com
mer
cial
type
s of
bui
ldin
gs,
inef
ficie
nt tr
avel
may
cau
se a
loss
of p
rofit
and
in h
ospi
tals
it m
ayca
use
the
loss
of l
ife a
nd h
ealth
. Now
the
tech
niqu
es fo
r an
alyz
ing
trav
el b
etw
een
spac
es a
re b
ecom
ing
soph
istic
ated
.T
o si
mpl
ify, a
nd e
ven
acce
lera
te, t
he s
olvi
ng o
f spa
ce la
yout
s by
min
imiz
ing
trav
el ti
me,
arc
hite
ctur
al p
ror-
,nm
ers
are
usin
g te
ch-
Exh
ibit
31T
RA
FF
IC D
IST
RIB
UT
ION
AN
ALY
SIS
'Mai
ne D
I412
1bU
T I
OW
TO
TA
L A
.M. P
EA
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OU
12 V
OLU
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ME
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OT
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ALE
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SI L
VE
RLA
KE
SU
MM
IT
Exh
ibit
32M
INIM
UM
PA
TH
AN
ALY
SIS
Fig
ure
2. Is
ochr
ons
show
ing
5 an
d 10
min
utes
of tr
avel
tim
e fr
om h
ospi
tal
Y in
San
ta C
lara
Cou
nty,
Cal
if.
119
262
395
I t
I I I s
or . . ..0
200
(est
)24
7832
1
I %ft
5 m
inut
es fr
om h
ospi
tal Y
4.%
V, 1
0 m
inut
es fr
om h
ospi
tal Y
I I $
1 I *
Hos
pita
l YO
ther
exi
stin
g ho
spita
lsII
Und
er c
onst
ruct
ion
MO
Fre
eway
sM
ajor
thor
ough
fare
sF
igur
es in
dica
te n
umbe
r of
bed
s
NO
TE
: Fig
ures
indi
cate
acu
te s
hort
-ter
m b
eds
in h
ospi
tals
. The
isoc
hron
sar
e dr
awn
by p
lotti
ng th
e tim
eva
lues
from
the
hosp
ital f
or th
e m
appe
dpo
ints
sho
wn
in F
ig. 1
. By
sele
ctin
g th
ose
valu
esra
ngin
g ar
ound
5 a
nd 1
0m
inut
es, w
ith in
terp
olat
ion
a su
ffici
ent n
umbe
rof
plo
ts a
re o
btai
ned
toal
low
thei
r co
nnec
tion
as s
how
n.P
UB
LIC
HE
ALT
H R
EP
OR
TS
60
niqu
es d
evel
oped
by
indu
stria
l eng
inee
rs. O
ne s
uch
tech
niqu
e in
-
volv
es th
e lis
ting
of tr
avel
uni
tssh
owin
g a
sequ
ence
of t
rave
lbe
-
twee
n sp
aces
as:
(a)
the
num
ber
of tr
ips
per
day
orm
onth
, (b)
the
load
per
trip
for
volu
me
per
mon
th, a
nd s
o on
. The
acc
umul
atio
nof
dat
a w
hich
late
r ca
nbe
use
d in
pro
blem
solv
ing
invo
lves
est
i-
mat
ing
the
tota
l tra
vel o
r m
ovem
ent
prob
lem
in a
qua
ntita
tive
way
.
The
tech
niqu
es u
sed
invo
lve
the
prep
arat
ion
of:
(a)
dist
ance
char
ts, (
b) m
ove
char
ts, (
c)tr
avel
cha
rts,
(d)
cal
cula
tion
of a
vera
geai
sle
dist
ance
per
mov
ech
arts
, (e)
cal
cula
tion
of o
ptim
umtr
avel
char
t, an
d so
on.
By
char
ting
and
anal
yzin
g tr
avel
pro
blem
s, a
pro
-
gram
mer
ser
ves
the
dual
pur
pose
of s
olvi
ngth
e pr
oble
m in
ac-
cord
ance
with
the
met
hod
of s
tatin
g th
e pr
oble
m. T
hesa
ving
in
the
desi
gn p
roce
ss th
eref
ore
elim
inat
es th
e re
-org
aniz
atio
nof
ma-
teria
l whi
ch th
en r
equi
res
re-s
tudy
and
re-
educ
atio
nof
thos
e in
-
volv
ed in
the
appr
oval
pro
cess
.R
ef. 4
4
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 4
5
"MO
VE
ME
NT
AN
ALY
SIS
"
Arc
hite
cts,
esp
ecia
lly th
ose
conc
erne
dw
ith in
dust
rial w
ork,
are
anal
yzin
g th
e flo
w o
f peo
ple
and
mat
eria
ls th
roug
h sp
aces
. Exh
ibit
30 s
how
s tw
o di
agra
ms
repr
esen
ting
two
step
s in
build
ing
up d
ata
on th
e flo
wof
mat
eria
ls fr
om o
ne s
pace
toan
othe
r. T
he fi
rst d
ia-
gram
sho
ws
ala
yout
of m
ater
ials
mov
ing
from
one
spa
ceto
anot
her.
The
sec
ond
diag
ram
show
s gr
aphi
cally
the
mov
emen
tof
an it
em th
roug
h sp
aces
by id
entif
ying
ope
ratio
nsan
d ac
tiviti
es in
a
sequ
ence
and
als
osh
owin
g di
stan
ces.
Ref
. 45
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 4
6
"TR
AF
FIC
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
N A
NA
LYS
IS"
Ear
ly in
the
appr
aisa
l and
anal
ysis
of s
peci
fic s
ites,
arch
itect
ural
prog
ram
mer
s an
dpl
anne
rs fa
ce th
e pr
oble
m o
ftr
affic
dis
trib
utio
n
on th
e su
rrou
ndin
gst
reet
s. S
uch
an a
naly
sis
of p
eak
hour
vol
ume
traf
fic d
istr
ibut
ion,
sho
wn
inE
xhib
it 31
, was
mad
e by
an
arch
itec-
tura
l firm
to s
how
the
traf
ficpr
oble
m. R
ef. 4
6
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 4
7
"MIN
IMU
M P
AT
H A
NA
LYS
IS"
Dis
tanc
e or
trav
el ti
me
has
avi
tal e
ffect
upo
n th
e us
e of
faci
litie
s.
In th
is r
espe
ct, t
rave
l tim
edi
stan
ce h
as b
een
dete
rmin
ed b
y tr
ans-
port
atio
n en
gine
ers
to b
e th
e pe
rtin
ent f
acto
r ra
ther
than
hig
hway
dist
ance
. One
of t
he te
chni
ques
use
d in
inve
stig
atin
g th
e hi
ghw
ayne
twor
k ar
ound
hos
pita
ls a
nd s
uch
build
ing
com
plex
es w
hich
de-
pend
on
occu
pant
s tr
avel
ing
to a
nd fr
om th
e co
mpl
ex is
the
esta
blis
hmen
t of f
act f
indi
ng p
rogr
ams
to p
redi
ct tr
avel
mov
emen
tan
d m
inim
um p
ath
tree
s. S
uch
inve
stig
atio
ns u
sual
ly r
esul
t in
the
esta
blis
hmen
t of t
he tr
ansp
orta
tion
arte
ries
arou
nd th
e ho
spita
lsan
d th
e pr
epar
atio
n of
Isoc
hron
s sh
owin
g th
e fiv
e an
d te
n m
inut
esof
trav
el ti
me
whi
ch a
mbu
lanc
es o
r em
erge
ncy
vehi
cles
take
from
any
poin
t in
the
com
mun
ity to
the
hosp
ital.
Exh
ibit
32 s
how
s a
layo
ut o
f fiv
e-m
inut
e an
d te
n-m
inut
e tr
avel
tim
e Is
ochr
ons
orco
ntou
rs.
Ref
. 47
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 4
8
"TR
AF
FIC
SU
RV
EY
AN
D A
NA
LYS
IS"
One
of t
he ty
pica
l tec
hniq
ues
for
show
ing
traf
fic in
to a
nd w
ithin
build
ing
com
plex
es o
r ca
mpu
ses
is a
tech
niqu
e us
ed b
y tr
affic
engi
neer
s. A
"C
ordo
n Li
ne"
is e
stab
lishe
d ar
ound
the
build
ing
site
or s
ubje
ct a
rea
so th
at th
e va
rious
trip
s or
mov
emen
tsth
roug
h,in
to, a
nd w
ithin
can
be e
stim
ated
and
/or
reco
rded
. The
sm
all
diag
ram
on
Exh
ibit
33 s
how
s th
e pr
inci
ple
of th
e tr
affic
sur
vey
TR
AF
FIC
SU
RV
EY
CO
RD
ON
L/N
E
Exh
ibit
33T
RA
FF
IC S
UR
VE
Y A
NA
LYS
IS
TR
AFF
IC S
UR
VE
Y C
OR
DO
N L
INE
CA
MP
US
TR
IPS
NO
T P
AS
SIN
G T
HR
OW
*" 0
8 0
684
10,0
000
INT
ER
VIE
WE
D A
T E
XT
ER
NA
L S
TA
TIO
N
5,00
0IN
TE
RV
IEW
ED
AT
',A
RO
UN
D L
OC
AT
ION
1,00
0V
OLU
NIE
fRO
N P
AR
KIN
G C
OR
DO
N C
OU
NT
VE
HIC
LE 7
.111
, SC
ALE
TY
PE
AN
D D
IST
RIB
UT
ION
OF
TR
IPS
ST
AT
E C
OLL
EG
E T
RA
FF
IC S
UR
VE
Y-1
954
PLA
TE
3
61
Exh
ibit
34T
RA
FF
IC IN
TE
RC
ON
NE
CT
ION
AN
ALY
SIS
DU
AN
S. S
T.
LOT
216
E20
AC
CE
SS F
RO
M N
AM
E S
TR
UT
AN
D S
ILV
LR
LA
KE
BO
UL
EV
AR
D
SIL
VE
RLA
KE
SU
MM
IT
62
G &
Wai
l &IS
IYA
MM
ISA
NC
ION
ICIII
III
Cor
don
Line
and
the
larg
e di
agra
m s
how
s an
app
licat
ion
of th
ete
chro
ques
usi
ng tw
o co
rdon
line
sth
e on
e ar
ound
the
build
ing
com
plex
and
the
othe
r ar
ound
the
busi
ness
are
a of
the
com
mun
ityin
whi
ch th
e bu
ildin
g is
situ
ated
.R
ef. 4
8
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 4
9
"TR
AF
FIC
INT
ER
-CO
NN
EC
TIO
N A
NA
LYS
IS"
Arc
hite
ctur
al p
rogr
amm
ers,
pla
nner
s, a
nd s
ite e
ngin
eers
rea
lize
the
serio
us c
ompl
icat
ions
whi
ch n
ew s
ite tr
affic
cau
ses
whe
n it
isad
ded
to th
e so
undi
ng h
ighw
ay s
yste
m. A
rchi
tect
ural
prog
ram
-m
ers
are
anal
yzin
g th
e tr
affic
inte
r-co
nnec
tions
of a
spe
cific
pro
-po
sed
site
to m
ake
sure
that
the
new
site
inha
bita
nts
can
mov
esa
fely
to a
nd fr
om th
e si
te. S
uch
an a
naly
sis
is s
how
n in
Exh
ibit
34,
whi
ch a
ccen
ts th
e tr
affic
haz
ards
whi
ch m
ay b
e ca
used
by
shar
ptu
rns,
ste
ep g
rade
s, b
acke
d up
traf
fic, t
raffi
c lig
hts,
and
so
on.
Ref
. 49
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 5
0
"DE
SIR
E-L
INE
AN
ALY
SIS
"
Pla
nner
s an
d en
gine
ers
used
a m
etho
d of
gra
phic
ally
sho
win
g th
ere
lativ
e vo
lum
e of
trip
s be
twee
n bu
ildin
gs, t
owns
,or
oth
er s
pace
s.T
he te
chni
que
is c
alle
d de
sire
line
ana
lysi
s an
da
char
t is
show
n in
Exh
ibit
35.
Thi
s is
a s
impl
ified
map
sho
win
g, b
y va
rious
ban
dw
idth
s, th
e nu
mbe
r of
"de
sire
d" tr
ips
betw
een
a bu
ildin
g an
dge
ogra
phic
pla
ces
in a
sta
te. A
rchi
tect
ural
prog
ram
mer
s ar
e ap
ply-
ing
this
tech
niqu
e to
the
anal
ysis
of c
ircul
atio
n w
ithin
bui
ldin
gco
mpl
exes
and
cam
puse
s.R
ef. 5
0
Exh
ibit
35D
ES
IRE
-LIN
EA
NA
LYS
IS
5000
4000
5000
2090
1000
NU
MB
ER
OF
AN
NU
AL
PE
RS
ON
AL
TN
IPS
Figure
7Desire-line
Chart
for State
College-BellefonteTripsWithin
Pennsylvania
63
Exh
ibit
36G
EO
GR
AP
HIC
IDE
NT
IFIC
AT
ION
(6)
MO
SQ
UA
WS
mal
lest
uni
t of a
rea.
out
side
the
Gol
den
Tria
ngle
, use
dfo
r da
ta s
umm
anza
bon.
HE
BLO
CK
CO
ON
DIN
AT
E V
ALU
E
BLO
CK
CE
NT
EN
41-
I_ 1
E s
(A)
BLO
CK
Sm
alle
st u
nit o
f are
aus
ed fo
r da
ta c
olle
ctio
n.
GE
OG
RA
PH
IC ID
EN
TIF
ICA
TIO
N
1r :a
u-1
111
yr(r
) U
NIT
ED
ST
AT
ES
Dat
a co
ded
to s
tate
or c
ount
ry...
...-
44; S
EV
EN
ST
AT
E A
RE
A
Dat
a co
ded
to c
ount
ies
(M)S
TlID
T A
RE
A
Dat
a co
ded
to b
lock
and
End
.
Air
r
sk.
amos
lam
mom
omm
tom
a=
g_am
ior
a rE
N=
.....
.. I=
lem
lm
omns
mis
mis
erm
inJ.
= N
OM
NM
I MM
MM
MM
MM
M d
ip
141
ST
:TE
:F"r
YN
rDta
coed
toet
st:s
ttew
ide
syst
em
Cr)
AD
JAC
EN
T A
RE
A
Dat
a co
ded
to m
inor
civi
l div
isio
ns
64
Gro
up "
F"
Tec
hniq
ues
TE
CH
NIQ
UE
S O
F P
RO
GR
AM
PR
ES
EN
TA
TIO
N
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 5
1
"GE
OG
RA
PH
IC ID
EN
TIF
ICA
TIO
NA
ND
CO
DIN
G"
Arc
hite
ctur
al p
rogr
amm
ers
are
face
d w
ith p
rese
ntin
g an
accu
rate
setti
ng fo
r th
e pr
opos
edbu
ildin
g co
mpl
ex. E
xam
ples
of a
ser
ies
of
loca
tion
map
s id
entif
ying
sta
te,
regi
on, c
ount
y, c
ity,
and
dow
n to
even
blo
cknu
mbe
r, a
re s
how
n on
Exh
ibit
36.
Eve
n th
ough
clie
nts
and
othe
rs k
now
the
loca
tion
of th
eir
site
,
man
y of
the
prob
lem
s of
bui
ldin
gpl
acem
ent,
circ
ulat
ion,
layo
ut,
zoni
ng, a
nd s
uch
have
thei
r or
igin
in a
goo
dun
ders
tand
ing
of th
e
exte
rior
rest
aint
s w
hich
may
be im
pose
d up
onth
e bu
ildin
g. T
he
arch
itect
ural
pro
gram
mer
use
sth
e m
ap te
chni
que
not
only
to
clea
rly id
entif
y ge
ogra
phic
plac
emen
t, bu
t als
o to
prov
ide
visu
al d
ata
whi
ch c
an b
e us
ed to
expl
ain
the
man
yre
latio
nshi
ps w
hich
a b
uild
-
ing
site
has
to it
sad
jace
nt c
omm
unity
, its
near
by c
omm
uniti
es, i
ts
regi
onal
tran
spor
tatio
n, it
sut
ility
sys
tem
s, a
nd e
ven
itspl
ace
in th
e
stat
e an
d in
the
coun
try.
Ref
. 51
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 5
2
"OR
IEN
TA
TIO
N G
RA
PH
ICS
"
A fa
vorit
e te
chni
que
used
by
man
yar
chite
ctur
al p
rogr
amm
ers
and
desi
gner
s co
nsis
ts o
f gra
phic
diag
ram
min
g on
site
map
s to
show
prev
ailin
g w
inds
, sol
aror
ient
atio
n, c
ircul
atio
n,vi
ews,
and
so
on.
Suc
h a
grap
hic
repr
esen
tatio
nis
sho
wn
in E
xhib
it 37
,an
d se
rves
to
expl
ain
to c
lient
s an
dot
hers
the
impo
rtan
ceof
bui
ldin
g or
ient
a-
tion
and
site
layo
ut to
take
adv
anta
ge o
fna
tura
l top
ogra
phy,
to
brea
k up
sno
w d
riftin
g, to
less
en th
e he
at lo
ssca
used
by
prev
ail-
ing
win
ds, t
o le
ssen
sola
r he
at g
ain
from
dire
ct s
umm
er e
xpos
ure,
and
so o
n.R
ef. 5
2
Tec
hniq
ue N
e. 3
3
"PR
OJE
CT
ED
OC
CU
PA
NC
Y &
BU
ILD
ING
CA
PA
CIT
IES
"
Arc
hite
ctur
al p
rogr
amm
ers
proj
ect e
stim
ates
of o
ccup
ancy
and
at
the
sam
e tim
e su
gges
t new
build
ings
or
addi
tions
by p
hase
s as
Exh
ibit
37O
RIE
NT
AT
ION
GR
AP
HIC
S
*vi
ew p
oint
.
4 pr
inci
pal v
iew
.
SUN
. WIN
D. A
ND
VIE
WO
RIE
NT
AT
ION
"
65
Exh
ibit
38P
RO
JEC
TE
D C
AP
,-C
ITIE
S B
Y P
HA
SE
S
Tab
le G
PR
OJE
CT
ED
EN
RO
LLM
EN
TS
AN
D C
OLL
EG
E C
AP
AC
ITIE
S
EN
RO
LLM
EN
TS
6,00
01
11
11
11
5,00
0
4,00
0
3,00
U
2,00
0
1,00
0
2546
040.
011.
W...
.,S
.0...
.
irS
tgkO
WItt
AlS
1966
66
3324
PH
AS
E II
.r.
....
....
4.0
...-
2590
PH
AS
E I
,,..""
.....
go,
....
.0. 18
20
J654
3600
PH
AS
E 1
11.0
100 .
. .
11
11
11
1111
1IIII
I,I
1970
1974
1978
1980
1982
1985
show
n on
Exh
ibit
38. K
eepi
ng b
uild
ing
capa
citie
s ab
ove
build
ing
occu
panc
y fig
ures
is im
port
ant i
n lo
ng-r
ange
pla
nnin
g, a
nd th
em
ost i
mpr
essi
ve m
etho
d of
kee
ping
clie
nts
info
rmed
of t
heir
build
-in
g ne
eds
is to
sho
w a
long
-ran
ge p
roje
ctio
n of
occ
upan
cy s
uper
-im
pose
d on
a b
uild
ing
prog
ram
whi
ch p
rovi
des
for
incr
ease
s in
capa
city
con
sist
ent w
ith th
e in
crea
se in
occ
upan
cy.
Ref
. 53
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 5
4
"GR
AP
HIC
RE
PR
ES
EN
TA
TIO
N O
F T
RA
FF
IC V
OLU
ME
S"
The
vol
ume
of tr
affic
in c
orrid
ors,
ais
les,
pat
hway
s, r
oads
, ave
nues
,an
d ot
her
arte
ries
is o
ften
show
n is
omet
rical
ly o
r th
ree-
dim
en-
sion
ally
by
a ba
r of
var
ying
hei
ghts
. Exh
ibit
39 s
how
s su
ch a
traf
ficvo
lum
e m
odel
in w
hich
the
volu
me
is s
how
n by
hei
ght o
f the
bar
and
iden
tifie
d by
vol
ume
num
ber
also
. It i
s ty
pica
l of t
he m
any
grap
hic
tech
niqu
es fo
r sh
owin
g vo
lum
es o
f circ
ulat
ion.
The
sam
ete
chni
que
in th
e fo
rm o
f blo
ck o
r st
ick
isom
etric
s id
entif
ies
the
volu
me
or d
ensi
ty o
f a s
pace
or
bloc
k or
are
a.R
ef. 5
4
Tec
hniq
ue N
o. 5
5
"PR
OJE
CT
TIM
E S
CH
ED
ULI
NG
"
One
of t
he im
port
ant c
onsi
dera
tions
of a
rchi
tect
ural
pro
gram
min
gis
tim
ing
and
sche
dulin
g. A
typi
cal e
xam
ple
of a
bar
-cha
rt ti
me
sche
dule
is s
how
n in
Exh
ibit
40. A
n ar
chite
ctur
al p
rogr
am u
sual
lyre
quire
s a
time
sche
dule
or
netw
ork
plan
. Thi
s te
chni
que
is e
spe-
cial
ly im
port
ant w
here
tim
e is
crit
ical
and
an
expe
ditio
us b
uild
ing
proj
ect m
eans
add
ition
al r
even
ue fo
r th
e cl
ient
.R
ef. 5
5
Exh
ibit
39T
RA
FF
IC V
OLU
ME
GR
AP
HIC
S
TO
M. A
VE
ruIG
E T
RIP
S P
ER
M H
OU
RS
AV
ER
AG
E W
EE
KD
AY
OC
TO
SC
U 1
104
RU
MO
UR
IND
ICA
TE
VO
LUM
ES
IN N
IMO
RE
DS
67
.111
.1
11111
C'111111=01111111
..111MIK
I MIMEOS
I hi II
1
cl
Ref
eren
ces
1. "
Net
wor
k P
lan
for
Pro
gram
min
g P
hase
" by
Rho
ne &
Ired
ale,
Arc
hite
cts
of V
anco
uver
,C
anad
a.
2. "
Gen
eral
info
rmat
ion
and
Pro
gram
min
g M
an-
ual"
incl
udin
g fo
rms
and
exam
ples
of e
xhib
itsby
Wel
ton
Bec
ket a
nd A
ssoc
iate
s of
Los
An-
gele
s, C
alif.
3. "
Seq
uenc
e of
Dec
isio
n P
rogr
am S
teps
" by
Lest
er G
orsl
ine
Ass
ocia
tes
of T
ibur
on, C
alif.
4. "
Con
cept
Pha
se D
evel
opm
ent P
roce
dure
" by
Lyle
s, B
isse
tt, C
arlis
le &
Wol
ff of
Col
umbi
a,S
.C.
5. 1
1*ro
gram
Dev
elop
men
t For
ms"
dev
elop
ed b
yD
eete
r-R
itche
y-S
ippl
e of
Pitb
burg
h, P
a.
6. "
Gui
de to
Pre
para
tion
of P
rogr
amm
e" d
evel
-op
ed b
y G
ardi
ner,
Tho
rnto
n, G
athe
, Dav
idso
n,G
arre
tt, M
asso
n an
d A
ssoc
iate
s of
Van
couv
er,
Can
ada.
7. "
Long
Ran
ge P
lan-
Out
line
of P
roce
dure
" by
E.
Tod
d W
heel
er a
nd T
he P
erki
ns &
Will
Par
tner
-sh
ip o
f Whi
te P
lain
s, N
.Y.
8. "
Rel
atio
nshi
ps S
ymbo
ls"
used
by
join
t ven
ture
of W
ilson
& C
hris
tie a
nd R
oger
s, T
alia
ferr
o,K
ostr
itsky
and
Lam
b of
Bal
timor
e, M
d.
9. "
Flo
w C
hart
Sym
bols
" us
ed in
an
Ope
ratio
nsan
d F
acili
ties
Sur
vey
by A
lber
t C. M
artin
&A
ssoc
iate
s an
d T
heod
ore
Bar
ry a
nt4s
soci
ates
of L
os A
ngel
es, C
alif.
10. "
Bui
ldin
g T
ype
Com
paris
on C
hart
" pr
epar
edby
Ski
lling
-Hel
le-C
hris
tians
en-R
ober
tson
of S
e-at
tle, W
ash.
11. "
Con
stra
int D
iagr
ams-
Pla
nnin
g" p
repa
red
byN
aram
ore
Bai
n, B
rady
& J
ohan
son
and
Ski
lling
-H
elle
- C
hris
tians
en -
Rob
erts
on o
f Sea
ttle,
Was
h.
12. "
Med
ical
Ser
vice
Pla
nnin
g F
acto
rs"
by J
ohn
E.
Boy
sen,
in U
.S. A
rmed
For
ces
Med
ical
Jou
rnal
,D
ec.,
1960
.
13. "
Voc
abul
ary
of C
ritic
al D
imen
sion
s" b
y Le
ster
Gor
slin
e A
ssoc
iate
s of
Tib
uron
, Cal
if.
14. "
App
licat
ion
of C
ompr
ehen
sive
Pla
nnin
g to
the
Urb
an T
each
ing
Med
ical
:ent
er"
by H
er-
man
H. F
ield
in H
ospi
tals
J.A
.H.A
., N
ov.,
1965
.
15. "
Are
a T
rans
port
atio
n S
tudy
-Ana
lysi
s an
d F
ore-
cast
,E
rie, P
enns
ylva
nia"
pre
pare
d by
A. M
.V
oorh
ees
& A
ssoc
iate
s, In
c.
16. "
A L
and
!!se
Pla
n D
esig
n M
odel
" by
Ken
neth
J. S
chla
ger
in th
e A
IP J
ourn
al, M
ay, 1
965.
17. S
tudy
Org
aniz
atio
n C
hart
from
Are
a T
rans
por-
tatio
n S
tudy
Fin
ding
s, C
ity o
f Pitt
sbur
gh, P
a.
18. "
Spe
cific
Roo
m D
ata
For
m"
by C
hris
tie, N
iles
and
And
rew
s of
Tow
son,
Md.
19. "
Roo
m R
equi
rem
ents
For
mat
" pr
epar
ed b
y C
.F
. Mur
phy
of C
hica
go, I
ll.
20. "
Equ
ipm
ent &
Ser
vice
s C
hart
" by
C. H
erbe
rtW
heel
er, J
r., S
tate
Col
lege
, Pa.
21. "
Sta
ndar
d R
oom
Req
uire
men
ts F
orm
" pr
e-pa
red
by M
edic
al P
lann
ing
Ass
ocia
tes
of M
ali-
bu, C
alif.
22. P
erfo
rman
ceC
riter
ia-H
eatin
g,V
entil
atin
g &
Coo
ling,
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
Con
stru
ctio
n F
und
ofN
ew Y
ork.
23. "
Equ
ipm
ent a
nd C
asew
ork
List
" pr
epar
ed b
yY
oung
, Ric
hard
son
& C
arle
ton
of S
eattl
e, W
ash.
24. "
Pro
gram
for
Hos
pita
l Exp
ansi
on"
prep
ared
by
Vos
beck
-Vos
beck
and
Ass
ocia
tes
of A
lexa
ndria
,V
a.
25. "
Pro
gram
min
g Q
uest
ionn
aire
For
mat
" pr
epar
edby
Ski
dmor
e, O
win
gs a
nd M
erril
l of S
an F
ran-
cisc
o, C
alif.
26. "
Pro
gram
Req
uire
men
ts B
ookl
et"
used
by
the
Spi
tzna
gel P
artn
ers,
Inc.
, of S
ioux
Fal
ls, S
.D.
27. "
Sho
w C
ard
Pro
gram
min
g P
rese
ntat
ion"
pre
-pa
red
by H
arre
li &
Ham
ilton
of D
alla
s, T
exas
.
28. "
Spa
ce-T
ime
Log"
- fr
om a
Hum
an R
espo
nse
Stu
dy o
f the
Por
tland
and
Sea
ttle
Cor
e A
reas
by A
rthu
r G
rey,
Jr.
, Dav
id B
onst
eel,
and
Gar
yW
inke
l - p
art o
f an
Urb
an R
enew
al D
emon
-st
ratio
n G
rant
Stu
dy s
pons
ored
by
the
U.S
.D
epar
tmen
t of H
ousi
ng a
nd U
rban
Dev
elop
-m
e.-:
t and
the
Uni
vers
ity o
f Was
hing
ton.
29. "
An
App
roac
h to
an
Obj
ectiv
e A
naly
sis
of B
e-ha
vior
in A
rchi
tect
ural
Spa
ce"
by W
inke
l and
Sas
anof
f of t
heU
nive
rsity
of W
ashi
ngto
n,S
eattl
e, W
ash.
r-
30. "
Link
s R
elat
ed to
Met
hods
of C
omm
unic
atio
nF
orm
at"
prep
ared
by
You
ng, R
icha
rdso
n &
Car
leto
n of
Sea
ttle,
Was
h.
31. "
Ulti
mat
e La
nd U
se S
tudi
es"
by A
. C. M
artin
& A
ssoc
iate
s of
Los
Ang
eles
, Cal
if.
32. "
Col
lege
Dis
tric
t Act
ions
Rep
ort"
by
Max
Tad
-lo
ck &
Fre
d C
arve
ll of
Man
agem
ent a
nd E
co-
nom
ics
Res
earc
h, In
c., S
acra
men
to, C
alif.
33. "
Site
Eva
luat
ion
and
Bui
ldin
g P
rogr
am A
nal-
ysis
" by
You
ng, R
icha
rdso
n an
d C
arle
ton
ofS
eattl
e, W
ash.
34. "
Rel
atio
nshi
p C
hart
" pr
epar
ed b
y J.
E. S
irrin
eC
o. o
f Gre
envi
lle, S
.C.
35. "
Pro
gram
for
Hum
an P
erfo
rman
ce R
esea
rch
Bui
ldin
g" b
y C
. Her
bert
Whe
eler
, Jr.
,S
tate
Col
lege
, Pa.
36. "
Man
agem
ent R
elat
ions
hip
Ana
lysi
s in
Arc
hi-
tect
ural
Pro
gram
" by
E. T
odd
Whe
eler
& P
er-
kins
& W
ill P
artn
ersh
ip, W
ash.
, D.C
.
37. "
Fun
ctio
nal R
elat
ions
hip
Cha
rts
in E
duca
tiona
lS
peci
ficat
ions
for
aC
olle
ge"
prep
ared
by
Lute
s &
Am
unds
on o
f Spr
ingf
ield
, Ore
.
38. "
Pla
nt F
unct
ion
Dia
gram
in P
rogr
am R
epor
t"by
Gru
zen
and
Par
tner
s of
New
ark,
N.J
.
39. "
Spa
ce R
elat
ions
hip
Dia
gram
in B
uild
ing
Pro
-gr
am"
prep
ared
by
the
Spi
tzna
gel
Par
tner
s,In
c., o
f Sio
ux F
alls
, S.D
.
40. "
Sim
plifi
ed S
yste
mat
ic L
ayou
t Pla
nnin
g,"
by R
.M
uthe
r an
d J.
Whe
eler
in F
acto
ry, A
ug.,
1962
.
41. "
Qua
ntita
tive
Too
ls fo
r P
lant
Lay
out A
naly
sis,
"by
F.
S. H
iller
in J
ourn
al o
f Ind
ustr
ial E
ngi-
neer
ing,
Jan
-Feb
., 19
63.
42. "
Ope
ratio
ns R
esea
rch
Hel
ped
Sha
pe T
his
Hos
-pi
tal D
esig
n,"
m M
oder
n H
ospi
tal,
Nov
., 19
66.
43. "
Mul
tiple
Cam
pus
Mas
ter
Pla
n" p
repa
red
byG
. H. W
ombl
e &
Max
Tad
lock
of M
anag
emen
tan
d E
cono
mic
sR
esea
rch,
Inc.
,S
acra
men
to,
Cal
if.
44. "
Tra
vel C
hart
ing
with
Rea
listic
Crit
eria
" by
Rob
ert W
. Lle
wel
yn in
Jou
rnal
of i
ndus
tria
lE
ngin
eerin
g, M
ay, 1
958.
45. "
A C
omm
on S
ense
App
roac
h to
Inte
llige
ntLa
yout
" by
Jam
es A
. O'H
ara
in M
ill a
nd F
ac-
tory
, Apr
., 19
65,
46. "
Tra
ffic
Dis
trib
utio
n C
hart
in S
tudy
of H
ousi
ngfo
r a
Cen
tral
City
Are
a" p
repa
red
by A
. C.
Mar
tin &
Ass
ocia
tes
of L
os A
ngel
es, C
alif.
47. "
Hig
hway
Net
wor
k M
inim
um P
ath
Sel
ectio
nA
pplie
d to
Hea
lth F
acili
ty P
lann
ing"
by
Lube
n,D
rosn
ess
& W
ylie
in P
ublic
Hea
lth R
epor
ts,
Sep
t., 1
965.
48. C
ordo
n Li
ne S
urve
y D
iagr
am fr
om T
raffi
c &
Par
king
Sur
vey
for
Sta
te C
olle
ge, P
a.
49. S
ee R
ef. 4
6.
50. T
rave
l Pat
tern
Stu
dy fo
r S
tate
Col
lege
, Pa.
51. G
eogr
aphi
c Id
entif
icat
ion
Illus
trat
ions
in A
rea
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stu
dy fo
r P
ittsb
urgh
, Pa.
52. "
Col
lege
Mas
ter
Pla
n" b
y N
aram
ore,
Bai
n,B
rady
& J
ohan
son
of S
eattl
e, W
ash.
53. S
ee R
ef. 4
3.
54. S
ee R
ef. 4
8.
55. "
Bui
ldin
g P
rogr
am fo
r M
aint
enan
ce F
acili
ty"
prep
ared
by
A. C
. Mar
tin a
nd A
ssoc
iate
s of
Los
Ang
eles
, Cal
if.
RP
102
Dec
68
