Dr. Kalpakis CMSC 421, Operating Systems kalpakis/Courses/421 Virtual Memory.
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 421 272 TITLE INSTITUTION SPONS … · DOCUMENT RESUME. ED 421 272 PS 026 768....
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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 421 272 PS 026 768 TITLE Kids Count Alaska Data Book: 1997. INSTITUTION Alaska Univ., Anchorage. Inst. of Social and Economic Research. SPONS AGENCY Annie E. Casey Foundation, Baltimore, MD. PUB DATE . 1997-00-00 NOTE 129p.; For 1996 data book, see ED 404 028. PUB TYPE Numerical/Quantitative Data (110) -- Reports - Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Adolescents; Alaska Natives; Asian Americans; Blacks; Child Abuse; Child Neglect; Child Welfare; *Children; Mortality Rate; Poverty; *Social Indicators; Substance Abuse; Tables (Data); Violence; *Well Being; Whites; Youth Problems IDENTIFIERS *Alaska; *Indicators ABSTRACT This second. annual Kids Count data book examines statewide trends in the well-being of Alaska's children. The statistical portrait is based on key indicators in six areas: (1) early childhood, including prenatal care, infant mortality, and children with develOpmental disabilities; (2) economic well-being, including children living in poverty and births to teens; (3) education, including dropout rates; (4) child safety, including child deaths, violent teen deaths, and child abuse and neglect; (5) juvenile justice, including juvenile violent crime; and (6) health risks, including substance abuse and sexually transmitted diseases. Following an introduction providing census information, comparisons of Alaska with national averages (1994) and an illustration of the Kids Count regions in the state, the report details the indicators in the areas mentioned above. Documentation of each of the indicators concludes the report. Among the findings noted: nearly one in five Alaskan children lived in poverty la,.:ent years; although the overall child death rate from all causes is down, the death rate from injuries remains high; and the percentage of high school dropouts in Alaska is below the national average, but dropout rates among Native and Hispanic students are proportionally higher than their school enrollments, while White, Black, and Asian student dropout rates are lower. (HTH) ************* ****** ************************************************************* Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******** *********** ****** *********************** ****** **************************
Transcript of DOCUMENT RESUME ED 421 272 TITLE INSTITUTION SPONS … · DOCUMENT RESUME. ED 421 272 PS 026 768....
DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 421 272 PS 026 768
TITLE Kids Count Alaska Data Book: 1997.INSTITUTION Alaska Univ., Anchorage. Inst. of Social and Economic
Research.SPONS AGENCY Annie E. Casey Foundation, Baltimore, MD.PUB DATE . 1997-00-00NOTE 129p.; For 1996 data book, see ED 404 028.PUB TYPE Numerical/Quantitative Data (110) -- Reports - Descriptive
(141)
EDRS PRICE MF01/PC06 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Adolescents; Alaska Natives; Asian Americans; Blacks; Child
Abuse; Child Neglect; Child Welfare; *Children; MortalityRate; Poverty; *Social Indicators; Substance Abuse; Tables(Data); Violence; *Well Being; Whites; Youth Problems
IDENTIFIERS *Alaska; *Indicators
ABSTRACTThis second. annual Kids Count data book examines statewide
trends in the well-being of Alaska's children. The statistical portrait isbased on key indicators in six areas: (1) early childhood, including prenatalcare, infant mortality, and children with develOpmental disabilities; (2)
economic well-being, including children living in poverty and births toteens; (3) education, including dropout rates; (4) child safety, includingchild deaths, violent teen deaths, and child abuse and neglect; (5) juvenilejustice, including juvenile violent crime; and (6) health risks, includingsubstance abuse and sexually transmitted diseases. Following an introductionproviding census information, comparisons of Alaska with national averages(1994) and an illustration of the Kids Count regions in the state, the reportdetails the indicators in the areas mentioned above. Documentation of each ofthe indicators concludes the report. Among the findings noted: nearly one infive Alaskan children lived in poverty la,.:ent years; although the overallchild death rate from all causes is down, the death rate from injuriesremains high; and the percentage of high school dropouts in Alaska is belowthe national average, but dropout rates among Native and Hispanic studentsare proportionally higher than their school enrollments, while White, Black,and Asian student dropout rates are lower. (HTH)
************* ****** *************************************************************
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.
******** *********** ****** *********************** ****** **************************
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Kids Count Alaska Data Book
Study Team
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ala
ska
Anc
hora
ge
Nor
m D
inge
s, P
roje
ct D
irec
tor,
Ins
titut
e of
Soc
ial a
nd E
cono
mic
Res
earc
h(I
SER
)
Cla
udia
Lam
pman
, Dep
artm
ent o
f Ps
ycho
logy
Arm
Gar
ret,
Stud
ent I
nter
nIn
stitu
te o
f So
cial
and
Eco
nom
ic R
esea
rch
Mer
a A
tlis
Olg
a E
fim
ova
Ale
xand
ra H
ill
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ala
ska
Sou
thea
st
Bar
bara
Min
ton,
Dep
artm
ent o
f Ps
ycho
logy
Prep
ared
by
Inst
itute
of
Soci
al a
nd E
cono
mic
Res
earc
h, U
nive
rsity
of
Ala
ska
Anc
hora
ge
Gra
phic
Des
igne
r: C
lem
enci
a M
erri
ll
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Kid
s C
ount
is a
nat
ionw
ide
prog
ram
fun
ded
by th
e A
nnie
E. C
asey
Fou
ndat
ion.
The
nat
iona
l pro
gram
col
lect
s an
d pu
blic
izes
info
rmat
ion
abou
t the
wel
l-be
ing
of A
mer
ica'
s ch
ildre
n. T
he C
asey
Fou
ndat
ion
also
spo
nsor
s st
ate
prog
ram
s,
incl
udin
gK
ids
Cou
nt A
lask
a.
Adv
isor
y C
ounc
il
Whe
n th
eK
ids
Cou
nt A
lask
apr
ogra
m b
egan
in19
95, w
e es
tabl
ishe
d an
adv
isor
y co
unci
l mad
e up
of p
eopl
e fa
mili
ar w
ith th
e pr
oble
ms
Ala
ska'
s
child
ren
face
. The
cou
ncil
has
help
ed g
uide
the
prog
ram
and
sel
ect i
ndic
ator
s sp
ecif
ic to
Ala
ska.
Bru
ce B
otel
ho, S
tate
Atto
rney
Gen
eral
John
ny E
llis,
Sen
ator
, Ala
ska
Sta
te L
egis
latu
re
Mar
k H
anle
y, R
epre
sent
ativ
e, A
lask
a S
tate
Leg
isla
ture
Shi
rley
Hol
low
ay, C
omm
issi
oner
, Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent
of E
duca
tion
Liz
For
rer,
Exe
cutiv
e D
irect
or, A
ncho
rage
Cen
ter
for
Fam
ilies
Mik
e Ir
win
, Com
mis
sion
er, A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mun
ity a
nd R
egio
nal A
ffairs
Jean
nette
Jam
es, R
epre
sent
ativ
e, A
lask
a S
tate
Legi
slat
ure
The
lma
Lang
don,
Exe
cutiv
e D
irect
or, A
ctio
n fo
r
Ala
ska'
s C
hild
ren
Ron
ald
Otte
, Com
mis
sion
er, A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of
Pub
lic S
afet
y
Dru
e P
earc
e, S
enat
or, A
lask
a S
tate
Leg
isla
ture
Gen
e P
elto
la, E
xecu
tive
Dire
ctor
, Yuk
on-K
usko
kwim
Hea
lth C
orpo
ratio
n
Kar
en P
erdu
e, C
omm
issi
oner
, Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f
Hea
lth a
nd S
ocia
l Ser
vice
s
Mar
gare
t Pug
h, C
omm
issi
oner
, Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent
of C
orre
ctio
ns
8
Oth
er A
dvis
ors
Kid
s C
ount
Ala
ska
than
ksth
e fo
llow
ing
peop
le
and
orga
niza
tions
for
thei
r he
lp in
pre
pari
ngth
is
data
boo
k. W
e co
uld
not h
ave
done
it w
ithou
t the
ir
cont
ribu
tions
and
adv
ice.
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth a
nd S
ocia
l Ser
vice
s
Jane
Atu
k, S
peci
al N
eeds
Ser
vice
s U
nit
Deb
ra C
alde
ra, H
ealth
y F
amili
es P
rogr
am
Judy
Cro
ndah
l, B
urea
u of
Vita
l Sta
tistic
s
Tam
my
Gre
en, S
ectio
n of
Epi
dem
iolo
gy
Mic
hele
Han
sen,
Spe
cial
Nee
ds S
ervi
ces
Uni
t
Dia
ne In
gle,
Mat
erna
l, C
hild
, and
Fam
ily H
ealth
Bec
ky J
udd,
Mat
erna
l, C
hild
, and
Fam
ily H
ealth
Sha
rron
Lob
augh
and
Mar
tha
Moo
re, I
njur
yP
reve
ntio
n P
rogr
am
Dav
id M
altm
an a
nd M
illie
Rya
n; G
over
nor's
Cou
ncil
on D
isab
ilitie
s an
d S
peci
al E
duca
tion
Pat
ricia
Ow
en, D
ivis
ion
of P
ublic
Hea
lth
Cat
hy P
erha
m-H
este
r, M
ater
nal,
Chi
ld, a
nd
Fam
ily H
ealth
Dav
id P
ierc
e, D
ivis
ion
of A
dmin
istr
ativ
e
Ser
vice
s
John
Tom
aro,
Vita
l Sta
tistic
s
The
resa
Tan
oury
, Offi
ce o
f the
Com
mis
sion
er
Car
la T
impo
ne a
nd S
herr
ie G
oll,
Chi
ld C
are
and
Dev
elop
men
t Fun
d
Bra
d W
hist
ler,
Div
isio
n of
Adm
inis
trat
ive
Ser
vice
s
Dav
e W
illia
ms,
Div
isio
n of
Med
ical
Ass
ista
nce
Ack
now
ledg
men
ts
Rog
er W
ithin
gton
, Div
isio
n of
Fam
ily a
ndY
outh
Ser
vice
s
Laur
el W
ood,
Sec
tion
of E
pide
mio
logy
Alfr
ed G
. Zan
gri,
Bur
eau
of V
ital S
tatis
tics
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f Edu
catio
nS
taff,
Div
isio
n of
Tea
cher
Lea
rniri
g an
d S
uppo
rt
Ang
ie B
inkl
cy, A
dult
Bas
ic E
duca
tion
Sha
ri P
aul,
Gov
erno
r's C
hild
ren'
s C
abin
et
Mar
ilyn
Web
b, H
ead
Sta
rt, A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mun
ity a
nd R
egio
nal A
ffairs
Gre
g W
illia
ms,
Res
earc
h an
d A
naly
sis,
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f Lab
or
Sha
ron
Vai
ssie
re, A
ncho
rage
Sch
ool D
istr
ict,
Hea
lth C
urric
ulum
Coo
rdin
ator
Anc
hora
ge D
epar
tmen
t of H
ealth
and
Hum
an S
ervi
ces
Mar
gare
t Gre
ssen
s, H
ealth
y A
ncho
rage
Indi
cato
rs P
roje
ct
Mar
tha
And
erso
n, C
hild
Car
e Li
cens
ing
Uni
vers
ity O
f Ala
ska
Anc
hora
geLi
sa R
iege
r, J
ustic
e C
ente
r
John
Pet
raiti
s, P
sych
olog
yT
odd
Ris
ley,
Psy
chol
ogy
Spec
ial t
hank
s to
Mar
tha
Stek
etee
, Chi
ld T
rend
s,
Inc.
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
., fo
r he
lpfu
l com
men
ts o
n a
draf
t
of th
is p
ublic
atio
n.K
ids
Cou
nt A
lask
aal
so th
anks
mem
bers
of
the
stat
ewid
e ne
twor
k an
d pa
rtic
ipan
ts a
t
conf
eren
ces
and
wor
ksho
ps f
or h
elpi
ng u
s un
ders
tand
child
ren'
s is
sues
in A
lask
a an
d in
terp
ret i
ndic
ator
s in
diff
eren
t reg
ions
of
the
stat
e.
Fina
lly, m
any
than
ks to
Hel
en A
ndon
, Vic
Fis
cher
;
Ric
hard
Hul
l, C
olle
en P
awlo
wsk
i, an
d E
ddie
Wal
tonf
orle
ndin
g us
pho
tos
of b
eau
tifiil
chi
ldre
n.
9
Opp
ortu
nitie
s to
Hel
p A
lask
a's
Chi
ldre
n
CO
MP
AS
S: C
omm
unity
Par
tner
ship
for
Acc
ess,
Sol
utio
ns, a
nd S
ucce
ssT
he g
oals
' of
the
Com
mun
ity P
artn
ersh
ip f
or A
cces
s, S
olut
ions
, and
Suc
cess
(C
OM
PASS
) in
itiat
ive
are
impr
ov-
ing
the
heal
th a
nd s
afet
y of
chi
ldre
n an
d fa
mili
es a
nd in
suri
ng th
at c
hild
ren
are
read
y to
sta
rt s
choo
l and
succ
eed
in s
choo
l. T
he in
itiat
ive
aim
s to
cre
ate
a pa
rtne
rshi
p be
twee
n th
e st
ate
and
loca
l com
mun
ities
by
brin
ging
toge
ther
gove
rnm
ents
, sch
ool d
istr
icts
, hea
lth a
nd s
ocia
l ser
vice
age
ncie
s, a
nd o
ther
s co
ncer
ned
with
the
wel
l-be
ing
ofA
lask
a's
child
ren.
Joi
nt s
tate
-loc
al te
ams
have
bee
n fo
rmed
in 1
3 co
mm
uniti
es. A
n in
terd
epar
tmen
tal C
OM
PASS
Act
ion
Tea
m, s
uper
vise
d by
the
Gov
erno
r's C
hild
ren'
s C
abin
et, i
s gu
idin
g de
velo
pmen
t of
this
initi
ativ
e.Fo
r m
ore
info
rmat
ion,
.get
in to
uch
with
the
Ala
ska
Chi
ldre
n's
Tru
st: B
ox 1
1210
0, J
unea
u, A
lask
a 99
811;
phon
e: 9
07-4
65-4
870;
fax
: 907
-465
-863
8.
1110
Intr
oduc
tion
7
Kid
s C
ount
Reg
ions
9
How
Ala
ska
Com
pare
d w
ith N
atio
nal A
vera
ges
in 1
994
10
Ear
ly C
hild
hood
11
Pren
atal
Car
e12
Bab
ies
With
Low
Bir
th W
eigh
t14
Infa
nt M
orta
lity
16
Imm
uniz
atio
ns b
y A
ge T
wo
17
Chi
ldre
n w
ith D
evel
opm
enta
l Dis
abili
ties
19
Not
es21
Eco
nom
ic W
ell-B
eing
22
Chi
ldre
n L
ivin
g in
Pov
erty
23
Chi
ldre
n in
Fam
ilies
Hea
ded
by S
ingl
e Pa
rent
s24
Bir
ths
to T
eens
25
Chi
ld C
are
26
Not
es29
Edu
catio
n30
Tee
ns W
ho A
re H
igh
Scho
ol D
ropo
uts
31
Tee
ns N
ot W
orki
ng a
nd N
ot in
Sch
ool
34
Not
es35
Chi
ldre
n in
Dan
ger
36
Chi
ld D
eath
37T
een
Vio
lent
Dea
th39
Inju
ry to
Ala
ska'
s C
hild
ren
40C
hild
Abu
se a
nd N
egle
ct43
Not
es47
Juve
nile
Jus
tice
48
Juve
nile
Vio
lent
Cri
me
49
Juve
nile
Cri
me
in A
lask
a50
Not
es53
Hea
lth R
isks
54
Tob
acco
Use
Am
ong
Tee
ns55
Tee
ns U
sing
Alc
ohol
and
Dru
gs57
Sexu
ally
Tra
nsm
itted
Dis
ease
s an
d H
IV58
Not
es59
Doc
umen
tatio
n of
Indi
cato
rs60
12
Tab
le o
f C
onte
nts
13
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-1,, A 4.,3A
lV
iVe
Zy.
,/
.441:10:::!'.1::1'....1,t;'4:1,-1..".1
w,zir;
'.4tt
tiP
-9
k
'I'V°",zektf
4
lo
Man
y A
lask
ans
arc
wor
ried
abo
utch
ildre
n gr
owin
g up
in p
over
ty, i
nbr
oken
hom
es, a
nd in
dan
gero
usne
ighb
orho
ods.
Pol
icym
aker
s an
d ot
hers
with
res
pons
ibili
ties
for
Ala
ska'
s ch
ildre
nne
ed r
elia
ble
info
rmat
ion
abou
t con
ditio
nsaf
fect
ing
child
ren.
Thi
s is
the
seco
nd a
nnua
l dat
a bo
okpr
oduc
ed b
y th
eK
ids
Cou
nt A
lask
apr
ogra
m,
whi
ch b
egan
in 1
995
and
is f
unde
d by
agr
ant f
rom
the
Ann
ie E
. Cas
ey F
ound
atio
n.T
he p
rogr
am c
olle
cts
and
publ
iciz
es in
for-
mat
ion
abou
t chi
ldre
n's
heal
th, s
afet
y, a
ndec
onom
ic s
tatu
s as
mea
sure
d by
indi
cato
rsth
at c
over
all
the
stag
es f
rom
bir
th th
roug
hth
e la
te te
ens.
Tho
se in
clud
e 10
key
indi
ca-
tors
use
d by
the
natio
nal
Kid
s C
ount
prog
ram
and
addi
tiona
l ind
icat
ors
we
sele
cted
to h
elp
show
pro
blem
s as
wel
l as
prog
ress
in im
prov
-in
g th
e w
ell-
bein
g of
Ala
ska'
s ch
ildre
n. T
he
goal
s of
Kid
s C
ount
Ala
ska
are
to:
Dev
elop
reg
iona
l fig
ures
for
indi
cato
rsSe
lect
indi
cato
rs s
peci
fic
to A
lask
aD
istr
ibut
e in
form
atio
n ab
out t
he s
tatu
sof
Ala
ska'
s ch
ildre
n to
gov
ernm
ent
polic
ymak
ers,
pro
gram
adm
inis
trat
ors,
teac
hers
, and
oth
ers
who
se w
ork
invo
lves
the
wel
fare
of
child
ren
Cre
ate
an in
form
ed p
ublic
, mot
ivat
ed to
help
impr
ove
child
ren'
s liv
esE
nhan
ce e
ffor
ts to
impr
ove
the
wel
l-be
ing
of c
hild
ren
and
fam
ilies
.
We
hope
the
indi
cato
rs c
ompi
led
and
diss
emin
ated
by
Kid
s C
ount
Ala
ska
will
beco
me
an im
port
ant t
ool t
hat A
lask
ans
can
use
in d
evel
opin
g po
licie
s an
d pr
ogra
ms
tohe
lp c
hild
ren
and
fam
ilies
.
Intr
oduc
tion
The
tabl
e be
low
sho
ws
num
bers
of
child
ren
by a
ge, s
ex, a
nd r
ace
in A
lask
a an
dch
ange
s in
the
shar
e of
chi
ldre
n in
the
over
all A
lask
a po
pula
tion
in th
e 19
90s.
Ala
ska'
s C
hild
ren
by A
ge, S
ex, a
nd R
ace,
-199
0 an
c111
996
1990
Tot
alM
ale
Fem
ale
Tot
al A
lask
a P
opul
atio
n55
0,04
328
9,86
8 26
0,17
5
Chi
ldre
n B
y A
geN
umbe
r %
of P
opa
Und
er 1
11,9
632.
2%6,
109
5,85
4
1-4
44,0
148.
0%22
,616
21,3
98
5-9
51,5
089.
4%.
26,5
4324
,965
10-1
442
,939
7.8%
22,3
3320
,606
157,
652
1.4%
4,02
1;3
,631
167,
341
1.3%
3,78
63,
555
177,
453
1.4%
__
3,88
7;3
,566
187,
069
1.3%
3,83
43,
235
Tci
tal 1
8 an
d un
der
179,
939
32.8
0/0
93,1
2986
,810
1996
Tot
alM
ale
Fem
ale
607,
800
317,
105
290,
695
Chi
ldre
n 18
and
Und
er B
y R
ace
Whi
teA
K N
ativ
e
Bla
ck
.A
si a
n/Pa
c I
sl
128,
522
23.4
%36
,3.3
76.
6%
8,38
91.
5%
6,69
11.
2%
66,8
77 6
1,64
518
,497
17,8
40
4,33
64,
053
3,41
93,
272
Num
ber
9,85
943
,057
55,6
85
54,2
66
% o
f Pop
a
1.6%
7.1%
9.2%
8.9%
5,06
521
,934
28,6
19
27,9
69
4,79
421
,123
27,0
66
26,2
97
10,0
711.
7 %
:.5,
191
; 4,8
809,
507
1.6%
4,97
54,
532
8,65
3.1
.4%
_4,
010
8,09
01.
3%4,
382
3,70
8
199,
188
32.8
0/o
102,
778
96,4
10
136,
799
22.5
%70
,907
65,8
92
43,5
527.
2%22
,183
21,3
69
9,70
41.
6%5,
055
4,64
9
9,13
31.
5%4,
633
4,50
0
'Per
cent
age
of to
tal A
lask
a po
plar
/fra
u
Not
e: T
he r
acia
l bre
akdo
wns
use
d th
rom
hout
this
pub
licat
ion
are
thos
e of
the
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f L
abor
and
the
U.S
.B
urea
u of
the
Cen
sus.
Per
sons
of
His
pani
c or
igin
can
be
of a
ny r
ace.
The
Ala
ska
Nat
ive
cate
gory
incl
udes
oth
er N
ativ
eA
mer
ican
s; n
umbe
rs o
f ot
her
Nat
ive
Am
eric
ans
in A
lask
a ar
e sm
all.
Sour
ce: A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of
Lab
or ta
bula
tions
Intr
oduc
tion
(con
tinue
d)
5etw
een
1990
and
1996
the
tota
lpo
pula
tion
of A
lask
a in
crea
sed
abou
t 10.
5 pe
rcen
t, gr
owin
g fr
om55
0,04
3 to
607
,800
. The
num
ber
of c
hild
ren
(18
and
unde
r) g
rew
at r
ough
lyth
e sa
me
rate
, inc
reas
ing
from
just
und
er18
0,00
0 to
nea
rly 2
00,0
00. S
o th
e sh
are
ofch
ildre
n in
the
over
all A
lask
a po
pula
tion
stay
ed a
t abo
ut 3
3 pe
rcen
t in
rece
nt y
ears
.
Num
bers
of c
hild
ren
of a
ll ra
ces
in-
crea
sed
in th
e 19
90s,
but
the
perc
enta
ge o
f
whi
te c
hild
ren
drop
ped
slig
htly
whi
lepe
rcen
tage
s of
child
ren
of o
ther
rac
es
incr
ease
d so
mew
hat.
Thi
s da
ta b
ook
pres
ents
indi
cato
rs o
f
child
ren'
s w
ell-
bein
g by
reg
ion
of A
lask
aw
hene
ver
poss
ible
. The
map
on
page
9sh
ows
the
regi
ons
we
used
in d
evel
opin
gre
gion
al in
dica
tors
. Unf
ortu
nate
ly, f
or s
ome
indi
cato
rs n
ot e
noug
h in
form
atio
n is
avai
labl
e to
allo
w u
s to
do
regi
onal
bre
ak-
dow
ns. (
See
the
Doc
umen
tatio
n of
Ind
ica-
tors
sec
tion
at th
e en
d of
the
book
.)
A f
ew im
port
ant p
oint
s ab
out t
hein
dica
tors
pre
sent
ed in
this
dat
a bo
ok a
rew
orth
em
phas
izin
g at
the
outs
et:
Indi
cato
rs d
on't
mea
sure
the
effe
ctiv
enes
s
of p
artic
ular
pro
gram
s. T
hey
are
broa
din
dica
tions
of
soci
al c
ondi
tions
rat
her
than
spec
ific
mea
sure
s of
pro
gram
per
form
ance
.
18
Reg
iona
l ind
icat
ors
are
mos
tly a
vera
ges
for
the
peri
od 1
991-
1995
. Som
e re
gion
alin
form
atio
n is
col
lect
ed o
nly
once
eve
ry10
yea
rs, d
urin
g th
e na
tiona
l cen
sus;
som
e is
col
lect
ed a
nnua
lly, a
llow
ing
us to
calc
ulat
e 5-
year
ave
rage
s. I
n sm
all
popu
latio
ns li
ke A
lask
a's,
indi
cato
rs c
anfl
uctu
ate
shar
ply
year
to y
ears
oav
erag
es o
vers
ever
al y
ears
giv
e a
mor
e
accu
rate
pic
ture
.
The
sca
le o
f th
e in
dica
tors
var
ies.
Som
ein
dica
tors
are
in p
erce
ntag
es (
whi
ch is
ara
te p
er 1
00);
oth
ers
are
in r
ates
per
1,00
0 or
100
,000
. Per
cent
ages
are
use
ful
to s
how
the
mos
t wid
espr
ead
even
ts; f
orle
ss c
omm
on e
vent
s di
ffer
ent r
ates
are
mor
e us
eful
.
Smal
l dif
fere
nces
in in
dica
tor
leve
ls a
mon
gre
gion
s m
ay b
e du
e to
ran
dom
fluc
tuat
ions
rath
er th
an a
ctua
l dif
fere
nces
.
Not
all
area
s or
com
mun
ities
with
in a
regi
on h
ave
the
sam
e in
dica
tor
leve
ls a
sth
e re
gion
as
a w
hole
.
The
indi
cato
rs a
re b
ased
on
the
mos
tre
liabl
e da
ta a
vaila
ble,
but
all
data
are
subj
ect t
o so
me
erro
r.
19
Kid
s C
ount
Reg
ions
Bor
ough
s an
d C
ensu
s A
reas
, by
Reg
ion
Mun
icip
ality
of A
ncho
rage
Mat
anus
ka-S
usitn
a B
orou
gh
Gul
f Coa
st R
e on
Ken
ai P
enin
sula
-Bor
ough
Kod
iak
Isla
nd B
orou
ghV
alde
z-C
ordo
va C
ensu
s A
rea
'Inte
rior
Reg
ion
Den
ali B
orou
ghF
airb
anks
Nof
th S
tar
Bor
ough
Sou
thea
st F
airb
anks
Cen
sus
Are
aY
ukon
-Koy
ukuk
Cen
sus
Are
a
Nor
ther
n R
egio
nN
ome
Cen
sus
Are
aN
orth
Slo
pe B
orou
ghN
orth
wes
t Arc
tic B
orou
gh
Sou
thea
st R
egio
nH
aine
s B
orou
ghC
ity a
nd B
orou
gh o
f Jun
eau
Ket
chik
an G
atew
ay B
orou
ghP
rince
of W
ales
/Out
er K
etC
hika
n C
ensu
s ar
eaC
ity a
nd B
orou
gh o
f Sitk
aS
kagw
ay-H
oona
h-A
ngoo
n C
ensu
s A
rea
Yak
utat
Bor
ough
Wra
ngel
l-Pet
ersb
urg
Cen
sus
Are
a
Sou
thw
est R
egio
nA
leut
ians
Eas
t Bor
ough
Ale
utia
ns W
est C
ensu
s A
rea
Bet
hel C
ensu
s A
rea
Bris
tol B
ay B
orou
ghD
illin
gham
Cen
sus
Are
aLa
ke a
nd P
enin
sula
Bor
ough
Wad
e H
ampt
on C
ensu
s A
rea
a B
orou
gh
Anc
hora
ge
20B
EST
CO
PY A
VA
ILA
BL
E21
How
Ala
ska
Com
pare
d w
ith N
atio
nal A
vera
ges
in19
94
lie n
atio
nal K
ids
Cou
nt d
ata
book
rank
s al
l 50
stat
es a
nd th
e D
istr
ict
of C
olum
bia
on 1
0 in
dica
tors
of
child
ren'
s w
ell-
bein
g an
d di
scus
ses
how
thos
ein
dica
tors
hav
e ch
ange
d ov
er ti
me
and
why
they
are
impo
rtan
t mea
sure
s of
the
heal
than
d sa
fety
of
Am
eric
a's
child
ren.
The
adj
acen
t tab
le s
how
s ho
w le
vels
of
thos
e in
dica
tors
in A
lask
a an
d in
the
U.S
. as
a w
hole
com
pare
d in
199
4, th
e m
ost r
ecen
tye
ar f
or w
hich
fig
ures
are
ava
ilabl
e.
IBE
ST C
opy
AV
AIE
LA
LE
I
I.
Ala
ska
Bet
ter
Tha
n N
atio
nal A
vera
ge
I I
Ala
ska
U.S
.
Perc
ent o
f ba
bies
with
low
bir
th w
eigh
ts5.
5%7.
3%
Perc
ent o
f ch
ildre
n liv
ing
in p
over
ty12
.0%
21.0
%
Perc
ent o
f te
ens
(age
s 16
-19)
who
dro
p ou
t of
scho
ol7.
0%9.
0%
Juve
nile
arr
est r
ate
for
viol
ent c
rim
e (p
er 1
00,0
00 y
outh
s 10
-17)
384
517
Bir
ths
to te
ens
(per
1,0
00 f
emal
es 1
5-17
)a32
38
Ala
ska
At o
r N
ear
Nat
iona
l Ave
rage
Infa
nt m
orta
lity
rate
(pe
r 1,
000
live
birt
hs)
7.6
8.0
Perc
ent o
f si
ngle
-par
ent f
amili
es25
.0%
26.0
%
Chi
ld d
eath
rat
e (p
er 1
00,0
00 c
hild
ren
1-14
)28
29
Ala
skiW
orse
Tha
n N
atio
nal A
vera
ge
Perc
ent o
f te
ens
not w
orki
ng a
nd n
ot in
sch
ool
11%
9%
Tee
n vi
olen
t dea
th r
ate
(per
100
,000
teen
s 15
-19)
9169
aB
efor
e 19
93, t
his
indi
cato
r m
easu
red
the
rate
of
birt
hs to
teen
age
girl
s 15
to 1
9. T
he A
lask
are
gion
al f
igur
es o
n pa
ge 2
5 ar
e ba
sed
on th
at p
revi
ous
defi
nitio
n.
Not
e: A
lask
a fi
gure
s in
this
tabl
e m
ay d
iffe
r fr
om la
ter
figu
res
in th
e re
gion
al g
raph
s. T
he f
igur
esab
ove
are
from
the
natio
nal K
ids
Cou
nt p
rogr
am; o
ur r
egio
nal f
igur
es m
ay b
e ba
sed
ondi
ffer
ent y
ears
and
are
som
etim
es m
easu
red
diff
eren
tly, d
epen
ding
on
wha
t reg
iona
l inf
orm
atio
n is
avai
labl
e.So
urce
: Ann
ie E
. Cas
ey F
ound
atio
n, K
ids
Cou
nt D
ata
Boo
k, 1
997
23
S310111V
AV
AdO
O ISM
Pren
atal
Car
e
Birt
hs in
Alo
ick1
991.
7199
, By
Age
and
Rac
eof
mot
her.
(Tot
al B
irth
s: '3
5,37
8)
Und
er 1
5
El 1
5-17
U 1
8-19
E-3
20+
Und
er 1
50.
2%15
-17
18-1
9A
sian
Bea
d(
Asi
an/P
I
151
Bla
ck
M A
K. N
ativ
e
ki W
hite
AK
. Nat
ive
Sig
nific
ance
Nat
ionw
ide,
an
estim
ated
25
perc
ent
of p
regn
ant-
wom
en d
on't
get p
rena
tal c
are
duri
ng th
e fi
rst t
hree
mon
ths
of th
eir
preg
nanc
ythe
per
iod.
ofcr
ucia
l fet
alde
velo
pmen
t.'
For
a lo
ng ti
me,
man
y re
sear
cher
sha
ve m
aint
aine
d th
at a
dequ
ate
pren
atal
care
hel
ps r
educ
e th
e nu
mbe
r of
bab
ies
with
low
bir
th w
eigh
ts. (
As
we
disc
uss
inth
e ne
xt s
ectio
n, b
abie
s w
ith lo
w b
irth
.w
eigh
ts a
re m
ore
likel
y to
die
bef
ore
thei
r
firs
t bir
thda
y)
Def
initi
on
By
Age
of M
othe
rB
y R
ace
of M
othe
r
The
re is
som
e di
sagr
eem
ent o
ver
wha
tco
nstit
utes
"ad
equa
te"
pren
atal
car
e. H
ere
we
use
the
Ala
ska
Bur
eau
of V
ital S
tatis
tics'
mea
sure
of
pren
atal
car
ethe
Kes
sner
Ind
ex.
Tha
t ind
ex h
as th
ree
clas
sifi
catio
ns o
f pr
enat
al
care
: ade
quat
e, in
term
edia
te, a
nd in
adeq
uate
.
Car
e is
con
side
red
adeq
uate
am
ong
wom
en w
ho s
ee a
doc
tor
(or
othe
r m
edic
alpr
ofes
sion
al)
at le
ast o
nce
duri
ng th
e fi
rst
thre
e m
onth
s of
pre
gnan
cy a
nd a
t lea
st n
ine
26
times
ove
r th
e en
tire
of p
regn
ancy
.C
are
is c
onsi
dere
d "i
nter
med
iate
" am
ong
wom
en w
ho s
ee a
doc
tor
at le
ast o
nce
duri
ngth
e ea
rly
mon
ths
of p
regn
ancy
and
sev
eral
times
dur
ing
the
late
r m
onth
s. C
are
iscl
assi
fied
as
"ina
dequ
ate"
am
ong
wom
en w
hodo
n't s
ee a
doc
tor
at a
ll du
ring
thei
r fi
rst f
ive
mon
ths
of p
regn
ancy
and
fou
r or
few
er ti
mes
duri
ng th
eir
entir
e pr
egna
ncy.
'
BE
ST C
OPY
ML
AL
E
Rec
ently
, how
ever
, som
e an
alys
tsha
ve q
uest
ione
d th
e ev
iden
ce li
nkin
gin
adeq
uate
pre
nata
l car
e an
d lo
w b
irth
wei
ght.'
But
oth
er b
enef
its o
f go
odpr
enat
al c
are
are
clea
r. P
regn
ant w
omen
who
see
thei
r do
ctor
s re
gula
rly
are
mor
elik
ely
to d
isco
ver
med
ical
pro
blem
s th
atm
ight
inju
re th
em o
r.th
eir
fetu
ses.
The
y ar
em
ore
likel
y to
be
awar
e th
at e
atin
g po
orly
,dr
inki
ng a
lcoh
ol, a
nd s
mok
ing
can
harm
thei
r ba
bies
. And
som
e re
sear
cher
s ha
vefo
und
that
wom
en w
ho v
isit
doct
ors
regu
larl
y w
hile
they
are
pre
gnan
t are
mor
e
likel
y to
con
tinue
get
ting
good
pre
vent
ive
heal
th c
are
for
them
selv
es a
nd th
eir
infa
nts.
4
27
Wha
t Abo
ut A
lask
a?
From
199
1 th
roug
h 19
95, n
earl
y 55
,400
babi
es w
ere
born
in A
lask
a. T
he o
verw
helm
-in
g m
ajor
ity (
89 p
erce
nt)
wer
e bo
rn to
mot
hers
at le
ast 2
0 ye
ars
old.
But
that
stil
l lea
ves
mor
e th
an 6
,000
babi
es b
orn
to te
enag
e m
othe
rs d
urin
g th
efi
rst h
alf
of th
e 19
90s.
And
mor
e th
an a
thir
dof
thos
e ba
bies
wer
e bo
rn to
mot
hers
und
er18
yea
rs o
ld. T
eena
ge m
othe
rs a
nd th
eir
child
ren
face
eco
nom
ic d
isad
vant
ages
(se
eB
irth
s to
Tee
ns in
dica
tor)
, but
they
als
o fa
cehe
alth
ris
ks. H
alf
the
youn
gest
mot
hers
(15
and
unde
r) a
nd n
earl
y fo
ur in
ten
olde
r
teen
ager
s ge
t ina
dequ
ate
pren
atal
car
e. E
ven
amon
g m
othe
rs o
ver
20, o
ne-q
uart
erdo
n't g
et
adeq
uate
pre
nata
l car
e.
Abo
ut 6
8 pe
rcen
t of
wom
en w
ho h
adba
bies
in A
lask
a fr
om 1
991
thro
ugh
1995
wer
e W
hite
, 23
perc
ent w
ere
Nat
ive,
4.5
perc
ent w
ere
Bla
ck, a
nd 4
.5 p
erce
nt w
elt A
sian
.
One
qua
rter
of
mot
hers
of
all r
aces
in
Ala
ska
get i
nade
quat
e pr
enat
al c
are,
but
the
shar
e is
con
side
rabl
y hi
gher
am
ong
Ala
ska
Nat
ive
mot
hers
four
in te
n. P
art o
f th
ere
ason
for
that
hig
h ra
te is
und
oubt
edly
that
man
y N
ativ
e w
omen
live
in s
mal
l, is
olat
edco
mm
uniti
es w
ith v
ery
limite
d m
edic
al c
are.
A th
ird
of A
sian
mot
hers
als
o la
ck a
dequ
ate
pren
atal
car
e, w
ith s
mal
ler
shar
es a
mon
gB
lack
and
Whi
te m
othe
rs. 2.
8
Per
cent
of B
abie
s R
ecei
Vin
g Le
ss T
han
Ade
quat
e'P
rena
tal C
are,
By
Age
of M
othe
r, 1
991
-199
5
*Sie
texi
for
def
iititi
ori3
Of.
);a4
eqU
ate,
:car
i.
Sour
ce ,
Ala
ska
Bur
eau
ofyi
tal S
tatis
tics
Per
cent
age
Of B
abie
s R
ecei
ving
Les
s T
han
Ade
quat
eP
rena
tal C
are,
By
Rac
e O
f Mot
her,
199
1 -1
995
Ala
ska
Nat
ive
Asl
an/P
ac. Bla
ck
'W
hite
All
Rac
es
Sour
ce: A
lask
a B
urea
u of
Vita
l Sta
tistic
s
BE
ST C
OPY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
Pren
atal
Car
e
29
Bab
ies
With
Low
Birt
h W
eigh
t
Tre
nd 1
985-
1994
Per
cent
Bab
ies
With
Low
Birt
h W
eigh
t
6% 4%
;2 0%85
8687
8889
9091
9293
94
Sou
rce:
Kid
s C
ount
Dat
il B
ook,
199
7, A
nnie
E. C
asey
Fou
ndat
ion
Def
initi
on
Bab
ies
cons
ider
ed to
hav
e lo
w b
irth
wei
ght a
re th
ose
wei
ghin
g un
der
2,50
0gr
ams
(5.5
pou
nds)
at b
irth
. The
dat
a ar
ere
port
ed in
per
cent
age
of li
ve b
irth
sby
mot
her's
pla
ce o
f re
side
nce,
not
pla
ce o
fin
fant
's b
irth
. Bir
ths
of u
nkno
wn
wei
ght a
reno
t inc
lude
d in
thes
e ca
lcul
atio
ns.
Sig
nific
ance
Whi
le m
ost A
mer
ican
chi
ldre
n ge
t off
toa
heal
thy
star
t, ba
bies
wei
ghin
g le
ss th
an2,
500
gram
s (5
.5 p
ound
s) a
t bir
th h
ave
a
30
high
er p
roba
bilit
y of
exp
erie
ncin
gde
velo
pmen
tal,
phys
ical
, and
beh
av-
iora
l pro
blem
s.
Bab
ies
with
low
bir
th w
eigh
t are
mor
e co
mm
only
bor
n to
low
-inc
ome
wom
en a
nd w
omen
ove
r ag
e 35
.In
adeq
uate
nut
ritio
n an
d in
adeq
uate
wei
ght g
ain
duri
ng p
regn
ancy
are
maj
or r
isk
fact
ors
for
low
bir
thw
eigh
t, as
wel
l as
for
intr
aute
rine
grow
th r
etar
datio
n, in
crea
sed
pre-
nata
l mor
bidi
ty a
nd m
orta
lity,
and
pre-
term
bir
th.
Impa
ct
Bab
ies
with
low
bir
th w
eigh
t die
mor
e fr
eque
ntly
dur
ing
thei
r fi
rst y
ear
oflif
e th
an d
o ba
bies
bor
n w
eigh
ing
mor
eth
an 2
,500
gra
ms.
5
One
stu
dy e
stim
ated
that
of
the
$11.
4bi
llion
spe
nt n
atio
nally
on
heal
th c
are
for
infa
nts
in 1
988,
abo
ut 3
5 pe
rcen
t (or
$4
billi
on)
was
spe
nt o
n th
e "i
ncre
men
tal
cost
s of
low
bir
th w
eigh
t inf
ants
, with
near
ly h
alf
($1.
8 bi
llion
) go
ing
to r
escu
eth
e ve
ry ti
nies
t bab
ies.
"6
Cha
rges
for
the
initi
al h
ospi
taliz
atio
n of
asu
rviv
ing
infa
nt w
eigh
ing
500
to 6
00gr
ams
at b
irth
(un
der
1.5
poun
ds)
aver
aged
$1
mill
ion
in th
e ea
rly
1990
s.7
Due
to a
dvan
ces
in n
eona
tal c
are
syst
ems,
man
y in
fant
s w
eigh
ing
only
750
gra
ms
(1 p
ound
, 10
ounc
es)
at b
irth
are
now
surv
ivin
g. B
ut th
e su
rviv
ors
ofte
n fa
cese
riou
s lo
ng-t
erm
hea
lth a
nd d
evel
op-
men
tal p
robl
ems.
8
Bab
ies
with
low
bir
th w
eigh
t are
mor
elik
ely
to r
equi
re s
peci
al e
duca
tion.
Abo
utha
lf o
f al
l chi
ldre
n w
ho w
eigh
ed le
ss th
an5.
5 po
unds
at b
irth
are
enr
olle
d in
spe
cial
educ
atio
n pr
ogra
ms
by th
e tim
e th
ey a
re6
to 1
5 ye
ars
old.
9
Low
bir
th w
eigh
t als
o pu
ts b
abie
s at
incr
ease
d ri
sk o
f m
enta
l ret
arda
tion,
neur
olog
ical
def
ects
, gro
wth
and
dev
elop
-m
ent p
robl
ems,
pul
mon
ary
dysf
unct
ion,
visu
al a
nd h
eari
ng d
efec
ts, c
ereb
ral p
alsy
,ep
ileps
y, le
arni
ng d
isor
ders
, chr
onic
lung
prob
lem
s, a
nd c
hild
abu
se a
nd n
egle
ct.w
If n
o pr
egna
nt w
omen
sm
oked
cig
aret
tes,
20 to
30
perc
ent o
f al
l low
-wei
ght b
irth
san
d 10
per
cent
of
feta
l and
infa
nt d
eath
sco
uld
he p
reve
nted
."
31
ggir
CO
PY M
iv.A
BL
E
Wha
t Abo
ut A
lask
a?
Rel
ativ
ely
few
(ab
out 5
per
cent
) of
the
babi
es b
orn
in A
lask
a ov
er th
e ye
ars
1991
-19
95 w
eigh
ed le
ss th
an 5
.5 p
ound
s. O
ver
the
past
dec
ade
the
shar
e of
bab
ies
with
low
birt
h w
eigh
t in
Ala
ska
has
cons
iste
ntly
bee
nam
ong
the
low
est i
nth
e na
tion,
rem
aini
ngbe
low
5 p
erce
nt f
or m
ost o
f th
at ti
me.
0
The
two
grap
hs o
n th
is p
age
show
how
the
shar
e of
bab
ies
born
wei
ghin
g le
ss th
an5.
5 po
unds
var
ied
amon
g re
gion
s an
dam
ong
race
s in
Ala
ska
on a
vera
ge f
rom
199
1
thro
ugh
1995
.
.I
.I
'
With
in r
egio
ns, t
heva
ried
fro
m 4
.1 p
erce
nt in
Sou
thea
stto
5.7
per
cent
in A
ncho
rage
.
Am
ong
race
s, th
e pe
rcen
tage
of
babi
es w
ith lo
w b
irth
wei
ght w
aslo
wer
am
ong
Whi
te a
nd N
ativ
eba
bies
and
hig
her
amon
g A
sian
and
Bla
ck b
abie
s. R
emem
ber,
how
ever
,th
at b
ecau
se th
e B
lack
and
Asi
anpo
pula
tions
of
Ala
ska
are
muc
hsm
alle
r, b
irth
s of
rel
ativ
ely
few
unde
rwei
ght b
abie
s ca
n ch
ange
the
perc
enta
ges.
Ala
ska
And
wra
geM
at-S
u G
ulf C
oast
hrte
rlor
Nor
ther
n S
outh
east
Sou
thw
est
Sou
rce
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f Lab
or; A
lask
a B
urea
u of
Vita
l Sta
tistic
s
32
Bab
ies
With
Low
Bir
th W
eigh
t
Per
cent
of B
abie
s w
ith L
Ovv
Birt
h W
eigh
t, by
Rac
e(E
labi
ei W
eigh
ing
Less
than
5.5
Pot
inds
at B
irth,
5-y
ear
Ave
rage
, 199
1-19
95)
All
Rac
esA
sian
/Pee
IsL
Bla
ckW
hite
Ala
ska
Wye
San
te: A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of L
abor
; Ala
ska
Bur
eau
of V
ital S
tatis
tics
BE
ST C
OPY
AM
IAB
LE
33
Infa
nt M
orta
lity
T.6
Tre
nd 1
985-
1994
: Inf
ant M
orta
lity
Ra
(Dea
ths
Bef
ore
Age
1, P
er 1
,000
Liv
e B
irths
)
;Ala
ska
788
-88
9091
9293
,-;
94
Sou
rce:
Kid
s C
ount
Dat
a B
ook,
199
7, A
lone
E. C
asey
Fou
ndat
h
Def
initi
on
The
infa
nt m
orta
lity
rate
is th
e nu
mbe
r of
deat
hs p
er 1
,000
(liv
e bi
rths
) am
ong
infa
nts
unde
r on
e ye
ar. T
he d
ata
are
repo
rted
by
the
child
's p
lace
of
resi
denc
e, n
ot p
lace
of
deat
h.
Sig
nific
ance
Low
bir
th w
eigh
t and
infa
nt m
orta
lity
are
rela
ted:
the
infa
nt m
orta
lity
rate
can
be
pred
icte
d w
ith r
easo
nabl
e ac
cura
cy f
rom
the
prop
ortio
n of
bab
ies
with
low
bir
th w
eigh
ts."
The
infa
nt m
orta
lity
rate
is c
onsi
dere
d a
baro
met
er o
f th
e ge
nera
l hea
lth o
f a
popu
la-
tion.
Inf
ant m
orta
lity
has
been
dec
linin
g in
34
the
U.S
. sin
ce 1
985,
larg
ely
beca
use
ofim
prov
emen
ts in
med
ical
tech
nolo
gy14
Fam
ilies
with
low
inco
mes
and
less
edu
catio
n ar
e m
ore
likel
y to
hav
eba
bies
with
hea
lth p
robl
ems.
A s
tudy
cite
d by
the
Cas
ey F
ound
atio
n fo
und
that
infa
nt m
orta
lity
was
50
perc
ent
high
er a
mon
g po
or f
amili
es th
anam
ong
fam
ilies
with
inco
mes
abo
veth
e po
vert
y lin
e. T
he li
nk b
etw
een
pove
rty
and
infa
nt m
orta
lity
help
sex
plai
n w
hy th
e na
tiona
l inf
ant m
orta
lity
rate
in 1
994
was
15.
8 pe
r 1,
000
birt
hsam
ong
Bla
ck A
mer
ican
s, c
ompa
red
with
6.6
amon
g W
hite
Am
eric
ans.
I5
Wha
t Abo
ut A
lask
a?
Lik
e th
e re
st o
f th
e U
.S.,
Ala
ska
has
been
red
ucin
g in
fant
mor
talit
yov
er th
e pa
st d
ecad
e, d
ecre
asin
g th
era
te p
er 1
,000
bir
ths
from
10.
8 in
1985
to 7
.6 in
199
4slig
htly
bel
owth
e U
.S. a
vera
ge o
f 8.
0.
The
tie
betw
een
low
bir
thw
eigh
ts a
nd in
fant
mor
talit
y in
Ala
ska
is c
lear
. In
1989
, for
exa
mpl
e,43
per
cent
of
infa
nts
who
die
d ha
dw
eigh
ed u
nder
5.5
pou
nds
at b
irth
.'
Ala
ska'
s in
fant
mor
talit
y ra
tebe
twee
n 19
91 a
nd 1
995
aver
aged
ES
T C
opy
AV
AIl
8.2
per
1,00
0 bi
rths
, with
reg
iona
l rat
esfr
om 7
.1 in
the
Inte
rior
to 1
1.8
in th
eN
orth
ern
regi
on.
A 1
988
stud
y re
port
ed th
at N
ativ
ein
fant
s in
Ala
ska
have
a m
orta
lity
rate
abou
t 2.5
tim
es th
at o
f W
hite
infa
nts-
17.2
per
1,0
00 b
irth
s co
mpa
red
with
6.9
.T
he d
eath
rat
e am
ong
Nat
ive
infa
nts
was
also
hig
her
than
the
natio
nal r
ate
of 1
2.5
per
1,00
0 bi
rths
am
ong
all N
ativ
e A
mer
i-ca
n in
fant
s in
the
late
198
0s.1
7
Infa
nt M
orta
lity
Rat
e(D
eath
s B
efor
e A
ge 1
, Per
1,0
00 L
ive
Birt
hs, 1
991-
1995
)
Ala
ska
Anc
hora
ge M
at-S
uG
ull C
oast
Inte
rior
Nor
ther
n S
outh
east
Sou
thw
est
StW
rCe:
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f Lab
or; A
lask
a B
urea
u of
Vita
l Sta
tistic
s
35
Per
cent
of A
lask
a C
hild
ren
Imm
uniz
ed B
y A
ge T
wo,
By
Reg
ion
(199
2-19
9Z 5
-yea
r A
vera
ge)
Ala
ska
And
tora
geM
at-S
uG
ulf C
oast
Inte
rior
tN
orth
ern
Sou
thea
st
Sou
rce:
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Soc
ial S
ervi
ces
Def
initi
on
Thi
s in
dica
tor
show
s th
e pe
rcen
tage
of
Ala
skan
chi
ldre
n w
ho h
ave
rece
ived
all
the
reco
mm
ende
d do
ses
of th
ese
vacc
ines
by
age
two:
DT
P (d
ipht
heri
a, te
tanu
s, a
nd p
ertu
s-si
s); O
PV o
r IP
V (
polio
); M
MR
(m
easl
es,
mum
ps, a
nd r
ubel
la);
and
Hib
(H
aem
ophi
lus
infl
uenz
a, ty
pe b
).
Sig
nific
ance
Imm
uniz
atio
ns im
prov
e ch
ildre
n's
heal
th, s
ave
lives
, and
red
uce
heal
th c
are
cost
s. N
atio
nal s
tudi
es r
epor
t tha
t eve
rydo
llar
spen
t for
vac
cine
s sa
ves
muc
h m
ore
inot
her
dire
ct a
nd in
dire
ct m
edic
al c
osts
: $1
for
DT
P sa
ves
$29;
$1
for
MM
Rsa
ves
$21;
$1
for
OPV
sav
es $
6; $
1fo
r H
ib s
aves
$2.
Wha
t Abo
ut A
lask
a?
Dat
a on
imm
uniz
atio
ns p
rovi
ded
by
Lau
trl W
ood,
Sec
tion
of E
pide
mio
logy
, Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Soc
ial S
ervi
ces
Ala
ska
has
been
a le
ader
inef
fect
ive
child
hood
imm
uniz
atio
npr
ogra
ms.
For
inst
ance
, Ala
ska
was
the
firs
t sta
te to
impl
emen
t vac
cine
prog
ram
s to
fig
ht th
e le
adin
g ca
use
of c
hild
hood
men
ingi
tis; t
o us
ehe
patit
is A
vac
cine
topr
even
t epi
dem
ics;
and
toes
tabl
ish
a va
ccin
e di
stri
butio
npr
ogra
m to
mak
e fr
ee p
reve
ntiv
eim
mun
izat
ions
ava
ilabl
e to
all
Ala
ska'
s ch
ildre
n. I
n 19
96, t
heA
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth a
ndSo
cial
Ser
vice
s di
stri
bute
d m
ore
than
235
,000
dos
es o
f pe
diat
ric
vacc
ines
valu
ed a
t mor
e th
an $
2m
illio
n to
hea
lth c
are
prov
ider
sar
ound
the
stat
e.
Des
pite
thes
e ef
fort
s, A
lask
a ha
sre
cent
ly f
alle
n be
hind
the
natio
nal
aver
age
in im
mun
izat
ion
rate
s am
ong
two-
year
-old
s. I
n 19
96, a
sur
vey
byth
e na
tiona
l Cen
ters
for
Dis
ease
Imm
uniz
atio
ns b
y A
ge T
wo
Con
trol
and
Pre
vent
ion
put A
lask
a ne
ar th
ebo
ttom
(48
out
of
50 s
tate
s) in
rat
es o
fim
mun
izat
ion
amon
g tw
o-ye
ar-o
lds.
Onl
y 69
perc
ent o
f A
lask
a's
two-
year
-old
s ha
d be
enfu
lly im
mun
ized
, com
pare
d w
ith th
e na
tiona
lav
erag
e of
77
perc
ent.
The
imm
uniz
atio
n ra
te v
arie
s sh
arpl
yam
ong
regi
ons
of A
lask
a. O
n av
erag
e fr
om19
92-1
997,
63
perc
ent o
f tw
o-ye
ar-o
lds
stat
ewid
e w
ere
imm
uniz
ed, w
ith r
egio
nal
perc
enta
ges
from
54
in th
e M
at-S
u re
gion
to70
in th
e So
uthw
est.
Imm
uniz
atio
n Le
vels
Am
ong
Tw
o-Y
ear-
Old
s,U
.S. a
nd A
lask
a, 1
994
- 19
96
sf us; 19
9419
9519
96S
ourc
e:C
ente
rs f
or D
isea
se C
ontr
ol a
nd P
reve
ntio
n, N
atio
nal I
mm
uniz
atio
n Su
rvey
'ITO
Imm
uniz
atio
ns b
y A
ge T
wo
(con
tinue
d)
Still
, des
pite
the
low
imm
uniz
atio
n ra
tes
amon
g tw
o-ye
ar-o
lds,
the
inci
denc
eof
prev
enta
ble
child
hood
dis
ease
s in
Ala
ska
rem
ains
low
(se
e ta
ble
belo
w)l
arge
lybe
caus
e of
Ala
ska'
s st
rong
imm
uniz
atio
nre
quir
emen
ts f
or c
hild
ren
atte
ndin
g sc
hool
or g
oing
to d
ay c
are.
Aud
its c
ondu
cted
by
the
Sect
ion
of E
pide
mio
logy
of
the
Dep
art-
men
t of
Hea
lth a
nd S
ocia
l Ser
vice
s in
dica
teth
at m
ore
than
99
perc
ent o
f sc
hool
stu
dent
sar
e ad
equa
tely
imm
uniz
ed.
Rep
orte
d C
ases
of V
acdn
e-P
reve
ntab
le D
isea
ses
in A
lask
a,by
Dat
e of
Dia
gnos
is, 1
992-
1996
1992
,19
93:'-
' ' 1
994.
1995
1996
5Yea
r T
otal
Dip
hthe
ria
0.0
00
%0
0
Tet
anus
00
00
0-0
Pert
ussi
s18
50
.1
327
Mea
sles
92
10.
063
84
Mum
ps°
311
.4
123
33
Rub
ella
01
00
01
Polio
00
00
00
Hib
b2
7'4-
26
21
Hep
atiti
s A
153
756
205
50'
531,
217
Hep
atiti
s B
2114
1413
1678
Clin
ical
dia
gnos
is; b
Men
ingi
tis;
Firs
t yea
r of
vac
cine
lice
nsur
e
Sour
ce: A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth a
nd S
ocia
l Ser
vice
s
38
Spo
tligh
t on
Pre
vent
ion:
Yea
r 20
00
Chi
ldho
od Im
mun
izat
ion
Initi
ativ
e
Stat
e of
fici
als
are
alar
med
bec
ause
in19
96 n
earl
y on
e th
ird
of A
lask
a's
two-
year
-old
s di
dn't
have
all
the
imm
uniz
a-tio
ns th
ey n
eede
d. T
he A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
tof
Hea
lth a
nd S
ocia
l Ser
vice
s ci
tes
seve
ral
reas
ons
why
Ala
ska'
s im
mun
izat
ion
rate
sha
ve f
alle
n be
low
the
natio
nal a
vera
ge,
incl
udin
g: th
e nu
mbe
r of
chi
ldre
n in
the
stat
e ne
arly
dou
bled
bet
wee
n 19
80 a
nd19
96; t
he n
umbe
r of
rec
omm
ende
dim
mun
izat
ions
incr
ease
d fr
om 7
to 1
0; th
enu
mbe
r of
dos
es n
eede
d to
giv
e al
lch
ildre
n th
e re
com
men
ded
imm
uniz
atio
nsin
crea
sed
from
abo
ut 8
80,0
00 in
198
0 to
3.7
mill
ion
in 1
997.
18
The
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Soc
ial
Serv
ices
has
est
ablis
hed
the
Yea
r 20
00C
hild
hood
Im
mun
izat
ion
Initi
ativ
e to
incr
ease
rat
es o
f im
mun
izat
ion
in A
lask
a.A
mon
g ot
her
thin
gs, t
hat e
ffor
t will
incl
ude:
devo
ting
mor
e pu
blic
hea
lth r
esou
rces
toim
mun
izat
ion
prog
ram
s; w
orki
ng w
ithre
gion
al ta
sk f
orce
s to
fin
d w
ays
of in
crea
s-in
g im
mun
izat
ion
rate
s lo
cally
; est
ablis
h-in
g re
gion
al m
obile
team
s of
nur
ses;
aski
ng h
ealth
car
e pr
ovid
ers
to p
ut m
ore
emph
asis
on
imm
uniz
ing
child
ren;
and
appl
ying
to th
e na
tiona
l Cen
ters
for
Dis
ease
Con
trol
and
Pre
vent
ion
for
mor
em
oney
to a
dmin
iste
r va
ccin
es.
39
is1
Chi
ldre
n w
ith D
evel
opm
enta
l Dis
abili
ties
Ala
ska
Chi
ldre
n W
ith D
evel
opm
enta
l Dis
abili
ties,
By
Typ
e of
Dis
abili
ty, 1
995
:.Men
tal.
Ret
arda
tion'
,
Mul
tiple
Dis
abili
ties'
:,
;Aut
ism
z
:'Tra
unia
tiC:8
rain
Inj
ury.
,..D
eaf
or B
lind
I-le
arin
g`.
*.
.
-Spe
ech
and
lang
iiage
:impa
irm
entS
Vis
ual i
mpa
irri
lent
.s.
.
Seri
ous
erii0
iiori
al d
istir
i-ba
nces
'
Ort
hope
dic
impa
irm
ents
Oth
er h
ealth
impa
irm
ents
Oth
er.le
arri
ing
disa
bilit
ies:
:T
otal
umbe
r of
Chi
ldre
n..
1,33
4 (3
8%)
827
(24%
)13
7 (4
%)
113(
3 %
)11
(0.3
%)
15 (
0.4%
)
19 (
0.5%
)
6 (0
.2%
)
75 (
2%)
4 (0
.1%
)
42 (
1%)
938
(27%
)3,
521
(100
.%)
The
num
bers
incl
ude
child
ren
age
18 a
nd u
nder
with
at l
east
thre
e of
the
func
tiona
l lim
itatio
ns c
ited
in th
e de
fini
tion
belo
w. N
ot a
ll ch
ildre
n w
ith s
ome
form
of
disa
bilit
y ar
e co
nsid
ered
to h
ave
deve
lopm
enta
l dis
abili
ties.
Sour
ce: G
over
nor's
Cou
ncil
on D
isab
ilitie
s an
d Sp
ecia
l Edu
catio
n
Def
initi
on
Dat
a on
dev
elop
men
tal d
isab
ilitie
s pr
ovid
ed b
y
Dav
id M
altm
an a
nd M
illie
Rya
n, G
over
nor's
Cou
ncil
on D
isab
ilitie
s an
d Sp
ecia
l Edu
catio
n
A d
evel
opm
enta
l dis
abili
ty is
a s
ever
e,di
sabl
ing
cond
ition
that
occ
urs
befo
re a
ge22
, per
sist
s in
defi
nite
ly, a
nd s
ubst
antia
llylim
its a
t lea
st th
ree
of th
e fo
llow
ing
func
-tio
ns: l
iste
ning
and
talk
ing;
lear
ning
;
40
mob
ility
; sel
f-di
rect
ion
and
self
-car
e;in
depe
nden
t liv
ing;
and
eco
nom
icse
lf-s
uffi
cien
cy.
Men
tal r
etar
datio
n, a
utis
m, a
nd s
ever
alot
her
cond
ition
s ha
ve tr
aditi
onal
ly b
een
asso
ciat
ed w
ith th
e te
rm "
deve
lopm
enta
ldi
sabi
lity"
But
def
inin
g de
velo
pmen
tal
disa
bilit
ies
is c
ompl
icat
ed b
y th
e la
ck o
f a
gene
rally
acc
epte
d st
anda
rd o
f w
hat c
onst
i-tu
tes
a "s
ubst
antia
l fun
ctio
nal l
imita
tion.
"
For
exam
ple,
the
fede
ral I
ndiv
idua
ls w
ithD
isab
ilitie
s E
duca
tion
Act
list
s a
num
ber
ofdi
sabi
litie
s, b
ut p
rovi
des
clas
sifi
catio
ncr
iteri
a fo
r on
ly o
ne.'9
The
Sta
te o
f A
lask
aha
s its
ow
n cr
iteri
a fo
r pr
ogra
ms
serv
ing
child
ren
with
dev
elop
men
tal d
isab
ilitie
s.
Sig
nific
ance
Chi
ldre
n w
ith d
evel
opm
enta
l dis
abili
ties
typi
cally
nee
d sp
ecia
l tra
inin
g an
d as
sis-
tanc
e. T
hose
with
ser
ious
em
otio
nal
dist
urba
nces
or
lear
ning
dis
abili
ties
are
mor
elik
ely
to d
rop
out o
f sc
hool
and
, whe
n th
eybe
com
e ad
ults
, are
less
like
ly to
be
in th
ew
ork
forc
e.2°
Wha
t Abo
ut A
lask
a?
In 1
995,
just
und
er 2
per
cent
of
Ala
ska'
sch
ildre
n (1
8 an
d un
der)
abou
t 3,5
20ch
ildre
nhad
dev
elop
men
tal d
isab
ilitie
s.D
isab
ilitie
s w
ere
divi
ded
abou
t equ
ally
am
ong
child
ren
of a
ll ag
es. T
he m
ost p
reva
lent
disa
bilit
y is
men
tal r
etar
datio
n, a
ccou
ntin
g fo
rne
arly
fou
r in
ten
child
ren
with
dev
elop
men
-ta
l dis
abili
ties.
The
Sta
te o
f A
lask
a ha
s se
vera
lpr
ogra
ms
to h
elp
child
ren
with
dis
abili
ties.
Tw
o pr
ogra
ms
spot
light
ed o
n th
e ne
xt p
age
are
desi
gned
to h
elp
redu
ce p
robl
ems
in la
ter
life
by w
orki
ng w
ith d
isab
led
child
ren
earl
y on
.
BE
ST C
OPY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
4113
Chi
ldre
n w
ith D
evel
opm
enta
lD
isab
ilitie
s(c
ontin
ued)
Spo
tligh
t on
Pre
vent
ion:
Aut
ism
Inte
nsiv
e E
arly
Inte
rven
tion
Pro
ject
Info
rmat
ion
prov
ided
by
Tod
d R
isky
, Cen
ter
for
Hum
an D
evel
opm
ent,
Uni
vers
ity o
f A
lask
a A
ncho
rage
Abo
ut 1
0 au
tistic
chi
ldre
n ar
e bo
rn in
Ala
ska
ever
y ye
ar. A
utis
tic c
hild
ren
pay
little
atte
ntio
n to
oth
er p
eopl
e in
gen
eral
and
resp
ond
less
to p
aren
ts a
nd c
are
give
rs th
anot
her
child
ren
do. L
angu
age
of a
utis
ticch
ildre
n is
oft
en b
izar
re a
nd r
epet
itive
; som
eau
tistic
chi
ldre
n do
n't s
peak
at a
ll. T
helif
etim
e co
sts
of c
are
for
an a
utis
tic c
hild
who
does
not
rec
eive
hel
p ea
rly
are
cons
erva
tivel
yes
timat
ed a
t $1
mill
ion.
The
Aut
ism
Int
ensi
ve E
arly
Int
erve
ntio
nPr
ojec
t tra
ins
and
supe
rvis
es f
amily
mem
-be
rs a
nd v
olun
teer
s w
ho th
en te
ach
autis
ticch
ildre
n to
look
at,
resp
ond
to, a
nd im
itate
othe
r pe
ople
and
to ta
lk a
nd r
easo
n. T
his
teac
hing
goe
s on
as
muc
h as
40
hour
s pe
rw
eek,
beg
inni
ng a
t age
thre
e or
fou
r an
dco
ntin
uing
for
two
year
s. R
esea
rche
rs h
ave
foun
d th
at a
bout
hal
f th
e au
tistic
chi
ldre
nw
ho r
ecei
ve 4
0 ho
urs
per
wee
k of
inte
nsiv
ein
terv
entio
n re
quir
e no
spe
cial
hel
p in
scho
ol o
r la
ter
life;
the
othe
r ha
lf n
eed
mod
erat
e he
lp.
In 1
997
ther
e w
ere
15 te
achi
ng te
ams
stat
ewid
e, e
ach
cons
istin
g of
10
to 1
2vo
lunt
eers
trai
ned
thro
ugh
this
pro
ject
.
42
Spo
tligh
t on
Pre
vent
ion:
Infa
nt L
earn
ing
Info
rmat
ion
prov
ided
by
Jane
Atu
h, S
peci
al
Nee
ds S
ervi
ces
Uni
t, A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth
and
Soci
al S
ervi
ces
Exp
erts
hav
e id
entif
ied
a nu
mbe
r of
phys
ical
, cog
nitiv
e, a
nd o
ther
ski
lls th
at c
anbe
impr
oved
if c
hild
ren
with
dev
elop
men
tal
disa
bilit
ies
rece
ive
help
ear
ly, p
artic
ular
lydu
ring
the
firs
t thr
ee y
ears
of
life.
The
Inf
ant
Lea
rnin
g Pr
ogra
m w
orks
with
chi
ldre
n fr
om
birt
h th
roug
h tw
o ye
ars
who
hav
e di
sabi
li-tie
s or
dev
elop
men
tal d
elay
s, o
r w
ho a
re a
tri
sk f
or d
evel
opm
enta
l del
ays.
In F
Y 1
996,
abo
ut 1
,400
chi
ldre
n ag
e tw
oan
d un
der
wer
e en
rolle
d in
the
prog
ram
, with
abou
t hal
f th
ose
cont
inui
ng f
rom
the
prev
ious
year
. Chi
ldre
n ca
n be
ref
erre
d to
the
prog
ram
by p
aren
ts, p
hysi
cian
s, c
omm
unity
hea
lthai
des,
or
othe
rs. P
rogr
am s
peci
alis
ts w
ork
with
child
ren
and
fam
ilies
to d
evel
op in
divi
dual
prog
ram
s th
at c
an in
clud
e sp
ecia
l ins
truc
tion,
ther
apy,
ass
istiv
e te
chno
logy
, and
coo
rdin
atio
nw
ith o
ther
ava
ilabl
e se
rvic
es.
Infa
nt il
lath
ing
Pro
gram
Enr
ollm
ent
infa
nts
thro
ugh
Age
By
Seve
rity
'of D
isab
ility
, FY
9
In N
umbe
rs o
f Chi
ldre
n an
d P
erce
ntag
es o
f Enr
ollm
ent
Reg
ion
Enr
olle
dS
ever
eaM
oder
ate"
Mild
'A
t Ris
k'T
otal
Anc
hora
ge/M
at-S
u28
6 (2
0%)
203
(14.
%)
92 (
7%)
63 (
4%)
644
(45%
)
Gul
f C
oast
56 (
4%)
96 (
7%)
40 (
3%)
41 (
3%)
233
(16.
%)
Inte
rior
95 (
7%)
65 (
5%)
16 (
1 %
)4
(0.3
%)
180(
13%
)
Nor
ther
n37
(3%
)20
(1%
)5
(0.4
%)
4 (0
.3%
)66
(5%
)
Sout
heas
t48
(3%
)39
(3%
)43
(3%
)66
(5%
)19
6 (1
4%)
Sout
hwes
t35
(2%
)52
(4%
)6
(0.4
%)
5 (0
.4%
)98
(7%
)
Tot
al55
7 (3
9%)
475
(34%
)20
2 (1
4%)
183
(13%
)1,
417
(100
%)
'Sev
ere
dela
y of
50
perc
ent o
r m
ore
in o
ne o
r m
ore
area
s of
chi
ld's
dev
elop
men
t
Mod
erat
ede
lay
of 2
5-49
per
cent
in o
ne o
r m
ore
area
s of
chi
ld's
dev
elop
men
t.`M
ild d
elay
of 1
5,24
per
cent
in o
ne o
r m
ore
area
s of
chi
ld's
dev
elop
men
t
d A
t ris
ktw
o or
mor
e bi
olog
ical
or
envi
ronm
enta
l fac
tors
like
ly to
res
ult i
n de
velo
pmen
tal
dela
y
Sou
rce:
Spe
cial
Nee
ds S
ervi
ces
Uni
t, A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of H
ealth
and
Soc
ial S
ervi
ces
43
IA
lask
a B
urea
u of
Vita
l Sta
tistic
s, 1
995
Ann
ual
Rep
ort,
July
199
7, A
ppen
dix
D.
2Pr
enat
al C
are
Hot
lines
,
http
://w
ww
.hrs
a/dh
hs.g
ov/m
chb/
hotli
ne 3
.htm
3Se
e fo
r ex
ampl
e, G
reg
Ale
xand
er a
nd C
arol
Kor
enbr
ot, "
The
Rol
e of
Pre
nata
l Car
e in
Prev
entin
g L
ow B
irth
Wei
ght,"
in T
he F
utur
e of
Chi
ldre
n, N
o.1,
Spr
ing
1995
.
4A
.M. B
utz,
A. F
unkh
ouse
r, L
. Cal
eb, a
nd B
.J.
Ros
enst
ein,
"In
fant
hea
lth c
are
utili
zatio
n pr
edic
ted
by p
atte
rn o
f pr
enat
al c
are,
" in
Ped
iatr
ics
(199
3)92
, 1:5
0-54
. Cite
d in
Ale
xand
er a
nd K
oren
brot
(not
e 3)
.
5Hea
lthy
Ala
skan
s 20
00: C
hang
ing
the
cour
se o
f pu
blic
heal
th f
or th
e de
cade
, Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Soci
al S
ervi
ces,
Feb
ruar
y 19
94,
p. 1
36.
6T
he F
utur
e of
Chi
ldre
n: L
ow B
irth
Wei
ght,
Cen
ter
for
the
Futu
re o
f C
hild
ren,
The
Dav
id a
nd L
ucile
Pack
ard
Foun
datio
n, 5
(1)
Spr
ing
1995
,p.
4.
7lb
id.,
p. 3
0.H
Ibid
., p.
4.
9Ib
id.,
p. 7
.
10H
ealth
y A
lask
ans
2000
, p. 1
36.
11T
he F
utur
e of
Chi
ldre
n,p.
124
.12
Hea
lthy
Ala
skan
s 20
00, p
. 136
.
13T
he F
utur
e of
Chi
ldre
n,p.
20.
14K
ids
Cou
nt D
ata
Boo
k 19
97, A
nnie
E. C
asey
Foun
datio
n.
15Ib
id.
44
16H
ealth
y A
lask
ans
2000
, p. 1
36.
17Pr
enat
al C
are
in A
lask
a: M
ore
Cos
ts L
ess,
Sen
ate
Adv
isor
y C
ounc
il, A
lask
a St
ate
Leg
isla
ture
, 198
8(R
esea
rch
Req
uest
88-
0032
47).
18Y
ear
2000
Chi
ldho
od I
mm
uniz
atio
n In
itiat
ive,
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Soc
ial S
ervi
ces,
Nov
embe
r 19
97.
19T
hirt
een
disa
bilit
ies
wer
e ou
tline
d in
the
fede
ral
Indi
vidu
als
with
Dis
abili
ties
Edu
catio
n A
ctre
gula
tions
[se
ctio
n 50
4 of
199
0 A
mer
ican
s w
ithD
isab
ilitie
s A
ct]:
aut
ism
, dea
fnes
s, h
eari
ngim
pair
men
t, m
enta
l ret
arda
tion,
ort
hope
dic
impa
irm
ent,
othe
r he
alth
impa
irm
ent,
seri
ous
emot
iona
l dis
turb
ance
, lea
rnin
g di
sabi
lity,
spe
ech
or la
ngua
ge im
pair
men
t, tr
aum
atic
bra
in in
jury
,an
d vi
sual
impa
irm
ent.
With
the
exce
ptio
n of
lear
ning
dis
abili
ty, f
eder
al la
w d
oes
not p
rovi
decl
assi
fica
tion
crite
ria
for
any
of th
ese
disa
bilit
ies.
Not
es
(D. J
. Res
chly
119
96).
"Id
entif
icat
ion
and
Ass
essm
ent o
f St
uden
ts w
ith D
isab
ilitie
s,"
in T
heFu
ture
of
Chi
ldre
n: S
peci
al e
duca
tion
for
stud
ents
with
disa
bilit
ies,
vol
. 6, n
um. 1
, p. 4
0-53
.)
20M
. Wag
ner,
and
J. B
lack
orby
(19
96).
"T
rans
ition
from
hig
h sc
hool
to w
ork
to c
olle
ge: H
ow s
peci
aled
ucat
ion
stud
ents
far
e,"
in T
he F
utur
e of
Chi
ldre
n:
Spec
ial e
duca
tion
for
stud
ents
with
dis
abili
ties,
vol
. 6,
num
. 1, p
.103
-120
.
452
11
ErlIE
TIE
VA
V 11.8103 ,11221
:1
1A
8586
8788
8990
9192
9394
Sou
rce:
Kid
s C
ount
Dat
a B
ook,
199
7, A
nnie
C. C
asey
Fou
ndai
im
Def
initi
on
Thi
s in
dica
tor
show
s th
e pe
rcen
tage
of
child
ren
(und
er a
ge 1
8) in
fam
ilies
with
inco
mes
bel
ow th
e po
vert
y lin
e. T
hena
tiona
l Kid
s C
ount
pro
gram
use
s po
vert
yth
resh
old
figu
res
from
the
U.S
. Bur
eau
of th
eC
ensu
s to
cal
cula
te th
is in
dica
tor.
The
pove
rty
thre
shol
d is
not
adj
uste
d fo
r A
lask
a's
high
er c
ost o
f liv
ing,
so
som
e an
alys
tsbe
lieve
the
figu
res
(as
show
n in
the
grap
hab
ove)
und
eres
timat
e po
vert
y in
Ala
ska.
Ano
ther
fed
eral
age
ncy,
the
Dep
artm
ent o
fH
ealth
and
Hum
an S
ervi
ces,
als
o an
nual
lyis
sues
pov
erty
gui
delin
es. I
t is
thos
e gu
idel
ines
that
are
use
d in
det
erm
inin
g el
igib
ility
for
48
vari
ous
low
-inc
ome
prog
ram
sand
the
guid
elin
es a
re a
djus
ted
for
Ala
ska'
shi
gher
cos
ts o
f liv
ing.
In
1997
, for
exam
ple,
the
pove
rty
guid
elin
e fo
r a
fam
ily o
f fo
ur w
as $
16,0
50 in
the
Low
er 4
8 an
d $2
0,07
0 in
Ala
ska.
'N
eith
er th
e fe
dera
l pov
erty
thre
shol
dno
r th
e po
vert
y gu
idel
ines
incl
ude
the
valu
e of
sub
sist
ence
act
iviti
es.
Sig
nific
ance
and
Impa
ct
Pove
rty
is n
earl
y tw
ice
as c
om-
mon
am
ong
child
ren
as a
mon
g ad
ults
in th
e U
.S.,
and
the
pove
rty
rate
amon
g ch
ildre
n ha
s ri
sen
dram
ati-
cally
in th
e pa
st 2
0 ye
ars.
A s
tunn
ing
26 p
erce
nt o
f al
l Am
eric
anch
ildre
n un
der
the
age
of s
ix (
mor
e th
an o
nein
fou
r) a
re p
oor,
and
mor
e th
an h
alf
thos
eyo
ung
child
ren
live
in f
amili
es w
here
bot
hpa
rent
s w
ork.
'
A g
row
ing
body
of
rese
arch
indi
cate
s th
atpo
vert
y ca
n hi
nder
the
men
tal a
nd p
hysi
cal
deve
lopm
ent o
f ch
ildre
n an
d re
duce
thei
rab
ility
to b
ecom
e pr
oduc
tive
adul
ts.'
Chi
ldre
n Li
ving
in P
ove
Wha
t Abo
ut A
lask
a?
The
nat
iona
l Kid
s C
ount
Dat
a B
ook
repo
rted
that
Ala
ska
had
the
seco
nd lo
wes
tra
te o
f po
vert
y am
ong
child
ren
in th
e U
.S.
in 1
994.
But
, as
we
just
not
ed, s
ome
anal
ysts
belie
ve th
at th
e po
vert
y th
resh
old
figu
res
used
to c
alcu
late
this
indi
cato
r m
ay b
e to
olo
w to
ref
lect
act
ual l
evel
s of
pov
erty
inhi
gher
cos
t are
as li
ke A
lask
a.
Und
er th
e hi
gher
pov
erty
sta
ndar
d us
edfo
r m
ost l
ow-i
ncO
me
prog
ram
s in
Ala
ska
roug
hly
125
perc
ent o
f th
e fe
dera
l pov
erty
thre
shol
d-12
per
cent
of
all A
lask
ans
and
16 p
erce
nt o
f A
lask
an c
hild
ren
unde
r 19
lived
at o
r be
low
the
pove
rty
leve
l in
the
earl
y 19
90s.
Ala
ska'
s yo
unge
st c
hild
ren
are
mos
t lik
ely
to b
e liv
ing
in p
over
ty. N
earl
yon
e in
fiv
e A
lask
an c
hild
ren
(age
s fi
ve a
ndun
der)
live
d in
pov
erty
in r
ecen
t yea
rs.4
Alth
ough
Ala
ska'
s po
vert
y ra
te r
emai
ned
rela
tivel
y co
nsta
nt d
urin
g th
e 19
80s,
the
num
ber
of c
hild
ren
livin
g in
pov
erty
incr
ease
d du
ring
the
deca
de.
Ala
ska
Nat
ive
child
ren
are
thre
e tim
esm
ore
likel
y to
live
in p
over
ty th
an W
hite
child
ren.
5 In
199
0, 4
0 pe
rcen
t of
the
Ala
skan
chi
ldre
n an
d te
enag
ers
livin
g in
pove
rty
wer
e N
ativ
e, a
s co
mpa
red
with
33
perc
ent i
n 19
80.6
Chi
ldre
n in
Fam
ilies
Hea
ded
by S
ingl
ePa
rent
s
NO
M
Tre
nd 1
985-
1994
Per
cent
of F
amili
es H
eade
dby
Sin
gle
Par
ents
8586
8788
8990
9192
9394
Sou
rce:
Kid
s C
ount
Dat
a B
ook,
199
7, A
nnie
E. C
asey
Foun
datio
n
Def
initi
on
Thi
s in
dica
tor
show
s th
e pe
rcen
tage
of
fam
ilies
with
chi
ldre
n un
der
age
18(r
elat
ed to
the
fam
ily b
y bi
rth,
mar
riag
e, o
rad
optio
n),
head
ed b
y ei
ther
wom
en o
r m
enw
ithou
t
spou
ses
pres
ent i
nth
e ho
me.
Sig
nific
ance
The
per
cent
age
of f
amili
es h
eade
dby
sing
le p
aren
tsus
ually
wom
enha
s ri
sen
stea
dily
ove
r th
e pa
st f
ew d
ecad
esan
d is
a
grow
ing
wor
ry a
mon
g po
licy
mak
ers
and
the
publ
ic. I
n th
e ea
rly
1990
s, o
ver
one
quar
ter
of
all c
hild
ren
unde
r 18
in th
eU
nite
d
Stat
es li
ved
with
sin
gle
pare
nts.
Of
thes
e, 3
5 pe
rcen
t liv
ed w
ith p
aren
tsw
ho h
ad n
ever
mar
ried
and
37
perc
ent l
ived
with
divo
rced
par
ents
.
Bas
ed o
n cu
rren
t rat
es, a
naly
sts
proj
ect t
hat h
alf
of a
ll ch
ildre
nto
day
will
spe
nd a
t lea
st s
ome
part
of
thei
r
child
hood
in s
ingl
e-pa
rent
fam
ilies
.
Impa
ct
A c
hild
gro
win
g up
in a
sing
le-
pare
nt f
amily
is m
ore
likel
y to
fac
e
prob
lem
s in
late
ado
lesc
ence
and
earl
y ad
ulth
ood.
Tw
enty
-nin
e pe
rcen
t of
child
ren
livin
g in
one
-par
ent h
ouse
hold
s at
age
14 w
ill n
ot g
radu
ate
from
high
sch
ool
by a
ge 2
0; a
mon
g ch
ildre
nliv
ing
in
two-
pare
nt f
amili
es,
only
13
perc
ent
will
fai
l to
grad
uate
.?
Seve
ntee
n pe
rcen
t of
youn
g m
enfr
om
sing
le-p
aren
t fam
ilies
go
thro
ugh
exte
nded
per
iods
of
not w
orki
ngan
d
not g
oing
tosc
hool
, com
pare
d w
ith12
per
cent
of
youn
g m
enfr
om tw
o-
pare
nt f
amili
es.8
Tw
enty
-sev
en p
erce
nt o
f yo
ung
wom
enfr
om s
ingl
e-pa
rent
fam
ilies
giv
ebi
rth
BE
ST C
OPY
AV
AIT
ILM
E50
whi
le th
ey a
re te
enag
ers,
com
pare
d w
ith
11 p
erce
nt o
f yo
ung
wom
enfr
om tw
o-
pare
nt f
amili
es.9
In 1
992,
38
perc
ent o
fdi
vorc
ed m
othe
rs
and
66 p
erce
nt o
f ne
ver-
mar
ried
mot
hers
with
chi
ldre
n un
der
18 h
ad in
com
esbe
low
the
pove
rty
line.
to
Wha
t Abo
ut A
lask
a?
The
mos
t cur
rent
reg
iona
lfi
gure
s fo
r
Ala
ska
are
from
the
1990
fede
ral c
ensu
s. A
t
that
tim
e, m
ore
than
one
infi
ve (
21.8
per
-
cent
) of
Ala
skan
fam
ilies
with
child
ren
wer
e
head
ed b
y si
ngle
par
ents
, with
the
regi
onal
perc
enta
ges
vary
ing
from
19 in
the
Gul
f
Coa
st a
nd I
nter
ior
regi
ons
tone
arly
33
perc
ent i
n th
e N
orth
ern
regi
on.
Dat
a fr
om th
e na
tiona
lKid
s C
ount
prog
ram
sho
w th
at in
1994
Ala
ska
was
just
abo
ut a
t the
nat
iona
l ave
rage
,w
ith 2
5
perc
ent o
f fa
mili
eshe
aded
by
sing
lepa
rent
s. B
ut th
e sh
are
of A
lask
a fa
mili
eshe
aded
by
sing
le p
aren
ts h
as r
isen
ove
rth
e pa
st d
ecad
e, in
crea
sing
abou
t 14
perc
ent b
etw
een
1985
and
1994
."
51
(Th
Tre
nd 1
985r
1994
' Tee
n B
irth
Pte
pq 1
,99
Fem
ales
, Age
s 15
-17)
40_.
.011
1111
US
.
26.0
0.
Ala
ska
13
.
8586
8788
8990
9192
9394
Sou
rce:
Kid
s C
ount
Dam
Boo
k, 1
997,
Ann
ie E
. Cas
ey &
mou
ton(
Birt
hs to
Sin
gle
Tee
ns(R
ate
per
1,00
0 F
emal
es 1
5-19
, 5-y
ear
aver
age
1991
-199
5)
rAnd
ioni
ge M
at-S
uG
ulf C
oast
Inte
rior
1 N
orth
ern
Sou
ttmpa
st S
outh
sest
7S
OU
ni:A
hisk
a D
epar
tmer
it of
Lab
oi; A
lask
a*O
urea
u of
Vita
l Sta
ttstii
s
Def
initi
on
Thi
s in
dica
tor
mea
sure
s bi
rths
per
1,00
0 gi
rls
ages
15-
17. (
Bef
ore
1993
, the
nat
iona
lKid
s C
ount
pro-
gram
cal
cula
ted
this
indi
cato
r ba
sed
on b
irth
s to
sin
gle
teen
s 15
-19.
The
Ala
ska
regi
onal
gra
ph is
cal
cu-
late
d w
ith d
ata
base
d on
that
prev
ious
def
initi
on.)
Sig
nific
ance
and
Impa
ct
Tee
nage
chi
ldbe
arin
g re
duce
sop
port
uniti
es f
or b
oth
mot
hers
and
child
ren.
The
ado
lesc
ent m
othe
r is
less
like
ly to
see
k pr
enat
al c
are
(as
show
n in
the
Pren
atal
Car
e in
dica
-to
r on
pag
es 1
2 an
d 13
) an
d le
sslik
ely
to f
inis
h hi
gh s
choo
l. Sh
e is
mor
e lik
ely
to b
e si
ngle
, poo
r,is
olat
ed, a
nd d
epre
ssed
.'
Failu
re in
sch
ool,
delin
quen
cy,
emot
iona
l dif
ficu
lties
, and
oth
erpr
oble
ms
are
mor
e co
mm
onam
ong
child
ren
born
to s
ingl
e,te
enag
e m
othe
rs.'
3
Birt
hs to
Tee
ns
Wha
t Abo
ut A
lask
a?
From
199
1-19
95, A
lask
a's
aver
age
rate
of b
irth
s to
sin
gle
teen
s (1
5-19
) w
as 4
6 pe
r1,
000
teen
age
girl
s, w
ith r
egio
nal r
ates
as
low
as
32 a
nd a
s hi
gh a
s 10
9.
Rem
embe
r th
at th
ese
regi
onal
fig
ures
incl
ude
18-
and
19-y
ear-
old
mot
hers
, who
sinc
e 19
93 h
ave
been
exc
lude
d fr
om th
ena
tiona
lK
ids
Cou
ntin
dica
tor.
As
of 1
992,
the
last
yea
r fo
r w
hich
we
have
com
para
ble
natio
nal f
igur
es, A
lask
a's
rate
of
birt
hs to
sing
le te
ens
was
clo
se to
the
natio
nal a
vera
ge43
.7 p
er 1
,000
gir
ls (
15-1
9) a
s co
mpa
red
with
42.
5 pe
r 1,
000.
'4
53
r, :1
10
t
Chi
ld C
are
$
Sig
nific
ance
Safe
, rel
iabl
e, a
nd a
ffor
dabl
e ch
ild c
are
has
ofte
n be
en h
ard
for
fam
ilies
to f
ind
in r
ecen
tde
cade
s, a
s m
ore
and
mor
e m
othe
rs m
oved
into
the
wor
k pl
ace.
Now
, suc
h ch
ild c
are
islik
ely
to b
ecom
e ev
en h
arde
r to
get
, in
the
wak
e of
fed
eral
wel
fare
ref
orm
that
lim
its h
owlo
ng in
divi
dual
s ca
n co
llect
wel
fare
pay
men
ts.
Acc
ordi
ng to
the
Anc
hora
ge D
aily
New
s,4,
000
Ala
skan
mus
t mov
e of
f th
e w
elfa
rero
lls a
nd in
to jo
bs b
y Ju
ly 1
998.
'5
Mos
t of
thos
e m
ovin
g of
f w
elfa
rena
tionw
ide
will
be
able
to q
ualif
y on
ly f
orlo
w-p
ayin
g jo
bs. A
nd f
or m
any
wor
king
-po
or a
nd lo
w-i
ncom
e pa
rent
s, c
hild
car
eop
tions
are
sha
rply
lim
ited.
Nat
iona
l stu
dies
indi
cate
that
wor
king
-poo
r fa
mili
es f
ace
seve
ral d
isad
vant
ages
, com
pare
d w
ithhi
gher
-inc
ome
fam
ilies
. The
wor
king
poo
r:
are
mor
e lik
ely
to w
ork
nons
tand
ard
hour
s, w
hen
mos
t chi
ld c
are
cent
ers
and
fam
ily d
ay c
are
hom
es a
re c
lose
d
spen
d a
subs
tant
ially
hig
her
prop
ortio
n of
thei
r bu
dget
s on
chi
ld c
are
are
the
leas
t lik
ely
to r
ecei
ve c
hild
car
esu
bsid
ies,
and
are
oft
en u
naw
are
of a
idpr
ogra
ms
that
do
exis
t
are
mor
e lik
ely
to r
ely
on r
elat
ives
for
child
car
e'6
54
Rec
ent s
tudi
es in
dica
te th
at w
orki
ng-
poor
par
ents
are
not
hap
py w
ith th
e ch
ildca
re c
hoic
es th
ey h
ave.
"
Mos
t sin
gle,
poo
r, a
nd te
enag
e m
othe
rsw
ould
cha
nge
thei
r ch
ild c
are
arra
nge-
men
ts if
they
cou
ld.
Pare
nts
who
rel
y on
rel
ativ
es f
or c
hild
care
are
mos
t lik
ely
to w
ant t
o ch
ange
arra
ngem
ents
; tho
se u
sing
chi
ld c
are
cent
ers
are
leas
t lik
ely
to w
ant t
o ch
ange
.
Low
-inc
ome
pare
nts
are
incr
easi
ngly
look
ing
for
child
car
e ce
nter
s fo
r th
eir
olde
r pr
esch
ool c
hild
ren,
citi
ng im
prov
edch
ild s
afet
y, le
arni
ng o
ppor
tuni
ties,
and
relia
bilit
y as
rea
sons
.
Pote
ntia
l Eff
ects
on
Ala
ska'
s C
hild
ren
As
mor
e A
lask
an f
amili
es m
ove
into
the
labo
r m
arke
t, m
ore
child
ren
will
be:
in n
eed
of h
igh-
qual
ity b
ut lo
w-c
ost c
are
at r
isk
of b
eing
abu
sed
or n
egle
cted
bec
ause
pare
nts
may
turn
mor
e to
info
rmal
and
mul
tiple
chi
ld c
are
prov
ider
s an
d w
ill li
kely
he u
nder
mor
e st
ress
at r
isk
for
acci
dent
s if
they
don
't ha
vere
liabl
e an
d sa
fe c
hild
car
e an
d if
par
ents
wor
king
non
stan
dard
hou
rs o
r ro
tatin
gsc
hedu
les
supe
rvis
e th
em le
ss
Pro
visi
ons
of W
elfa
re R
efor
m
Info
rmat
ion
prov
ided
by
Car
la T
impo
ne a
nd
Sher
rie
Gal
l of
the
Chi
ld C
are
and
Dev
elop
men
t Fun
d
Seve
ral p
rovi
sion
s of
fed
eral
wel
fare
refo
rm (
the
Pers
onal
Res
pons
ibili
ty a
ndW
ork
Opp
ortu
nity
Rec
onci
liatio
n A
ct o
f19
96)
affe
ct c
hild
car
e. W
elfa
re is
no
long
erco
nsid
ered
an
entit
lem
ent,
and
the
new
law
elim
inat
es f
eder
al g
uara
ntee
s of
chi
ld c
are
assi
stan
ce f
or w
elfa
re r
ecip
ient
s an
d of
one
year
of
tran
sitio
nal c
hild
car
e as
sist
ance
for
fam
ilies
leav
ing
wel
fare
. But
to h
elp
pare
nts
mee
t the
req
uire
men
ts f
or m
ovin
g in
to th
ew
ork
forc
e, C
ongr
ess
incr
ease
d ch
ild c
are
fund
ing
for
fam
ilies
on
wel
fare
, mov
ing
off
wel
fare
, or
at r
isk
of g
oing
on
wel
fare
.
At t
he s
ame
time
it el
imin
ated
som
efe
dera
l gua
rant
ees,
Con
gres
s pr
ovid
ed s
tate
sw
ith b
lock
gra
nts
and
gave
them
the
auth
ority
to d
eter
min
e th
eir
own
child
car
epr
ogra
ms.
Ala
ska'
s ch
ild c
are
prog
ram
s:
guar
ante
e ch
ild c
are
assi
stan
ce to
fam
ilies
on w
elfa
re
guar
ante
e on
e ye
ar o
f tr
ansi
tiona
l chi
ldca
re h
elp
for
fam
ilies
mov
ing
off
wel
fare
incr
ease
the
num
ber
of c
hild
ren
rece
ivin
gm
eals
in c
hild
car
e by
exp
andi
ng a
cces
sto
the
child
car
e fo
od p
rogr
am
55
Chi
ld C
are
Lice
nsin
g
One
way
to h
elp
mak
e ch
ild c
are
faci
litie
ssa
fer
and
heal
thie
r fo
rch
ildre
n is
to r
equi
reth
em to
be
licen
sed.
In
Ala
ska,
the
Div
isio
n of
Fam
ily a
nd Y
outh
Serv
ices
lice
nses
chi
ldca
re f
acili
ties.
As
of
Oct
ober
199
7, 7
17
faci
litie
sinc
ludi
ng c
hild
care
cen
ters
and
hom
esw
ith 1
5,54
3 av
aila
ble
slot
sw
ere
licen
sed
in v
ario
usco
mm
uniti
es a
cros
s th
est
ate.
Alm
ost h
alf
of
Ala
ska'
s lic
ense
d ch
ild c
are
faci
litie
s ar
e in
Anc
hora
ge.
Oth
er s
tate
age
ncie
sar
e al
so in
volv
ed in
setti
ng, m
onito
ring
, and
enfo
rcin
g st
anda
rds
for
larg
er c
hild
car
e fa
cili-
ties.
The
Ala
ska
Dep
art-
men
t of
Edu
catio
n ha
s a
cert
ific
atio
n pr
ogra
m f
orpr
esch
ools
for
chi
ldre
nag
es 3
to 5
that
is s
imila
rto
Dni
s's
child
car
e
licen
sing
pro
gram
. The
Dep
artm
ent o
f Pu
blic J6
Chi
ld C
are
it' O
W°.
* 41
64-,
; 41,
0' 4
.tati.
4"44
,s,s
it
umm
ary
of A
lask
a s
Lice
nsed
End
a C
are
Fac
ilitie
s an
der
r C
apaa
.14.
,nO
dObe
r 19
9
Reg
ion/
City
Num
ber
ofC
apac
ity o
ft
Num
ber
of '
Cap
adty
of
iN
umbe
r
Hom
esH
omes
_Gro
up,H
omes
'G
roup
Hom
es1
of C
ente
rsC
apac
ityof
Cen
ters
Tot
al N
o.A
ll F
adlit
les
Mun
i. O
f Anc
hora
ge'
Anc
hora
geC
hugi
akE
agle
Riv
er
Mat
-Su
Bod
enbu
rg B
utte
Hou
ston
Pal
mer
Sut
ton
Was
illa
Inte
rior
Del
ta J
unct
ion
Fai
rban
ksF
ort Y
ukon
Hea
lyN
orth
Pol
e
Nor
ther
nB
arro
wK
otze
bue
Nom
e
Poi
nt H
ope
Gul
f Coa
st
Anc
hor
Poi
ntC
ordo
vaG
lenn
alle
nH
omer
Ken
aiK
odia
kN
ikis
hka
Sew
ard
Sok
lotn
a
Ste
rling
Val
dez
256
235
3 18
1,44
51,
329
18 98
103
1
103
6,33
36,
333
338
5.3 18
1914
421
920
.46
18
1.
20
6 1
46 8
2410
443
25
18
1182
449
432
24
6445
210
'11
034
1,42
810
8
18
1
4228
858
271,
203
74
15
81
252
2014
858
519
530
85
326
6
921
941
82
105
3
351
5745
25
6019
994
81
18
288
2
630
2
It
921
1250
13
965
122
147
12
1514
15
190
20
65
216
279
4
1611
73
363
247
22
215
2
298
2
ES
T C
OP
Y A
VA
ILA
ID
Cap
acity
of F
adlit
ies
7,77
87,
662
184
98 1,13
28 20 31
333 55
8
1,99
68 1,
549
5 33 401
334
92 94 113
3 1,50
68 88 36 15
4
224
331
65 95 400
15 98 527
1
Chi
ld C
are
(con
tinue
d)
Safe
ty th
e D
ivis
ion
ofFi
re P
reve
ntio
n, a
nd th
eD
epar
tmen
t of
Env
iron
-m
enta
l Con
serv
atio
nal
so r
egul
ate
impo
rtan
tas
pect
s of
chi
ld s
afet
y's
Add
ing
Fac
ilitie
s
titt.e
s4vt
N40
.qg
iliko
,mtli
a,to
b
Cap
an,O
cto
er,1
997
(con
A41
41,0
461*
-Liw
i",ti
vA'
,t4.-
-4'
Sum
mar
y of
Ala
ska
s Li
cens
ed C
hila
Car
e pa
ahtie
s an
d T
heir
I..
,;;
Lik
e ot
her
stat
es,
Ala
ska
will
nee
d m
ore
good
chi
ld c
are
as ti
me
goes
on.
The
Mun
icip
al-
ity o
f A
ncho
rage
is th
eon
ly lo
cal g
over
nmen
tin
Ala
ska
that
has
the
auth
ority
to li
cens
e da
yca
re c
ente
rs; i
t als
ohe
lps
the
stat
e is
sue
licen
ses
for
hom
esof
feri
ng c
hild
car
e in
Anc
hora
ge. S
uch
part
ners
hip
licen
sing
agre
emen
ts h
etw
een
the
stat
e an
d ot
her
loca
lco
mm
uniti
es c
ould
hel
pm
ake
child
car
e m
ore
read
ily a
vaila
ble
beca
use
it w
ould
allo
wfo
r qu
icke
r on
-site
eval
uat i
ons
of f
acili
ties.
Loc
al o
rgan
izat
ions
coul
d pe
rfor
m th
ose
eval
uat
nitr
es w
here
DI-
YS
does
not
licen
sing
sta
ff, a
fie
ld o
ffic
e,to
sen
d in
spec
tors
.'"
Reg
ion/
City
Num
ber
of
Hom
es
Cap
acity
of
Hom
es
Num
ber
of
Gro
up H
omes
.C
apad
ty o
f
Gro
up H
omes
Num
ber
of C
ente
rs
Cap
acity
of C
ente
rs
Tot
al N
o.
All
Fad
litie
i
Cap
adty
of
Fac
ilitie
s
Sou
thw
est
212
517
9.
719
1
Ani
ak1
620
226
Bet
hel
16
752
81
Dill
ingh
am30
130
St. P
aul
241
24
Una
lask
a30
130
Sou
thea
st60
463
1214
2.38
2,00
111
02,
606
Cra
ig1
81
472
55
Hai
nes
430
',12
248
790
June
au26
204
S58
.17
1,14
748
1,40
9
Kct
chik
an10
753
366
224
1933
5
Kla
woc
k1
88
Met
laka
tla41
41
Mou
nt E
dgec
ombe
221
22
Pete
rsbu
rg8
902
98
Sitk
a10
798
345
1842
4
Skag
way
112
137
249
Tho
rne
Bay
1212
War
d C
ove
88
wru
igcl
l6
431
127
55
Tot
al"
459
2,97
633
386
225
12,1
8171
715
,543
a T
he M
unic
ipal
ity o
f Anc
hora
ge h
as a
utho
rity
to li
cens
e da
y ca
re c
ente
rs, a
nd th
e m
unic
ipal
ity a
lso
assi
sts
the
stat
e in
issu
ing
licen
ses
for
hom
es o
fferin
g ch
ild c
are.
Thi
s is
the
only
mun
icip
al le
vel l
icen
sing
par
tner
ship
in A
lask
a."T
he ta
ble
does
not
incl
ude
child
car
e fa
cilit
ies
on m
ilita
ry p
osts
.
Sou
rce:
Fac
ilitie
s M
anag
emen
t Sys
tem
, Div
isio
n of
Fam
ily a
nd Y
outh
Ser
vice
s, A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of H
ealth
and
Soc
ial S
ervi
ces.
ions
in c
omm
u-ha
ve a
dequ
ate
or tr
avel
fun
ds
Ano
ther
pot
entia
l way
of
mak
ing
it ea
sier
to a
dd c
hild
car
e fa
cilit
ies
wou
ld h
e to
cre
ate
one
set o
f st
anda
rds
and
one
stat
ewid
e
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
453
LE
licen
sing
age
ncy
for
child
car
e an
d fu
ll-da
ypr
esch
ool p
rogr
ams.
it'
59
Ann
ual U
pdat
e of
the
HH
S Po
vert
y G
uide
lines
.D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth a
nd H
uman
Ser
vice
s, in
Fede
ral R
egis
ter,
Mar
ch 1
0, 1
997
(Vol
ume
62,
Num
ber
46).
2J.
K. K
nitz
er a
nd).
L. A
ber,
"Y
oung
chi
ldre
n in
pove
rty:
Fac
ing
the
fact
s."
In A
mer
ican
Jou
rnal
of
Ort
hops
ychi
atty
, 199
5, 6
5 (2
), 1
74-1
76.
3 K
ids
Cou
ntin
Neb
rask
a, 1
995
4In
vest
in O
ur C
hild
ren:
An
inte
rim
rep
ort f
rom
the
child
hea
lth p
lann
ing
wor
k gr
oup
to th
e go
vern
or a
ndth
e pe
ople
of
Ala
ska,
Vol
ume
II: "
Nee
ds A
sses
smen
tan
d D
emog
raph
ic P
rofi
le o
f A
lask
a's
Chi
ldre
n,"
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Soc
ial S
ervi
ces,
Oct
ober
199
4, p
. 12.
5In
vest
in O
ur C
hild
ren:
Str
ateg
ic P
lan,
p. 1
7.
6H
ealth
y A
lask
ans
2000
: Cha
ngin
g th
e co
urse
of
Publ
ic H
ealth
for
the
Dec
ade,
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f
Hea
lth a
nd S
ocia
l Ser
vice
s, F
ebru
ary
1994
, p. 1
35.
7Pa
ttern
s, C
ause
s, a
nd C
onse
quen
ces
of O
ut-o
f-W
edlo
ck C
hild
bear
ing:
Wha
t Can
Gov
ernm
ent D
o?,
Uni
vers
ity o
f W
isco
nsin
-Mad
ison
, Ins
titut
e fo
rR
esea
rch
on P
over
ty, I
RP
Spec
ial R
epor
t, W
elfa
reR
efor
m in
the
104t
h C
ongr
ess,
Con
gres
sion
alFo
rum
II,
SR
#64
, May
199
5, p
. 29.
8Ib
id.
Ibid
.
Ibid
.
I I
Kid
s C
ount
Dat
a B
ook,
199
7
12 A
dole
scen
t Hea
lth: V
olum
e II
,"B
ackg
roun
d an
def
fect
iven
ess
of s
elec
tive
prev
entio
n an
d tr
eatm
ent
serv
ices
." C
ongr
ess
of th
e U
nite
d St
ates
, Off
ice
of
Tec
hnol
ogy
Ass
essm
ent,
OT
A-H
-466
, Was
hing
ton
60
D.C
., U
.S. G
over
nmen
t Pri
ntin
g O
ffic
e, N
ovem
ber
1991
., p.
323-
356.
13 A
dole
scen
t Hea
lth:V
olum
e II
,p.
323
-356
.
14K
ids
Cou
nt D
ata
Boo
k, 1
995
15L
. Rus
kin
(May
4, S
unda
y, 1
997)
. "St
ate
agen
cies
bra
ce f
or a
laun
ch o
f ne
xt y
ear's
wel
fare
refo
rm."
Anc
hora
ge D
aily
New
s, p
.B-8
16N
ew f
indi
ngs
on c
hild
ren,
fam
ilies
, and
eco
nom
ic
self
-suf
fici
ency
: Sum
mar
y of
a r
esea
rch
brie
fing
. (ht
tp:/
/ww
w.n
ap.e
du/r
eadi
nggr
oom
/boo
ks/f
indi
ngs/
doch
ild:h
tml)
; Boa
rd o
n C
hild
ren
and
Fam
ilies
(199
5) C
hild
car
e fo
r lo
w-i
ncom
e fa
mili
es: S
umm
ary
for
two
wor
ksho
ps. (
p.4)
D.A
. Phi
llips
(E
d.)
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
.: N
atio
nal A
cade
my
Pres
s.
17B
oard
on
Chi
ldre
n an
d Fa
mili
es, N
ew f
indi
ngs
onch
ildre
n, f
amili
es, a
nd s
elf-
suff
icie
ncy:
Sum
mar
y of
are
sear
ch b
rief
ing,
Hof
fert
h, (
1995
), p
.16.
18T
he G
over
nor's
Con
fere
nce
on Y
outh
and
Jus
tice,
1996
, p. 1
61.
19Ib
id.
20lb
id.
Not
es
61
El
td 291
Co
Tre
nd 1
985-
1994
Per
cent
of T
eena
ge H
igh
Sch
ool D
ropo
uts
Sou
rce:
Kid
s C
ount
Dat
a B
ook,
199
7, A
nnie
E. C
asey
Foa
ndat
io
Def
initi
on
The
gra
ph a
bove
sho
ws
the
perc
enta
ge o
fte
ens,
age
s 16
-19,
who
are
not
enr
olle
d in
scho
ol (
eith
er f
ull t
ime
or p
art t
ime)
and
who
hav
e no
t gra
duat
ed.
Sig
nific
ance
Gra
duat
ing
from
hig
h sc
hool
is a
ste
p-pi
ng s
tone
to b
oth
post
-sec
onda
ry e
duca
tion
and
good
jobs
. Stu
dent
s fr
om lo
wer
-inc
ome
fam
ilies
are
mor
e lik
ely
to d
rop
out o
f sc
hool
.
64
Tee
ns W
ho A
re H
igh
Scho
ol D
ropo
uts
Impa
ct
The
pov
erty
rat
e fo
r hi
gh s
choo
ldr
opou
ts is
ten
times
that
of
colle
gegr
adua
tes.
'
Col
lege
gra
duat
es e
arn
twic
e th
ean
nual
inco
me
of a
dults
with
onl
yhi
gh s
choo
l dip
lom
as a
nd th
ree
times
the
inco
me
of h
igh
scho
ol d
ropo
uts.
'
In 1
994
the
drop
out r
ate
amon
gki
ds f
rom
low
-inc
ome
fam
ilies
was
five
tim
es a
s hi
gh a
s th
at a
mon
g ki
dsfr
om m
ore
affl
uent
fam
ilies
.'
In p
oor
scho
ol d
istr
icts
, 13-
year
-old
sha
ve m
ath
skill
s co
mpa
rabl
e to
thos
e of
9-ye
ar-o
lds
in w
ealth
ier
dist
rict
s.4
Bet
wee
n 19
92 a
nd 1
993,
5.1
per
cent
of
high
sch
ool d
ropo
uts
fell
into
pov
erty
,co
mpa
red
with
onl
y 1.
8 pe
rcen
t am
ong
thos
e w
ith a
t lea
st h
igh
scho
ol d
iplo
mas
.'
The
ave
rage
hou
rly
rate
(ad
just
ed f
orin
flat
ion)
of
high
sch
ool d
ropo
uts
fell
by23
per
cent
bet
wee
n 19
73 a
nd 1
995.
In a
life
time,
a m
ale
high
sch
ool d
ropo
utw
ill e
arn
$260
,000
less
than
a h
igh-
scho
ol g
radu
ate;
a f
emal
e hi
gh-s
choo
ldr
opou
t will
ear
n .$
200,
000
less
.'
Eac
h ye
ar's
dro
pout
s, o
ver
thei
r lif
etim
es,
cost
the
natio
n ab
out $
260
billi
on in
lost
earn
ings
and
for
gone
taxe
s.8
Dro
pout
s re
quir
e 35
per
cent
mor
e sp
ecia
lse
rvic
es th
an h
igh
scho
ol g
radu
ates
.9
The
est
imat
ed li
fetim
e lo
st e
arni
ngs
from
Ala
ska'
s 19
91 d
ropo
uts
will
be
over
$50
0m
illio
n. to
Am
ong
U.S
. pri
sone
rs, 8
2 pe
rcen
t are
high
sch
ool d
ropo
uts.
In
Ala
ska,
the
annu
al m
aint
enan
ce c
ost p
er p
riso
ner
inre
cent
yea
rs h
as b
een
$35,
000.
11
Wha
t Abo
ut A
lask
a?
Info
rmat
ion
for
this
sec
tion
prov
ided
by
the
Tea
cher
and
Lea
rnin
g Su
ppor
t Div
isio
n of
the
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f E
duca
tion
As
mea
sure
d by
the
natio
nal d
ropo
utin
dica
tor,
the
perc
enta
ge o
f hi
gh s
choo
ldr
opou
ts in
Ala
ska
is b
elow
the
natio
nal
aver
age.
Ala
ska'
s ra
te d
eclin
ed in
the
earl
y 19
90s
and
held
ste
ady
betw
een
1993
and
199
4.1'
The
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f E
duca
tion
has
seve
ral c
rite
ria
for
defi
ning
dro
pout
s,in
clud
ing:
stu
dent
s w
ho h
ave
left
sch
ool
with
out g
radu
atin
g or
com
plet
ing
anap
prov
ed p
rogr
am; s
tude
nts
who
hav
em
oved
out
of
the
dist
rict
or
the
stat
e an
d ar
e
65
Tee
ns W
ho A
re H
igh
Scho
ol D
ropo
uts
(con
tinue
d)
not k
now
n to
be
enro
lled
else
whe
re;
stud
ents
who
are
atte
ndin
g sc
hool
s no
tap
prov
ed b
y th
e di
stri
ct o
r ar
e in
adu
lted
ucat
ion
prog
ram
s; s
tude
nts
who
wer
esu
spen
ded
or e
xpel
led
and
have
n't r
etur
ned
to s
choo
l.
As
show
n in
the
tabl
e on
pag
e 33
, abo
ut5.
6 pe
rcen
t of
the
34,0
00 s
tude
nts
enro
lled
in g
rade
s 9
thro
ugh
12 in
Ala
ska
scho
ols
drop
ped
out d
urin
g th
e 19
95-9
6 sc
hool
yea
r.R
egio
nal r
ates
var
ied
from
3 p
erce
nt in
Anc
hora
ge to
10
perc
ent i
n th
e In
teri
or.
Dro
pout
rat
es a
mon
g N
ativ
e an
d H
is-
pani
c st
uden
ts a
re p
ropo
rtio
nate
ly h
ighe
rth
an th
eir
scho
ol e
nrol
lmen
ts, w
hile
Whi
te,
Bla
ck, a
nd A
sian
stu
dent
s dr
op o
ut a
t low
erra
tes.
The
tabl
e be
low
sho
ws
drop
out r
ates
by e
thni
city
for
gra
des
7 th
roug
h 12
.
ittik
et.w
erni
Str
al§f
r.kl
iv.
a'G
ED
iWee
kive
t*-4
0A
vera
ge-A
nnua
iK
eapl
eno.
1144
9VV
4'
Age 16
-19
20-2
4
25-2
9
30-3
4
735
-39
40+
Ave
rage
Num
ber
of G
ED
Exa
min
atio
ns
;1,4
74 716
(22%
)
323
(10%
)..-
266
(8%
)
211(
7%)
224
(7%
)
Ave
rage
Num
ber
of G
ED
Rec
ipie
nts
913
(50%
)
402
(22%
)
173
(9%
)
137
(8%
)
117
(6%
)
98 (
5%)
Tot
al3,
214
(100
%)
1,84
0 (1
00%
)
Spo
tligh
t on
Pre
vent
ion:
Adu
lt B
asic
Edu
catio
n an
d Li
tera
cy P
rogr
amIn
form
atio
n on
GE
D (
Gen
eral
Edu
catio
nal D
evel
opm
ent)
was
pro
vide
d by
Ang
ie B
inkl
ey, A
dult
and
Voc
atio
nal
Edu
catio
n, A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of
Edu
catio
n
Ala
skan
s w
ho d
rop
out o
f hi
gh s
choo
lst
ill h
ave
a ch
ance
to a
void
the
prob
lem
shi
gh s
choo
l dro
pout
s fa
ce. P
eopl
e 16
and
over
who
are
not
enr
olle
d in
hig
h sc
hool
and
who
hav
e no
hig
h sc
hool
dip
lom
a ar
eel
igib
le to
enr
oll i
n th
e A
dult
Bas
ic E
duca
-tio
n (A
BE
) an
d L
itera
cy P
rogr
am o
ffer
ed b
yth
e A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of
Edu
catio
n. T
here
are
curr
ently
17
loca
l and
reg
iona
l AB
E
Dro
pout
sE
ihrl
itity
,,tra
digi
=i
1995
46 S
choo
l Yef
if?,
,=r
Eth
nici
ty
Whi
te
Ala
ska
Nat
ive/
Am
eric
an In
dian
Bla
ck
His
pani
c
Asi
an
Per
cent
age
of T
otal
Enr
ollm
ent
66.9
21.6 4.5
2.6
4.5
Per
cent
age
of T
otal
Dro
pout
s
58.5
29.5
3.8
4.7
3.5
Sou
rce:
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f Edu
catio
n, R
epor
t Car
d to
the
Pub
lic, S
choo
l Yea
r 19
95-9
6, A
pril
1997
66E
ST C
OPY
AV
AIR
AB
ILIE
cent
ers
in 1
6 co
mm
uniti
es a
roun
d th
e st
ate.
Cou
rse
offe
ring
s in
clud
e E
nglis
h as
a s
econ
dla
ngua
ge, r
eadi
ng a
nd li
tera
ture
, wri
ting,
mat
h, s
cien
ce, s
ocia
l stu
dies
, and
com
pute
rlit
erac
y. A
BE
cou
rses
als
o te
ach
skill
s re
si-
dent
s ne
ed to
get
jobs
or
beco
me
citiz
ens.
All
AB
E c
ente
rs o
ffer
test
ing
for
Gen
eral
Edu
catio
nal D
evel
opm
ent (
GE
D)
dipl
omas
.T
he ta
ble
abov
e sh
ows
that
an
annu
alav
erag
e of
1,8
40 a
pplic
ants
rec
eive
d G
ED
cert
ific
ates
fro
m 1
994
to 1
996.
Cer
tific
ates
awar
ded
to te
ens
and
youn
g ad
ults
(16
to24
) ac
coun
t for
a b
ig s
hare
(m
ore
than
70
perc
ent)
of
all c
ertif
icat
es a
war
ded)
6 °7
Tee
ns W
ho A
re H
igh
Scho
ol D
ropo
uts
(con
tinue
d)
basksH
igh
grai
thV
eutt,
one
995=
96 S
choo
frao
rssi
t%;.-
1,4&
00.0
-ww
--vA
tu,6
0.0
$0.0
00,"
gmfr
ue..i
tom
mr
Mas
ka s
Fhg
h'S
choo
l Dro
pout
st 9
95-9
6 S
cnoo
l Yea
r;'.
Num
ber
ofN
umbe
rR
egio
n/D
istr
ict
Dro
pout
s 9-
12E
nrol
led
9-12
Dro
pout
Rat
e 9-
12
Sou
thea
st R
egio
nA
lask
a S
tate
Tot
al19
0734
,234
5.6%
Aly
eska
Cen
tral
Sch
ool*
Ann
ette
Isla
nds
Anc
hora
ge S
choo
ls39
212
,543
3.1%
Cha
tham
Sch
ools
Cra
ig C
ity S
choo
lsM
atan
uska
-Sus
itna
Bor
ough
Sch
ools
252
3,51
47.
2%H
aine
s B
orou
gh S
choo
lsH
oona
h C
ity S
choo
lsG
ulf C
oast
Reg
ion
Hyd
abur
g C
ity S
choo
lsC
huga
ch S
choo
ls39
7.7
June
au B
orou
gh S
choo
lsC
oppe
r R
iver
Sch
ools
416
92.
4K
ake
City
Sch
ools
Cor
dova
City
Sch
ools
414
92.
7K
etch
ikan
Gat
eway
Bor
ough
Sch
ools
Ken
ai P
enin
sula
Bor
ough
Sch
ools
164
2,94
65.
5K
law
ock
City
Sch
ools
Kod
iak
Isla
nd B
orou
gh S
choo
ls21
851
2.5
Mt.
Edg
ecum
be H
igh
Sch
ool
Val
dez
City
Sch
ools
1223
55.
1P
elic
an C
ity S
choo
lsR
egio
nal T
otal
208
4,38
94.
7%P
eter
sbur
g C
ity S
choo
lsS
itka
Bor
ough
Sch
ools
Inte
rior
Reg
ion
Ska
gway
City
Sch
ools
Ala
ska
Gat
eway
Sch
ools
815
65.
1S
outh
east
Isla
nd S
choo
ls
Del
ta/G
reel
y S
choo
ls17
263
6.5
Wra
ngel
l City
Sch
ools
Den
ali B
orou
gh S
choo
ls0
120
0Y
akut
at C
ity S
choo
ls
Fai
rban
ks N
. Sta
r B
orou
gh S
choo
ls49
94,
284
11.6
Reg
iona
l Tot
al
Gal
ena
City
Sch
ools
230
6.7
-Id
itaro
d A
rea
Sch
ools
210
41.
9S
outh
wes
t Reg
ion
Kus
puk
Sch
ools
511
44.
4A
leut
ian
Reg
ion
Sch
ools
Nen
ana
City
Sch
ools
4710
.6A
leut
ians
Eas
t Bor
ough
Sch
ools
Tan
ana
Sch
ools
025
0B
risto
l Bay
Bor
ough
Sch
ools
Dill
ingh
am C
ity S
choo
lsY
ukon
Fla
ts S
choo
ls6
121
5.0
Kas
huna
miu
t Sch
ools
Yuk
on/K
oyuk
uk S
choo
ls5
168
3.0
Lake
and
Pen
insu
la B
orou
gh S
choo
lsR
egio
nal T
otal
549
5,43
210
.1%
Low
er K
usko
kwim
Sch
ools
Low
er Y
ukon
Sch
ools
Nor
ther
n R
egio
nP
ribilo
f Isl
and
Sch
ools
Ber
ing
Str
ait S
choo
ls17
370
4.6
Sou
thw
est R
egio
n S
choo
lsN
ome
City
Sch
ools
1192
5S
aint
Mar
ys S
choo
lsN
orth
Slo
pe B
orou
gh S
choo
ls30
358
8.4
Una
lask
a C
ity S
choo
lsN
orth
wes
t Arc
tic B
orou
gh S
choo
ls38
399
9.5
Yup
iit S
choo
lsR
egio
nal T
otal
861,319
6.5%
Reg
iona
l Tot
al
F.
Num
ber
of1 .
Num
ber
Dro
pout
s 9-
12I
Enr
olle
d 9-
12D
ropo
ut R
ate
9-12
26 :3 5
N/A 88 4 80
1 0
423 8 6 4
.
286
622
140
91
110
155
83
28
1,574
51
870
66
282 7
204
528
45
101
143
50
5,150
4.2,
2.1
8.8 0
1.9
6.0
N/A 5.6
7.8
9.2
6.1 .4 0 .5
8.0
6.6
7.9
4.2
8.0
5.6%
N/A
5
988
173
13115
354
3114
4875
3
32
336
337
11
114
23
481
794
134
1,887
N/A
10.2 1.4
11.3
5.6
2.6 6. 9.5
81 9.6 0
4.9
7.4
7.1%
*Sta
b -r
un c
ort.e
spou
denc
t sch
ool w
ith s
tude
nts
stat
ewid
e.So
wer
: Ala
ska
Dep
ot-1
111M
of
Edu
catio
n, D
ivis
ion
of T
each
er L
earn
ing
and
Supp
ort
CO
1P7
HA
IM6
it;LE
69
Tee
ns N
ot W
orki
ng a
nd N
ot in
Scho
ol
Nth
Tre
nd 1
985-
1994
:Per
cent
of
Tee
nsN
ot A
ttend
ing
Scho
ol a
nd N
ot W
orki
ng
15%
586
87: 8
811
990
9192
193
94
Sou
rce:
Kid
s C
ount
Dat
a B
ook,
199
7, A
nnie
E. C
asey
Fou
ndat
i
Def
initi
on
Thi
s in
dica
tor
refl
ects
the
perc
enta
ge o
fte
enag
ers,
16-
19, w
ho a
re n
ot e
nrol
led
insc
hool
(fu
ll-tim
e or
par
t-tim
e), a
re n
ot in
the
labo
r fo
rce,
and
are
not
in th
e m
ilita
ry.
Sig
nific
ance
.
You
ng p
eopl
e w
ho s
pend
ext
ende
dpe
riod
s w
ithou
t goi
ng to
sch
ool,
hold
ing
jobs
, or
enlis
ting
in th
e m
ilita
ry a
re w
ithou
tan
y po
sitiv
e pa
th to
inde
pend
ent
adul
thoo
d.T
hese
hav
e be
en d
escr
ibed
as
Am
eric
a's
"dis
conn
ecte
d" y
outh
.14
70
Impa
ct15
One
in th
ree
Am
eric
ans
betw
een
the
ages
of
16 a
nd 2
3 st
umbl
e on
the
road
to a
dulth
ood,
spe
ndin
g a
half
yea
r or
mor
e di
scon
nect
edfr
om s
ocie
ty.
Nea
rly
90 p
erce
nt o
f th
ose
who
are
with
out j
obs
and
out o
f sc
hool
in la
teyo
uth
(age
s 20
to 2
3) w
ere
firs
tdi
scon
nect
ed a
s te
ens.
An
estim
ated
37
perc
ent o
f yo
ung
wom
en a
nd 3
5 pe
rcen
t of
youn
gm
en w
ho h
ave
been
dis
conn
ecte
dfr
om s
ocie
ty f
or th
ree
or m
ore
year
sar
e at
ris
k of
giv
ing
birt
h to
or
fath
erin
g a
child
bef
ore
age
18.
Lon
g-te
rm d
isco
nnec
ted
youn
g pe
ople
are
13 ti
mes
mor
e lik
ely
to b
e po
or a
syo
ung
adul
ts (
ages
26-
28).
Pov
erty
rat
esam
ong
the
disc
onne
cted
are
44
perc
ent
for
men
and
56
perc
ent f
or w
omen
, as
com
pare
d w
ith 3
to 4
per
cent
am
ong
men
and
wom
en w
ho h
ave
kept
thei
rco
nnec
tions
to s
ocie
ty th
roug
h jo
bs o
rsc
hool
or
the
mili
tary
.
Wha
t Abo
ut A
lask
a?
Ala
ska'
s sh
are
of te
ens
not w
orki
ng a
ndno
t in
the
labo
r fo
rce
is a
bove
the
natio
nal
aver
age-
11 p
erce
nt a
s co
mpa
red
with
9pe
rcen
tbut
it d
id d
eclin
e be
twee
n 19
93an
d 19
94.
The
mos
t rec
ent r
egio
nal d
ata
for
this
indi
cato
r is
fro
m th
e 19
90 U
.S. c
ensu
s. A
tth
at ti
me,
reg
iona
l per
cent
ages
of
Ala
ska
teen
s no
t in
scho
ol a
nd n
ot in
the
labo
r fo
rce
rang
ed f
rom
6 (
in I
nter
ior
Ala
ska)
to 1
3.4
(in
Sout
hwes
t Ala
ska)
.16
71
IR
epor
ted
in 1
997
Kid
s C
ount
Boo
k,p.
5 (f
rom
U.S
.B
urea
u of
the
Cen
sus,
199
6, "
Mon
ey In
com
e in
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes,
199
5" C
urre
ntPo
pula
tion
Rep
orts
,S
erie
s P
60-
193,
U.S
. Gov
ernm
ent P
rintin
g O
ffice
,
Was
hing
ton
D.C
., S
epte
mbe
r, T
able
9).
2Ib
id.
3R
epor
ted
in19
97 K
ids
Cou
nt B
ook,p
. 6 (
from
U.S
.
Dep
artm
ent o
f Edu
catio
n, 1
996,
Dro
pout
Rat
esin
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es 1
994,
Offi
ce o
f Edu
catio
nal
Res
earc
h an
d Im
prov
emen
t, W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C, p
. 10)
.
4 Ib
id.
5R
epor
ted
in19
97 K
ids
Cou
ntB
ook,
p.1
6
(L.M
ishe
l, J.
Ber
nste
in, a
nd].
Sch
mitt
, 199
6, T
heS
tate
of W
orki
ng A
mer
ica
1996
-97,
M.E
. Sha
rpe,
Arm
ok, N
.Y.,
p.16
9).
6 Ib
id.
7A
lask
a's
adol
esce
nts:
A p
lan
for
the
futu
re,A
lask
a
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth a
nd S
ocia
l Ser
vice
s, 1
994,
p.79
.
8Ib
id.
9 Ib
id.
I° Ib
id.
"Ibi
d.12
Kid
s C
ount
Dat
a B
ook,
199
7.
13A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of
Edu
catio
n (A
pril
1997
),
Sum
mar
y of
Ala
ska'
s Pu
blic
Sch
ool D
istr
icts
, Rep
ort
Car
ds to
the
Publ
ic,
Sch
ool y
ear
1995
-96,
p. 1
2.
14B
.V. B
row
n,W
ho a
re A
mer
ica'
s di
scon
nect
ed y
outh
?
Fin
al r
epor
t pre
pare
d fo
r th
e A
mer
ica
Ent
erpr
ise
Inst
itute
, Mar
ch 1
996.
72
Not
es
15 T
heim
pact
sta
tem
ents
bel
ow a
rc b
ased
on
the
stud
y by
B. V
Bro
wn,
cite
d in
not
e 14
. Tha
t stu
dy u
ses
a m
ore
cons
erva
tive
defin
ition
of "
disc
onne
cted
ness
"th
an K
ids
Cou
nt d
oes.
It in
clud
es n
ot o
nly
teen
ager
sno
t enr
olle
d in
sch
ool (
full-
time
or p
art-
time)
, not
in th
e la
bor
forc
e, a
nd n
ot in
the
Arm
ed F
orce
s,bu
t als
o te
enag
ers
not m
arrie
d to
som
eone
in
scho
ol o
r w
orki
ng.
16 O
ur c
alcu
latio
n of
this
indi
cato
r fo
r A
lask
adi
ffers
som
ewha
t fro
m th
e na
tiona
l mea
sure
part
ly b
ecau
se in
ord
er to
do
regi
onal
com
paris
ons
we
used
a d
iffer
ent s
ourc
e of
info
rmat
ion
(the
U.S
.ce
nsus
inst
ead
of th
e C
urre
nt P
opul
atio
n S
urve
y)an
d pa
rtly
bec
ause
we
excl
uded
une
mpl
oyed
teen
s.
733:
8]
t'
"1711raikka4(00/041".."
t,
-0-oarkt1C-tgfr1111 rADID
1wti4gra,,-.4.1.*.rtirrirlaffltariOAK". a. 41
Allbrreta..
4%.141.,. -304.4111(
s'44°
11,111,-4.
'414,416.
.
*kr* 11137,vdr1
1
m>
5h-p
od
#11
444f
iriot
Tre
nd 1
9851
99 :
Chi
ldea
tli0R
ate
rf
300
4100
0
(12R
tn5
per
100,
000
child
ren
ages
,4.9
t sou
rce:
Kos
cou
n!D
ata
Boo
k, 1
997,
Am
ite E
. Cas
eyF
ound
atio
n
Def
initi
on
The
chi
ld d
eath
rat
e is
the
num
ber
of
deat
hs f
rom
all
caus
esin
clud
ing
both
illne
ss a
nd in
jury
per
100,
000
child
ren
ages
1-1
4. (
A la
ter
indi
cato
r, I
njur
y to
Chi
ldre
n, r
epor
ts in
juri
es a
ndin
jury
-rel
ated
deat
hs.)
The
dat
a ar
e re
port
edby
chi
ld's
plac
e of
res
iden
ce, n
ot p
lace
of
deat
h.
Sig
nific
ance
The
dea
th r
ate
amon
g ch
ildre
n is
an
indi
catio
n of
whe
ther
chi
ldre
n ar
esafe
and
supe
rvis
ed a
nd a
re r
ecei
ving
adeq
uate
nutr
ition
and
hea
lth c
are.
Mor
talit
y dr
ops
76
shar
ply
afte
r th
e fi
rst y
ear
of li
fe.
How
ever
, man
y ch
ildre
n ar
cex
pose
d
to h
igh
risk
s as
they
beco
me
adol
esce
nts.
The
chi
ld d
eath
rat
e in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es h
as f
alle
n in
rec
ent y
ears
,due
larg
ely
to im
prov
ed m
edic
al c
are
and
redu
ced
rate
s of
mot
or v
ehic
le a
cci-
dent
sa m
ajor
cau
se o
f de
ath
amon
gch
ildre
n. D
espi
te th
e ov
eral
l dec
line
in
the
child
dea
th r
ate,
how
ever
, som
ech
ildre
nesp
ecia
lly p
oor
child
ren
livin
g
in d
ange
rous
nei
ghbo
rhoo
dsst
ill f
ace
haza
rdou
s co
nditi
ons.
Impa
ct
The
pri
mar
y ca
use
of d
eath
for
child
ren
of a
ll ag
es in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
esis
unin
tent
iona
l inj
uryw
hich
is o
ften
prev
enta
ble)
(Se
e In
jury
to C
hild
ren
indi
cato
r be
ginn
ing
on p
age
40.)
Mot
or v
ehic
le c
rash
es a
reth
e si
ngle
larg
est
caus
e of
inju
ry d
eath
for
Am
eric
anch
ildre
n be
twee
n ag
es 1
and
9.
Follo
win
g
mot
or v
ehic
le c
rash
es,
fire
s an
d re
late
d
burn
s an
d dr
owni
ngs
are
the
lead
ing
caus
es o
f un
inte
ntio
nal
inju
ry d
eath
s
amon
g A
mer
ican
child
ren.
The
dea
th
rate
s fr
om f
ire
and
drow
ning
am
ong
child
ren
ages
1-4
are
app
roxi
mat
ely
thre
e
times
the
rate
s am
ong
child
ren
ages
5-9
.
Chi
ld D
eath
The
rat
e of
chi
ld d
eath
s fr
omho
mic
ide
near
ly tr
iple
d be
twee
n 19
60an
d 19
91.
Hom
icid
e is
now
the
four
th le
adin
g ca
use
of d
eath
am
ong
child
ren
ages
1 to
9.2
Acc
ordi
ng to
a 1
.990
est
imat
e, a
ppro
xi-
mat
ely
3,60
0 ch
ildre
n di
e ea
ch y
ear,
20,0
00 b
ecom
e pe
rman
ently
disa
bled
,
350,
000
are
hosp
italiz
ed, a
nd 1
5m
illio
n
visi
t the
em
erge
ncy
room
beca
use
of
unin
tent
iona
l inj
urie
s.3
BE
ST
Cop
y A
VA
IIIA
BLE
773.
7,1
Chi
ld D
eath
(con
tinue
d)
1!!
Wha
t Abo
ut A
lask
a?
The
nat
iona
l Kid
s C
ount
indi
cato
r sh
ows
a
shar
p dr
op in
Ala
ska'
s ch
ild d
eath
rat
ebe
twee
n 19
93 a
nd 1
.994
so th
at A
lask
a's
rate
for
deat
hs fr
om th
e co
mbi
natio
n of
illne
ss a
nd in
jury
in 1
994
was
rou
ghly
the
natio
nal a
vera
ge. I
n th
e re
cent
pas
t, th
e ch
ildde
ath
rate
in A
lask
a w
as th
e hi
ghes
t in
the
natio
n.
Par
t of t
he e
xpla
natio
n fo
r th
at s
udde
n
drop
from
one
yea
r to
the
next
may
he th
at
Ala
ska
has
a re
lativ
ely
smal
l pop
ulat
ion
ofch
ildre
n. A
s w
e di
scus
sed
at th
e be
ginn
ing
of
this
hoo
k, r
elat
ivel
y sm
all c
hang
es in
num
-be
rs in
sm
all p
opul
atio
ns c
an m
ake
a sh
arp
chan
ge in
rat
es. S
till,
the
over
all
tren
d in
Ala
ska'
s ch
ild d
eath
rat
e ha
s be
en d
own
over
the
past
dec
ade.
Look
ing
at a
n av
erag
e ov
er s
ever
al
year
sas
we
do in
our
reg
iona
l cal
cula
-
tions
help
s co
mpe
nsat
e fo
r th
e ab
rupt
fluct
uatio
ns w
e ca
n se
e in
sm
all p
opul
atio
ns.
Fro
m 1
991
thro
ugh
1995
, the
ave
rage
chi
ldde
ath
rate
in A
lask
a w
as 3
6 pe
r 10
0,00
0,w
ith r
egio
nal r
ates
var
ying
from
a h
igh
of 9
1in
the
Nor
ther
n re
gion
to a
low
of 2
5 in
the
Anc
hora
ge a
rea.
Alth
ough
the
over
all c
hild
dea
th r
ate
from
all
caus
es is
dow
n, th
e de
ath
rate
from
inju
ries
rem
ains
trag
ical
ly h
igh,
as
we'
ll di
scus
s
in th
e In
jury
to C
hild
ren
indi
cato
r on
pag
e 40
.
7,9
." e.30
,A+
,..,
I
Ala
ska
. Anc
hora
geM
at S
uG
utiC
oast
:Int
erio
r.N
orth
ern
Sout
heas
t 'So
uthw
est
SOU
rCe;
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
en o
f L
abor
; Ala
ska
Bur
eau
of V
italSt
atis
tics
!.v.
"
-71
F0)
:".:
L'"-
.
79
.'
160
Ala
ska
106"1
\ ...11
11.
1153
U.S
.
085
8687
8889
9091
9293
94
Sou
rce:
Kid
s C
ount
Dat
a B
ook,
199
7, A
tplic
E. C
asey
Foun
datio
n
Def
initi
on
The
teen
vio
lent
dea
th r
ate
isth
e nu
mbe
r
of d
eath
s fr
om h
omic
ides
,su
icid
es, a
nd
acci
dent
s pe
r 10
0,00
0 te
ens
ages
15-1
9. T
he
data
are
rep
orte
d by
pla
ce o
fres
iden
ce, n
ot
by p
lace
whe
re d
eath
occ
urre
d.
Sign
ific
ance
Tee
n de
aths
in v
ehic
leac
cide
nts
decl
ined
in th
e U
.S. o
ver
the
past
deca
de (
from
8,2
02
in 1
985
to 6
,565
in 1
994)
,bu
t hom
icid
es
mor
e th
an d
oubl
ed(f
rom
1,6
02 to
3,5
69).
4
The
gro
wth
of
gang
s an
d in
crea
sed
avai
labi
lity
of h
andg
uns
are
ofte
n ci
ted
as c
ause
sof
the
rise
in te
en v
iole
nt d
eath
s.
go
Impa
ct
Nea
rly
80 p
erce
nt o
f al
l dea
ths
amon
g 15
- to
19-y
ear-
olds
in th
e U
.S.
in 1
994
wer
e cl
ue to
acc
iden
ts,
hom
icid
es, o
r su
icid
es.'
The
ave
rage
cos
t of
a te
en d
eath
by
viol
ence
in th
e U
.S. i
s cl
ose
to$3
74,0
00th
e hi
ghes
t for
any
cau
seof
dea
th.°
Nat
ionw
ide,
thre
e ou
t of
four
hom
icid
e vi
ctim
s an
d tw
o ou
t oft
hree
suic
ide
vict
ims
unde
r 25
die
fro
mgu
nsho
t wou
nds.
7
Gun
shot
wou
nds
of U
.S.
teen
s co
st a
n es
timat
ed$1
8.6
billi
on a
nnua
lly $
1 2
bill
ion
for
assa
ult,
$4.1
bill
ion
for
suic
ide,
and
$2.
5 bi
llion
for
unin
tent
iona
l inj
urys
Bla
ck y
outh
s ha
ve th
e hi
ghes
tho
mic
ide
rate
s in
the
natio
n,H
ispa
nic
yout
hs th
e se
cond
high
est.
Am
eric
an I
ndia
n an
dA
lask
a N
ativ
e yo
uths
hav
e th
ehi
ghes
t sui
cide
rat
es.'
BE
ST
copy
AV
AIL
AB
LE
Tee
n V
iole
ntD
eath
Wha
t Abo
ut A
lask
a?
From
199
1 th
roug
h 19
95,A
lask
a's
viol
ent
deat
h ra
te a
vera
ged
109
per
100,
000
teen
s,w
ith r
egio
nal r
ates
fro
m 7
7 pe
r10
0,00
0 in
the
Sout
heas
t to
346
in th
eN
orth
ern
regi
on.
You
ng A
lask
a N
ativ
e m
en a
re a
tes
peci
ally
high
ris
k of
dyi
ng v
iole
ntde
aths
.w
Fata
l inj
urie
s am
ong
Ala
skan
teen
sea
ch
year
cos
t an
estim
ated
$48
mill
ion
inlif
etim
e lo
st p
rodu
ctiv
ity. )
1
An
estim
ated
2,6
00 y
ears
of
pote
ntia
l lif
e
are
lost
yea
rly
whe
nA
lask
an te
ens
die
viol
ent d
eath
s.)2
Tee
n V
iole
nt D
eath
Rat
e(A
ccid
ents
, Sui
cide
s, a
nd H
omic
ides
per
100,
000
Tee
ns
Age
15
to 1
9, 5
-yea
r av
erag
e19
91-1
995)
Ala
ska
And
tora
ge M
at-S
uG
ulf
Coa
stIn
teri
or N
orth
ern
Sout
heas
t Sou
thw
est
Sou
rce
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f L
abor
; Ala
ska
Bur
eau
of V
ital S
tatis
tics
8j
Inju
ry T
o A
lask
a's
Chi
ldre
n
r40
h!fo
rmat
ion
fiw th
is in
tlica
ior
is fi
oni t
he A
lask
a
Dep
anm
ent o
f Hea
lth n
od S
ocia
l Ser
vice
s' 1
997
repo
rt,
Seri
ous
and
Fata
l Chi
ld a
nd A
dole
scen
t
Inju
ries
inA
lask
a, 1
991-
1994
, by
Mar
tha
Moo
re
Def
initi
on
The
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Soc
ial
Serv
ices
rec
ently
exa
min
ed in
juri
esbo
thin
tent
iona
l and
uni
nten
tiona
lthat
res
ulte
din
dea
th o
r ho
spita
lizat
ion
(for
at l
east
24
hour
s) a
mon
g ch
ildre
n an
d ad
oles
cent
s 19
and
unde
r in
Ala
ska
from
199
1 th
roug
h 19
94.
Inju
ries
the
depa
rtm
ent s
tudi
ed a
re:
trau
mas
, bur
ns, d
row
ning
s, n
ear-
drow
ning
s,hy
poth
erm
ia, s
uffo
catio
n, a
nd p
oiso
ning
s."
The
fig
ures
in th
is in
dica
tor
repo
rt tw
ose
para
te m
easu
res
of in
jury
:ho
spita
lizat
ion
rate
s
for
child
ren
who
are
bad
ly in
jure
d; a
ndde
ath
rate
s fo
r ch
ildre
n w
ho a
re k
illed
by
inju
ries
.
Sig
nific
ance
Ala
ska'
s in
jury
dea
th r
ate
amon
gch
ildre
n an
d te
enag
ers
was
stil
l the
high
est i
n th
e na
tion
in th
e m
id-1
990s
,de
spite
dec
lines
ove
r th
e pa
st d
ecad
e.B
ut u
nlik
e m
any
othe
r th
reat
s to
chi
ldre
ndi
scus
sed
in th
is b
ook,
acc
iden
tal
inju
ries
can
oft
en b
e pr
even
ted
with
out
muc
h co
st o
r co
mpl
icat
ion.
82
Rea
th a
nd H
ospi
taio
lizat
n R
ates
by
Sex,
199
1719
94.4
011k
ir*F
,,,E
N. *
.Tr,
11.1
,A
,
,:1
3atg
i Per
199
,Q99
, Age
and
PA
CO
Hos
pita
lizat
ion
Rat
e
347.
5
Dea
th R
ate
30.3
Mal
e F
emal
eM
ale
Fem
ale
17-1
With
Poi
son
IIIW
ithou
t Poi
son
Dea
ths
and
hosp
italiz
atio
ns r
esul
ting
from
poi
soni
ngs
(mai
nly
drug
ove
rdos
es)
arc
estim
ated
Dat
a on
poi
soni
ng w
as fi
rst c
olle
cted
In 1
994;
est
imat
es fo
r po
ison
ings
from
199
1-19
94 a
reba
sed
on 1
994
data
.
Sou
rce:
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth a
nd S
ocia
l Ser
vice
s, S
erio
us a
nd F
atal
Chi
ld a
ndA
dole
scen
t Inj
urie
s in
Ala
ska,
199
1-19
99
As
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Soc
ial
Serv
ices
poi
nts
out,
sim
ple
but c
ruci
al th
ings
like
mak
ing
sure
chi
ldre
n w
ear
life
jack
ets
whe
n th
ey're
on
the
wat
er, o
r he
lmet
s w
hen
they
're r
idin
g bi
kes
or s
now
mac
hine
s, c
ould
stop
man
y in
juri
es a
nd d
eath
s. T
he s
afer
play
grou
nd e
quip
men
t now
bei
ng in
stal
led
inm
any
area
s w
ill r
educ
e ri
sks
of f
alls
(whi
ch a
re
a m
ajor
cau
se o
f in
jury
to y
oung
erch
ildre
n)
and
othe
r pl
aygr
ound
acc
iden
ts.
Impa
ct
Boy
s ar
e ki
lled
by in
juri
es f
ar m
ore
ofte
nth
an g
irls
in A
lask
a. T
he in
jury
dea
th r
ate
amon
g bo
ys 1
9 an
d un
der
was
abo
ut 5
5pe
r 10
0,00
0 fr
om 1
991-
1994
, com
pare
dw
ith 3
0 pe
r 10
0,00
0 am
ong
girl
s.
Hos
pita
lizat
ions
for
inju
ries
are
als
o m
ore
com
mon
am
ong
boys
than
gir
ls in
Ala
ska.
But
the
diff
er-
ence
shr
inks
if w
ein
clud
e es
timat
ed h
os-
pita
lizat
ions
bec
ause
of
pois
onin
gs. I
n sm
all
child
ren,
poi
soni
ngs
are
alm
ost a
lway
sac
cide
ntal
inge
stio
n of
som
ethi
ng p
oiso
nous
.B
ut in
ado
lesc
ents
(esp
ecia
lly g
irls
15
to19
), p
oiso
ning
s ar
eof
ten
inte
ntio
nal
Lead
ing
Cau
ses
of In
jury
Dea
th, A
ges
19 a
nd U
nder
r
Ala
ska,
199
1 -
1994
(T
otal
Dea
ths:
345
)
Sui
cide
Mot
or V
ehid
e A
ccid
ent
Hom
icid
eet
tOtti
MA
NE
YD
row
ning
:777
17.
Fire
All
othe
r
Sou
rce:
Ala
ska
DH
SS
, Ser
ious
and
Fat
al C
hild
and
Ado
lesc
ent I
njur
ies,
199
1-19
94
BE
ST
CO
PY
MA
NIL
ALE
83
Lea
ding
Cau
ses
of I
njur
y H
ospi
taliz
atio
n A
ge 1
9an
d U
nder
Ala
ska,
199
1-19
94 (
Tot
al H
ospi
taliz
atio
ns: 3
,425
)
FFal
l
Mot
or V
ehic
le-
Acc
iden
t
Off
-Roa
d V
ehic
le
-Sp
oits
'Ass
ault
Bic
ycle
Play
grou
nd E
qpt.
Fall
All
Oth
er
'So
urce
: Ala
ska
DH
SS, S
erio
us a
nd F
atal
Chi
ld a
nd A
dole
scen
t Inj
urie
s, 1
991-
1994
over
dose
s of
dru
gs. W
ith p
oiso
ning
sin
clud
ed, g
irls
19
and
unde
r ha
d a
hosp
italiz
atio
n ra
te o
f 48
0 pe
r 10
0,00
0,co
mpa
red
with
a r
ate
of 5
36 p
er 1
00,0
00
amon
g bo
ys.
inju
ries
that
mos
t oft
enki
ll A
lask
a's
child
ren
and
teen
ager
s ar
e su
icid
es a
ndca
r ac
cide
nts,
fol
low
ed b
y ho
mic
ides
,dr
owni
ngs,
and
fir
es.
Falls
and
car
acc
iden
ts m
ost o
ften
sen
dA
lask
a's
child
ren
and
teen
ager
s to
the
hosp
ital.
Acc
iden
ts w
ith o
ff-r
oad
vehi
cles
and
in s
port
s al
so h
urt m
any.
BE
ST C
OPY
AL
L
Old
er c
hild
ren
(15
to 1
9) a
re h
ospi
tal-
ized
muc
h m
ore
ofte
npar
ticul
arly
whe
n es
timat
ed h
ospi
taliz
atio
ns d
ue to
pois
onin
g ar
e in
clud
ed.
Chi
ldre
n 4
and
unde
r ar
e m
ost
likel
y to
be
hurt
in f
alls
, but
chi
ldre
n
up to
age
14
ofte
n su
ffer
ser
ious
fal
ls.
Suic
ides
and
sui
cide
atte
mpt
s ar
eth
e le
adin
g ca
uses
of
deat
h an
dho
spita
lizat
ion
amon
g 15
- to
19-
year
-ol
ds.
Old
er te
enag
ers
are
also
ofte
n hu
rt o
r ki
lled
in c
ar a
nd o
ff-
road
veh
icle
acc
iden
ts a
nd in
hom
icid
es a
nd a
ssau
lts. M
any
are
inju
red
taki
ng p
art i
n sp
orts
..
Inju
ry T
oA
lask
a's
Chi
ldre
n
Hos
pita
lizat
ion
Rat
es A
mon
g A
lask
a's
Chi
ldre
n
(19
and
Und
er)
By
Age
, 199
1-19
94*
(Rat
es p
er10
0,00
0)
7.7
312.
1
et,
Und
er 1
zkA
ge1.
4114
1,A
ge 5
-9A
ge :1
5,19
:1;
sisi
ilfin
gfro
inpo
iloni
np (
trua
nt; d
rug
over
dose
s) o
se e
stim
ated
:.D
ata
on p
oiso
ning
was
fin
t col
lect
ed to
199
4; e
stim
ates
for
pol
ipst
ngs
from
1991
-190
4
431.
3
Salim
:, M
ash
Dip
art;W
eni o
f H
eith
;145
0asf
See
elce
s,'S
eriO
usiz
nd F
atal
elid
e! a
ndA
dole
scen
t Inj
urie
s in
Ala
ska,
199
1-19
94
85
[42
Inju
ry T
o A
lask
a's
Chi
ldre
n(c
ontin
ued)
\lask
a N
ativ
e ch
ildre
n ar
e fa
r m
ore
likel
yth
an c
hild
ren
of o
ther
rac
es in
Ala
ska
todi
e fr
om in
jurie
s or
to b
e se
rious
ly h
urt.
The
rat
es o
f dea
th a
nd h
ospi
taliz
atio
nfr
om in
jurie
s ar
e m
ore
than
twic
e as
hig
ham
ong
Nat
ive
child
ren
as a
mon
g an
yot
her
child
ren.
The
low
est r
ates
of i
njur
yan
d de
ath
are
amon
g A
sian
chi
ldre
n.
33,4
4r::
151;
01 Whi
te
37.4
EM
IA
K N
ativ
eB
lack
Rat
e P
er 1
00,0
00
BZ
;i1D
eath
Hos
pita
lizat
ion
Ral
eR
ale
15.3
1421
,
Asi
an/P
ac. I
sl.
Hos
pita
lizat
ions
res
ultin
g fr
om p
oiso
ning
s (m
ain&
dru
g ov
erdo
ses)
are
est
imat
ed. D
ata
on p
oiso
ning
was
first
col
lect
ed in
199
4; e
stim
ates
for
pois
onin
gs fr
om 1
991-
1994
bas
ed o
n 19
94 d
ata.
Sou
rce:
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth a
nd S
ocia
l Ser
vice
s, S
erio
us a
nd F
atal
Chi
ld a
nd A
dole
scen
tIn
jurie
s in
Ala
ska,
199
1-19
94
Rat
esA
tInju
rrtio
Spi
tattz
atjo
n an
d D
eath
,. by
Maj
or In
jury
Cau
ses
and
.Age
, Ala
ska,
. 199
1719
9.4:
'Est
. Sui
cide
w/P
oiso
ning
(A
ge 1
5-19
)46
e*4.
SA
AW
YL.
:'
Mot
or v
ehid
e T
raffi
c (A
ge 1
5-19
)
Fal
l (A
ge <
1)
Fal
l (A
ge 1
5-19
)
Fal
l (A
ge 1
-4)
26.3
Ihn.
1-.i-
sc.-
..4ria
i.k.&
na
Hom
idde
/Ass
autt
(Age
15-
19)
14.5
aum
mum
mum
mon
Spo
rts
(Age
15-
19)
Rat
e P
er 1
00,0
00F
all (
Age
10-
14)
Vt.
Dea
th R
ate'
Sui
cide
w/o
ut P
oiso
ning
(A
ge 1
5-19
)45
.4"4
10'w
NM
= W
IF
all (
Age
5-9
)
Off-
Roa
d V
ehid
e (A
ge 1
5-19
)',6
8.4
Hos
pita
lizat
ions
res
ultin
g fr
om p
oiso
ning
s ar
e es
timat
ed. D
ata
on p
oiso
ning
was
firs
t col
lect
ed in
199
4; e
stim
ates
for
pois
onin
gs fr
om 1
991-
1994
base
d on
199
4 da
ta.
Sou
rce:
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth a
nd S
ocia
l Ser
vice
s, S
erio
us a
nd F
atal
Chi
ld a
nd A
dole
scen
t Inj
urie
s in
Ala
ska,
199
1-19
94
86E
ST
CO
PY
AV
AE
LAB
LE87
Def
initi
on
Chi
ld a
buse
is a
n ac
tor
a fa
ilure
toac
tby
a pe
rson
with
cus
todi
al r
espo
nsib
il-ity
for
a c
hild
, res
ultin
g in
act
ual o
r th
reat
-en
ed d
ange
r to
the
child
's p
hysi
cal o
rem
otio
nal w
ell-
bein
g."
Neg
lect
incl
udes
emot
iona
l, m
edic
al, o
r ph
ysic
al n
egle
ct, o
r a
failu
re to
thri
ve.''
Chi
ld p
rote
ctio
n ag
enci
es m
ay r
ecei
vem
ore
than
one
rep
ort o
f ne
glec
t or
abus
e fo
rth
e sa
me
child
so c
ases
of
abus
e ca
n be
repo
rted
in d
uplic
ated
num
bers
(in
clU
ding
mor
e th
an o
ne c
ase
for
the
sam
e ch
ild)
orun
dupl
icat
ed n
umbe
rs (
with
eac
h ch
ildre
port
ed o
nly
once
). D
uplic
ated
cas
es s
how
an
agen
cy's
wor
kloa
d. U
ndup
licat
ed c
ases
sho
wth
e ac
tual
num
bers
of
child
ren
suff
erin
g ab
use.
The
fig
ures
in th
is s
ectio
n re
port
mai
nly
undu
plic
ated
cas
es. B
ut th
e fi
gure
on
page
44
show
s bo
th d
uplic
ated
and
und
uplic
ated
repo
rts
of a
buse
that
the
Ala
ska
Div
isio
n of
Fam
ily a
nd Y
outh
Ser
vice
s ha
ndle
d in
FY
1997
. Tha
t fig
ure
mak
es it
cle
ar th
at th
eag
ency
's w
orkl
oad
is m
uch
high
er th
anun
dupl
icat
ed c
ount
s sh
ow.
The
re is
als
o a
big
diff
eren
ce b
etw
een
tota
l rep
orts
of
susp
ecte
d ab
use
(whi
ch m
ayno
t all
be s
ubta
ntia
ted)
and
sub
stan
tiate
dca
ses.
Exp
erts
dis
agre
e ab
out w
hich
mea
sure
best
sho
ws
actu
al le
vels
of
child
abu
se.1
6
88
Her
e w
e re
port
info
rmat
ion
in b
oth
way
s, a
lway
s m
akin
g th
e di
stin
ctio
n cl
ear.
Und
er "
Wha
t Abo
ut A
lask
a" o
n pa
ge 4
4, w
edi
scus
s th
e co
mpl
exiti
es o
f re
port
ing
child
abus
e an
d de
scri
be h
ow th
e A
lask
a D
ivis
ion
of F
amily
and
You
th S
ervi
ces
cate
gori
zes
repo
rted
cas
es o
f ch
ild a
buse
and
neg
lect
.
Sig
nific
ance
Chi
ld a
buse
and
neg
lect
lead
to p
hysi
cal,
emot
iona
l, an
d so
cial
pro
blem
s fo
r ch
ildre
nan
d fa
mili
esin
clud
ing
psyc
hiat
ric
and
beha
vior
al d
isor
ders
, del
ayed
dev
elop
men
t,.p
erm
anen
t dis
abili
ty, p
oor
acad
emic
per
for-
man
ce, d
elin
quen
cy a
nd d
evia
nt b
ehav
ior,
anxi
ety
and
depr
essi
on, a
lcoh
olis
m a
ndsu
bsta
nce
abus
e, s
uici
de, t
een
preg
nanc
y,an
d do
mes
tic a
nd c
rim
inal
vio
lenc
e.
The
eco
nom
ic c
onse
quen
ces
of c
hild
abus
e an
d ne
glec
t are
sta
gger
ing,
incl
udin
gth
e co
sts
of f
oste
r ca
re, c
ourt
ser
vice
s,co
unse
ling,
spe
cial
ized
edu
catio
n, a
ndm
edic
al c
are
for
vict
ims.
"
Impa
ct
Res
earc
h in
dica
tes
that
vic
tims
of c
hild
abus
e ar
e at
hig
her
risk
of
abus
ing
thei
row
n ch
ildre
n w
hen
they
bec
ome
pare
nts.
18
Chi
ld A
buse
and
Neg
lect
In 1
994,
an
estim
ated
1,2
71 A
mer
ican
child
reno
ver
thre
e ch
ildre
n a
day
died
fro
m a
buse
and
neg
lect
.'9
Neg
lect
was
the
larg
est s
ingl
e ca
tego
ry o
fch
ild a
buse
nat
ionw
ide
in 1
992,
acc
ount
-in
g fo
r 43
per
cent
of
subs
tant
iate
d ca
ses.
20
A m
ajor
ity (
62 p
erce
nt)
of p
regn
ant t
eens
or te
ens
with
chi
ldre
n re
port
hav
ing
been
sexu
ally
abu
sed
as c
hild
ren.
21
Nin
ety
perc
ent o
f ju
veni
le a
nd a
dult
offe
nder
s re
port
bei
ng a
buse
d as
chi
ldre
n.22
The
maj
ority
of
child
dea
ths
natio
nwid
edu
e to
abu
se a
nd n
egle
ct o
ccur
am
ong
child
ren
unde
r th
e ag
e of
two.
23
Chi
ldre
n un
der
the
age
of f
ive
suff
er 8
6pe
rcen
t of
child
abu
se n
atio
nwid
e.'
Vic
tims
of c
hild
abu
se a
nd n
egle
ct a
re 5
3pe
rcen
t mor
e lik
ely
to b
e ar
rest
ed f
orju
veni
le d
elin
quen
cy a
nd 3
8 pe
rcen
t mor
elik
ely
to b
e ar
rest
ed f
or v
iole
nt c
rim
esth
an c
hild
ren
who
wer
e no
t abu
sed.
25
Bei
ng a
vic
tim o
f ch
ildho
od a
buse
incr
ease
s th
e od
ds o
f fu
ture
del
inqu
ency
and
adul
t cri
min
ality
by
40 p
erce
nt.2
6
One
-thi
rd o
f ch
ild a
buse
vic
tims
will
beco
me
abus
ive
pare
nts
them
selv
es.'
894
',Chi
ldA
buse
and
Neg
lect
(con
tinue
d)
Wha
t. A
bout
Ala
ska?
Dat
a fo
r th
is s
ectio
n w
ere
prov
ided
by
Rog
er
With
ingt
on, D
ivis
ion
of F
amily
and
You
th S
ervi
ces
Inte
rpre
ting
Chi
ld A
buse
and
Neg
lect
Rat
es: A
Not
e of
Cau
tion
Rel
iabl
e m
easu
res
of c
hild
abu
se a
ndne
glec
t are
dif
ficu
lt to
obt
ain.
Whi
le s
ome
case
s of
sus
pect
ed c
hild
abu
se a
nd n
egle
ctar
e ne
ver
repo
rted
, oth
er c
ases
rec
eive
mul
tiple
rep
orts
. Fur
ther
mor
e, v
aria
tions
inth
e w
ay c
hild
pro
tect
ive
serv
ice
agen
cies
scre
en a
nd in
vest
igat
e ca
ses
can
also
hav
e a
sign
ific
ant i
nflu
ence
on
the
estim
ated
rat
esof
chi
ld a
buse
and
neg
lect
. So
read
ers
shou
ld p
ay c
aref
ul a
ttent
ion
to w
hat m
ea-
sure
s of
chi
ld a
buse
are
bei
ng u
seda
ndke
ep in
min
d th
at a
num
ber
of f
acto
rs c
anin
flue
nce
the
repo
rted
rat
es.
Inve
stig
atio
n P
roce
dure
s
The
Div
isio
n of
Fam
ily a
nd Y
outh
Serv
ices
(D
FYS)
in.th
e A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth a
nd S
ocia
l Ser
vice
s in
vest
igat
esca
ses
of s
uspe
cted
chi
ld a
buse
and
neg
lect
.T
he f
low
cha
rt b
elow
sho
ws
how
the
divi
sion
cla
ssif
ied
repo
rts
(bot
h du
plic
ated
and
undu
plic
ated
) it
rec
eive
d in
FY
199
7.
90
Any
one
who
has
rea
son
to b
elie
ve c
hild
ren
are
bein
g ab
used
can
rep
ort t
he a
buse
toD
FYS,
whi
ch s
cree
ns e
ach
repo
rt. S
ome
case
s ar
e dr
oppe
d af
ter
initi
al s
cree
ning
,fo
r
reas
ons
cite
d be
low
.
The
cas
es a
ssig
ned
for
inve
stig
atio
n fa
llin
to s
ever
al c
ateg
orie
s.S
ubta
ntia
ted
repo
rts
are
thos
e th
at c
onfi
rm c
hild
abu
se o
rne
glec
t. So
me
inve
stig
atio
ns f
ind
noab
use.
Unc
onfir
med
repo
rts
may
invo
lve
som
eev
iden
ce o
f ab
use
but n
ot e
noug
h fo
r co
nfir
-m
atio
n. F
inal
ly, i
n a
few
cas
es, w
orke
rsca
n't
loca
teth
e ch
ild o
r fa
mily
.
In F
Y 9
7 ab
out 4
0 pe
rcen
t of
the
com
plet
edin
vest
igat
ions
(of
bot
h du
plic
ated
and
und
up-
licat
ed r
epor
ts)
subs
tant
iate
d ch
ild a
buse
, and
anot
her
50 p
erce
nt f
ound
som
e ev
iden
ce b
utno
t eno
ugh
to c
onfi
rm a
buse
.
Ove
rvie
w o
f Chi
ld P
rote
ctiv
e S
ervi
ces,
FY
199
7D
ivis
ion
of F
amily
and
You
th S
ervi
ces
443
Rep
orts
of S
uspe
cted
Chi
ld A
buse
and
Neg
lect
(Dup
licat
ed/U
ndup
licat
edla
15,5
47/1
0,63
8
Scr
eeni
ng
Inta
ke In
vest
igat
ion
and
Dis
posi
tion
Com
plet
ed In
vest
igat
ions
(10
,266
/7,5
31
Sub
stan
tiate
dN
o A
buse
Unc
onfir
med
dC
an't
Loca
te`
4,32
2 / 2
,982
683
/56
15,
166
/3,
907
95 /
81
42%
/40%
70/0
/70
/050
0/0
/52
0/0
10/0
/1%
a D
uplic
ated
rep
orts
incl
ude
mor
e th
an o
ne r
epor
t of
abus
e of
the
sam
e ch
ild; u
ndup
licat
ed r
epor
ts in
clud
e ea
ch c
hild
onl
y on
ce.
b So
me
repo
rts
are
not a
ssig
ned
for
inve
stig
atio
n be
caus
e D
FYS
does
not
hav
e su
ffic
ient
sta
ff to
inve
stig
ate
som
e re
port
scl
assi
fied
as
low
pri
ority
; som
e
.re
port
s ca
n't b
e as
sign
ed f
or la
ck o
f in
form
atio
n; a
nd s
ome
repo
rts
(non
-CPS
) ar
e in
fac
t not
rep
orts
of
child
abu
se a
nd n
egle
ct b
ut r
athe
r In
quir
ies
or
com
plai
nts
(lik
e qu
estio
ns a
bout
foo
d st
amps
) th
at D
FYS
reco
rds
but r
efer
s to
oth
er d
ivis
ions
. Som
e of
thes
e re
port
s ar
e re
ferr
ed to
com
mun
ityse
rvic
es..
c T
hese
are
inve
stig
atio
ns c
ompl
eted
in F
Y 1
997.
Som
e re
port
s as
sign
ed in
FY
199
7 m
ay n
ot h
ave
been
com
plet
ed th
at y
eara
nd s
ome
repo
rts
com
plet
ed
in F
Y 1
997
may
hav
e be
en a
ssig
ned
in a
n ea
rlie
r ye
ar.
d C
ases
that
may
sho
w e
vide
nce
of a
buse
but
not
eno
ugh
to c
onfi
rm
e A
genc
y ca
n't l
ocat
e ch
ild o
r fa
mily
Sour
ce R
oger
With
ingt
on, D
ivis
ion
of F
amily
and
You
th S
ervi
ces,
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Soc
ial S
ervi
ces
BE
ST C
OPY
AV
A!
91
.,.-;
,77-
77--
77..7
777
In th
e U
.S. a
s a
who
le, t
he r
epor
ted
rate
sof
chi
ld m
altr
eatm
ent w
ere
45 p
er .1
,000
child
ren
unde
r 18
in 1
993
and
47 p
er 1
,000
in 1
994.
28
In A
lask
a, th
e 19
92 r
epor
ted
rate
of c
hild
mal
trea
tmen
t was
49
per
1,00
0 ch
ildre
n un
der
18. B
y 19
97, t
hat r
ate
was
at 5
5-co
nsid
er-
ably
abo
ve th
e na
tiona
l ave
rage
, but
dow
nso
mew
hat f
rom
199
4 an
d 19
95.
But
eve
n th
ough
the
rate
of t
otal
rep
oned
case
s of
abu
se a
nd n
egle
ct w
as h
ighe
r in
rece
nt y
ears
than
in 1
992,
rat
es o
f sub
stan
ti-at
ed c
ases
act
ually
dro
pped
-fro
m 1
7.7
per
7775
C7.
:,rr
"
Chi
ld A
buse
and
Neg
lect
(con
tinue
d)
Sub
stan
tiate
d,S
hitg
Abu
sei
.311
3,33
333
.13.
3037
.133
,11%
30t 3
.33.
31
and
Neg
lect
Am
ong
Ala
skan
V..
13.
3 F.
31.
3.3)
143.
ildre
n, b
y T
ype
'cif
Abu
se,',
ww
, .11
mr4
.11,
nnua
l Ave
rage
FY
927.
FY
96.s
.tr
7'
stgw
.T
.* t"
,
Ave
rage
No.
Rat
e pe
r
of C
ases
1,00
0 ch
ildre
nT
ype
of A
buse
Neg
lect
1,74
79.
2Ph
ysic
al A
buse
997
5.2
Sexu
al A
buse
420
2.2
Men
tal I
njur
y72
0.4
Aba
ndon
men
t22
0.1
Tre
nds
in C
hild
Abu
se a
nd N
egle
ctA
mon
g A
lask
an C
hild
ren
Und
er 1
8
1,00
0 ch
ildre
n to
13.
9 in
199
6 an
d an
estim
ated
15.
4 in
199
7. T
he ta
ble
belo
wsh
ows
the
freq
uenc
y of
cas
es a
nd th
e ra
tepe
r 1,
000
child
ren
for
the
perio
d fr
om F
Y19
92 th
roug
h F
Y 1
997.
Mds
t cas
es o
f chi
ld m
altr
eatm
ent i
n A
lask
aar
e ei
ther
neg
lect
or
phys
ical
abu
se. C
hild
ren
betw
een
5 an
d 9
suffe
r th
e m
ost a
buse
.
Rat
es o
f sub
stan
tiate
d ch
ild a
buse
and
negl
ect v
ary
cons
ider
ably
by
race
in A
lask
a. T
he
aver
age
annu
al r
ate,
from
199
2 th
roug
h 19
96,
was
35
per
1,00
0 fo
r A
lask
a N
ativ
e ch
ildre
n,10
for
Whi
te c
hild
ren,
27
for
Bla
ck c
hild
ren,
and
5.5
for
Asi
an/P
acifi
cIs
land
chi
ldre
n.
Num
ber
of U
ndup
licat
ed C
ases
and
Rat
es (
Per
1,0
00 C
hild
ren
Und
er 1
8)--
FY
199
4F
Y. 1
995
FY
199
6
Cas
esR
ate
Cas
esR
ate
Cas
esR
ate
FY
199
2
Cas
esR
ate
FY
199
3C
ases
Rat
e
Rep
orte
d8,
998
49.0
10,5
6656
.8
Not
Ass
igne
d1,
063
2,31
6F
or In
vest
igat
ion
Com
plet
ed7,
935
43.2
8,25
044
.4In
vest
igat
ions
'S
ubst
antia
ted
3,25
717
.73,
661
19.7
Unc
onfir
med
3,85
421
.03,
819
20.5
No
Abu
se80
74.
472
63.
9
Can
t loc
ate
a C
hild
17n/
a44
0.2
FY
199
7
Cas
esR
ateb
11,1
1759
.510
,945
58.2
10,7
0656
.010
,638
55.1
2,92
33,
733
3,60
6;
3,43
4
8,19
443
.87,
212
38.3
6,32
6.37
.27,
531
38.9
'3,3
9818
.23,
032
16.1
2,66
013
.92,
982
15.4
4,06
621
.83,
738
19.9
3,14
616
.53,
907
20.2
645
3.5
388
2.1
449
2.4
561
2.9
850.
554
0.3
710.
481
0.4
'Inve
stig
atio
ns c
ompl
eted
in a
ny g
iven
yea
r m
ay h
ave
begu
n in
an
earl
ier
year
"Bas
ed o
n pr
elim
inar
y 19
97 A
lask
a po
pula
tion
figu
re o
f 19
3,21
0 pe
rson
s un
der
18. T
o be
rev
ised
with
fin
al p
opul
atio
n fi
gure
s in
199
8dat
a bo
ok.
Sour
ce: D
ivis
ion
of F
amily
and
You
th S
ervi
ces,
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Soc
ial S
ervi
ces
ES
T C
OP
Y A
UR
A92
Neg
lect
acc
ount
s fo
r m
ost
mal
trea
tmen
t of N
ativ
ech
ildre
n. W
hite
chi
ldre
nsu
ffer
abou
t equ
al r
ates
of
negl
ect a
nd p
hysi
cal a
buse
,w
hile
neg
lect
is m
ost c
om-
mon
am
ong
Bla
ck c
hild
ren.
Our
figu
res
for
abus
e am
ong
Asi
an c
hild
ren
are
too
smal
l to
allo
w u
s to
cal
cula
te r
elia
ble
rate
s fo
r ty
pes
of a
buse
.
Sus
pect
ed c
ases
of c
hild
abus
e ca
n be
rep
orte
d to
DF
YS
at a
toll
-fre
e nu
mbe
r:
1-80
0-17
8-4+
44
93
Chi
ld A
buse
and
Neg
lect
(con
tinue
d)
I
I
I' .
Ave
rage
No.
Rat
e pe
r.,
of U
ndup
. Cas
es .1
,000
chi
ldna
n'
305
10*.
04.
1,41
0 -
35.0
:24
827
.0.
435.
5
46
Sour
ce: D
ivis
ion
of F
amily
and
You
th S
ervi
ces,
Ala
ska
pepa
rtM
ini o
f H
ealth
dnd
,Soc
ial S
ervi
ces
Spot
light
on
Prev
entio
n: H
ealth
y Fa
mili
es
Info
rmat
ion
prov
ided
by
Deb
ra C
alde
ra a
nd
Mic
hele
Han
sen,
Hea
lthy
Fam
ilies
Pro
gram
, Ala
ska
Div
isio
n of
Pub
lic H
ealth
Hea
lthy
Fam
ilies
Ala
ska
is a
vol
unta
ryho
me
visi
tatio
n pr
ogra
m in
tend
ed to
red
uce
Ala
ska'
s hi
gh r
ates
of
child
abu
se b
y w
orki
ngw
ith f
amili
es m
ost u
nder
str
ess
and
at-r
isk
for
abus
ing
child
ren.
It's
a p
rogr
am o
f th
e A
lask
aD
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth a
nd S
ocia
l Ser
vice
s,be
gun
in 1
995.
As
of S
epte
mbe
r 19
97, t
hepr
ogra
m s
erve
d ab
out 3
00 f
amili
es in
eigh
t
Ala
ska
com
mun
ities
, at a
n es
timat
ed c
ost o
f
Sub
stan
tiate
d C
hild
Abu
se a
nd N
egle
ct A
mon
g A
lask
anC
hild
ren
by R
ace
and
Typ
e of
Abu
se, A
nnua
l Ave
rage
FY
92-F
Y96
Rac
e
Ave
rage
Num
ber
of U
ndup
licat
ed C
ases
and
Rat
es P
er 1
,000
Chi
ldre
n un
der
18
Neg
led
No.
of c
ases
Rat
e
Whi
te52
6A
K N
ativ
e96
2B
lack
131
Asi
an/P
. Isl
.16
4.0
23.9
14.3
N/A
'
Phy
sica
l Abu
seS
exua
l Abu
seM
enta
l Inj
ury
Aba
ndon
men
t
No.
of c
ases
Rat
eN
o. o
f cas
es R
ate
No.
of c
ases
Rat
eN
o. o
f cas
es R
ate
519
275 90 21
4.0
.-6.
89.
82.
6
218
1.7
133
3.3
18N
/A6
N/A
320.
313
N/A
270.
713
N/A
.8
N/A
>1
N/A
2N
/A0
N/A
Sour
ce: R
aw d
ata
wer
e pr
ovid
ed b
y th
e D
ivis
ion
of F
amily
and
You
th S
ervi
ces,
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent
of H
ealth
and
Soc
ial S
ervi
ces
N/A
mea
ns to
o fe
w c
ases
to c
ompu
te a
n an
nual
ave
rage
or
a ra
te.
$4,0
00 p
er f
amily
per
yea
r. T
hese
cos
ts o
fpr
even
ting
abus
e ar
e fa
r lo
wer
than
cos
ts o
fpl
acin
g ch
ildre
n in
fos
ter
care
.
The
pro
gram
wor
ks w
ith p
regn
ant
wom
en a
nd f
amili
es w
ith n
ewbo
rns
who
hav
e
been
iden
tifie
d as
bei
ng u
nder
hig
h st
ress
from
soc
ial i
sola
tion,
alc
ohol
or
subs
tanc
eab
use,
men
tal i
llnes
s, u
nem
ploy
men
t or
othe
rfa
ctor
s. T
he p
rogr
am u
ses
met
hods
pro
ven
effe
ctiv
e in
oth
er s
tate
sinc
ludi
ng f
requ
ent
visi
ts, l
ong-
term
ass
ista
nce,
lim
ited
case
load
sfo
r st
aff,
and
coo
rdin
atio
n w
ith o
ther
ser
vice
s.A
n ev
alua
tion
of f
amili
es p
artic
ipat
ing
in th
epr
ogra
m f
or a
t lea
st th
ree
mon
ths
foun
d:
68 p
erce
nt o
f th
e pa
rent
s w
ho h
adre
port
ed m
enta
l hea
lth p
robl
ems
said
they
wer
e co
ping
with
thos
e pr
oble
ms
38 p
erce
nt o
f th
e 34
par
ents
who
sai
dth
ey u
sed
drug
s, a
nd 4
2 pe
rcen
t of
the
38w
ho a
buse
d al
coho
l, ha
d st
oppe
d
43 p
erce
nt o
f 81
par
ents
who
sai
d th
ere
was
dom
estic
vio
lenc
e in
thei
rfa
mili
es
had
gotte
n he
lp
16 p
erce
nt o
f th
e 11
6 pa
rent
s w
ho h
adde
pend
ed o
n pu
blic
ass
ista
nce
no lo
nger
did
30 p
erce
nt o
f 67
par
ents
who
wer
e hi
ghsc
hool
dro
pout
s ha
d co
mpl
eted
sch
oolin
g
94It
= C
OIP
YA
VA
ILA
BL
E5
r.
r's%
I C
hild
Hea
lth U
SA '9
3, U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lthan
d H
uman
Ser
vice
s, P
ublic
Hea
lth S
ervi
ce,
Mat
erna
l and
Chi
ld H
ealth
Bur
eau,
199
3.
2Ib
id.
3T
he F
utur
e of
Chi
ldre
n, C
ente
r fo
r th
e Fu
ture
of
Chi
ldre
n, T
he D
avid
and
Luc
ile P
acka
rd F
ound
atio
n,5
(1),
Spr
ing
1995
, p. 2
14.
4N
atio
nal K
ids
Cou
nt D
ata
Boo
k, 1
997,
p.1
4.
5Ib
id.
6D
. Ric
e, E
.J. M
acK
enzi
e, a
nd A
ssoc
iate
s, C
ost o
fIn
jury
in th
e U
nite
d St
ates
: A r
epor
t to
Con
gres
s by
Inst
itute
for
Hea
lth a
nd A
ging
, Uni
vers
ity o
fC
alif
orni
a an
d In
jury
Pre
vent
ion
Cen
ter,
The
Joh
nsH
opki
ns U
nive
rsity
, 198
9. (
Cite
d in
Ala
ska
Inju
ryPr
even
tion
Plan
, Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Soc
ial
Serv
ices
, Dec
embe
r 19
94, p
. 62.
)
7C
hild
hood
Inj
ury:
Cos
t and
Pre
vent
ion
Fact
s,C
hild
ren'
s Sa
fety
Net
wor
k; f
unde
d by
Mat
erna
l and
Chi
ld H
ealth
Bur
eau,
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Hum
an S
ervi
ces,
199
4.
8Ib
id.
9Ib
id.
I° "
Vio
lent
Dea
th: W
ho is
Mos
t Lik
ely
to D
ie?"
by
Mat
thew
Ber
man
and
Lin
da L
eask
, in
Ala
ska
Rev
iew
of S
ocia
l and
Eco
nom
ic C
ondi
tions
, Uni
vers
ity o
fA
lask
a A
ncho
rage
, Ins
titut
e of
Soc
ial a
nd E
cono
mic
Res
earc
h, F
ebru
ary
1994
.
I I
Chi
ld a
nd A
dole
scen
t Fat
al I
njur
y D
ata
Boo
k,C
hild
ren'
s Sa
fety
Net
wor
k; f
unde
d by
Mat
erna
l and
Chi
ld H
ealth
Bur
eau,
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Hum
an S
ervi
ces,
199
4.
12Ib
id.
13Po
ison
ings
for
the
peri
od 1
991-
1994
are
estim
ates
by
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Soc
ial
Serv
ices
, bas
ed o
n da
ta f
rom
199
4, w
hich
was
the
firs
t yea
r th
e de
part
men
t col
lect
ed d
ata
onpo
ison
ings
.
tolo
rado
Chi
ldre
n's
Cam
paig
n, K
ids
Cou
nt in
Col
orad
o, 1
994.
15K
ids
Cou
nt in
Neb
rask
a, 1
995.
16D
ata
from
sev
eral
nat
iona
l stu
dies
sug
gest
that
the
prev
alen
ce o
f ch
ild m
altr
eatm
ent i
s se
vera
l tim
eshi
gher
than
the
repo
rted
num
bers
. How
ever
, oth
eres
timat
es in
dica
te th
at o
nly
35 to
50
perc
ent o
fre
port
s ar
e su
bsta
ntia
ted
upon
inve
stig
atio
n (N
ewY
ork
Stat
e K
ids
Cou
nt, 1
995)
. Alth
ough
the
use
ofsu
bsta
ntia
ted
case
s as
a m
easu
re o
f ch
ild a
buse
and
negl
ect i
s lik
ely
to u
nder
estim
ate
the
prob
lem
, usi
ngth
e nu
mbe
r of
rep
orte
d in
cide
nts
of a
buse
and
negl
ect c
an a
lso
be p
robl
emat
ic. S
igni
fica
nt in
crea
ses
in r
epor
ting
may
be
due
to h
ighl
y pu
blic
ized
cas
esor
to p
ublic
aw
aren
ess
cam
paig
ns f
ocus
ed o
n ch
ildm
altr
eatm
ent.
Mor
eove
r, r
epor
ts o
f ch
ild a
buse
and
negl
ect a
re n
ot a
lway
s su
ppor
ted
by e
vide
nce
obta
ined
in f
ollo
w-u
p in
vest
igat
ions
. Whe
ther
or
not
subs
tant
iate
d ca
ses
or r
epor
ts a
re u
sed,
in s
ome
case
s hi
gh r
ates
may
indi
cate
bet
ter
repo
rtin
g or
are
lianc
e on
low
er s
tand
ards
of
evid
ence
. Low
rat
es,
how
ever
, may
rep
rese
nt s
tric
ter
scre
enin
g of
the
evid
ence
(N
ew Y
ork
Stat
e K
ids
Cou
nt, 1
995)
.
17G
eorg
ians
for
Chi
ldre
n, 1
994.
18A
. Gol
dste
in, H
. Kel
ler,
and
D. E
rne,
Cha
ngin
g th
e
abus
ive
pare
nt, C
ham
paig
n, I
llino
is, R
esea
rch
Pres
s, 1
985;
and
Gel
les,
"A
pro
file
of
viol
ence
tow
ard
child
ren
in th
eU
nite
d St
ates
," in
G. G
erbn
er, C
. Ros
s, a
nd E
. Zig
ler
(eds
.), C
hild
Abu
se: A
n ag
enda
for
act
ion,
New
Yor
k,
Oxf
ord
Uni
vers
ity P
ress
, 198
0. B
oth
sour
ces
are
cite
d in
New
Yor
k K
ids
Cou
nt, 1
995.
19D
.W
iese
and
D. D
aro,
Cur
rent
tren
ds in
chi
ld a
buse
repo
rtin
g an
d fa
talit
ies:
The
res
ults
of
the
1994
Ann
ual F
ifty
Sta
te S
urve
y, A
pril
1995
, p. 1
2.
20 C
hild
Hea
lth U
SA '9
3, p
. 29.
21G
eorg
ians
for
Chi
ldre
n, 1
994.
22Ib
id.
23K
. McC
urdy
and
D. D
aro,
Cur
rent
tren
ds in
chi
ldab
use
repo
rtin
g an
d fa
talit
ies:
the
resu
lts o
f th
e A
nnua
l
1992
Fif
ty S
tate
Sur
vey,
Nat
iona
l Com
mitt
ee to
Prev
ent C
hild
Abu
se, C
hica
go, A
pril,
199
3.
24Ib
id.
25A
buse
and
neg
lect
: The
long
term
eff
ects
, Am
eric
anH
uman
e A
ssoc
iatio
n, C
hild
Pro
tect
ion
Lea
der
Fact
Shee
t (D
enve
r, M
arch
199
4); c
ited
in K
ids
Cou
nt in
Col
orad
o, 1
994.
26C
athy
Spa
tz W
ildom
, "T
he c
ycle
of
viol
ence
,"U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Just
ice,
Off
ice
of J
ustic
ePr
ogra
ms,
Nat
iona
l Ins
titut
e of
Jus
tice,
Res
earc
h in
Bri
ef, O
ctob
er 1
992.
27J.
E. O
liver
, "In
ter-
gene
ratio
nal t
rans
mis
sion
of
child
abu
se: r
ates
, res
earc
h an
d cl
inic
al im
plic
atio
ns,"
In A
mer
ican
Jou
rnal
of
Psyc
hiat
ry, 1
51, 6
70-6
74, 1
993.
28Fi
scal
Yea
rs 1
994
and
1995
: Ann
ual R
epor
t, A
lask
aD
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth a
nd S
ocia
l Ser
vice
s, D
ivis
ion
of F
amily
and
You
th S
ervi
ces,
Mar
ch 1
996.
97
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) '3
-
11041k,
te
4."
r,...IA=
), ?
'...-- z. ,,,,s,..i -, .
..*
vioi ;1-
tvo
,a a
',it
>., '
*".C.t
4*,:'
C. ',lamp,
.,..,f,;:.
N
-
V .001/". ....iiC74:--
.7.
4 1 1
'...44 ' ;';'..41.7' a', , .. .5'1,,,% .. ,,2 CI, f 4,,, 1 .4
.... -,z,N......,i%::,....---.........._
4:-.:,......;..
Tre
nd 1
985
-199
4Ju
veni
le A
rres
ts fo
r V
iole
nt C
rime
(Rat
e pe
r 10
0,00
0, A
ges
10-1
7)
Sou
rce:
Kid
s C
ount
Dat
a B
ook,
199
7, A
nnie
E. C
asey
Fou
ndat
ion
Def
initi
on
The
arr
est r
ate
for
juve
nile
vio
lent
cri
me
is th
e nu
mbe
r of
arr
ests
per
100
,000
juve
nile
s(a
ges
10-1
7) f
or h
omic
ide,
man
slau
ghte
r,fo
rcib
le r
ape,
rob
bery
, and
agg
rava
ted
assa
ult.
The
fig
ures
incl
ude
all a
rres
ts o
f ju
veni
les
for
viol
ent c
rim
es, i
nclu
ding
rep
eate
d ar
rest
s of
the
sam
e ju
veni
le f
or d
iffe
rent
off
ense
s.
Sig
nific
ance
An
incr
ease
in th
e nu
mbe
r of
you
ngpe
ople
com
mitt
ing
viol
ent c
rimes
is a
maj
orw
orry
in th
e U
.S. I
n 19
93 th
e F
eder
alB
urea
u of
Inv
estig
atio
n (F
BI)
est
imat
ed th
atm
ore
than
2 m
illio
n ju
veni
les
had
been
arre
sted
for
vio
lent
cri
mes
that
yea
rup
nea
rly
4 pe
rcen
t fro
m th
e pr
evio
usye
ar.1
Dur
ing
the
late
198
0s a
nd e
arly
1990
s ju
veni
le a
rres
ts f
or v
iole
ntcr
imes
incr
ease
d m
ore
than
twic
e as
fast
as
adul
t arr
ests
for
suc
h cr
imes
.'
Impa
ct
The
fed
eral
Off
ice
of J
uven
ileJu
stic
e an
d D
elin
quen
cy P
reve
ntio
nha
s re
port
ed s
ober
ing
find
ings
of
1990
s su
rvey
s of
teen
ager
s:
One
in s
even
mal
e st
uden
ts in
grad
es 9
thro
ugh
12 r
epor
ted
carr
ying
guns
with
in th
e pr
evio
us 3
0 da
ys.3
Clo
se to
40
perc
ent o
f st
uden
ts in
gra
des
6 th
roug
h 12
do
not f
eel s
afe
in s
choo
l.4
Alm
ost h
alf
of 2
,000
hig
h sc
hool
stu
dent
ssu
rvey
ed in
199
3 re
port
ed c
hang
ing
thei
rbe
havi
or a
s th
e re
sult
of a
cri
me
or th
eth
reat
of
a cr
ime.
5
Wha
t Abo
ut A
lask
a?
Sinc
e 19
94, j
uven
iles
ages
16
or o
lder
who
com
mit
spec
ific
vio
lent
cri
mes
can
be
trie
d as
adu
lts in
Ala
ska.
6Ala
ska'
s 19
94 a
rres
tra
te f
or v
iole
nt c
rim
es w
as 3
84 p
er 1
00,0
00yo
uths
(10
to 1
7)be
low
the
natio
nal
aver
age
of 5
17. B
ut th
e A
lask
a ra
te g
rew
fast
er
Juve
nile
Vio
lent
Cri
me
than
the
natio
nal a
vera
ge b
etw
een
1985
and
1994
-84
perc
ent a
s co
mpa
red
with
70
perc
ent.
Ala
ska'
s te
enag
ers
are
impr
ison
ed in
long
-te
rm s
ecur
e fa
cilit
ies
at a
rat
e of
277
per
100,
000.
7,
The
ave
rage
leng
th o
f st
ay f
or ju
veni
les
inse
cure
cus
tody
in A
lask
a is
445
days
.8
Est
imat
es o
f th
e co
st o
f in
carc
erat
ing
aju
veni
le f
or o
ne y
ear
in A
lask
a ra
nge
from
$50,
000
to $
100,
000c
ompa
red
with
an a
vera
ge o
f $3
5,00
0 to
$64
,000
inot
her
stat
es.'
In la
te 1
995
Gov
erno
r T
ony
Kno
wle
sco
nven
ed a
You
th a
nd J
ustic
e co
nfer
ence
;th
at c
onfe
renc
e ap
poin
ted
wor
k gr
oups
tom
ake
reco
mm
enda
tions
to th
e go
vern
orab
out w
ays
to r
educ
e ju
veni
le c
rim
e.
Spo
tligh
t on
Pre
vent
ion:
Chr
onic
Offe
nder
s
Mos
t tee
nage
rs w
hci c
omm
it cr
imes
do.
soon
ly o
nce,
acc
ordi
ng to
a 1
994
stud
y of
juve
nile
off
ende
rs in
Ora
nge
Cou
nty
Cal
ifor
-ni
a.l°
But
som
e co
mm
it m
any
crim
es: j
ust 8
perc
ent o
f of
fend
ers
com
mitt
ed 5
0 pe
rcen
tof
juve
nile
cri
mes
in th
at c
ount
y. T
hat s
tudy
emph
asiz
ed th
at e
arly
iden
tific
atio
n an
din
terv
entio
n ca
n pr
even
t one
-tim
e of
fend
ers
from
bec
omin
g ch
roni
c of
fend
ers. 10
1
n
Juve
nile
Cri
me
in A
lask
a
F.5
0
Miri
ng ti
im'a
rtiA
llint
Iltrg
io"n
tire
a'irA
r- W
are9
7:02
.,;96
)te
a&if
ito,i4
r:v.
a es
uvem
es
-
irat
-Su
11,1
!.11
1111
1.1.
Guf
f C
oast
Nor
ther
n
Sout
heas
t
MI R
ate
of In
divi
dual
Juv
enile
sC
omm
ittin
g C
rimes
CI R
ate
of J
uven
ile C
rimes
(Inc
ludi
ng M
ultip
le C
rimes
by
the
sam
e ju
veni
le)
Ala
ska
*Bas
ed o
n po
lice
refe
rral
s to
juve
nile
cor
rect
ions
sys
tem
.S
ourc
e: A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of H
ealth
and
Soc
ial S
ervi
ces,
Div
isio
n of
Fam
ily a
nd Y
outh
Ser
vice
s
Rog
erW
ithin
gton
of
the
Ala
ska
Div
isim
i of
Fam
ily
find
lino)
)Se
rvic
es p
rovi
ded
data
for
this
sec
tion.
Def
initi
on
A ju
veni
le o
llend
er is
a p
erso
n un
der
18w
ho h
as c
omm
itted
a c
rime
and
has
not
been
vai
ved
to-a
dult
cour
t. (F
or c
erta
invi
olen
t crim
es, j
uven
iles
16 a
nd o
lder
are
trie
d as
adu
lts in
Ala
ska.
) T
he v
ast m
ajor
ityar
e be
twee
n ag
es 1
0 an
d 17
. Crim
es r
ange
from
sho
plift
ing
to v
anda
lism
to m
urde
r.
Thi
s in
dica
tor
show
s le
vels
of j
uven
ilecr
ime
in A
lask
a as
ref
lect
ed in
pol
ice
refe
rral
s to
the
juve
nile
cor
rect
ions
sys
tem
.
i.02_
._
Ref
erra
ls a
re a
rea
sona
ble
mea
sure
of o
vera
llju
veni
le c
rimeb
ut it
's im
port
ant t
o ke
ep in
min
d th
at s
ome
refe
rral
s ar
e di
smis
sed.
Juve
nile
Cor
rect
ions
Sys
tem
A n
umbe
r of
sta
te a
nd lo
cal g
over
nmen
tag
enci
es h
ave
som
e re
spon
sibi
lity
for
deal
ing
with
inve
nile
crim
e in
Ala
ska.
But
it is
the
Div
isio
n of
Fam
ily a
nd Y
outh
Ser
vice
s (D
FY
S)
in th
e A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of H
ealth
and
Soc
ial S
ervi
ces
that
is c
hief
ly r
espo
nsib
le fo
r
wor
king
with
juve
nile
s ch
arge
d w
ith c
rimes
.
DF
YS
juve
nile
pro
batio
n of
ficer
s re
ceiv
e
repo
rts
ofde
linqu
ency
from
law
ES
T C
OP
Y A
VA
ILA
BLE
enfo
rcem
ent a
genc
ies
arou
nd th
e st
ate.
The
prob
atio
n of
ficer
s th
en in
vest
igat
e. D
epen
ding
on th
e am
ount
of e
vide
nce,
the
seve
rity
of th
ecr
ime,
and
oth
er fa
ctor
s, th
e pr
obat
ion
offic
ers
may
dis
mis
s ca
ses,
han
dle
them
info
rmal
ly, o
r se
nd th
em to
juve
nile
cou
rt.
Mos
t ref
erra
ls a
re h
andl
ed in
form
ally
; onl
yab
out 3
0 pe
rcen
t go
to ju
veni
le c
ourt
.
Whe
n pr
obat
ion
offic
ers
hand
le a
cas
ein
form
ally
, the
y m
ay p
lace
juve
nile
s on
info
rmal
pro
batio
n an
d re
quire
them
to p
ayre
stitu
tion
to v
ictim
s, d
o co
mm
unity
serv
ice,
or
take
par
t in
othe
r pr
ogra
ms.
Tho
se w
ho g
o to
juve
nile
cou
rt m
ay h
epl
aced
on
form
al p
roba
tion;
may
be
requ
ired
to p
ay r
estit
utio
n to
thei
r vi
ctim
s;m
ay b
e ta
ken
out o
f the
ir ow
n ho
mes
and
plac
ed in
oth
er h
omes
; or
may
be
conf
ined
in a
juve
nile
cor
rect
ions
faci
lity.
Juve
nile
Crim
e R
ates
The
figu
re to
the
left
show
s tw
o ra
tes
ofju
veni
le c
rime
in A
lask
a ov
er th
e 5-
year
perio
d 19
92-1
.996
, bas
ed o
n po
lice
refe
rral
s
to th
e D
ivis
ion
of F
amily
and
You
th S
ervi
ces:
()
the
rate
bas
ed o
n th
e nu
mbe
r of
indi
vidu
alju
veni
le o
ffend
ers
per
1,00
0 ju
veni
les:
and
(2)
the
rate
bas
ed o
n th
e nu
mbe
r of
crim
es p
er
1,00
0 ju
veni
les,
incl
udin
g m
ultip
le c
rimes
by
the
sam
e ju
veni
le.
1 0
3
The
fig
ures
sho
w th
at, o
n av
erag
edu
ring
the
peri
od 1
992-
1.99
6, a
bout
78
per
1,00
0 A
lask
a ju
veni
les
brok
e so
me
kind
of
law
and
that
ther
e w
ere
113
crim
es p
er 1
,000
juve
nile
s. T
he lo
wes
tra
tes
wer
e in
the
Gul
f C
oast
reg
ion
and
Anc
hora
ge, w
hile
the
high
est w
ere
in th
eN
orth
ern
and
Sout
heas
t reg
ions
.
Crim
es B
y T
ype
and
Reg
ion
In e
very
reg
ion,
cri
mes
aga
inst
pro
p-er
ty a
re th
e m
ost c
omm
on ju
veni
le
offe
nse,
mak
ing
up h
alf
or m
ore
ofju
veni
le c
rim
e. C
rim
es a
gain
st p
erso
nsm
ake
up a
nyw
here
fro
m 1
.4 p
erce
nt o
fju
veni
le c
rim
e in
Anc
hora
ge to
21
perc
ent
in th
e So
uthw
est r
egio
n. V
iola
tions
of
drug
and
alc
ohol
law
s ar
e m
ost c
omm
onin
Sou
thea
st a
nd S
outh
wes
t Ala
ska,
whe
re
they
mak
e up
nea
rly
one-
quar
ter
ofju
veni
le o
ffen
ses,
and
less
in A
ncho
rage
,w
here
they
mak
e up
onl
y 8
perc
ent.
Oth
erof
fens
es to
geth
er a
ccou
nt f
or a
nyw
here
from
10
to 2
0 pe
rcen
t of
juve
nile
cri
me
inre
gion
s ar
ound
the
stat
e.
Pol
ice
Rep
ortla
of J
uven
ile (
1071
7) C
rime,
By
Reg
ion
and
7"n
'(5
'ye
ar A
vera
ge, F
Y 1
9937
1997
)
e of
Crim
e
Typ
e of
Crim
e
Reg
ion
Crim
es A
gain
st ..
. ,A
gain
st .'
-V
iola
tion
of D
rug
''.7-
0the
iSb7
Tot
al,.
".
,.. P
erso
ns: .
: .P
rope
r'
---*
and
Alc
ohol
Law
s ' i
`:-
)
Num
ber
/ Per
cent
Num
ber
/ Per
cent
Num
ber
/ Per
cent
Num
ber
/ Per
cent
Num
ber
/ Per
cent
RA
hdio
tage
T,4
43,/4
4%Y
.:*+
,81.
3/59
962,
10 /.
F.:8
%5L
582;
/:199
k;;A
c:3,
068
/ 100
96::
Mat
-Su
114
/ 15%
438
/ 58%
93 /
13%
107
/ 14%
752
/ 100
%
Gul
f Coa
st71
56:2
4.19
ka4.
79 /-
5496
7,11
.671
1-9
9677
.,93
/ 10%
.895
1:10
0%' T
i
Inte
rior
205
/ 16%
724
/ 57%
169
/ 13%
183
/ 14%
1,28
1 / 1
00%
,L..:
T.N
orth
ern7
i' 10
5 47
.3.6
%.7
7:32
87.5
1%.:7
71P
-7-2
1*,7
:'778
1,12
%71
7,:.
649-
1r10
0.96
;.
Sou
thea
st21
1 / 1
6%63
3 / 5
0%30
2 / 2
4%12
9 / 1
0%1,
275
/ 100
%
ELS
outh
wes
tj712
51/ 2
1,6
258/
-14c
g.f7
7,Y
,:156
723%
77,::
',556
-4.1
1.%
7 7.
:'-58
67
Ala
ska
1,35
9 / 1
6%4,
673
/ 55%
1,23
6 / 1
5% 1
,238
/ 15
%8,
506
/
'Rep
orts
pol
ice
send
to p
roba
tion
offic
ers,
who
then
inve
stig
ate.
The
se a
re d
uplic
ate
coun
tsm
eani
ng th
eyin
clud
e m
ore
than
one
crim
e by
the
sam
e ju
veni
le; d
uplic
ated
cou
nts
show
the
over
all l
evel
of j
uven
ile c
rime.
bIn
clud
es v
iola
tions
of p
ublic
ord
er la
ws,
wea
pons
law
s, a
nd m
isce
llane
ous
othe
r of
fens
es.
Not
e: P
erce
ntag
es m
ay a
dd to
slig
htly
mor
e or
less
than
100
bec
ause
of r
ound
ing.
Sou
rce:
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth a
nd S
ocia
l Ser
vice
s, D
FY
S
ILE
n C
OPY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
Juve
nile
Cri
me
in A
lask
a
Crim
e by
Sex
Sta
tew
ide,
boy
s co
mm
itted
76
perc
ent o
fju
veni
le c
rim
es a
-ncl
gir
ls 2
4 pe
rcen
t ove
r th
epe
riod
FY
199
2 -
1996
. Tho
se p
erce
ntag
es
vari
ed li
ttle
amon
g re
gion
s..
Crim
e B
y R
ace
Sin
ce a
t lea
st th
e 19
80s,
the
fede
ral
gove
rnm
ent h
as b
een
wor
ried
abo
ut w
hat
anal
ysts
cal
l "ov
er-r
epre
sent
atio
n" o
f so
me
min
oriti
es in
ihe
juve
nile
cor
rect
ions
sys
tem
.
Nat
ionw
ide,
the
perc
enta
ges
of B
lack
and
His
pani
c ju
veni
les
refe
rred
to ju
veni
leco
rrec
tions
sys
tem
s ar
e hi
gher
than
thei
rpe
rcen
tage
s in
the
tota
l juv
enile
pop
ulat
ion.
Why
juve
nile
ref
erra
ls a
mon
g so
me
min
ori-
ties
are
disp
ropo
rtio
nate
ly h
igha
nd h
owto
red
uce
the
high
min
ority
rat
esar
eim
port
ant p
ublic
pol
icy
ques
tions
.
Juve
nile
ref
erra
ls in
Ala
ska
show
a s
imila
rpa
ttern
as
in th
e U
.S. a
s a
who
le: t
he p
erce
nt-
age
of ju
veni
le r
efer
rals
am
ong
som
e m
inor
itygr
oups
is m
uch
high
erth
an th
eir
perc
enta
ges
in th
e ge
nera
l pop
ulat
ion.
The
per
cent
ages
of
Ala
ska
Nat
ive
and
Bla
ck ju
veni
les
who
are
refe
rred
to th
e ju
veni
le c
orre
ctio
ns s
yste
m a
resi
gnif
ican
tly h
ighe
r th
an th
eir
shar
es o
f th
e
juve
nile
pop
ulat
ion.
(R
emem
ber,
how
ever
,th
at s
ome
refe
rral
s ar
e di
smis
sed,
so
refe
rral
sar
e no
t an
exac
t mea
sure
of
juve
nile
cri
me.
)
105
Juve
nile
Cri
me
in A
lask
a(c
ontin
ued)
Ala
ska
Nat
ives
mad
e up
an
estim
ated
I 9
perc
ent o
f th
e ju
veni
le p
opul
atio
n du
ring
the
peri
od 1
992-
1996
but
rep
rese
nted
29
perc
ent
of th
e po
lice
refe
rral
s to
the
juve
nile
cor
rec-
tions
sys
tem
. Bla
ck ju
veni
les
mad
e up
abo
ut 4
perc
ent o
f th
e ju
veni
le p
opul
atio
nan
d ab
out
8 pe
rcen
t of
juve
nile
ref
erra
ls.
But
ref
erra
ls a
mon
g N
ativ
e an
d B
lack
juve
nile
s ar
e no
t dis
prop
ortio
nate
ly h
igh
in a
llre
gion
s. in
Anc
hora
ge a
nd th
e In
teri
or r
egio
n,re
ferr
als
amon
g N
ativ
e ju
veni
les
are
abou
ttw
ice
as h
igh
as th
eir
shar
e of
the
gene
ral
popu
latio
n. B
ut in
the
Mat
-Su
and
Gul
f C
oast
regi
ons,
the
shar
es o
f N
ativ
ere
ferr
als
are
abou
t the
sam
e as
the
Nat
ive
shar
e of
pop
ulat
ion.
Sim
ilarl
y B
lack
juve
nile
s ar
ere
ferr
ed a
t abo
ut tw
ice
thei
r sh
are
of th
e po
pula
tion
in A
ncho
rage
and
the
Inte
rior
. But
in o
ther
regi
ons,
whe
re th
e B
lack
pop
ula-
tion
is s
mal
l, ju
veni
le r
efer
rals
amon
g B
lack
you
ths
are
low
.
Whi
te a
nd A
sian
juve
nile
sst
atew
ide
are
refe
rred
for
cri
mes
less
oft
en th
an th
eir
shar
es o
f th
epo
pula
tion,
but
ther
ear
e re
gion
al d
iffe
r-en
ces.
In
the
Mat
-Su
regi
on, W
hite
juve
nile
s ar
e re
ferr
edat
just
abo
ut th
esa
me
rate
as
thei
r sh
are
ofth
e po
pula
tion.
Ref
erra
ls a
mon
gA
sian
juve
nile
sin
the
Gul
fC
oast
reg
ion
are
abou
t dou
ble
thei
r sh
are
of
the
popu
latio
n.
Juve
nile
(10
`iij
thi i
ea ii
i Aia
ika,
BY
kite
*(A
veta
ge, F
Y 1
992-
199
6)
His
Asi
an P
/I2%
Bla
ckgo
k
AK
Nat
ive
29%
ante
Oth
er(
%5%
III W
hite
AK
. Nat
ive
Bla
ck
Asi
an P
/I
His
pani
c
Oth
er
Whi
te54
%
a bB
ased
on
polic
e re
port
s to
juve
nile
cor
rect
ions
sys
tem
His
pani
c is
an
ethn
ic r
athe
r th
an a
rac
ial g
roup
; His
pani
c pe
rson
can
be
of a
nyra
ce b
ut a
re r
epor
ted
sepa
rate
ly in
juve
nile
cor
rect
ions
sys
tem
.In
clud
es p
erso
ns o
f a m
ixed
rac
e an
d un
know
n ra
ceS
ourc
e: A
lask
a D
FY
S
poi
MA
*:ity
f.01
0014
0 40
4:O
ft ...
IVA
A*
uven
ue(1
0-
-17)
Pop
ulat
ion
uy R
ace
AV
Viti
t19
92-1
996
AK
. Nat
ive
190/
a
Asi
an /
PIB
lack
4%40
/0
whi
te
IIII A
K. N
ativ
e
rj B
lack
Asi
an P
/I
Whi
te73
%
Not
e: H
ispa
nic
pers
ons
are
incl
uded
in v
ario
us r
aces
.S
ourc
e: A
laik
a D
epar
tmen
t of L
abor
Pol
ice
Rep
orts
of J
uven
ile (
19;1
7).6
110
ItY
,Rat
ean
dR
egio
n'.
; Yea
r A
iieka
ge, F
Y 1
992.
= 1
996)
Anc
hora
geM
at-S
u
Gul
f C
oast
Inte
rior
Nor
ther
n
Sout
heas
t
Sout
hwes
t
Ala
ska
lysl
otoT
Ak.
Nat
ive
o / i
o r
6 0
.4 , q
' p o
r C
tbtte
5 %
ofP
O P
. ' %
of C
r i
m e
s 6
% O
f.;P
9P!,.
"Of
:.:5k
-.`
814
56
1112
1630
8592
2334
7989
1929
val
r4t7
:
lade
1' .vv
1i n
74
Asi
an /
PI
% o
t Pop
.' %
of C
rim
es
6 1 3 21.
5
3.5
2 7
1
8 "
42
'Juv
enile
pop
ulat
ions
by
race
and
reg
ion
estim
ates
of A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of L
abor
, Dem
ogra
phic
s U
nit
Not
e: -
indi
cate
s nu
mbe
rs to
o sm
all t
o ca
lcul
ate
a ra
te.
Sou
rce
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth a
nd S
ocia
l Ser
vice
s, D
FY
S
ES
T C
OP
YA
VA
ILA
BLE
Fisc
al Y
ears
199
4 an
d 19
95: A
nnua
l Rep
ort,
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Soc
ial S
ervi
ces,
Div
isio
nof
Fam
ily a
nd Y
outh
Ser
vice
s, M
arch
199
6, p
. 25.
2 19
92 J
uven
ile A
rres
ts, F
BI
Uni
form
Cri
me
repo
rts,
Vio
lent
Cri
me
Inde
x (h
ttp://
ww
w.n
cjrs
.org
/txtf
iles/
sfs-
941
3.tx
t)
3 B
. Bro
wn,
Tre
nds
in th
e w
ell-
bein
g of
Am
eric
a's
child
ren
and
yout
h, 1
996.
Was
hing
ton
D.C
.: O
ffic
e of
the
assi
stan
t sec
reta
ry f
or p
lann
ing
and
eval
uatin
g,U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth a
nd H
uman
Ser
vice
s,A
pril
1996
, p.1
40. (
Rep
orte
d in
Off
ice
of J
uven
ileJu
stic
e an
d D
eliq
uenc
y Pr
even
tion,
Juv
enile
Jus
tice
Bul
letin
[Fe
brua
ry 1
9971
, p.3
.)
4L
. Ans
ley,
"It
just
kee
ps g
ettin
g w
orse
," U
SAW
eeke
nd (
Aug
13-
15, 1
993)
, p.5
. (R
epor
ted
in O
ffic
eof
Juv
enile
Jus
tice
and
Del
inqu
ency
Pre
vent
ion,
Juve
nile
Jus
tice
Bul
letin
[Fe
brua
ry 1
997]
, p.3
.)
5 B
etw
een
Hop
e an
d Fe
ar: T
eens
spe
ak o
ut o
n cr
ime
and
the
com
mun
ity. W
ashi
ngto
n D
.C.:
Nat
iona
lC
rim
e Pr
even
tion
Cou
ncil,
Nat
iona
l Ins
titut
e fo
rC
itize
n E
duca
tion
in th
e L
aw, a
nd O
ffic
e of
Juv
enile
Just
ice
and
Del
ique
ncy
Prev
entio
n, U
.S. D
epar
tmen
tof
Jus
tice
(Dec
embe
r 19
95),
p.1
0. (
Rep
orte
d in
Off
ice
of J
uven
ile J
ustic
e an
d D
eliq
uenc
y Pr
even
tion,
Juve
nile
Jus
tice
Bul
letin
[Fe
brua
ry 1
997]
, p.3
.)
6 Fi
scal
Yea
rs 1
994
did
1995
: Ann
ual R
epor
t, A
lask
a
DH
SS, D
ivis
ion
of F
amily
and
You
th S
ervi
ces,
p. 2
6.
7 R
epor
t of
the
Gov
erno
r's C
onfe
renc
e on
You
th a
nd
Just
ice
(abr
idge
d ve
rsio
n), p
,v.
8 Ib
id.
9 Ib
id.
Not
es
10 G
wen
Kur
tz a
nd L
ouis
Moo
re, T
he 8
per
cent
prob
lem
: Chr
onic
Juv
enile
Off
ende
r R
ecid
ivis
m, O
rang
eC
ount
y Pr
obat
ion
Dep
artm
ent,
Mar
ch 1
994
(cite
din
Mak
ing
the
Con
nect
ion:
Chi
ld a
dvoc
acy
and
bala
nced
juve
nile
just
ice
polic
y, J
uven
ile J
ustic
e
Proj
ect,
Chi
ldre
n's
Act
ion
Alli
ance
, Mar
ch 1
995)
.
Def
initi
on a
nd S
igni
fican
ce
The
mos
t rec
ent i
nfor
mat
ion
on c
igar
ette
sm
okin
g
amon
g A
lask
a te
enag
ers
is f
rom
the
1995
You
th R
isk
Beh
avio
r Su
rvey
, a jo
int p
roje
ct o
f th
e A
lask
a
Dep
artm
ents
of
Hea
lth a
nd S
ocia
l Ser
vice
s an
d
Edu
catio
n. T
hat s
urve
y w
ill b
e up
date
d in
199
9.
It's
bee
n kn
own
for
deca
des
that
sm
okin
gci
gare
ttes
is p
oten
tially
leth
al, a
nd to
bacc
o-re
late
d ill
ness
es a
re th
e le
adin
g ca
use
ofpr
emat
ure
deat
h in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es.1
Eve
r S
mok
edC
igar
ette
s
IMO
II
Cig
aret
te s
mok
ing
has
decl
ined
sig
nifi
-ca
ntly
am
ong
adul
ts in
the
U.S
. in
rece
ntye
ars,
but
not
am
ong
youn
g pe
ople
. And
the
earl
ier
child
ren
expe
rim
ent w
ith s
mok
ing,
the
mor
e lik
ely
they
are
to s
mok
e as
adu
lts.
The
Ala
ska
Div
isio
n of
Pub
lic H
ealth
has
repo
rted
that
nea
rly
85 p
erce
nt o
f A
lask
ans
who
sm
oke
bega
n sm
okin
g be
twee
n th
eag
es o
f 10
and
20.
2
The
tabl
e be
low
sho
ws
that
Ala
ska
high
scho
ol s
tude
nts
in g
ener
al a
nd N
ativ
e
..
I
1A
lask
a N
ativ
e
Use
Che
win
gT
obac
colo
r S
nuff
Tul
us
sour
re:Y
outh
Ris
k B
ehav
ior
Suiv
ey, 1
995,
Ala
ska
Dep
artin
ents
of
Hea
lth a
nd S
ocia
l Ser
vice
s an
d E
duca
tion,
Feb
nuny
1996
..
22.5
a Sm
oked
at l
east
onc
e in
pas
t mon
th;-
*b S
mok
ed 2
0 or
mor
e ci
gare
ttes
in p
ast m
onth
c U
sed
smok
eles
s to
bacc
o at
leas
t onc
e in
pas
t mon
th
112
Tob
acco
Use
Am
ong
Tee
ris
stud
ents
in p
artic
ular
sm
oke
mor
e th
an th
eav
erag
e na
tionw
ide:
21
perc
ent o
f st
uden
tsst
atew
ide
and
near
ly 4
4 pe
rcen
t of
Nat
ive
stud
ents
iden
tifie
d th
emse
lves
as
"fre
quen
tsm
oker
s" (
smok
ed a
t lea
st 2
0 of
the
prev
ious
30 d
ays)
in 1
995.
Abo
ut 1
6 pe
rcen
t of
stud
ents
nat
ionw
ide
calle
d th
emse
lves
freq
uent
sm
oker
s.
Am
ong
teen
ager
s w
ho h
ad s
mok
ed a
tle
ast o
nce
in th
e pr
evio
us m
onth
, rat
esam
ong
Ala
ska
teen
s an
d ot
her
U.S
. tee
nsw
ere
clos
e (a
bout
35
perc
ent)
but
muc
hhi
gher
(ov
er 6
0 pe
rcen
t) a
mon
g N
ativ
e st
uden
ts.
Man
y st
eps
have
bee
n ei
ther
pro
pose
d or
adop
ted
to s
top
youn
g pe
ople
fro
m s
mok
-in
g. T
hose
incl
ude
mor
e ed
ucat
ion
abou
tth
e da
nger
s of
toba
cco,
hig
her
toba
cco
taxa
tion,
str
ict e
nfor
cem
ent o
f la
ws
rega
rd-
ing
sale
s to
min
ors,
and
reg
ulat
ion
ofto
bacc
o ad
vert
isin
gin
part
icul
ar a
dver
tise-
men
ts ta
rget
ing
youn
g pe
ople
. Mos
t eff
ectiv
ew
ould
be
chan
ges
in th
e so
cial
nor
ms
and
acce
ptab
ility
of
smok
ing
amon
g te
enag
ers
and
adul
ts.
Ala
ska
has
rece
ntly
ste
pped
up
the
figh
tag
ains
t cig
aret
te u
se a
mon
g yo
ung
peop
le, a
sde
scri
bed
on th
e ne
xt p
age.
BE
STC
OPY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
113
L.5
6
Tob
acco
Use
Am
ong
Tee
ns(c
ontin
ued)
Spo
tligh
t on
Pre
vent
ion:
The
Fig
ht
Aga
inst
Tee
n S
mok
ing
John
Pet
raiti
s, a
ssoc
iate
pro
fess
or o
f psy
chol
ogy
at th
e U
nive
rsity
ofA
lask
a A
ncho
rage
, pro
vide
d
infir
rinat
ion
for
this
sec
tion.
Ala
skan
s ha
ve r
ecen
tly ta
ken
two
maj
orst
eps
to c
ontr
ol to
bacc
o us
e am
ong
youn
gpe
ople
: inc
reas
ed e
nfor
cem
ent o
f la
ws
agai
nst s
ellin
g ci
gare
ttes
to m
inor
s, a
ndhi
gher
taxe
s on
cig
aret
tes.
In r
ecen
t exp
erim
ents
, the
Div
isio
n of
Alc
ohol
ism
and
Dru
g A
buse
of
the
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
and
Soc
ial S
ervi
ces
sent
teen
ager
s to
a r
ando
m s
ampl
e of
toba
cco
outle
ts to
try
to b
uy c
igar
ette
s. T
he d
ivis
ion
foun
d th
at e
ven
thou
gh a
sub
stan
tial s
hare
of
outle
ts-3
4 pe
rcen
t in
1996
and
24
perc
ent
in 1
997s
old
ciga
rette
s to
min
ors,
no
mer
chan
ts w
ere
ticke
ted
or f
ined
.' H
owev
er,
in th
e su
mm
er o
f 19
97, p
olic
e in
Anc
hora
gebe
gan
issu
ing
ticke
ts to
mer
chan
ts w
ho s
old
ciga
rette
s to
min
ors
and
revo
king
thei
rto
bacc
o sa
les
licen
ses
for
up to
90
days
.
The
mos
t wid
ely
publ
iciz
ed e
ffor
t to
cut
smok
ing
in A
lask
a ha
s be
en th
e in
crea
se in
toba
cco
taxe
s th
at w
ent i
nto
effe
ct in
Oct
ober
1997
. In
the
larg
est s
ingl
e in
crea
se e
ver
inci
gare
tte ta
xes,
the
Ala
ska
Leg
isla
ture
in-
crea
sed
stat
e ta
xes
on a
pac
k of
cig
aret
tes
71ce
nts.
from
29
cent
s to
$1.
00 p
er p
ack.
The
theo
ry b
ehin
d th
e in
crea
se is
that
the
high
er th
e pr
ice,
the
mor
e di
ffic
ult i
t will
be f
or y
oung
peo
ple
in p
artic
ular
(bu
t als
ofo
r A
lask
ans
in g
ener
al)
to a
ffor
d ci
gare
ttes.
The
cha
nge
is to
o ne
w f
or u
s to
rep
ort
any
resu
lts y
et, b
ut th
e ad
jace
ntfi
gure
sho
ws
the
Ala
ska
Dep
art-
men
t of
Hea
lth a
nd S
ocia
lSe
rvic
es' p
roje
ctio
ns o
f ho
w th
ein
crea
se w
ill tr
ansl
ate
into
redu
ced
smok
ing
and
few
erpr
emat
ure
deat
hs.
Proj
ecte
d E
ffec
ts o
f 19
9-In
crea
sein
Cig
aret
te T
axes
74"0
440V
0iik
ill*.
OM
Old
Tax
29f p
er p
ack
New
Tax
-su
mpe
rpac
k
Ave
rage
Old
Pric
e46
52.1
3 pe
r pa
ck
-',.
.:77
:-,;,
t...
Ave
rage
New
Pric
e ,T
"i:S
X84
epric
:pac
k',.
t' :
:;::.,
,,-,.4
..;..,
..r.i1
,-,'-
-'
Num
ber
ofN
ew T
een
Sm
oker
s',1-
-.''.
.---
--"-
.17'
,,43,
591.
; ::1
::
56 2
46 ,
rts!
..404
1;
Num
ber
ofP
rem
atur
e D
eath
s,-
--. -
-.--
,-
Rel
ated
to S
mok
ingb
; A3,
949'
Incr
ease
in R
etai
l Pric
e33
.3% -
Old
Tax
Dec
reas
e in
New
Sm
oker
s22
.50/
0
I
Dec
reas
e in
Ear
ly D
eath
s22
.5%
a A
ssum
es a
giv
en p
erce
nt o
f Ala
skan
s 17
and
und
er w
ould
beg
in s
mok
ing
at o
ld p
rice,
and
that
eac
h 10
per
cent
pric
e in
crea
se r
educ
es s
mok
ing
amon
g te
enag
ers
by 6
.75
perc
ent
bAss
umes
32
perc
ent o
f tho
se w
ho b
egin
sm
okin
g in
thei
r te
ens
will
die
pre
mat
urel
y of
dis
ease
s re
late
d to
sm
okin
g
Sou
rce:
Bas
ed o
n as
sum
ptio
ns in
"T
obac
co U
se A
mon
g A
lask
an Y
outh
," A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of H
ealth
and
Soc
ial S
ervi
ces,
Sec
tion
of E
pide
mio
logy
, Bul
letin
#5,
Jan
uary
199
7.
' 1.4
lipE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
Bas
ed o
n a
rece
nt n
atio
nal
stud
y of
how
teen
ager
s re
act t
och
ange
s in
the
pric
e of
cig
aret
tes,
the
depa
rtm
ent e
stim
ates
that
the
71-c
ent t
ax in
crea
se w
ill c
utbo
th te
enag
e sm
okin
g an
dpr
emat
ure
smok
ing-
rela
ted
deat
hs b
y 23
per
cent
.4
i15
Def
initi
on a
nd S
igni
fican
ce
The
mos
t rec
ent i
nfor
mat
ion
on d
rug
and
alco
hol
use
amon
g te
enag
ers
in A
lask
a is
fro
m th
e 19
95
You
th R
isk
Beh
avio
r Su
rvey
, a jo
int p
roje
ct o
f th
e
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ents
of
Hea
lth a
nd S
ocia
l Ser
vice
san
d E
duca
tion.
The
sur
vey
will
be
upda
ted
in 1
999.
Dru
gs a
nd a
lcoh
ol p
lay
som
e ro
le in
a b
igsh
are
of s
uici
des,
car
cra
shes
, and
hom
i-ci
dest
he le
adin
g ca
uses
of
deat
h am
ong
teen
s in
Ala
ska.
Ado
lesc
ent a
lcoh
ol a
nddr
ugus
e ha
ve s
erio
us c
onse
quen
ces
for
men
tal,
phys
ical
, and
soc
ial d
evel
opm
ent.
In 1
995,
nea
rly
half
of
all A
lask
a hi
ghsc
hool
stu
dent
s re
port
ed th
ey h
ad d
runk
alco
hol w
ithin
the
past
mon
th, n
earl
y on
e-th
ird
said
they
had
use
d m
ariju
ana
with
inth
e pa
st m
onth
, 20
perc
ent h
ad u
sed
inha
lant
s at
som
e tim
e, a
nd a
bout
8 p
erce
ntha
d us
ed c
ocai
ne a
t som
e tim
e. T
hose
perc
enta
ges
wer
e si
mila
r to
dru
g an
dal
coho
lus
e re
port
ed a
mon
g U
.S. h
igh
scho
olst
uden
ts in
gen
eral
. But
unl
ike
ciga
rette
smok
ingw
hich
is m
ore
com
mon
am
ong
Ala
ska
Nat
ive
stud
ents
Nat
ive
stud
ents
are
no m
ore
likel
y (a
nd in
som
e ca
ses,
less
likel
y) to
use
dru
gs o
r al
coho
l tha
n ot
her
high
sch
ool s
tude
nts.
116
--13
EST
CO
P-1(
AV
AR
AB
LIE
Stud
ents
who
use
alc
ohol
or
mar
ijuan
aar
e al
so m
uch
mor
e lik
ely
to d
o ot
her
thin
gs
that
ris
k th
eir
heal
thin
clud
ing
figh
ting,
smok
ing,
hav
ing
sexu
al in
terc
ours
e, a
ndco
nsid
erin
g su
icid
e.
The
tabl
e be
low
sho
ws
that
bot
h bo
ysan
d gi
rls
are
twic
e as
like
ly to
get
in f
ight
san
d th
ree
times
mor
e lik
ely
to s
mok
e ci
gare
ttes
if th
ey a
re d
rink
ing
or u
sing
mar
ijuan
a.
Alc
ohol
and
mar
ijuan
a us
e al
so a
t lea
stdo
uble
s th
e lik
elih
ood
that
boy
s an
d gi
rls
will
hav
e se
xual
inte
rcou
rse,
and
cau
ses
both
to b
e m
uch
mor
e lik
ely
to c
onsi
ders
uici
de.
Tee
ns U
sing
Alc
ohol
and
Dru
gs
Alc
ohol
and
Dru
g U
se A
mon
g A
lask
a an
d U
.S.
Hig
h S
choo
l Stu
dent
s: 1
995
(Per
cent
of
Stud
ents
)
Ala
ska
Ala
ska
Nat
ives
U.S
.
Epi
sodi
c H
eavy
Dri
nkin
g°31
3133
Cur
rent
Alc
ohol
Use
b48
4452
Cur
rent
Mar
ijuan
a U
seb
2929
25
Eve
r U
sed
Coc
aine
87
7
Cur
rent
Coc
aine
Use
b3.
23
Eve
r us
ed I
nhal
ants
'22
1920
Eve
r us
ed C
rack
..5
,-
55
Eve
r us
ed S
tero
ids
,,4
3, 4
Eve
r in
ject
ed D
rugs
2..
12
5 or
mor
e dr
inks
on
one
occa
sion
at l
east
onc
e in
pas
t 30
days
b U
sed
in th
e la
st 3
0 da
ys
Sou
rce:
Sta
te o
f Ala
ska
Epi
dem
iolo
gy B
ulle
tin M
i. 8,
Feb
ruar
y 26
, 199
7
Hig
h R
isk
Beh
avio
rs A
ssoc
iate
d w
ith A
lcoh
ol a
nd D
rug
Use
Am
ong
Ala
ska
Hig
h S
choo
l Stu
dent
s
,
Boy
s.
35-q
;
Cur
reri
t'Cig
aret
te,S
ruok
ersb
.;Boy
s56 --57
Boy
sG
irls
63.Alc
ohol
.Use
Mar
ljtia
na U
se-
hi p
ist 3
0 da
ys-
In p
asts
30
clay
s,
Yes
(%
)N
o (°
k), I
Yes
(%
)(%
)
1472
.19
7823
.30
f
-34-
52. .
23-
Seri
cius
lY e
...on
sfde
red
Sutc
i'ded
Boy
s .
21
.'G
irls
.41
2630
', t
. '9
`44
..2
9
a O
ne o
r m
ore
times
in p
ast 1
2 m
onth
sb
At l
east
onc
e in
pas
t 30
days
'`I
n pa
st 3
mon
ths
d W
ithin
pas
t 12
mon
ths
".1
Sou
rce
Sta
te o
f Ala
ska
Epi
lleM
iolo
gy B
ulle
tin N
o.8,
Feb
ruar
y 26
;199
711
7
Sexu
ally
Tra
nsm
itted
Dis
ease
s an
d H
IV
Def
initi
on a
nd S
igni
fican
ce
Eve
ry y
ear,
2.5
mill
ion
teen
s in
the
U.S
.co
ntra
ct s
exua
lly tr
ansm
itted
dis
ease
s(S
TD
s).5
Tho
se in
clud
e a
num
ber
of d
isea
ses
of d
iffe
ring
sev
erity
and
sym
ptom
s th
at a
retr
ansm
itted
ent
irel
y or
pri
mar
ily th
roug
hse
xual
con
tact
.
The
mos
t vir
ulen
t is
AID
S (a
cqui
red
imm
une
defi
cien
cy s
yndr
ome)
, whi
ch is
caus
ed b
y H
IV
(hu
man
imm
unod
efic
ienc
yvi
rus)
and
is to
day
alm
ost u
nive
rsal
ly f
atal
. Of
the
estim
ated
3,0
00 w
omen
infe
cted
with
HIV
wor
ldw
ide
each
day
70
perc
ent a
rebe
twee
n th
e ag
es o
f 15
and
25.
'
Oth
er S
TD
s in
clud
e sy
phili
s, g
onor
rhea
,an
d ch
lam
yclia
. ST
Ds
can
lead
to p
elvi
cin
flam
mat
ory
dise
ase,
infe
rtili
ty, a
nd s
teri
lity,
amon
g ot
her
thin
gs. B
oth
gono
rrhe
a an
dH
IV in
fect
ion
can
be s
prea
d fr
om m
othe
r to
infa
nt d
urin
g ch
ildbi
rth.
HIV
can
als
o be
tran
smitt
ed d
urin
g pr
egna
ncy
and
brea
st-f
eedi
ng.
Wha
t Abo
ut A
lask
a?
The
Sec
tion
of E
pide
mio
logy
of
the
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
ari
d So
cial
Ser
vice
s tr
acks
ST
Ds.
In 1
995,
abo
ut 3
0 pe
rcen
t of
Ala
ska'
s hi
gh-
scho
ol s
tude
nts
and
37.5
per
cent
of
stud
ents
natio
nwid
e re
port
ed h
avin
g se
xual
inte
rcou
rse
duri
ng th
e pr
evio
us th
ree
mon
ths]
The
mos
t com
mon
ST
D r
epor
ted
amon
gA
lask
a te
enag
ers
is c
hlam
ydia
, whi
ch in
199
6w
as r
epor
ted
at a
rat
e of
1,3
33 p
er 1
00,0
00te
enag
ers
(15
to 1
9); m
ost v
ictim
s ar
e gi
rls.
The
199
6 ra
te o
f go
norr
hea
infe
ctio
n am
ong
Ala
skan
teen
s (a
ges
15 to
19
) w
as 2
86 p
er10
0,00
0; g
onor
rhea
str
ikes
teen
age
girl
sab
out t
wic
e as
oft
en a
s bo
ys!'
In th
e m
id-
1990
s, th
e na
tiona
l rat
e of
gon
orrh
ea in
fec-
tion
amon
g th
ose
15 to
19
was
mor
e th
anth
ree
times
hig
her
than
Ala
ska'
s ra
te.9
Syph
ilis
is r
elat
ivel
y ra
re in
Ala
ska.
The
tabl
e be
low
sho
ws
HIV
test
ing
and
AID
S ca
ses
amon
g ch
ildre
n an
d yo
ung
adul
tsin
Ala
ska
from
May
198
5 th
roug
h 19
96.
Bec
ause
AID
S ca
n ta
ke y
ears
to d
evel
op, i
tslik
ely
man
y of
thos
e in
thei
r 20
s w
ith A
IDS
wer
e in
fect
ed in
thei
r te
ens.
Of
the
roug
hly
50,0
00 A
lask
ans
age
29 a
nd u
nder
test
eddu
ring
that
per
iod,
less
than
one
per
cent
test
ed p
ositi
ve f
or H
IV; 8
4 A
IDS
case
s w
ere
repo
rted
; and
45
Ala
skan
s un
der
age
29(m
ostly
20
to 2
9) d
ied
of A
IDS.
ES
T C
OP
Y A
V
AID
S P
reve
ntio
n: R
AR
E-T
Pro
gram
Shar
on V
aiss
iere
of
the
Anc
hora
ge S
choo
l Dis
tric
t
prov
ided
info
rmat
ion
abou
t thi
s pr
ogra
m.
In th
e ea
rly
1990
s th
e A
ncho
rage
Sch
ool
Dis
tric
t sta
rted
the
RA
RE
-T (
Red
uce
AID
SR
isk
Eff
ectiv
ely)
Pro
gram
, whi
ch a
nnua
llytr
ains
rou
ghly
100
hig
h-sc
hool
stu
dent
s to
teac
h th
eir
peer
s ab
out H
IV in
fect
ion
and
AID
S an
d ab
out p
reve
ntin
g H
IV in
fect
ion.
Stud
ents
who
bec
ome
peer
edu
cato
rs g
oth
roug
h a
two-
day
trai
ning
ses
sion
and
then
mak
e cl
assr
oom
pre
sent
atio
ns. T
hose
pre
sen-
tatio
ns a
re p
rim
arily
to h
igh-
scho
ol s
tude
nts,
but R
AR
E-T
pre
sent
ers
have
als
o be
en a
sked
to m
ake
pres
enta
tions
to e
lem
enta
ry a
ndm
iddl
e-sc
hool
stu
dent
s as
wel
l as
to a
dults
.
Ove
r 35
,000
stu
dent
s at
tend
ed R
AR
E-T
pres
enta
tions
in th
e 19
97 w
inte
r qu
arte
r. D
urin
gth
e pa
st tw
o ye
ars,
the
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
fH
ealth
and
Soc
ial S
ervi
ces
has
also
fun
ded
the
Anc
hora
ge S
choo
l Dis
tric
t to
do R
AR
E-T
trai
ning
in o
ther
dis
tric
ts a
nd c
omm
uniti
es.
.IV
Te.
stin
g , A
ids
Cas
es, A
nd D
eath
s A
mon
g .1
4,q,
YO
Pfig
*X X
**61
,1*r
tA
nd *48
,74P
Ite
4X*
(May
1, 1
985
thro
ugh
Dec
embe
r 31
, 199
6)A
ge G
roup
Num
ber
Tes
ted
Pos
itive
(0/
0)A
IDS
Cas
esK
now
n D
eath
s
0-9
742
3 (0
.4%
)4
10-1
912
,842
27 (
0.2%
)3
2
20-2
936
,451
253
(0.7
%)
7643
LA
Sour
ce: S
tate
of
Ala
ska
Epi
dem
iolo
gy B
ulle
tin, N
o.6,
Feb
ruar
y 5,
199
7
LE
;19
You
th R
isk
Beh
avio
r Sur
vey:
Ala
ska
repo
rt 1
995,
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth a
nd S
ocia
l Ser
vice
s
and
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f Edu
catio
n, F
ebru
ary
1996
, p. 5
.
2A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of H
ealth
and
Soc
ial S
ervi
ces,
Sec
tion
of E
pide
mio
logy
, Bul
letin
No.
5, J
anua
ry
21, 1
997.
3 P
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n fr
om D
ivis
ion
of
Alc
ohol
ism
and
Dru
g A
buse
.
4 B
ased
on w
ork
by F
.J. C
halo
upka
and
7.
M. G
ross
man
, "P
rice,
toba
cco
cont
rol p
olic
ies,
and
yout
h sm
okin
g" (
unpu
blis
hed
data
). R
epor
tin
Ala
ska
Sec
tion
of E
pide
mio
logy
Bill
letin
No.
5, J
anua
ry 2
1, 1
997.
5E
C. L
eem
ing,
W. 0
. Dw
yer,
and
D. P
Oliv
er,
Issu
es in
ado
lesc
ent s
exua
lity,
Bos
ton:
Ally
n an
d
Bac
on, 1
996,
p. 1
3.
6Ib
id.,
p.14
4.
7Y
outh
Ris
k B
ehav
ior
Surv
ey: A
lask
a re
port
199
5,A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of H
ealth
and
Soc
ial S
ervi
ces
and
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f Edu
catio
n, F
ebru
ary
1996
. p.1
3-14
.
8 A
lask
aD
epar
tmen
t of H
ealth
and
Soc
ial
Ser
vice
s, S
ectio
n of
Epi
dem
iolo
gy,
Bul
letin
No.
9,
Feb
ruar
y 27
, 199
7.
9 N
atio
nal C
ente
r fo
r S
TD
, HIV
, and
TB
Pre
vent
ion,
Cen
ter
for
Dis
ease
Con
trol
Sur
veill
ance
Bra
nch,
1995
; fax
, 199
6.
e
Not
es
9.7
1.\
L:
's(
t*G
RE
ST C
OPY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
120
121
Doc
umen
tatio
n of
Ind
icat
ors
Pre
nata
l Car
e
Bab
ies
with
Low
Birt
h W
eigh
t
Infa
nt M
orta
lity
Imm
uniz
atio
ns b
yA
ge T
wo
Chi
ldre
n w
ithD
evel
opm
enta
lD
isab
ilitie
s
Chi
ldre
n Li
ving
in P
over
ty
Fam
ilies
Hea
ded
by S
ingl
e P
aren
ts
Birt
hs to
Tee
ns
Chi
ld C
are
Hig
h S
choo
lD
ropo
uts
Shar
e of
mot
hers
in A
lask
a re
ceiv
ing
inad
equa
te p
rena
tal c
are
Perc
enta
ge o
f ba
bies
wei
ghin
gle
ss th
an 5
.5 p
ound
s at
bir
th
Dea
ths
amon
g in
fant
s un
der
age
1
Perc
enta
ge o
f A
lask
a 2-
year
-old
sre
ceiv
ing
prev
entiv
e va
ccin
es
Num
ber
of A
lask
a ch
ildre
n w
ithse
vere
, dis
ablin
g co
nditi
ons
that
limit
criti
cal f
unct
ions
Chi
ldre
n in
fam
ilies
with
inco
me
belo
w th
e fe
dera
l pov
erty
thre
shol
d
Perc
enta
ge o
f fa
mili
es h
eade
d by
sing
le p
aren
ts w
ith c
hild
ren
Bir
ths
amon
g te
enag
e gi
rls
15 to
17
and
15 to
19
Num
ber
and
capa
city
of
licen
sed
child
car
e fa
cilit
ies
in A
lask
a
Tee
ns (
16-1
9) w
ho a
re n
ot in
scho
ol a
nd w
ho h
ave
not g
radu
ated
Ala
ska
Bur
eau
ofV
ital S
tatis
tics
Cas
ey F
ound
atio
n;A
lask
a B
urea
u of
Vita
l Sta
tistic
s
Cas
ey F
ound
atio
n;A
lask
a B
urea
u of
Vita
l Sta
tistic
s
Ala
ska
Div
isio
nof
Pub
lic H
ealth
,Se
ctio
n of
Epi
dem
iolo
gy
Gov
erno
r's C
ounc
ilon
Dis
abili
ties
and
Spec
ial E
duca
tion
Cas
ey F
ound
atio
n;U
.S. B
urea
u of
the
Cen
sus
Cas
ey F
ound
atio
n;U
.S. B
urea
u of
the
Cen
sus
Cas
ey F
ound
atio
nA
lask
a D
ept.
of ta
bor;
Bur
eau
of V
ital S
tatis
tics
Ala
ska
Div
isio
n of
Fam
ily a
nd Y
outh
Ser
vice
s
Cas
ey F
ound
atio
n;A
lask
a B
urea
u of
Vita
l Sta
tistic
s
year
s,
Geo
ra
hicy
Gen
dej.
Rac
eA
ge
Ava
ilabl
eB
reak
dow
n B
reak
dow
n B
reak
dow
n B
reak
dow
n
80-9
5
80-9
4
All
year
sA
ll ye
ars
89-9
5 on
ly
All
year
sA
ll ye
ars
89-9
5 on
ly
77-9
4A
ll ye
ars
All
year
sA
ll ye
ars
92-9
7R
egio
nal
Not
Not
Not
avai
labl
eav
aila
ble
avai
labl
e
1995
Not
Not
Not
Not
avai
labl
eav
aila
ble
avai
labl
eav
aila
ble
80-9
4R
egio
nal;
Not
Not
Som
e ag
est
atew
ide
only
80,
90
avai
labl
eav
aila
ble
grou
ps
80-9
4,R
egio
nal;
Not
Not
Not
stat
ewid
eon
ly 8
0, 9
0av
aila
ble
avai
labl
eav
aila
ble
80-9
5A
ll ye
ars
All
year
s89
-95
only
97C
omm
unity
Not
Not
Not
and
regi
onav
aila
ble
avai
labl
eav
aila
ble
80-9
4,Sc
hool
dis
tric
ts80
, 90
80, 9
080
, 90
stat
ewid
e
Indi
cato
r is
ava
ilabl
e fo
r K
ids
Cou
nt r
egio
ns, b
orou
ghs,
and
cen
sus
area
salth
ough
som
etim
es c
ensu
s ar
eafi
gure
s ar
e to
o sm
all t
o be
mea
ning
ful.
Doc
umen
tatio
n of
Ind
icat
ors
9.-
. =.w
Yea
rs-
Geo
grap
hic
Gen
der
eR
ace
(10,
0'4
Ito
,gr
",A
vaila
ble
4 B
reak
dow
n B
reak
dow
n B
reak
dow
nB
reak
dow
nne
WrV
TA
ble
410-
f41.
1.1.
4iv
orw
.wpi
vs.T
,.1
1$11
1.14
W4i
r
Chi
ld D
eath
Dea
ths
amon
g ch
ildre
n ag
es 1
-14
Cas
ey F
ound
atio
n;77
-95
All
year
s.A
ll ye
ars
89-9
5 on
ly
Ala
ska
Dep
t. of
Lab
or;
Bur
eau
of V
ital S
tatis
tics
Tee
n V
iole
ntD
eath
Dea
th f
rom
hom
icid
es, s
uici
des,
and
acci
dent
s am
ong
teen
s 15
-19
Cas
ey F
ound
atio
n;A
lask
a D
ept.
of L
abor
;77
-95
All
year
sA
ll ye
ars
89-9
5 on
ly
Bur
eau
of V
ital S
tatis
tics
Inju
ry to
Chi
ldre
nIn
juri
es r
esul
ting
in d
eath
or
hosp
italiz
atio
n am
ong
Ala
skan
s19
and
und
er
Ala
ska
DH
SS, I
njur
yPr
even
tion
Prog
ram
91-9
4So
me
regi
onal
brea
kdow
ns
91-9
491
-94
91-9
4
Chi
ld A
buse
and
Neg
lect
Rep
orte
d an
d su
bsta
ntia
ted
case
sof
chi
ld a
buse
and
neg
lect
am
ong
Ala
ska
Div
isio
n of
Fam
ily a
nd Y
outh
Ser
vice
s92
-97
Not
ava
il-ab
le f
or K
ids
All
year
sA
ll ye
ars
All
year
s
Ala
skan
chi
ldre
n un
der
age
18.
.
Cou
nt r
egio
ns
Juve
nile
Vio
lent
Arr
ests
for
vio
lent
cri
mes
Cas
ey F
ound
atio
n;87
-94,
80 a
nd 9
0,87
-94
88-9
4So
me
age
Crim
eam
ong
yout
hs 1
0-17
U.S
. -B
urea
u of
the
Cen
sus
stat
ewid
eA
ncho
rage
,Fa
irba
ngr
oups
Juve
nile
Crim
e in
Ala
ska
Polic
e re
ferr
als
to ju
veni
leco
rrec
tions
sys
tem
Ala
ska
Div
isio
n of
,,Fa
mily
and
You
th S
ervi
ces
92-9
7A
ll ye
ars
All
year
sA
llye
ars
Tob
acco
Use
Cig
aret
te a
nd o
ther
toba
cco
use
You
th R
isk
95N
ot95
95So
me
age
Am
ong
Tee
nsam
ong
high
sch
ool s
tude
nts
Beh
avio
r Su
rvey
avai
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e
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ids
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nt r
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ough
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o be
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ning
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2412
5
BE
ST C
OPY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
129
(9/92)
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