DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

211
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, Harold Waldstein TITLE The American Rural School: Its Characteristics, Its Future and Its Problems. PUB DATE 10 NOTE 420p.; Xerox copy of original book, reproduced two pages per landscape pages. This book is cited by Mary Phillips Manke in her article "The Rural Teacher in the Early 1900's" (EJ 478 228) as a classic of rural education literature; see also RC 020 215-218, 435, 451-452, 470. Photographs will not reproduce adequately. PUB TYPE Books (010) Historical Materials (060) EDRS PRICE MF01/K.17 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Agricultural Education; Consolidated Schools; *Educational Change; Educational History; *Educational Practices; Elementary Secondary Education; Futures (of Society); Higher Education; Modernization; One Teacher Schools; 'hulf. of Education; Rural Areas; Rural Education; *Rural Schools; School Administration; School Buildings; *School Role; Teacher Education; Teacher Role; Vocational Education IDENTIFIERS Gardens; Nature Study ABSTRACT Written in 1910, this book was intended to enlighten rural school teachers, superintendents, and school board members as to the changing role of schools in meeting the needs of rural society and the demands of modern life. The contention was that rural schools should not prepare students for life in town, but rather prepare studpnts for rural life. The book begins with an introduction to problems associated with rural schooling, the decline of the rural population, changes in industrial life affecting rural areas, a description of the ideal 20th-century school, and what action should be taken to improve rural schools. The remaining chapters cover the following topics: (1) organization and administration of rural schools; (2) rural school maintenance; (3) rural school supervision; (4) an overview of the rural school teachers' training; (5) salaries and tenure of rural teachers; (6) rural school buildings, their architecture and sanitation; (7) indoor furnishings and art; (8) nature study and school grounds; (9) school gardens; (10) elementary agriculture and industrial clubs; (11) manual training in one-room schools; (12) the library and rural communities; (13) hygiene and physical education; and (14) consolidation of schools. Contains an index, additional readings in each chapter, photographs, data tables, figunes, and a list of additional resources for rural school teachers. (LP) ***.i:***************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ************::**1.,************************************************

Transcript of DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

Page 1: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 392 566 RC 020 435

AUTHOR Foght, Harold Waldstein

TITLE The American Rural School: Its Characteristics, ItsFuture and Its Problems.

PUB DATE 10

NOTE 420p.; Xerox copy of original book, reproduced twopages per landscape pages. This book is cited by MaryPhillips Manke in her article "The Rural Teacher inthe Early 1900's" (EJ 478 228) as a classic of ruraleducation literature; see also RC 020 215-218, 435,451-452, 470. Photographs will not reproduceadequately.

PUB TYPE Books (010) Historical Materials (060)

EDRS PRICE MF01/K.17 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Agricultural Education; Consolidated Schools;

*Educational Change; Educational History;*Educational Practices; Elementary SecondaryEducation; Futures (of Society); Higher Education;Modernization; One Teacher Schools; 'hulf. ofEducation; Rural Areas; Rural Education; *RuralSchools; School Administration; School Buildings;*School Role; Teacher Education; Teacher Role;Vocational Education

IDENTIFIERS Gardens; Nature Study

ABSTRACTWritten in 1910, this book was intended to enlighten

rural school teachers, superintendents, and school board members asto the changing role of schools in meeting the needs of rural societyand the demands of modern life. The contention was that rural schoolsshould not prepare students for life in town, but rather preparestudpnts for rural life. The book begins with an introduction toproblems associated with rural schooling, the decline of the ruralpopulation, changes in industrial life affecting rural areas, adescription of the ideal 20th-century school, and what action shouldbe taken to improve rural schools. The remaining chapters cover thefollowing topics: (1) organization and administration of rural

schools; (2) rural school maintenance; (3) rural school supervision;(4) an overview of the rural school teachers' training; (5) salaries

and tenure of rural teachers; (6) rural school buildings, theirarchitecture and sanitation; (7) indoor furnishings and art; (8)

nature study and school grounds; (9) school gardens; (10) elementary

agriculture and industrial clubs; (11) manual training in one-roomschools; (12) the library and rural communities; (13) hygiene andphysical education; and (14) consolidation of schools. Contains anindex, additional readings in each chapter, photographs, data tables,figunes, and a list of additional resources for rural schoolteachers. (LP)

***.i:*****************************************************Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made

from the original document.************::**1.,************************************************

Page 2: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

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Page 4: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

PRE

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E

TH

IS b

ook

is in

tend

ed f

orru

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choo

l tea

cher

s,su

peri

n-te

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nd s

choo

lboa

rdm

embe

rs; f

or te

ache

rs' r

eadi

ngci

rcle

s, n

orm

al s

choo

ltr

aini

ng c

lass

es, a

nd a

llth

e pu

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at la

rge

who

are

inte

rest

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the

prof

ound

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emen

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mak

e ou

r A

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e ri

cher

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rm

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s ad

apte

dto

the

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ging

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s of

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al s

ocie

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d th

e de

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oder

n lif

e.So

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as

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publ

icsc

hool

is c

once

rned

the

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re u

sed

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acin

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way

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m th

em

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icir

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ham

pere

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eful

ness

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is in

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st.

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w m

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whe

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rent

ly b

elon

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here

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hole

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the

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only

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Am

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day

.

vii

Page 5: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

Viii

PRE

FAC

E

Bro

adly

spe

akin

g, n

o ot

her

subj

ect i

s no

w e

ngag

ing

so

muc

h pu

blic

atte

ntio

n as

is th

e m

ovem

ent t

o or

gani

zeru

ral l

ife.

With

his

usu

al c

lear

ness

of

visi

on, P

resi

dent

Roo

seve

lt si

zes

it up

in th

ese

wor

ds: "

With

the

sing

leex

cept

ion

of th

e co

nser

vatio

n of

our

nat

ural

res

ourc

es,

whi

ch u

nder

lies

the

prob

lem

of

our

rura

l lif

e, th

ere

isno

othe

r m

ater

ial q

uest

ion

of g

reat

er im

port

ance

now

bef

ore

the

Am

eric

an p

eopl

e."

Our

Nat

iona

l Exe

cutiv

e so

me

time

ago

appo

inte

d a

com

mis

sion

of

expe

rts

on r

ural

life

to in

vest

igat

e an

d re

port

its

need

s, w

ith r

ecom

men

datio

ns

for

impr

ovem

ent.

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s co

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on h

as ju

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ade

avo

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inou

s re

port

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ets

livin

g an

d ac

hiev

ing

inru

ral c

omm

uniti

es in

thei

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ght r

elat

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toou

r na

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llif

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hile

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sibl

e ar

.d s

ugge

stiv

e ra

ther

than

dra

stic

and

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lutio

nary

, the

rep

ort i

s so

thor

ough

goin

g in

its

ques

tioni

ngs

that

we

may

inde

ed lo

ok to

see

" th

e be

nefi

tsof

org

aniz

atio

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f co

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atio

n, o

f qu

ick

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f sw

ift

com

mun

icat

ion,

all

the

mac

hine

ry to

pre

vent

was

te o

f tim

ean

d ef

fort

," w

hich

are

eve

n no

w p

art a

nd p

arce

l of

urba

nlif

e, a

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d to

the

entir

e le

ngth

and

bre

adth

of

rura

l lif

e.T

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ocia

l phi

loso

pher

s ha

ve o

utlin

ed f

orus

our

task

.T

hey

have

indi

cate

d ne

eded

ref

orm

s an

d su

gges

ted

rem

-ed

ies.

The

y m

ay e

ven

indu

ce g

over

nmen

t to

furn

ish

the

mat

eria

l mea

ns o

f re

form

.B

ut it

is th

e ru

ral t

each

ers,

ai.e

r al

l, w

ho m

ust b

ear

the

brun

t of

the

chan

ge.

The

rea

lre

form

mus

t beg

in w

ith th

e he

arts

and

min

ds a

nd h

ands

of th

e ru

ral y

outh

.T

o m

ake

them

rec

eptiv

e to

the

con-

PRE

FAC

EIX

tem

plat

ed c

hang

es, t

o fi

t the

m to

mak

e us

e of

the

mat

eria

l

mea

ns p

lace

d at

thei

r di

spos

al, t

o in

spir

e th

em w

ith a

genu

ine

love

for

the

soil

and

all t

hat g

oes

with

itth

ese,

and

man

y si

mila

r pr

oble

ms,

are

, and

mus

t lar

gely

rem

ain,

the

teac

hers

' wor

k.It

is th

e au

thor

's c

onvi

ctio

n th

at te

ache

rs s

houl

d be

mor

eco

nver

sant

with

rur

al s

choo

l his

tory

and

kno

w m

ore

abou

tth

e ed

ucat

iona

l pro

blem

s no

w lo

ok in

g to

war

d so

lutio

n.If

they

wer

e ge

nera

lly f

amili

ar w

ith th

e ed

ucat

iona

l act

iv-

ities

and

impu

lses

man

ifes

ting

them

selv

es in

oth

er r

ural

com

mun

ities

, tea

cher

s co

uld

coop

erat

e to

bet

ter

adva

ntag

ean

d ac

com

plis

h be

tter

resu

lts.

The

sam

e is

true

of

all

othe

rs w

hose

inte

rest

s lie

in th

e sc

hool

s.If

sup

erin

-te

nden

ts h

ad a

str

onge

r gr

asp

on th

e m

any

perp

lexi

ngpr

oble

ms

com

e fr

om s

uper

visi

on o

f sc

hool

s;if

sch

ool

boar

ds r

ealiz

ed a

s th

ey s

houl

d th

e su

rpas

sing

impo

rtan

ceof

thei

r du

ties

in th

e ad

min

istr

atio

n of

sch

ool a

ffai

rs;

if th

e ge

nera

l lai

ty c

ould

but

hal

f kn

ow th

e di

re c

onse

-qu

ence

s of

par

sim

ony

and

clos

efis

tedn

ess

in s

choo

l sup

port

,

if a

ll th

ese

wer

e so

, man

y of

the

stum

blin

g bl

ocks

inth

e w

ay o

f ra

pid

impr

ovem

ent w

ould

be

clea

red

away

.

Thi

s bo

ok w

as p

enne

d in

the

hope

that

ear

nest

teac

hers

and

scho

ol o

ffic

ers

mig

ht f

ind

in it

som

e he

lp in

sol

ving

the

ques

tions

set

for

th a

bove

.It

is n

ot a

trea

tise

on s

choo

lm

etho

ds n

or y

et o

n sc

hool

man

agem

ent.

It p

arta

kes

mor

e of

the

natu

re o

f an

eou

catio

nal h

isto

ry, s

ettin

g fo

rth

wha

t has

alr

eady

bee

n ac

com

plis

hed,

indi

catin

g w

hat i

s

kJ

Page 6: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

PRE

FAC

E

yet t

o be

don

e.It

poi

nts

out s

hort

com

ings

in p

reva

iling

syst

ems

and

sugg

ests

, whe

reve

r po

ssib

le, r

emed

ies

whi

chca

n be

app

lied

prof

itabl

y.

The

aut

hor

real

izes

that

he

is n

ot th

e pi

onee

r in

this

fiel

d.O

ther

s ha

ve b

een

here

bef

ore

him

.H

e ha

s m

ade

free

use

of

the

expe

rien

ce a

nd c

oncl

usio

ns o

f al

l suc

h,ad

ding

his

ow

n m

ite w

hen

and

whe

re h

e co

uld.

The

book

sha

ll no

t hav

e be

en in

vai

n if

he

succ

eed

inso

me

smal

l mea

sure

in s

hedd

ing

light

on th

is g

reat

est o

f tw

en-

tieth

-cen

tury

pro

blem

s.H

. W. F

.A

TC

HIS

ON

, KA

NSA

S,

July

, 190

9.

AN

AL

YSI

S O

F C

ON

TE

NT

S

CH

APT

ER

I

INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

:T

HE

PR

OB

LE

M S

TA

TE

D.

PAC

s

Path

etic

sto

ry o

f th

e ru

ral s

choo

lA

ll ru

ral s

choo

ls n

ot b

ad ;

all r

ural

teac

hers

not

inef

fici

ent

Cau

ses

of th

ese

cond

ition

sD

isin

tegr

atio

n of

rur

al p

opul

atio

n C

hang

esin

indu

stri

al li

feT

he c

ity a

pos

itive

men

ace

to c

ount

ry li

fe "

The

city

and

coun

try

expr

ess

the

equa

tion

of li

fe "

The

Uni

ted

Stat

espr

e-em

inen

tly a

gric

ultu

ral

The

twen

tieth

-cen

tury

pro

blem

The

idea

l tw

entie

th.c

entu

ry s

choo

l The

com

plet

eco

untr

y lif

eR

ural

sch

ools

mus

t be

bette

r or

gani

zed

and

have

bette

r ad

min

-is

trat

ion

Mor

e m

oney

mus

t be

spen

t to

prov

ide

and

mai

ntai

nth

e sc

hool

sIn

stru

ctio

n m

ust b

ecom

e pr

ofes

sion

alSu

per.

visi

on m

ust b

e m

ore

effi

cien

tA

twen

tieth

-cen

tury

sch

ool p

lant

dem

ande

dSc

hool

ext

erio

rsSc

hool

inte

rior

sPr

actic

alco

urse

s of

stu

dyC

onso

lidat

ion

of s

choo

ls a

pan

acea

for

exi

stin

gill

s.

CH

AFT

ER

II

OR

GA

NIZ

AT

ION

AN

D A

DM

INIS

TR

AT

ION

.

Gen

eral

sta

tem

ent

Scho

ol d

istr

ict o

rgan

izat

ion

Obj

ec.

tions

to th

e di

stri

ct u

nit

Gre

at s

prea

d of

the

dist

rict

sys

tem

Cha

nge

from

dis

tric

t to

tow

nshi

p sy

stem

of

orga

niza

tion

Tow

nshi

p or

gani

zatio

nR

espe

cts

in w

hich

the

tow

nshi

p sy

stem

is s

uper

ior

to th

e di

stri

ct s

yste

mC

ount

y or

gani

zatio

nN

ec-

essa

ry r

efor

ms

in th

e co

unty

sys

tem

The

com

mun

ity s

yste

mT

I,-

boar

d of

edu

catio

n ;

its f

unct

ion

Wor

k of

the

boar

dde

pend

s up

on th

e si

ze o

f ge

ogra

phic

al u

nit

Dif

ficu

lty in

pro

-cu

ring

" g

ood

" bo

ard

mem

bers

Boa

rd m

embe

rs m

ight

be

trai

ned

Wha

t an

activ

e bo

ard

can

acco

mpl

ish.

Page 7: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

XII

AN

AL

YSI

S O

F C

ON

TE

NT

S

CH

APT

ER

III

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L M

AIN

TE

NA

NC

EPA

GS 39

Rur

al s

choo

l mai

nten

ance

;ge

nera

l sta

tem

ent

Col

onia

lsu

ppor

t of

publ

ic I

ools

Cre

atio

n of

a p

erm

anen

t sch

ool f

und

Perm

anen

t sch

or 1

fun

ds in

adeq

uate

The

sta

te a

logi

cal

taxi

ng u

nit

Stat

e ta

xatio

n no

t on

the

incr

ease

Cou

nty

and

tow

nshi

p ta

xatio

n --

Con

clus

ion

draw

n.

CH

APT

ER

IV

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L S

UPE

RV

ISIO

Nso

Gen

eral

sta

tem

ent ;

the

busi

ness

sid

eC

ity s

uper

visi

on v

s.ru

ral s

uper

visi

on O

rigi

n of

sch

ool b

oard

s an

d sc

hool

sup

erin

-te

nden

tsT

he q

uest

ion

of s

uper

visi

on u

nit

Tow

nshi

p an

ddi

stri

ct s

uper

inte

nden

ts in

New

Eng

land

In

Mas

sach

uset

tsIn

Con

nect

icut

Fra

nk O

. Jon

es o

n th

e C

onne

ctic

ut a

nd M

assa

-ch

uset

ts s

yste

ms

In o

ther

New

Eng

land

sta

tes

The

cou

nty

supe

rint

ende

ncyC

ount

y su

perv

isio

n as

it o

ften

isPr

opos

edre

med

ies

Wha

t som

e st

ates

are

acc

ompl

ishi

ng f

or b

ette

rco

unty

sup

ervi

sion

The

sup

erin

tend

ent m

ust b

e re

mov

ed f

rom

part

y po

litic

sH

ow e

lect

ed in

New

Jer

sey

and

Penn

sylv

ania

Rin

ging

wor

ds f

rom

Nor

th C

arol

ina

The

Min

neso

ta E

du-

catio

nal A

ssoc

iatio

n's

plan

The

Kan

sas

plan

of

:938

Pres

ent

cond

ition

s ; a

lack

of

qual

ific

atio

ns o

f su

peri

nten

dent

s A

sum

.m

ary

of w

hat i

s be

ing

done

for

rur

al s

uper

visi

on.

CH

APT

ER

V

TH

E R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

TE

AC

HE

RH

IS T

RA

ININ

G.

.

The

per

plex

ing

teac

hing

pro

blem

" B

orn"

teac

hers

and

" m

ade

" te

ache

rs T

he h

igh

calli

ng o

f th

e te

ache

rA

cade

mic

trai

ning

Prof

essi

onal

trai

ning

Rur

al te

ache

rs m

ust m

ake

the

scho

ol a

n ex

pres

sion

of

life

on th

e fa

rm A

ids

to te

ache

rsal

read

y in

rur

al s

choo

lsSu

mm

er s

choo

lsT

each

ers'

inst

itute

sT

he N

ebra

ska

Juni

or N

orm

al S

tate

Sup

erin

tend

ent J

. B.

Asw

ell o

n in

stitu

tes

and

sum

mer

sch

ools

Tea

cher

s' m

eetin

gsR

eadi

ng c

ircl

esSt

ate

norm

al s

choo

ls a

nd r

ural

teac

hers

The

N. E

. A. N

orm

al S

choo

l Rep

ort,

page

29

Rur

al m

odel

scho

ols

in s

tate

nor

mal

sA

gric

ultu

re in

sta

te n

orm

als

A

69

AN

AL

YSI

S O

F C

ON

TE

NT

S

sum

mar

y of

wha

t the

sta

te n

or-

als

are

doin

g fo

r ag

ricu

ltura

lte

achi

ng C

ount

y tr

aini

ng s

choo

ls in

Wis

cons

inSt

ate

Supe

r-in

tend

ent C

. P. C

ary

on th

e W

isco

nsin

trai

ning

sch

oolC

ount

yno

rmal

trai

nin,

?, c

lass

es in

Mic

higa

nTra

inin

g cl

asse

s in

New

Yor

k hi

ghho

ols

Oth

er s

tate

s w

hich

mai

ntai

n hi

gh s

choo

ltr

aini

ng c

lass

es.

CH

APT

ER

VI

SAL

AR

IES

AN

D T

EN

UR

E O

F R

UR

AL

TE

AC

HE

RS

.

Gen

eral

sta

tem

ent

Com

pens

atio

n of

Eur

opea

n an

d A

mer

i-ca

n te

ache

rs c

ompa

red

Con

clus

ion

draw

nR

easo

ns f

orbe

tter

sala

ries

in E

urop

eSa

lari

es o

f te

ache

rs a

nd o

ther

wor

k-er

s in

var

ious

par

ts u

f th

e co

untr

y H

ow th

e ru

ral t

each

ers

mak

e en

ds m

eet

Edu

catio

n bi

ll vs

. dri

nk a

nd s

mok

e bi

llL

ow r

ural

taxa

tionS

uper

inte

nden

t 0. J

. Ker

n on

rur

al s

choo

lm

aint

enan

ce T

he la

w o

f sa

lary

reg

ulat

ion

The

thre

aten

ed"

fem

iniz

atio

n "

of th

e sc

hool

sTea

chin

g m

ust b

ecom

ea

pro-

fess

ion

The

teac

her's

soc

ial r

ecog

nitio

n ; w

hat i

t dep

ends

onE

nlig

hten

the

publ

icE

nact

min

imum

sal

ary

law

sA lo

ngte

nure

for

rur

al te

ache

rs. C

HA

PTE

R V

II

PAG

S

92

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L B

uIL

DIN

GS:

AR

CH

ITE

CT

UR

E A

ND

SA

NIT

AT

ION

.11

6Sp

iritu

aliz

atio

n of

rur

al li

feT

he r

ural

sch

oolh

ouse

of

song

and

stor

y St

ate

law

to p

resc

ribe

rul

es f

or s

iteA

rran

gem

ent

of f

lour

spa

ceL

ibra

ry, r

est r

oom

, and

clo

ak r

oom

sBas

emen

t ;its

Use

sPr

oper

hea

ting

and

vent

ilatio

n C

onst

ruct

ion

of th

eve

ntila

ting

stov

eC

orre

ct li

ghtin

g B

lack

boar

ds a

nd c

halk

rails

New

san

itary

app

lianc

esO

utho

uses

mad

e de

cent

The

pre

ssur

e ta

nk a

nd s

anita

ry p

lum

bing

Scho

olho

use

con-

stru

ctio

n m

ust c

ombi

ne u

tility

with

ado

rnm

ent.

CH

APT

ER

VII

I

IND

OO

R F

UR

NIS

HIN

G A

ND

AR

T.

.8

134

The

old

sch

ool v

s. th

e ne

wT

he r

ural

sch

ool m

ust a

gain

beco

me

the

rally

ing

poin

t of

coun

try

inte

rest

sSup

erin

tend

ent

L. B

. Eva

ns o

n th

e im

port

ance

of

sest

hetic

env

iron

men

t

Page 8: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

AN

AL

YSI

S O

F C

ON

TE

NT

S

Wal

ls a

nd w

oodw

ork

Furn

iture

Nec

essa

ry e

quip

men

tSu

peri

nten

dent

O. J

. Ker

n on

thro

win

g aw

ay g

ood

coin

of

the

real

mC

hoic

e of

pic

ture

s ;

thin

gs to

be

cons

ider

ed E

very

pict

ure

sele

cted

sho

uld

have

edu

cativ

e va

lue

Plas

ter

cast

sT

he S

choo

l Im

prov

emen

t Lea

gue

of M

aine

Wha

t can

the

indi

vidu

al te

ache

r do

? W

hat t

he p

kcky

teac

her

can

ccom

-pl

ish

Art

pro

gram

mes

and

bas

ket s

upp-

rs P

rogr

amm

ofsi

mila

r na

ture

Wha

t the

cou

nty

supe

rint

emle

nt c

an d

o fo

r ar

tin

rur

al s

choo

ls.

CH

APT

ER

IX

NA

TU

RE

ST

UD

Y A

ND

SC

HO

OL

GR

OU

ND

S .

.

Our

sch

ool w

ork

too

form

al a

nd b

ooki

shN

atur

e st

udy

defi

ned

How

nat

ure

stud

y is

val

uabl

e to

the

rura

l chi

ldE

cono

mic

"Est

hetic

Soci

al a

nd E

thic

al R

elig

ious

Edu

-ca

tiona

l Syl

labu

s of

nat

ure

stud

yId

eal s

choo

l gro

unds

Prep

arin

g th

e so

il Pl

anni

ng a

nd P

latti

ngW

a".v

, and

dri

ves

Play

grou

nds

Plan

ting

Hed

ges

Tre

esSh

rubb

ery

Vin

esFl

ower

sB

irds

and

bir

d ho

uses

Toa

ds a

nd to

adha

tche

ries

A c

ampa

ign

of e

duca

tion

Arb

or D

ay a

n ap

pro-

pria

te ti

me

for

plan

ting

Pres

iden

t Roo

seve

lt's

lette

r to

the

Am

eric

an s

choo

l chi

ldre

nB

ooks

dea

ling

with

nat

ure

stud

yan

d sc

hool

gro

unds

.

CH

APT

ER

X

1

SCH

OO

L G

AR

DE

NS

.

Ear

ly s

choo

lga

rden

sT

he G

erm

an s

tate

sA

ustr

iaSw

eden

Fra

nce

Rus

sia

Oth

er E

urop

ean

coun

trie

s T

heB

ritis

h E

mpi

rePu

rpos

es o

f E

urop

ean

scho

ol g

arde

nsE

uro-

pean

em

igra

nt f

arm

ers

in c

ompe

titio

n w

ith n

ativ

e fa

rmer

sH

isto

ry o

f sc

hool

gar

dens

in th

e U

nite

d St

ates

Pra

ctic

al v

alue

of c

ity s

choo

l gar

deni

ngR

ural

sch

ool g

arde

ns T

wo

diff

i-cu

lties

whi

ch m

ust b

e m

et T

rain

ing

teac

hers

in e

lem

enta

ryag

ricu

lture

Step

s pr

epar

ator

y to

mak

ing

the

gard

en B

owes

-vi

lle, O

ntar

io, s

choo

l gar

dens

Exp

erim

enta

l plo

ts a

nd in

di-

vidu

al p

lots

Scho

ol g

arde

ns d

urin

g va

catio

nH

ow to

arr

ange

the

gard

enB

ooks

dea

ling

with

sch

ool g

arde

ns.

.,

I,.

TA

GS

AN

AL

YSI

S O

F C

ON

TE

NT

SX

V

CH

APT

ER

XI

eAG

i

EL

EM

EN

TA

RY

AG

RIC

UL

TU

RE

AN

DIN

DU

STR

IAL

CL

UB

S.

..

205

Agr

icul

ture

the

dom

inan

t int

eres

tin

the

rura

l com

mun

ityO

bjec

tions

to a

gric

ultu

ral t

rend

not

insu

pera

ble

Ele

men

tary

agri

cultu

re in

Eur

opea

n sc

hool

sFra

nce

Bel

gium

and

Hol

-

land

Den

mar

kO

ther

cou

ntri

esT

he B

ritis

h E

mpi

re

The

Uni

ted

Stat

esR

apid

spr

ead

of m

ovem

ent

Nor

th a

nd

Sout

hIn

tere

st o

f th

e ag

ricu

ltura

l col

lege

sin

the

mov

emen

t

Wha

t may

rea

sona

bly

beex

pect

ed o

f th

e on

e-ro

om s

choo

l

Som

e ob

ject

ions

ans

wer

edW

hat i

s ac

tual

ly a

ccom

plis

hed

in

the

one-

room

sch

ool

Exa

mpl

e of

Sus

ie M

iller

Dis

tric

t

154

No.

29,

Paw

nee

coun

ty, N

ebra

ska

Wor

king

aid

s; b

ooks

, bul

-le

tins,

etc

. Ori

gin

of b

oys'

and

girl

s' in

dust

rial

clu

bsIn

flue

nce

of s

uch

orga

niza

tions

upo

ned

ucat

ionG

ener

al p

lan

of b

oys'

cor

n

club

s ill

ustr

ated

in th

e lia

milt

on'c

ount

y,In

dian

a, c

lub

Obj

ect

Mee

tings

" C

orn

boys

" in

sco

ring

cont

ests

" C

orn

boy

" vs

.

farm

er G

ood

seed

cor

nE

xcur

sion

s to

Pur

due

Uni

vers

ity

Tea

chin

g th

e fa

ther

s sc

ient

ific

farm

ing

Stat

ewid

e bo

ys' a

ndgi

rls'

ass

ocia

tions

in N

ebra

ska

Stat

e Su

peri

nten

dent

E. C

.B

isho

p on

obj

ect o

f th

e as

soci

atio

nsA

nnua

l ind

ustr

ial c

onte

stfo

r M

inne

sota

boy

s an

d gi

rls

Thi

s ch

apte

r ad

dres

sed

tote

ache

rs o

f on

e-ro

om s

choo

lsB

ooks

deal

ing

with

ele

men

tary

agri

cultu

re a

nd in

dust

rial

clu

bs.

179

CH

APT

ER

XII

MA

NU

AL

TR

AIN

ING

IN

ON

E-R

OO

MSC

II0O

LS

236

Man

ual t

rain

ing

defi

ned

Its

earl

y hi

stor

y M

anua

l tra

in-

ing

in th

e U

nite

d St

ates

Gro

wth

of

man

ual t

rain

ing

idea

sPh

iloso

phy

of m

anua

l tra

inin

gA

ims

of m

anua

l tra

inin

g in

rura

l com

mun

ities

Com

bina

tion

of a

rtan

d m

anua

l tra

inin

g

N. E

. A. C

omm

ittee

on

indu

stri

aled

ucat

ion

The

one

-roo

msc

hool

and

man

ual t

rain

ing

The

gre

atm

ista

ke o

f w

aitin

g fo

r

cons

olid

atio

nC

ase

of D

istr

ict

No.

4, M

onro

e to

wns

hip,

How

ard

coun

ty, I

ndia

na R

esul

tsfr

om s

uch

info

rmal

wor

k

How

to b

egin

How

to w

in ;

a ca

se to

the

poin

tIn

con-

clus

ion

A s

elec

ted

list o

f bo

oks,

etc

.,de

alin

g w

ith m

anua

l

trai

ning

.

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

I L

Page 9: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

xvi

AN

AL

YSI

S O

F C

ON

TE

NT

S

CH

APT

ER

XII

I

TH

E L

IBR

AR

Y A

ND

RU

RA

L C

OM

MU

NIT

IES

PA

WL

254

GA

nera

l sta

tem

ent ;

intim

ate

rela

tion

of s

choo

l to

read

ing

The

true

teac

her

sees

edu

catio

n in

its

entir

ety

Tex

t-bo

oks

-m

ere

com

pend

ium

s of

fac

ts a

nd g

ener

alno

tions

Wha

t the

libra

ry w

ill d

o fo

r th

e ch

ild E

arly

his

tory

of

thlib

rary

" Sc

hool

libr

arie

s"L

ibra

ry a

dvan

tage

s at

the

disp

osal

of

the

city

chi

ldT

he li

brar

y an

d th

e ru

ral c

hild

Rur

al s

choo

llib

rari

es W

hat s

ome

stat

es a

re a

ccom

plis

hing

Sta

tes

wor

k-in

g un

der

cond

ition

al li

brar

y la

ws

Stat

es h

avin

g no

libr

ary

prov

isio

nsL

ibra

ry D

ay in

Wes

t Vir

gini

a T

he W

inne

bago

coun

ty tw

entie

th-c

entu

ry f

orw

ard

libra

ry m

ovem

ent

Firs

tY

oung

Peo

ple'

s R

eadi

ng C

ircl

eT

he p

lace

of

the

trav

elin

glib

rary

Obj

ects

To

furn

ish

good

lite

ratu

re T

o st

reng

then

smal

llib

rari

esR

apid

spr

ead

of th

etr

avel

ing

libra

ryPr

ogre

ss b

y st

ates

, gle

aned

fro

m r

epor

ts o

f 19

07 R

ural

teac

h-er

s sh

ould

und

erst

and

libra

ry e

cono

my

A s

umm

ary

Firs

ton

e hu

ndre

d bo

oks

for

the

child

ren'

s lib

rary

.

CH

APT

ER

XIV

HY

GIE

NE

AN

D P

HY

SIC

AL

ED

UC

AT

ION

..

.28

2

Mod

ern

conc

eptio

n of

edu

catio

n em

phas

izes

car

e of

hum

anbo

dy T

wof

old

emph

asis

on

mod

ern

phys

ical

edu

catio

n D

e-fe

ctiv

es a

nd lo

w s

tand

ards

of

wor

kB

osto

n sc

hool

nur

ses

Rel

atio

n of

gen

eral

inte

llige

nce

to p

hysi

cal e

duca

tion

The

teac

her's

res

pons

ibili

ty f

or h

is p

upils

' phy

sica

l and

men

tal h

ealth

The

teac

her's

pla

ce in

the

stru

ggle

aga

inst

dis

ease

How

dise

ase

germ

s ar

e tr

ansm

itted

Dri

nkin

g cu

ps, p

enci

ls, b

ooks

,et

c. R

ural

teac

hers

thei

r ow

n m

edic

al in

spqt

ors

The

fou

rag

enci

es o

f ph

ysic

al e

duca

tion

Func

tion

of p

lay

Gym

nast

ics

Gym

nast

ics

in e

very

rur

al s

choo

lG

ymna

stic

s in

Eur

opea

nru

ral s

choo

lsPh

ysic

al e

duca

tion

and

mor

als.

CH

APT

ER

XV

CO

NSO

LID

AT

ION

OF

SCH

OO

LS

..

302

Gen

eral

sta

tem

ent

Aim

of

our

free

sch

ools

: " E

qual

rig

hts

to a

ll "

Wha

t con

solid

atio

n co

ntem

plat

esG

reat

was

te in

I t;

AN

AL

YSI

S O

F C

ON

TE

NT

SX

Vil

PA

GII

the

smal

l sch

ool

Ear

ly h

isto

ry o

f co

nsol

idat

ion

Pass

ing

of

the

" lit

tle r

ed s

choo

lhou

se"

Con

solid

atio

n in

Mas

sach

uset

ts

Els

ewhe

re in

New

Eng

land

The

pro

gres

sive

Mid

dle

Wes

t

The

Sou

th T

he W

est

Part

ial c

onso

lidat

ion

Com

plet

e

cons

olid

atio

n T

he W

eaC

onso

lidat

ed S

choo

lVill

age

type

of

cons

olid

atio

nB

urns

Con

solid

ated

Scho

olT

he p

urel

y ru

ral

type

John

Sw

aney

Con

solid

ated

Scho

olH

igh

scho

ol w

ork

in th

e Jo

hn S

wan

ey S

choo

lC

onso

lidat

ion

: adv

anta

ges

and

obje

ctio

nsA

clo

sing

wor

dA

sel

ecte

d re

fere

nce

list

of b

ooks

,

etc.

, on

cons

olid

atio

n.

APP

EN

DIX

335

Page 10: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

LIS

T O

F IL

LU

STR

AT

ION

SF

AC

ING

PA

GIII

Bea

ch G

len

Scho

ol, C

lay

Cou

nty,

Kan

sas

20

A O

ne-r

oom

Sch

oolh

ouse

of

the

Mod

ern

Typ

e .

20

A \V

eil-

kept

Rur

al S

choo

l in

Illin

ois

.34

Scho

olho

use

built

in F

illm

ore

Cou

nty,

Min

neso

ta, i

n 18

5834

Scho

olho

use

in C

lark

Cou

nty,

Ohi

o.

.34

Old

Sch

oolh

ouse

at H

olde

n, L

ogan

Cou

nty,

Wes

t Vir

gini

a34

Scho

olho

use

in N

orth

east

ern

Ohi

o.

.34

A D

ilapi

date

d Sc

hool

hous

e in

Eas

tern

Kan

sas

.34

Mod

el R

ural

Sch

ool o

n th

e C

ampu

s of

the

Mis

sour

i Sta

te N

orm

alSc

hool

, Kir

ksvi

lle.

..

..

.st

Inte

rior

of

Cou

ntry

Tra

inin

g Sc

hool

, Wes

tern

Illi

nois

Sta

te N

orm

alSc

hool

, at M

acom

b.

79

Mod

e of

Con

veyi

ng N

orm

al S

choo

l Stu

dent

s to

the

abov

e T

rain

ing

Scho

ol79

Man

ual T

rain

ing

at th

e D

unn

Cou

nty

Scho

ol o

f A

gric

ultu

re a

ndD

omes

tic E

cono

my,

Men

omon

ie, W

isco

nsin

.iii

Sew

ing

at th

e D

unn

Cou

nty

Scho

ol o

f A

gric

ultu

re a

nd D

omes

ticE

cono

my

..

.III

Ext

erio

r of

Rur

al S

choo

lroo

m, s

how

ing

Fres

h A

ir I

ntak

e of

Sto

ve.

125

Inte

rior

of

Rur

al S

choo

lroo

m, i

llust

ratin

g th

e "S

mith

Sys

tem

" of

Hea

ting

and

Ven

tilat

ion

.12

5

Mod

el C

ount

ry S

choo

lroo

m s

how

n at

a R

ecen

t Illi

nois

Sta

te F

air

.14

3

Scho

ol D

istr

ict 2

5, T

urne

r C

ount

y, S

outh

Dak

ota

..

143

Chi

ldre

n at

Wor

k in

the

Gar

den

of th

e Sh

erid

an S

choo

l, D

enve

r16

3

Irri

gate

d R

ural

Sch

ool G

arde

n at

Gilp

in, C

olor

ado

..

163

Thi

s R

emar

kabl

e Pi

ctur

e ill

ustr

ates

Sch

ool G

arde

n W

ork

atth

eM

acdo

nald

con

solid

ated

Sch

ool,

Gue

lph,

Can

ada

.19

3

The

Sam

e G

arde

n at

Har

vest

Tim

e, in

Sep

tem

ber

..

193

xix

Page 11: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

XX

LIS

T O

F IL

LU

STR

AT

ION

S

VA

C1I

G F

AG

SA

n A

vera

ge C

orn

Exh

ibit

at th

e A

nnua

l Con

test

of

the

Ham

ilto

Cou

nty,

Ind

iana

, Boy

s' C

orn

Clu

b22

4Se

ctio

nal V

iew

of

Paw

nee

Cou

nty,

Neb

rask

a, C

orn

Gro

win

g an

dC

ooki

ng C

onte

st, 1

908

..

224

Gir

ls a

t Wor

k in

Dom

estic

Eco

nom

y R

oom

s, M

acdo

nald

Con

soli-

date

d Sc

hool

, Gue

lph,

Can

ada

..

241

Boy

s in

Man

ual T

rain

ing

Dep

artm

ent,

Mac

dona

ld C

onso

lidat

edSc

hool

, Gue

lph,

Can

ada

..

Man

ual T

rain

ing

in a

Sm

all R

ural

Sch

ool,

Edg

ar C

ount

y, I

llino

isO

ne o

f th

e D

over

Tow

nshi

p Sc

hool

s, U

nion

Cou

nty,

Ohi

o.

.

Hea

dqua

rter

s at

Top

eka,

fro

m w

hich

man

y hu

ndre

d tr

avel

ing

libra

-ri

es a

re a

nnua

lly s

ent t

o ev

ery

Cou

nty

in K

ansa

s.

..

Exh

ibit

mad

e by

the

Illin

ois

Stat

e B

oard

of

Hea

lth, a

t the

Illi

nois

Stat

e Fa

ir, 1

909.

..

..

..

288

Illu

stra

tion

show

ing

a la

rge

mas

s of

ade

noid

s gr

owin

g in

the

naso

-ph

aryn

geal

cav

ity o

f th

e th

roat

..

.

Pneu

mon

ia G

erm

s fr

om a

Pub

lic S

choo

l Dri

nkin

gC

up.

.29

1M

icro

phot

ogra

ph o

f D

ecay

ing

Hum

an C

ells

on

a D

rink

ing

Cup

Gym

nast

ics

at th

e D

unn

Cou

nty

Scho

ol o

f A

gric

ultu

re a

nd D

omes

ticE

cono

my,

Men

omon

ie, W

isco

nsin

.24

1

.24

1

275

375

.29

1

291

297

Con

solid

ated

Sch

ool a

t Nor

th M

adis

on, M

adis

onT

owns

hip,

Lak

eC

ount

y, O

hio

The

Joh

n Sw

aney

Sch

ool,

Dis

tric

t53

2, M

cNab

b, I

llino

is .

324

324

TW

EN

TIE

TH

-CE

NT

UR

YN

EE

DS

OF

AM

ER

ICA

N C

OU

NT

RY

LIF

E

As

disc

over

ed b

yth

e C

ount

ry L

ife

Com

mis

sion

and

sum

mar

ized

by

Pres

iden

tR

oose

velt

in a

spe

cial

mes

sage

to C

ongr

ess

in 1

909

:"

Firs

t, ef

fect

ive

coop

erat

ion

amon

gfa

rmer

s, to

put

them

on

a le

vel

with

the

orga

nize

d in

tere

sts

with

whi

ch

they

do

busi

ness

."

Seco

nd, a

new

kin

d of

sch

ools

in th

e co

untr

y, w

hich

shal

l tea

ch th

e ch

ildre

n as

muc

h ou

tdoo

rs a

sin

door

s

and

perh

aps

mor

e, s

oth

at th

ey w

ill p

vepa

refo

r co

untr

y

life,

and

not

, as

at p

rese

nt,

mai

nly

for

life

in to

wn.

" T

hird

, bet

ter

mea

ns o

fco

mm

unic

atio

n, in

clud

ing

good

roa

dsan

d a

parc

els

post

,whi

ch th

e co

untr

y pe

ople

are

ever

ywhe

re,

and

righ

tly, u

nani

mou

sin

dem

andi

ng.

" T

o th

ese

may

wel

l be

adde

dbe

tter

sani

tatio

n ;

for

easi

ly p

reve

ntab

ledi

seas

es h

old

seve

ral

mill

ion

coun

try

peop

le in

the

slav

ery

of c

ontin

uous

ill

heal

th."

Page 12: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

CH

APT

ER

I

INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

: TH

E P

RO

BL

EM

STA

TE

D

IT is

con

cede

d by

stu

dent

sof

edu

catio

n ge

nera

lly th

at

the

grea

t des

ider

atum

of

the

times

is a

pro

per

solu

tion

of

the

rura

l sch

ool p

robl

em.

Seco

ndar

y an

d hi

gher

edu

catio

n

with

in o

ur c

ount

ry h

ave

atta

ined

a s

atis

fact

ory

degr

ee o

f

exce

llenc

e an

d ef

fici

ency

.M

oder

n un

ific

atio

n an

d st

and-

ardi

zatio

n ha

ve w

roug

htm

arve

lous

thin

gs f

or th

e in

tern

al

deve

lopm

ent o

f su

ch in

stitu

tions

.Pu

blic

libe

ralit

y an

d

priv

ate

phila

nthr

opy

have

succ

eede

d in

mak

ing

the

scho

ols

an e

xpre

ssio

n of

the

grea

t mat

eria

l pro

sper

ity,a

nd f

orw

ard

and

upw

ard

mov

emen

t so

pecu

liar

to o

ur p

rese

nt-d

ay A

mer

-

ican

civ

iliza

tion.

The

uni

vers

ities

, den

omin

atio

nal

col-

lege

s, a

nd p

rofe

ssio

nal s

choo

ls a

rede

fini

tely

est

ablis

hed

and

have

acq

uire

d an

edu

catio

nalm

omen

tum

suf

fici

ent f

oral

t

purp

oses

.G

rade

d sc

hool

s, in

city

and

villa

ge a

like,

hav

e

reac

hed

a st

age

of d

evel

opm

ent o

rev

olut

ion

so s

atis

fac-

,to

ry th

at th

eir

futu

re is

prac

tical

ly a

ssur

ed.

Path

etic

Sto

riof

the

Rur

al S

choo

l.W

hile

the

publ

ic

atte

ntio

n ha

s be

en c

ente

red

onw

ork

and

plan

s fo

r th

e im

-

B

S.

Page 13: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

2T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

prov

emen

t of

city

sch

ools

, a g

reat

fac

tor

for

or a

gain

st th

epu

blic

wea

l has

bee

n sa

dly

negl

ecte

d.T

his

is th

e ru

ral

scho

ol.

All

wel

l-in

form

ed p

erso

ns a

gree

that

con

ditio

nsin

the

rura

l sch

ools

are

not

to-d

ay w

hat t

hey

shou

ld b

e fo

r

the

prop

er tr

aini

ng o

f th

e tw

elve

mill

ion

boys

and

gir

lsgr

owin

g up

in r

ural

com

mun

ities

.O

ne h

alf

of o

ur e

ntir

esc

hool

pop

ulat

Ton

atte

nd th

e ru

ral s

choo

ls, w

hich

are

stil

lin

the

form

ativ

e st

age.

And

at l

east

95

per

cent

of

thes

e ch

ildre

n ne

ver

get b

eyon

d th

e di

stri

ct s

choo

l.T

heco

untr

y yo

uth

is e

ntitl

ed to

just

as

thor

ough

a p

repa

-ra

tion

for

thou

ghtf

ul a

nd in

telli

gent

mem

bers

hip

in th

ebo

dy p

oliti

c as

is th

e ci

ty y

outh

.T

he s

tate

, if

it is

wis

e,w

ill n

ot d

iscr

imin

ate

in f

avor

of

the

one

as a

gain

st th

e ot

her;

but i

t will

adj

ust i

ts b

ount

ies

in a

man

ner

equi

tabl

e to

the

need

s of

bot

h.H

eret

ofor

e, th

e ru

ral s

choo

ls h

ave

rece

ived

ver

y lit

tleat

tent

ion

from

org

aniz

ed e

duca

tiona

l aut

hori

ty.

Wha

t-ev

er h

as b

een

acco

mpl

ishe

d m

ay b

e cr

edite

d to

loca

lin

itiat

ive;

wha

teve

r ha

s be

en n

egle

cted

may

be

trac

ed to

gene

ral a

path

y an

d in

diff

eren

ce.

As

a re

sult,

in s

ome

sec-

tions

of

our

broa

d la

nd, t

here

has

long

exi

sted

a s

tate

of

affa

irs

bord

erin

g da

nger

ousl

y cl

ose

on e

duca

tiona

l com

a.It

is n

ot p

uttin

g fa

cts

in to

o st

rong

a li

ght t

o sa

y th

at v

ast

num

bers

of

our

rura

l boy

s an

d gi

rls

are

annu

ally

turn

edou

t by

the

scho

ols

syst

emat

ical

ly d

war

fed

thro

ugh

mor

e or

less

pur

pose

less

cou

rses

of

stud

y, le

avin

g th

em p

oorl

ypr

epar

ed f

or th

e lif

e st

rugg

le.

LN

TR

OD

UC

TIO

N :

TH

E P

RO

BL

EM

ST

AT

ED

3

All

Rur

al S

choo

ls n

otB

ad ;

all R

ural

Tea

cher

sno

t In-

effi

cien

t.O

f co

urse

, all

dist

rict

scho

ols

are

not b

ad a

nd

all r

ural

teac

hers

are

not

inef

fici

ent.

We

have

, ind

eed,

man

y ex

celle

ntsc

hool

s in

far

min

gco

mm

uniti

es.

Man

y

capa

ble,

pai

nsta

king

teac

hers

are

spen

ding

thei

r liv

es

ther

e, g

ivin

g th

e be

st th

e7e

is in

them

for

the

child

ren

of

the

farm

.V

et th

e fa

ct r

emai

ns th

at a

maj

ority

of

rura

l

scho

ols

are

badl

y eq

uipp

edfo

r sc

hool

pur

pose

s,an

d a

ma-

jori

ty o

f te

ache

rs a

rela

ckin

g in

bot

h ac

adem

ican

d pr

o-

fess

iona

l tra

inin

g.It

is c

once

ded,

too,

that

a g

reat

man

y

men

of

emin

ence

, sch

olar

s, s

tate

smen

,an

d pr

ofes

sion

al

men

got

thei

rea

rly

trai

ning

, and

in m

any

inst

ance

s al

l

thei

r tr

aini

ng, i

n th

eol

d-fa

shio

ned

dist

rict

sch

ool.

But

this

can

har

dly

be ta

ken

aspr

oof

91 th

e ge

nera

lef

fici

ency

of s

uch

scho

ols.

Man

y th

ings

con

spir

e to

pro

veth

at th

ese

men

had

the

nativ

e ab

ility

and

tale

nt to

succ

eed

not s

o

muc

h on

acc

ount

of

the

dist

rict

sch

ools

as

in s

pite

of th

em.

Cau

se o

f th

ese

Con

ditio

ns.T

hese

uns

atis

fact

ory

edu-

catio

nal c

ondi

tions

mus

t not

be c

harg

ed a

s a

refl

ectio

n

on th

e ch

arac

ter

orpu

blic

spi

rit o

f ou

r fa

rmpo

pula

tion,

is th

ey a

rela

rgel

y th

e re

sult

ofun

avoi

dabl

e ci

rcum

stan

ces.

The

ear

ly s

ettle

r: o

n th

eA

tlant

ic s

eabo

ard

had

thei

rba

ttle

with

the

wild

erne

ss.

The

n th

e pe

riod

of

inte

nse

stru

ggle

befo

re a

nd a

fter

the

Rev

olut

iona

ry W

ar k

ept t

heim

pov-

eris

hed

peop

le in

no

cond

ition

toso

lve

effe

ctiv

ely

the

edu-

catio

nal p

robl

em s

tari

ngth

em in

the

face

.E

ver

sinc

e th

e

firs

t har

dy p

ione

ers

cros

sed

the

Alle

ghen

ies

on th

eir

wes

t.

Page 14: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

4T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

war

d m

arch

, lik

e co

nditi

ons

have

pre

vaile

d.O

n pr

airi

e

and

plai

n ev

ery

ener

gy h

as b

een

cent

ered

on

rede

emin

gth

e

soil

to th

e ca

use

of c

ivili

zatio

n.U

nder

suc

h st

ress

of

econ

omic

and

soc

ial e

ffor

t the

rur

al s

choo

l has

bee

nso

rely

negl

ecte

d.B

ut n

ow, w

ith th

e op

enin

g of

the

new

cen

tury

,th

e gr

eat w

estlk

ard

mig

ratio

n is

nea

ring

the

end,

and

we

are

to a

ll pr

actic

al p

urpo

ses

ase

ttled

peo

ple.

Und

er s

uch

circ

umst

ance

s w

e m

ight

soo

t.; w

ith r

easo

n, lo

ok f

or a

fix

ity

of c

ondi

tions

in r

ural

com

mun

ities

, suc

h as

isfo

und

in

urba

n ce

nter

s.B

ut, u

nfor

tuna

tely

, oth

er f

acto

rs o

f fa

r-re

achi

ng c

onse

quen

ces

upse

t our

exp

ecta

tions

, the

chi

efbe

ing,

per

haps

, the

sta

rtlin

g di

sint

egra

tion

of r

ural

pop

u-la

tion

and

infl

ux to

the

larg

er c

ities

.D

isin

tegr

atio

n of

Rur

al P

opul

atio

n.M

an is

by

natu

re

greg

ario

us.

He

only

fol

low

s na

tura

l ins

tinct

s w

hen

hese

eks

the

larg

e ce

nter

s of

pop

ulat

ion

whe

re h

e ca

n en

joy

a ke

ener

soc

ial e

xist

ence

.In

pri

miti

ve ti

mes

agr

icul

tura

ltr

ibes

rea

red

wal

led

tow

ns f

or d

efen

se a

gain

st p

reda

tory

trib

es.

The

se b

ecam

e th

e cr

adle

s of

indu

stri

al, c

omm

er-

cial

, and

pol

itica

l lif

e.T

he c

ity a

nd c

ity s

tate

hav

e fr

om

the

begi

nnin

g pl

ayed

an

impo

rtan

t rO

le in

his

tory

, tho

ugh

it w

as n

ot b

efor

e th

e op

enin

g of

the

last

cen

tury

that

the

grow

th o

f ur

ban

life

at th

e ex

pens

e of

rur

al c

om-

mun

ities

bec

ame

in a

ny w

ay m

arke

d.

For

a ha

lf c

entu

ry th

e ci

tyw

ard

mov

emen

t has

bee

n on

the

rapi

d in

crea

se.

Thi

s is

to-d

ay a

uni

vers

al c

ondi

tion.

Eur

opea

n co

untr

ies

are

all e

xper

ienc

ing

an u

nexa

mpl

ed

INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

: T

HE

PRO

BL

EM

ST

AT

ED

5

grow

th o

f ci

ties.

In th

e U

nite

d St

ates

the

prob

lem

is

even

mor

ese

riou

s.T

he a

ffix

ed ta

ble

illus

trat

es g

raph

ic-

ally

the

star

tling

urba

n te

nden

cies

in o

urco

untr

y:

YE

AR

TO

TA

LPO

PUL

AT

ION

UR

BA

N P

OPU

LA

TIO

NO

P C

ITIE

S O

P So

o°N

UM

BE

R O

FPL

AC

ES

PER

CE

NT

OP

UR

BA

N T

OT

AL

1790

3,92

9,21

413

1;47

26

3.4

I85o

23,1

91,8

762,

897,

586

8512

.5

1870

38,5

58,3

718,

071,

875

226

20.9

188o

50,1

55,7

8311

,318

,507

286

22.6

1890

62,6

22,2

5018

,272

,503

447

29.2

1900

75,4

68,0

3924

,992

,199

545

33.1

A g

lanc

e at

thes

e fi

gure

ssh

ows

that

the

urba

npo

pula

tion

has

incr

ease

d in

a li

ttle

over

ace

ntur

y fr

om 3

.4 p

er c

ent

to

33.1

per

cen

t.U

noff

icia

l fig

ures

for

190

8in

dica

te a

fur

ther

incr

ease

to a

bout

38

per

cent

.T

he g

over

nmen

t rep

orts

take

into

con

side

ratio

non

ly c

ities

with

apo

pula

tion

of

8000

and

upw

ard.

If a

ll in

corp

orat

edci

ties

wer

e co

unte

d,

the

tota

l per

cen

t of

urba

n gr

owth

wou

ldbe

mat

eria

lly

incr

ease

d.C

hang

es in

Ind

ustr

ial L

ife.

Such

phe

nom

enal

grow

th

of c

ities

has

bee

n,c

oinc

iden

t eve

ryw

here

with

gro

wth

in m

anuf

actu

ring

indu

stri

es.

The

se la

tter

have

pro

duce

d

mod

ern,

labo

r-sa

ving

mac

hine

ry f

or th

e fa

rm,

and

have

cons

eque

ntly

red

uced

the

dem

and

for

farm

han

ds.

Fac-

tory

-mad

e w

ares

and

chea

p tr

ansp

orta

tion

have

sou

nded

the

deat

h-kn

ell o

f m

any

loca

l ind

ustr

ies

whi

chin

the

olde

n tim

e fl

ouri

shed

at e

very

cros

s-ro

ad.

Rur

al c

raft

s-

Page 15: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

men

wer

e fo

rmer

ly in

gre

at d

eman

d in

mak

ing

and

re-

pair

ing

farm

inst

rum

ents

, in

cabi

net m

akin

g, in

fac

t, in

upbu

ildin

g th

e en

tire

farm

pla

ce.

The

ir o

ccup

atio

n is

now

gon

e, a

nd th

ey h

ave

floc

ked

to th

eci

ties.

Wor

st

of a

ll, u

ntol

d nu

mbe

rs o

f fa

rm y

outh

, with

out w

hom

the

rura

l com

mun

ities

will

lang

uish

, are

dra

wn

thith

er b

y th

egl

amou

r of

city

life

and

its

man

y fl

atte

ring

opp

ortu

nitie

sfo

r ad

vanc

emen

t.Fi

nally

, in

dire

ct r

atio

as

the

rura

l pop

ulat

ion

decr

ease

sth

e si

ze o

f fa

rms

incr

ease

s.T

he te

nden

cy is

in th

e di

-re

ctio

n of

incr

easi

ngly

ext

ensi

ve m

achi

ne f

arm

ing

rath

erth

an to

war

d th

e in

tens

ive

smal

l far

min

g w

hich

man

y ha

velo

ng h

oped

to s

ee r

ealiz

ed, a

nd w

hich

mus

t be

real

ized

befo

re th

e ru

ral p

robl

em is

fin

ally

set

tled.

Figu

res

show

that

for

the

twen

ty y

ears

fro

m I

88o

to 1

900

the

aver

age

size

of

farm

s fo

r th

e w

hole

cO

untr

y in

c:ea

sed

alm

ost

io p

er c

ent.

The

City

a P

ositi

ve M

enac

e to

Cou

ntry

Lif

e.Ju

st

how

far

this

dep

letio

n of

the

rura

l pop

ulat

ion

shal

l go,

no

one

can

say.

But

this

is c

erta

in, t

he p

rese

nt te

nden

cy is

tow

ard

yet l

arge

r fa

rmin

g un

its, a

nd e

very

indi

catio

n po

ints

tow

ard

a st

ill f

urth

er d

ecre

ase

in p

opul

atio

n.C

ity li

fe

is te

rrib

ly d

evita

lizin

g.In

its

artif

icia

l, ho

t-ho

use

atm

os-

pher

e th

e hu

man

org

anis

m li

tera

llyst

arve

s an

d ea

rly

dete

rior

ates

.In

to th

is li

fe, t

hen,

our

bes

t cou

ntry

boy

san

d gi

rls

are

thro

wn

annu

ally

by

hund

reds

of

thou

sand

sth

eir

man

ifes

t des

tiny

to r

eenf

orce

the

ebbi

ng v

italit

y

INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

: T

HE

PR

OB

LE

MST

AT

ED

7

of c

ity li

fe.

The

infu

sion

of

the

stur

dy c

ount

ryst

ock

into

the

city

ass

ures

aco

ntin

uatio

n of

city

pro

sper

ityan

d

prog

ress

.B

ut a

t wha

t an

awfu

l cos

t!A

mer

ican

Med

i-

cine

, an

exce

llent

aut

hori

ty in

this

fie

ld, s

peak

s ed

itori

ally

thus

: " C

ity li

fe is

ver

yde

adly

to th

e yo

ung,

a f

act k

now

n

to a

nthr

opol

ogis

tfo

r a

long

tim

e, a

nd w

e ar

e no

win

a

fair

way

to e

xpla

in th

eph

enom

enon

.Fo

r hu

ndre

ds o

f

year

s co

untr

yfa

mili

es h

ave

floc

ked

to th

e to

wns

,to

die

out i

n a

few

gen

erat

ions

, so

that

citi

es a

re s

aid

to b

e th

e

cons

umer

s of

rur

alpo

pula

tions

.A

man

rai

sed

in th

e co

un-

try

seem

s to

sta

ndth

e un

know

n st

rain

, but

his

child

ren

som

etim

es p

eris

h lo

ng b

efor

e he

does

.E

very

phy

sici

an

know

s of

thes

e di

sapp

eari

ngfa

mili

es w

here

the

coun

try-

bred

par

ents

sur

vive

all

thei

rci

ty-b

red

child

ren.

"

" T

he C

ity a

nd C

ount

ry e

xpre

ssth

e E

quat

ion

of L

ife.

"

Aft

er s

uch

forc

eful

sta

tem

ents

it is

in p

lace

to e

mph

a-

size

her

e th

at "

the

city

and

cou

ntry

exp

ress

the

equa

tion

of li

fe, a

wea

knes

s in

one

mem

ber

mea

nsth

e ru

in o

f bo

th.

Eac

h m

ust s

uppl

emen

t, bu

t not

dest

roy,

the

othe

r, a

nd b

oth

mus

t be

pres

erve

d."

Wha

teve

r m

ay b

e sa

id a

bout

the

devi

taliz

ing

effe

cts

of c

ity li

fe u

pon

the

indi

vidu

al f

rom

the

farm

, thi

s tr

uth

rem

ains

,th

at th

e w

elfa

re o

f th

e on

e

is c

lose

ly b

ound

up

with

that

of th

e ot

her.

The

far

m

prod

uces

the

raw

mat

eria

l and

dem

ands

the

man

ufac

ture

d

prod

uct i

n re

turn

; the

city

sup

plie

s a

mar

ket f

or th

e fa

rm

outp

ut a

nd e

xpec

ts a

mar

ket f

or it

s ow

n fi

nish

ed p

rodu

ct.

We

have

her

e th

e an

cien

t fab

leof

the

Bod

y an

d th

e M

embe

rs

es

Page 16: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

8T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

reto

ld.

As

wel

l mig

ht w

e ex

pect

the

" bo

dy "

to r

emai

n

wel

l nou

rish

ed a

nd h

ealth

yaf

ter

the

" m

embe

rs "

had

stru

ck w

ork

and

refu

sed

tosu

pply

the

stom

ach

with

foo

d,

as to

exp

ect t

hebo

dy -

)olit

ic to

thri

ve a

nd w

ax s

tron

gw

hile

its m

embe

rs, t

he c

ity .,

nd c

ount

ry,

faile

d to

wor

k in

har

-

mon

y.T

here

is e

very

rea

son

tobe

lieve

that

the

city

-

war

d tid

e w

ill s

oon

abat

e.A

sta

te o

f eq

uipo

ise

betw

een

city

life

and

rur

al li

fe m

ust

be r

each

ed in

a n

ot d

ista

nt

futu

re.

Seve

ral f

acto

rs a

re q

uiet

ly a

tw

ork

to r

elie

ve th

e

situ

atio

n.T

he c

ity w

ill n

ever

res

ound

with

a c

ry o

f "

back

to th

e co

untr

y,"

that

is c

erta

in ;

thos

e w

ho a

re in

the

city

now

will

rem

ain

ther

e.B

ut, a

s w

e sh

all s

ee b

elow

,bo

th

natu

re a

nd m

an a

redo

ing

wha

t the

y ca

n to

org

aniz

eru

ral

life

as a

per

fect

mem

ber

in o

ur e

quat

ion

of n

atio

nal

life. T

he.it

ed S

tate

s pr

eem

inen

tlyA

gric

ultu

ral.

Pres

i-

dent

Ise

velt

belie

ves

that

the

mos

tpr

essi

ng q

uest

ion

of a

mat

eria

l nat

ure

now

befo

re th

e A

mer

ican

peo

ple

is

the

cons

erva

tion

of o

urna

tura

l res

ourc

es. W

e ha

ve c

er-

tain

ly b

een

prod

igal

of

the

vast

stor

es o

f na

tura

l wea

lth

plac

ed a

t our

dis

posa

l.W

e ha

ve b

een

was

tefu

l.T

he

prou

d fo

rest

s ex

ist n

o m

ore;

gas

and

oil f

ield

s ar

e be

com

-

ing

drai

ned;

coa

l and

othe

r m

iner

al d

epos

its a

re g

ener

ally

expl

oite

d. W

e ha

ve m

isus

edth

e sa

cred

rig

ht o

f em

inen

t

dom

ain,

and

pub

lic u

tiliti

esha

ve g

one

to th

e m

ost p

er-

sist

ent a

nd c

raft

y jo

bber

.N

ow w

e st

and

face

to f

ace

with

chan

ging

con

ditio

ns.

The

nat

ural

com

pete

ncie

s w

hich

14,

INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

: T

HE

PR

OB

LE

MST

AT

ED

9

the

fore

fath

ers

got f

or th

eta

king

, the

son

s of

the

late

rda

y

mus

t ear

n th

roug

hth

e sw

eat o

f th

eir

brow

.T

he f

utur

e

will

not

be

char

y; b

ut s

hew

ill e

xpec

t lab

or, a

nd in

telli

gent

labo

r at

that

, by

all w

how

ould

suc

ceed

.Pr

ofits

are

sur

e

to b

ecom

e sm

alle

r,an

d co

mpe

titio

n ke

ener

.G

radu

ally

,

it w

ould

see

m, t

hede

man

ds f

or in

dust

rial

labo

r w

illde

-

clin

e.T

hen

the

city

war

d m

igra

tion

will

less

en a

nd p

er-

haps

cea

se a

ltoge

ther

.T

hen

the

agri

cultu

rist

will

com

e

to h

is o

wn.

The

Uni

ted

Stat

es is

pree

min

ently

an

agri

cultu

ral n

a-

tion.

Whi

le th

e ch

oice

st p

arts

oft

he p

ublic

dom

ain

have

long

bee

n se

ttled

, and

eve

nse

mi-

arid

Ind

ian

rese

rvat

ions

are

goin

g fa

st,t

here

is r

oom

her

e fo

rhu

ndre

ds o

f m

illio

ns

yet u

nbor

n.D

ry f

arm

ing

and

irri

gatio

nw

ill in

crea

se

man

ifol

d th

e til

labl

e ar

eas

inth

e W

est.

Syst

emat

ic d

rain

-

age

will

do

asm

uch

for

the

Sout

h.T

wen

tieth

-cen

tury

agri

cultu

re m

ust b

ecom

e sc

ient

ific

and

inte

nsiv

esm

alle

r

farm

ing

units

and

bet

ter

farm

ing,

the

aim

.

The

Rur

al S

choo

l Pro

blem

not w

holly

Edu

catio

nal.

The

rur

al s

choo

l pro

blem

in o

ur c

ount

ry is

not

who

lly a

n

educ

atio

nal p

robl

em in

the

gene

ral

mea

ning

of

that

term

.

It h

as to

dea

l with

a g

reat

man

ysu

bjec

ts b

esid

es o

rdin

ary

scho

olro

om p

ract

ice,

sch

ool

adm

inis

trat

ion,

and

sup

ervi

-

sion

.Is

sues

of

an e

cono

mic

and

soci

olog

ical

nat

ure

aris

e,

whi

ch s

eek

solu

tion

in p

art i

nth

e sc

hool

, in

part

fro

m

with

out.

The

pro

blem

is th

us m

ore

than

edu

catio

nal.

The

new

mov

emen

t in

the

scho

ols

mus

t not

be

look

ed

r

;

Page 17: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

10T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

upon

as

an e

nd in

itsel

f, b

ut a

s a

mea

ns to

the

end

of o

rgan

.

izin

g ru

ral l

ife.

Her

e th

e ru

ral t

each

er m

ust w

ork

hand

In h

and

with

the

soci

alph

iloso

pher

.In

man

y w

ays

thei

r

fiel

ds o

f ac

tivity

coi

ncid

e an

d th

eir

inte

rest

sbl

end.

One

can

hard

ly c

once

ive

of im

prov

ing

the

inte

llect

ual a

nd e

thi-

cal w

ithou

t im

prov

hig

the

mat

eria

lan

d so

cial

, and

vic

e

vers

a.In

deed

, the

ir a

im is

the

sam

eth

e im

prov

emen

t

of a

ll ru

ral c

ondi

tions

and

act

iviti

es, w

heth

erth

ey b

e in

-

telle

ctua

l or

soci

al, m

ater

ial o

r et

hica

l.T

he m

ain

dif-

fere

nce

lies

in th

e po

int o

f at

tack

and

met

hods

of

proc

edur

e.T

he te

ache

r's w

ork

is f

rom

with

in, w

ith th

e ch

ild in

sch

ool;

the

soci

al p

hilo

soph

er p

roce

eds

from

with

out a

nd d

eals

mai

nly

with

the

pare

nt.

The

for

mer

beg

ins

at th

e fo

un-

tain

sou

rce

the

child

min

d an

d ch

ild h

eart

and

pre-

pare

s th

e ch

ildre

n fo

r th

e ne

w r

ural

life

; but

with

out t

his

impu

lse

from

with

out,

furn

ishe

d by

the

refo

rmer

s in

hig

hpl

aces

, the

wor

k of

win

ning

ove

r th

e pa

rent

s, o

f co

nvin

cing

them

of

the

need

of

chan

ge, w

ould

be

both

dif

ficu

lt an

d

slow

.

Pres

iden

t Roo

seve

lt's

Com

mis

sion

on

Rur

al L

ife.

Pres

iden

t Roo

seve

lt's

com

mis

sion

on

rura

l lif

e ha

s en

-de

avor

ed to

arr

ive

at a

n ex

act u

nder

stan

ding

of

Am

eric

anru

ral l

ife

and

publ

ic o

pini

on in

reg

ard

to th

is li

fe.

Onc

e

we

know

con

ditio

ns a

s th

ey r

eally

exi

st, i

t will

be

less

diff

icul

t to

indi

cate

rem

edie

s th

an n

ow.

The

fie

ld o

fin

vest

igat

ion,

as

outli

ned

by th

e co

mm

issi

on, i

s ve

ry c

om-

preh

ensi

ve a

nd r

each

es in

to e

very

cor

ner

of r

ural

end

eavo

r,

INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

: T

HE

PRO

BL

EM

ST

AT

ED

I I

touc

hing

the

stri

ctly

edu

catio

nal

issu

es w

ith th

e re

st.

The

sub

ject

sco

nsid

ered

are

thes

e:

Hom

e-m

akin

g. T

he c

hoic

ean

d pr

epar

atio

n of

food

; wel

ls a

nd

wat

er a

nd w

aste

;ho

use

cons

truc

tion;

conv

enie

nces

and

app

lianc

es;

help

. Edu

catio

n.R

ural

sch

ools

;ag

ricu

ltura

l and

hou

seho

ldsu

b-

ject

s; p

repa

ratio

n of

teac

hers

fur

cou

ntry

life;

farm

ers'

inst

itute

s;

colle

ges;

ext

ensi

on w

ork.

Buy

ing

and

Selli

ng.C

oope

ratio

n in

dai

ryin

g, in

poul

try,

in r

ais-

ing

frui

t, m

arke

ting,

etc

.;m

iddl

emen

, buy

ing

asso

ciat

ions

.

Com

mun

icat

ion.

Roa

ds;

trol

ley

lines

; tel

epho

nes;

post

al s

ervi

ce.

Org

aniz

atio

ns.

Farm

ers'

clu

bs;

gran

ges;

exp

erim

ent

club

s;

farm

ers'

uni

ons,

etc

.; w

omen

'sor

gani

zatio

ns.

Lan

d.T

enan

cy; f

orm

of

rent

al.

Farm

Lab

or.

Supp

ly; h

ousi

ng; w

ages

; boa

rd.

Fina

nce.

Savi

ngs

bank

s; r

ural

cre

dit

soci

etie

s; in

sura

nce.

Publ

ic H

ealth

. Reg

ulat

ion;

wat

ersu

pplie

s; th

e pr

even

tion

of

dise

ase.

Soci

al L

ife.

Publ

ic g

athe

ring

s; f

estiv

alda

ys; l

itera

ry c

lubs

;

read

ing

club

s; c

hurc

h, s

choo

lhou

se,

and

othe

r so

cial

cen

ters

.

The

com

mis

sion

hel

d m

eetin

gsin

thir

ty d

iffe

rent

sta

tes

and

rece

ived

thou

sand

s up

onth

ousa

nds

of a

nsw

ers

to

its f

orm

al q

uest

ions

rbo

utco

nditi

ons

in r

ural

com

mun

ities

.

Bes

ides

this

it g

athe

red

a va

stam

ount

of

info

rmat

ion

by

lette

rs a

nd s

peci

al r

epor

ts.

All

this

was

em

bi)d

ied

inits

repo

rt to

the

pres

iden

t.R

epor

t of

the

Com

mis

sion

on

Cou

ntry

Lif

e ; t

he T

hree

Gre

at N

eeds

.T

he in

vest

igat

ion

reve

als,

acco

rdin

g to

Com

mis

sion

er W

alte

r H

. Pag

e,"

that

the

leve

l of

wel

l-

beir

g in

the

coun

try

inge

nera

l is

high

er th

an it

eve

r w

as

Page 18: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

12T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

befo

re; t

hat o

ur c

ount

ry p

opul

atio

nis

incr

easi

ng it

s w

ealth

and

the

prod

uctiv

enes

s of

its

life

in f

act,

that

the

cond

i-

tion

of o

ur r

ural

pop

ulat

ion

is b

ette

r th

an a

ny e

qual

lyla

rge

rura

l pop

ulat

ion

coul

d ev

ersh

ow b

efor

e; a

nd th

is is

true

."B

ut it

rev

eals

man

y se

riou

s pr

oble

ms

also

whi

chm

ust b

e w

orke

d ou

t bef

ore

mod

ern

rura

llif

e ca

n be

com

e

trul

y ef

fici

ent.

The

thre

e w

hich

peo

ple

ever

ywhe

re e

m-

phas

ized

and

cla

mor

ed f

or a

re s

etfo

rth

by P

resi

dent

Roo

seve

lt in

his

spe

cial

mes

sage

to C

ongr

ess,

quo

ted

else

whe

re in

thes

e pa

ges.

Stat

ed in

gen

eral

term

s th

ey

are

: (t)

eff

ectiv

e co

oper

atio

n, (

2) a

new

kind

of

scho

ols,

and

(3)

a be

tter

mea

ns o

f co

mm

unic

atio

n. T

o th

ese

isad

ded

(4)

bette

r sa

nita

tion.

Farm

ers

feel

kee

nly

the

need

of

coO

pera

tion

in b

uyin

gan

d se

lling

, of

elim

inat

ing

cert

ain

non-

esse

ntia

l mid

dlem

en,

of f

orm

ing

thei

r ow

n lo

cal c

omm

erci

al e

xcha

nges

in a

wor

d, th

ey f

eel t

he n

eed

of a

s th

orou

gh a

n or

gani

zatio

n as

that

whi

ch n

ow b

elon

gs to

the

city

inte

rest

s w

ith w

hich

they

do

busi

ness

.

Peop

le in

rura

l com

mun

ities

eve

ryw

here

em

phas

ize

the

nece

ssity

of

mak

ing

the

scho

ols

an e

xpon

ent o

f ru

ral

life,

and

not

, as

at p

rese

nt, c

hief

ly f

or c

ity li

fe.

" C

riti-

cism

of

the

scho

ol, a

s th

ey n

ow e

xist

," s

ays

Mr.

Pag

e,"

was

alm

ost u

nive

rsal

by

the

peop

le, b

ecau

se th

eir

infl

uenc

e is

rath

er to

trai

n yo

uth

away

fro

m th

e so

il th

an to

trai

n th

emho

w to

mak

e th

e so

il m

ore

prod

uctiv

e an

d lif

e on

it m

ore

ifa

ctor

y.T

here

is, i

n fa

ct, a

uni

vers

al u

nres

t in

edu-

0

INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

: T

HE

PR

OB

LE

MST

AT

ED

13

catio

nal s

ubje

cts,

an

unre

st s

opr

ofou

nd a

nd g

ener

al a

s

to p

oint

to th

e ne

cess

ityof

fun

dam

enta

l cha

nges

."

The

dem

and

for

good

road

s co

mes

fro

m a

lmos

t eve

ry

com

mun

ity in

eve

ryse

ctio

n of

the

coun

try.

Thi

s m

eans

of

bette

r co

mm

unic

atio

nca

rrie

s w

ith it

a d

esir

efo

r th

e ex

ten-

sion

of

rura

l fre

e de

liver

yan

d th

e in

trod

uctio

n of

a p

arce

ls

post

.Fi

nally

, the

com

mis

sion

fin

ds th

atru

ral c

omm

uniti

es

show

a m

arke

d ig

nora

nce

onth

e su

bjec

t of

heal

than

d

sani

tatio

n.A

ltoge

ther

too

little

atte

ntio

n is

pai

d to

this

subj

ect.

Typ

hoid

fev

eran

d si

mila

r di

seas

es n

owho

ld in

cont

inua

l thr

aldo

mnu

mbe

rles

s ru

ral p

eopl

edi

seas

es,

all o

f th

em, w

hich

unde

r ef

fect

ive

orga

niza

tion

mig

ht

easi

ly b

e pr

even

ted.

Eve

n if

not

hol

ding

out

the

prom

ise

of a

ny g

reat

imm

e-

diat

e re

sults

, the

com

mis

sion

has

begu

n a

rem

arka

ble

wor

k.

For

to h

ave

prom

ulga

ted

the

succ

essf

ul e

xper

ienc

eof

cer

-

tain

sec

tions

to th

e co

untr

yat

larg

e is

sur

e to

bear

impo

r-

tant

fru

it.In

this

way

mod

ern

orga

niza

tion

will

spr

ead

thro

ugho

ut th

e gr

eat

agri

cultu

ral

com

mun

ities

.M

eans

will

be

foun

d to

mak

eho

me

and

soci

al li

feth

ere

satis

-

fact

ory;

gre

ater

ret

urns

will

com

e fr

om th

e so

il th

anun

der

pres

ent c

ondi

tions

;th

en a

t len

gth

a lo

ve f

orth

e G

od-g

iven

acre

s m

ust

follo

w.

Now

, to

limit

ours

elve

s to

the

scho

olsi

de o

f th

e

prob

lem

:

The

Tw

entie

th-c

entu

ryPr

oble

m.

The

gre

at ta

sk o

f

Page 19: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

14T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

twen

tieth

-cen

tury

edu

catio

n is

, the

n, to

inst

ill in

the

coun

try

boys

and

cou

ntry

gir

lsth

is v

ery

love

for

the

coun

-

try

and

all t

hat p

erta

ins

to c

ount

rylif

e; to

fit

them

, thr

ough

thor

ough

ly p

ract

ical

cou

rses

of

stud

y, to

rec

eive

and

pre-

serv

e th

eir

won

derf

ulhe

rita

ge.

" T

he tr

emen

dous

ad-

vant

age

of a

rat

iona

l cou

rse

of w

ork

in c

ount

ry s

choo

ls,"

says

Fra

ncis

W. P

arke

r,"

is th

at it

wou

ld m

ake

a st

rong

,

bind

ing

unio

n of

the

hom

e an

d th

e sc

hool

, the

farm

met

h-

ods

and

the

scho

ol m

etho

ds.

It w

ould

bri

ng th

e fa

rmin

to th

e sc

hool

, and

pro

ject

the

scho

ol in

toth

e fa

rm.

It w

ould

giv

e pa

rent

and

teac

her

one

mot

ive,

in th

e ca

rry-

ing

out o

f w

hich

bot

h co

uld

hear

tily

join

.T

he p

aren

tw

ould

app

reci

ate

and

judg

e fa

irly

the

wor

k of

the

scho

ol,

the

teac

her

wou

ld h

onor

, dig

nify

, and

ele

vate

the

wor

k

of th

e fa

rm."

The

Ide

al T

wen

tieth

-cen

tury

Sch

ool.

Fort

unat

ely,

our

rura

l sch

ools

are

mak

ing

dist

inct

pro

gres

s in

the

dire

ctio

nof

rat

iona

l cou

rses

and

the

teac

hing

of

esse

ntia

ls.

But

the

wor

k of

ref

orm

is m

erel

y be

gun.

The

old

-fas

hion

ed,

blin

d te

achi

ng is

,al

as!

very

pre

vale

nt.

The

sub

ject

-m

atte

r ta

ught

is s

till b

orro

wed

fro

m th

e ci

tycu

rric

ulum

.

It is

for

eign

to th

e co

untr

y ch

ild's

wor

ldth

e fa

rm.

In th

e co

untr

y th

e so

il m

ust e

ver

rem

ain

the

real

fact

or.

Nat

ure

stud

y in

its

broa

dest

mea

ning

toge

ther

with

man

ual

trai

ning

and

inst

ruct

ion

in th

e va

riou

s cr

afts

whi

ch s

hall

mak

e th

e fa

rm c

hild

sat

isfi

ed w

ith h

is lo

t in

life

are

the

real

ess

entia

ls.

The

sch

ool o

f to

-mor

row

will

teac

h th

e

S.L

.;

INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

: T

HE

PR

OB

LE

MST

AT

ED

I S

farm

chi

ld h

ow to

live

, and

how

to d

o th

ings

.T

he te

ache

r

of to

-mor

row

mus

t be

able

to ta

ke th

e ch

ild in

its o

wn

little

wor

ld, a

nd le

ad it

alo

ngth

e pa

thw

ay o

f lif

e, d

irec

ting

its n

ativ

e ad

apta

bilit

ies,

sent

imen

ts, a

nd p

ower

s; h

e m

ust

deve

lop

in th

e ch

ild b

reas

t asy

mpa

thy

with

its

envi

ron-

men

t, an

d in

the

child

'sm

ind

an u

nder

stan

ding

of

natu

re

and

natu

re's

inte

nt.

The

twen

tieth

-cen

tury

teac

her

mus

t

teac

h th

e ch

ild to

love

nat

ure

for

natu

re's

ow

n sa

ke

and

not t

o ju

dge

it by

a m

ere

com

mer

cial

or

mon

ey s

tand

-

ard.

The

teac

her

mus

t lea

d th

e ch

ild to

see

in th

e ol

d

farm

stea

d w

ith it

s G

od-g

iven

acr

esth

e m

ost p

reci

ous

heri

tage

that

can

com

e to

mor

tal m

an.

He

mus

t tea

ch

the

child

that

the

farm

is h

is tr

easu

re,t

hen

ther

e w

ill h

is

hear

t be

also

.T

he C

ompl

ete

Cou

ntry

Lif

e.C

ount

ry li

fe m

ust c

ease

to b

e a

mer

e co

mpl

emen

tof

city

life

;it

mus

t be

mad

e

com

plet

e in

itse

lf.

It is

not

eno

ugh

for

the

new

aw

aken

ing

t.o c

onse

rve

that

whi

ch is

bes

tin

the

coun

try

life

as w

e no

w

have

it.

No!

let i

t car

ry to

the

coun

try

all

that

is b

est

and

mos

t enn

oblin

g in

pre

sent

-day

city

life

.R

emov

e

the

caus

es f

or th

e ci

tyw

ard

exod

us b

ym

akin

g th

e co

untr

y

life

attr

activ

e.Pr

ovid

e ag

ains

t its

pre

sent

soc

ial s

tarv

a-

tion.

Intr

oduc

e m

usic

and

art

into

the

scho

ols,

and

then

ce in

to th

e fa

rm h

omes

.E

ncou

rage

sch

ool l

ibra

ries

and

hom

e re

adin

g, a

s w

ell a

s le

ctur

e co

urse

sof

a p

ract

ical

sort

.In

sho

rt, l

et e

very

thin

g th

at is

rea

llyw

orth

the

whi

le

in o

ur b

est c

ity s

yste

ms

be p

rovi

ded

for

the

rura

l sch

ool.

Page 20: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

16T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SCH

OO

L

Req

uire

men

ts o

f th

e T

wen

tieth

Cen

tury

.It

has

al.

read

y be

en in

timat

ed th

at o

urco

untr

y sc

hool

s ar

em

akin

g

dist

inct

pro

gres

s in

the

dire

ctio

n of

rat

iona

l cou

rses

and

the

teac

hing

of

esse

ntia

ls.

But

this

mus

t not

be

con-

stru

ed to

mea

n th

at c

ondi

tions

, as

they

now

exi

st, a

re id

eal

or e

ven

satis

fact

ory.

Inde

ed, i

t is

true

, as

show

n in

ala

ter

chap

ter,

that

som

e se

ctio

nsof

the

coun

try

are

mak

ing

rem

arka

ble

prog

ress

in th

edi

rect

ion

of n

eede

d re

form

and

are

to b

e co

ngra

tula

ted

upon

wha

t has

alr

eady

bee

n

acco

mpl

ishe

d; th

ough

it is

just

as

true

that

oth

er s

ectio

ns

have

bei

m s

adly

indi

ffer

ent t

oth

eir

oppo

rtun

ities

and

hav

e

done

but

littl

e to

rem

edy

exis

ting

scho

ol e

vils

.E

ven

whe

re th

e re

al c

ondi

tions

appr

oach

the

near

est t

o id

eal

ther

e is

muc

h st

ill to

be

done

.So

it. w

ould

be

folly

to

clai

m th

at c

ondi

tions

are

, or

ever

have

bee

n, s

atis

fact

ory.

But

the

mov

emen

t for

bette

r ru

ral s

choo

ls, a

nd m

ore

prac

-

tical

sch

ools

, is

upon

us,

nort

h, s

outh

, eas

t, an

d w

est;

nor

will

itsu

bsid

e be

fore

the

refo

rmis

com

plet

e.T

o th

is

enC

the

times

dem

and:

(I)

mor

e th

orou

gh s

choo

l org

an-

izat

ion

and

adm

inis

trat

ion;

(2)

grea

tly in

crea

sed

scho

ol

supp

ort;

(3)

prof

essi

onal

sup

ervi

sion

and

inst

ruct

ion;

(4)

mod

ern

scho

olpl

ant;

(5)

prac

tical

cou

rse

of s

tudy

;

(6)

cent

raliz

atio

n an

dco

nsol

idat

ion

of s

choo

ls.

Rur

al S

choo

ls m

ust b

e be

tter

orga

nize

d an

d ha

ve b

ette

r

Adm

inis

trat

ion.

The

fir

st p

hase

of

the

subj

ect t

ode

man

d

atte

ntio

n is

sch

ool o

rgan

izat

ion

and

adm

inis

trat

ion.

The

size

of

the

unit

ofor

gani

zatio

n pl

ays

an im

port

ant

rOle

in

INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

: T

HE

PR

OB

LE

MST

AT

ED

I 7

scho

ol a

ffai

rs.

The

suc

cess

or

failu

reof

sch

ool a

dmin

is.

trat

ion

and

supe

rvis

ion

asw

ell a

s of

sch

ool s

uppo

rtde

-

pend

s ve

ry la

rgel

y up

onit.

Para

doxi

cal a

s it

may

see

m,

whe

reve

r th

e un

it of

org

aniz

atio

nis

ver

y sm

all.t

he s

choo

ls

suff

er, a

nd w

here

it is

ver

yla

rge

the

sam

e ho

lds

true

.

It a

ppea

rs th

eref

ore

that

the

extr

emes

mus

t be

avoi

ded.

Upo

n th

e w

hole

, the

re is

mor

eda

nger

fro

m u

nits

too

smal

l

than

too

larg

e.T

he s

mal

l loc

al d

istr

ict

unit

whi

ch h

as

long

bee

n in

use

in E

aste

rn s

tate

s,an

d w

hkh

late

r w

as

adop

ted

in th

e M

iddl

e W

est

and

the

Wes

t has

pro

ved

gen-

eral

ly u

nsat

isfa

ctor

y fo

r pu

rpos

esof

org

aniz

atio

n.M

any

of th

e ev

ils f

rom

whi

chru

ral s

choo

ls s

uffe

r ar

etr

acea

ble

to th

e sm

all d

istr

ict.

As

we

shal

l see

in a

late

rch

apte

r,

loca

l par

tisan

ship

and

jeal

ousy

, and

oft

en c

lose

-fis

tedn

ess

and

indi

ffer

ence

insc

hool

aff

airs

, mak

e th

e di

stri

ct a

n

inad

equa

te b

asis

for

adm

inis

teri

ng s

choo

l aff

airs

.T

he

loca

l sch

ool b

oard

is to

oof

ten

ham

pere

d in

its

wor

kby

oblig

atio

ns to

fri

ends

and

neig

hbor

s w

ho e

lect

them

and

reta

in th

em in

off

ice.

Such

a u

nit c

anno

t pos

sibl

yaf

ford

to p

ay f

or p

rofe

ssio

nal

supe

rvis

ion.

But

, mos

t im

port

ant

of a

ll, th

e la

st w

ord

in ta

x m

lte

rs s

houl

d ne

ver

bele

ft

with

so

smal

l a u

nit,

sinc

e tw

o or

thre

e in

flue

ntia

l men

are

gene

rally

abl

e to

dic

tate

the

polic

y of

the

dist

rict

, and

mak

e

this

nar

row

or

broa

d in

prop

ortio

n as

they

them

selv

es

are

narr

ow-m

inde

d or

broa

d-m

inde

d.T

he c

ount

y un

it

whi

ch p

reva

ils in

the

Sout

hha

s so

me

bad

feat

ures

and

man

y go

od o

nes.

Upo

n th

e w

hole

, the

tow

nshi

pun

it is

,

Page 21: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

18T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

at a

ny r

ate

for

the

Eas

t and

Mid

dle

Wes

t,th

e m

ost p

rac-

tical

and

sat

isfa

ctur

y ba

sis

of o

rgan

izat

ion,

and

sho

uld

be e

ncou

rage

d by

all

who

are

inte

rest

ed in

the

best

bus

ines

s

basi

s in

rur

al e

duca

tion.

Mor

e M

oney

mus

t be

spen

t to

prov

ide

and

mai

ntai

nSc

hool

s.T

he c

hief

ess

entia

l in

scho

ol a

ffai

rs is

unq

ues-

tiona

bly

ampl

e fu

nds

with

whi

ch to

pro

vide

and

mai

ntai

n

the

scho

ols.

Rig

ht n

ow w

e ar

e sp

endi

ng $

33.0

1 on

the

city

chi

ld's

edu

catio

n fo

r ev

ery

$13.

17 o

n th

e ru

ral c

hild

's.

Thi

s is

for

sch

ool m

aint

enan

ce a

lone

and

has

not

hing

todo

with

per

man

ent s

choo

l inv

estm

ent.

In th

is f

ield

the

citie

s, w

ith th

eir

muc

h sm

alle

r to

tal v

alua

tion,

inve

stva

stly

larg

er s

ums

of m

oney

in s

choo

l bui

ldin

gs a

nd e

quip

-

men

t tha

n ru

ral c

omm

uniti

es.

Thi

s is

not

giv

ing

the

farm

boy

s an

d gi

rls

a fa

ir c

hanc

e.T

he f

arm

ers

mus

t be-

com

e aw

ake

to th

eir

grea

t res

pons

ibili

ty in

thes

e m

atte

rs.

The

y m

ust s

pend

muc

h m

ore

mon

ey f

or p

rofe

ssio

nal

teac

hing

, for

mod

ern

build

ings

, for

equ

ipm

ent,

for

book

s,

tool

s, e

tc.

Oth

erw

ise,

rur

al s

choo

ls c

an n

ever

rea

ch th

e

stan

dard

s de

man

ded

by th

e ch

angi

ng tw

entie

th-c

entu

rylif

e.L

et e

very

adv

ocat

e of

bet

ter

rura

l con

ditio

ns d

o w

hat

he c

an to

con

vinc

e fa

rmer

s th

at in

crea

sed

taxa

tion

for

scho

ol s

uppo

rt w

ill b

e a

gilt-

edge

inve

stm

ent.

Inst

ruct

ion

mus

t bec

ome

Prof

essi

onal

.A

noth

er e

x-

trem

ely

impo

rtan

t fac

tor

in r

ural

sch

ool s

ucce

ss o

r fa

ilure

is th

e te

ache

r hi

mse

lf.

Thi

s na

tura

lly in

volv

es :

(I)

bette

rpr

epar

atio

n, (

2) lo

nger

tenu

re o

f of

fice

, and

(3)

bet

ter

sala

-

nalvmmAmoN:

TH

E P

RO

BL

EM

ST

AT

ED

19

ries

.In

man

y in

stan

ces

our

teac

hers

'qu

alif

icat

ions

are

al-

toge

ther

too

mea

ger.

Too

man

y te

ache

rs d

o no

t gra

sp th

e

real

sig

nifi

canc

e of

the

teac

hing

pro

blem

.So

me

are

too

poor

ly g

roun

ded

in th

e fu

ndam

enta

ls, o

r th

ey la

cksk

ill

to p

rese

nt th

e su

bjec

t-m

atte

r.M

ost u

nfor

tuna

te o

f al

l

is it

that

man

y yo

ung

men

and

wom

en w

ho d

abbl

ein

teac

h-

ing

do n

ot e

xpec

t or

inte

nd to

bec

ome

prof

essi

onal

teac

hers

at a

ll; to

them

teac

hing

is o

nly

am

akes

hift

, a s

tef,

ping

ston

e to

som

ethi

ng b

ette

r.U

nder

suc

h co

nditi

ons

teac

h-

ing

is n

ot a

nd n

ever

can

hop

e to

be

a pr

ofes

sion

.T

he g

reat

nee

d is

for

pro

fess

iona

lly tr

aine

d ru

ral s

choo

l-

teac

hers

teac

hers

trai

ned

to g

rapp

le w

ith p

robl

ems

as

they

now

exi

st.

The

teac

hers

who

are

fir

st to

rea

lize

this

fact

will

be

the

firs

t to

reap

the

rew

ard.

Thi

s w

ill c

ome

in

the

shap

e of

mat

eria

lly in

crea

sed

sala

ries

sala

ries

com

-

men

sura

te w

ith th

e tim

e an

d m

oney

exp

ende

d in

pre

para

-

tion

for

the

wor

kan

d in

tenu

res

of o

ffic

e lim

ited

only

by

the

good

beh

avio

r cl

ause

or

by th

e te

ache

rs' p

erso

nal c

hoic

e.

Supe

rvis

ion

mus

t be

mor

e E

ffic

ient

.A

mor

e sa

tis-

fact

ory

syst

em o

f su

perv

isio

n in

the

rura

l sch

ools

is in

sep-

arab

ly li

nked

wi.,

h th

is b

ette

r in

stru

ctio

n.A

s he

re u

nder

-

stoo

d, w

e do

not

mea

n th

is f

unct

ion

as e

xert

ed b

y th

ete

ache

r in

the

clas

s m

om, b

ut a

s be

long

ing

to s

uch

gene

ral

over

seer

s of

sch

ools

as

tow

n5hi

p,di

stri

ct, a

nd c

ount

y

supe

rint

ende

nts.

In th

e E

ast t

he g

eogr

aphi

cal u

nit g

en-

eral

ly u

sed

in s

choo

l sup

ervi

sion

is th

e to

wn

(tow

nshi

p).

Ver

y of

ten

the

tow

nshi

p ha

s pr

oved

too

smal

l for

the

mai

n-

4 1

Page 22: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

20T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

TJR

AL

SCH

OO

L

tena

nce

of e

xper

tsu

perv

isor

s.T

o re

med

y th

is,l

aws

have

been

ena

cted

und

erw

hich

two

or m

ore

tow

nshi

ps m

ay

join

and

org

amze

tow

nshi

p di

stri

cts,

thus

enab

ling

them

to

give

rur

al s

uper

visi

oneq

ual t

o th

e be

stof

fere

d in

the

city

syst

ems.

Such

con

solid

atio

nfo

r gr

eate

r ef

fici

ency

shou

ld

be e

ncou

rage

d.It

mig

ht b

e ap

plie

d,w

ith g

reat

pro

fit,

to m

any

stat

esin

the

Mid

dle

Wes

t now

unde

r to

wns

hip

orga

niza

tion

for

gove

rnm

enta

lpu

rpos

es.

In s

ectio

ns

whe

rc th

e co

unty

uni

tof

sup

ervi

sion

prev

ails

dif

ficu

lties

are

mor

e nu

mer

ous

and

hard

er to

sur

mou

nt.

The

ave

r-

age

coun

tysu

peri

nten

dent

is a

nof

fici

al w

hose

tim

e is

give

n

to d

raw

ing

war

rant

s,to

issu

ing

circ

ular

lette

rs, c

ompi

ling

stat

istic

s, a

nd p

erfo

rmin

got

her

cler

ical

dut

ies

belo

ngin

g

to h

is o

ffic

e.In

cide

ntal

ly h

e "

calls

" u

pon

his

teac

hers

once

or

twic

e a

year

, tho

ugh

such

vis

its c

an s

carc

ely

be

dign

ifie

d as

sup

ervi

sion

.Se

vera

l rem

edie

s ar

epr

opos

ed,

eith

er o

f w

hich

will

be

sure

to m

ake

the

supe

rint

ende

nt's

wor

k m

ore

effe

ctiv

e.

A T

wen

tieth

-cen

tury

Scho

ol P

lant

Dem

ande

d.T

he

" lit

tle r

ed s

choo

lhou

se"

of E

aste

rn lo

calit

ies,

so

fam

iliar

thro

ugh

song

and

sto

ry,

and

the

unsi

ghtly

box-

car

stru

c-

ture

s di

gnif

ied

inth

e W

est b

y th

e na

me

of s

choo

lhou

se,

will

soo

n liv

e in

mem

ory

alon

e.T

hey

are

begi

nnin

g to

give

way

to m

oder

n,sa

nita

ry b

uild

ings

, in

ever

yw

ay

adap

ted

to tw

entie

th-c

entu

ryte

achi

ng.

But

the

refo

rm

in s

choo

l arc

hite

ctur

ew

ill h

ardl

y be

com

plet

ebe

fore

it

beco

mes

incu

mbe

nt o

nlo

cal b

oard

s, b

y la

w, t

o us

eon

ly

ka

Sv-,

09;1

"` "

1".

e

%,.

I,

4.,

Bea

ch G

len

Scho

ol,

Cla

y. C

ount

y, K

ansa

s.A

typi

cal r

ural

sch

ool,

bette

r

kept

than

the

aver

age.

'I.

A o

ne-r

oom

sch

oolh

ouse

of th

e m

oder

n ty

pe.

Thi

s bu

ildin

g, w

hich

Is

fitte

d

with

eve

ry u

p-to

-dat

eap

plia

nce,

sho

uld

soon

supp

lant

the

old

box-

car

type

.

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

Page 23: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

:T

HE

PR

OB

LE

M S

TA

TE

D21

such

pla

ns a

s ar

e ap

prov

ed b

y th

e st

ate

supe

rint

ende

nt o

f

publ

ic in

stru

ctio

n an

d th

e se

cret

ary

of th

e st

ate

boar

d of

heal

th, o

r so

me

othe

r sp

ecif

ied

com

mitt

ee c

ompe

tent

to

adju

dge

thes

e m

atte

rs.

Scho

ol E

xter

iors

.A

ll th

e ne

cess

ary

appa

ratu

sfo

r

doin

g go

od w

ork

mus

t be

supp

lied.

The

gro

unds

mus

t

be m

ade

an a

ppro

pria

te s

ettin

gfo

r th

e di

gnif

ied

" te

mpl

e

of le

arni

ng."

Let

the

grou

nds

be m

ade

asat

trac

tive

as

the

prof

essi

onal

teac

her's

art

can

poss

ibly

mak

e th

em.

Let

cur

ving

wal

ks a

nd r

ustic

sea

ts, g

rass

and

shru

bber

y,

vine

s an

d fl

ower

s, s

hed

over

str

uctu

rean

d gr

ound

s an

atm

osph

ere

of h

omel

iken

ess.

Let

the

scho

ol g

arde

n at

the

rear

of

the

grou

nds

be a

plac

e w

here

the

theo

retic

al

and

the

prac

tical

in s

choo

l wor

ksh

all m

eet.

All

in a

ll,

let g

roun

ds a

nd b

uild

ing

beth

e ce

nter

of

attr

actio

n to

the

who

le c

ount

rysi

de.

Scho

ol I

nter

iors

.T

he s

choo

l int

erio

r m

ust b

e in

har

-

mon

y w

ith th

ege

nera

l ext

erio

r.A

n xs

thet

ic a

tmos

pher

e

shou

ld s

it lig

htly

upo

n th

e ro

om.

Tin

ted

or p

aper

ed w

alls

,

appr

opri

ate

colo

r ef

fect

s, to

uche

s of

the

artis

tic h

ere

and

ther

e, n

eatly

fra

med

cop

ies

of th

e m

aste

rs,

plas

ter

cast

s,

shel

ves

full

of c

hoic

e bo

oks,

pla

nts,

and

perh

aps

an

avar

ium

,al

l the

se s

h )u

ld s

hed

a gl

ow o

fco

mfo

rt a

nd

hom

elik

enes

s ov

er th

e ro

om o

r gi

ve it

age

nuin

e sc

hola

stic

stam

p.W

ith s

uch

a sc

hool

pla

nt r

ural

child

ren

will

find

the

irks

ome

in s

choo

l lif

edi

sapp

ear,

and

ther

e w

ill b

e

less

dra

ggin

g of

the

heav

y fe

et to

scho

ol.

Page 24: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

22T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

: T

HE

PR

OB

LE

MST

AT

ED

23

Cou

rse

of S

tudy

mus

t be

Prac

tical

.H

ither

to, t

he

cour

se o

f st

udy

purs

ued

inth

e co

untr

y ha

s co

me

from

the

outs

ide

from

the

city

.It

has

trai

ned

the

child

aw

ayfr

om th

e fa

rm a

nd n

ot to

war

ds it

.T

he n

ew m

etho

ds m

ust

begi

n ri

ght i

n th

e ch

ild's

ow

n w

orld

and

dev

elop

righ

t out

of h

is o

wn

expe

rien

ce. T

he s

ubje

ct-m

atte

rta

ught

mus

t be

an e

xpre

ssio

n of

the

need

s of

the

coun

try

com

mun

ity a

nd

mus

t ren

der

coun

try

life

mor

esi

gnif

ican

t.E

xper

ienc

e

teac

hing

is w

hat i

s ne

eded

.In

dust

rial

wor

k an

d na

ture

stud

y w

ill ta

ke th

eir

plac

e as

coo

rdin

ate

with

the

stud

y of

book

s.T

rain

ing

in h

andw

ork,

and

a s

tudy

of

plan

ts a

nd

soils

and

ani

mal

life

will

com

e to

be

of a

lmos

tin

calc

ulab

le

valu

e to

cou

ntry

life

.T

he p

olic

y sh

all b

e no

t so

muc

h to

give

sys

tem

atic

inst

ruct

ion

in p

ract

ical

agr

icul

ture

, as

tole

ad u

p to

it b

y aw

aken

ing

in th

e ch

ild's

bre

ast a

love

for

the

won

ders

in n

atur

e.T

hen

it m

ay b

e ex

pect

ed th

at th

e

stat

e ag

ricu

ltura

l sch

ool w

ill c

ontin

ueth

e w

ork

here

beg

un,

and

in ti

me

retu

rn th

e yo

ung

man

to th

e fa

rman

ent

hu-

sias

tic, s

cien

tific

far

mer

.C

onso

lidat

ion

of S

choo

ls a

Pan

acea

for

Exi

stin

g Il

ls.

Con

solid

atio

n is

off

ered

as

a re

med

y fo

r th

e ill

s ex

istin

gin

dis

tric

ts m

ost a

ffec

ted

by d

isin

tegr

atio

n of

popu

latio

n.

The

idea

l pla

n co

ntem

plat

es th

e di

scon

tinua

nce

ofw

eak

scho

ols

and

the

cons

olid

atio

n of

a n

umbe

r of

dis

tric

tssu

ffic

ient

ly la

rge

to m

aint

ain

a gr

aded

sch

ool.

Whe

re

cond

ition

s ar

e sa

tisfa

ctor

y th

is m

eans

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of

grad

ed s

choo

ls in

eve

ry r

espe

ct e

qual

to v

illag

e an

dci

ty

scho

ols,

rig

ht in

the

hear

tof

rur

al c

omm

uniti

es.

In a

d-

ditio

n to

wha

t the

urb

anch

ild g

ets,

con

solid

atio

n of

fers

oppo

rtun

ities

for

stu

dy u

nder

the

beni

gn in

flue

nce

of f

ield

and

grov

e in

the

very

bos

om o

fm

othe

r na

ture

. With

thes

e

scho

ols

at h

is o

wn

door

s, th

e fa

rmch

ild n

eed

no lo

nger

seek

urb

an c

ente

rs in

que

st o

fle

arni

ng.

We

shal

l now

take

up

in d

etai

lthe

var

ious

pha

ses

of o

ur

subj

ect.

But

, fir

st, l

et u

s co

nsid

er th

em

ain

curr

ents

of

educ

atio

nal h

isto

ry in

our

cou

ntry

, at

leas

t so

far

as th

ey

pert

ain

to th

e ru

ral s

choo

ls.

Page 25: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

CH

APT

ER

II

OR

GA

NIZ

AT

ION

AN

DA

DM

INIS

TR

AT

ION

Gen

eral

Sta

tem

ent.

The

his

tory

of

rura

l sch

ool o

rgan

-

izat

ion

and

adm

inis

trat

ion

in o

urco

untr

y is

ful

lof

inte

rest

to s

tude

nts

of e

duca

tion.

It te

lls th

e st

ory

of "

sys

tem

spru

ngfr

om c

haos

,"of

ord

er a

nd p

rogr

ess

com

e ou

tof

conf

usio

n an

dst

agna

tion.

The

fir

st s

choo

lskn

ew n

o

high

er a

utho

rity

than

the

will

of th

e co

mm

unity

whi

ch

mai

ntai

ned

them

.A

ny p

olic

y of

an

adm

inis

trat

ive

or

supe

rvis

ory

natu

re w

asne

cess

arily

sha

ped

by lo

cal o

pini

on

and

gove

rned

by lo

cal n

eeds

.T

his

mea

nt, i

npr

actic

e,

as m

any

stan

dard

s of

sch

ool

man

agem

ent a

sth

ere

wer

e

scho

ols;

or,

mor

epr

oper

ly s

peak

ing,

it m

eant

no

stan

dard

s

at a

ll."

If th

e pe

ople

as

a w

hole

are

to b

e ed

ucat

ed,"

says

Prof

esso

r D

exte

r,"

defi

nite

stan

dard

s of

exc

elle

nce

mus

t be

dem

ande

d of

all

scho

ols,

and

suc

h ca

non

ly b

e

mai

ntai

ned

thro

ugh

the

appo

intm

ento

f re

spon

sibl

eof

fici

als

vest

ed w

ith a

utho

rity

to m

ake

dem

ands

, and

com

pete

ntto

dire

ct th

e sc

hool

sin

the

proc

ess

of m

akin

g th

em."

All

the

seve

ral

stat

es h

ave

soug

ht s

uch

unif

orm

stan

d-

ards

thro

ugh

stat

ute

enac

tmen

t, an

dal

l hav

e re

aliz

edth

em

to a

mor

e or

less

sat

isfa

ctor

yex

tent

.C

ondi

tions

in m

any

24

OR

GA

NIZ

AT

ION

AN

DA

DM

INIS

TR

AT

ION

25

stat

es a

re s

till f

arfr

om id

eal.

It h

as b

een

in g

reat

mea

sure

a m

atte

r of

expe

rim

enta

tion,

of

grop

ing

abou

t in

the

un-

know

n, in

our

eff

orts

topr

ovid

e th

e be

st s

yste

mfo

r th

e

diff

eren

t sec

tions

of

the

coun

try.

The

var

ious

uni

ts o

f

orga

niza

tion

with

whi

ch w

e ar

eco

ncer

ned

in th

e ru

ral

scho

ols

are

the

follo

win

g: (

I)sc

hool

dis

tric

t org

aniz

atio

n,

(2)

tow

nshi

p or

gani

zatio

n, (

3) c

ount

yor

gani

zatio

n, (

4)

com

mun

ity s

yste

m.

Scho

ol D

istr

ict O

rgan

izat

ion.

The

sch

ool

dist

rict

is th

e sm

alle

st a

nd m

ost

dem

ocra

tic o

f th

ese

units

of

con-

trol

.It

dev

elop

ed in

New

Eng

land

aft

er th

e sc

atte

ring

of th

e po

pula

tion,

due

toth

e ce

ssat

ion

of e

arly

Indi

an

host

ilitie

s.N

ew c

omm

uniti

es s

pran

g up

on

the

edge

of

the

wild

erne

ss, t

oo d

ista

ntfr

om th

e pa

rent

al c

ente

rsof

popu

latio

n to

mak

e us

e of

the

old

tow

n sc

hool

s.C

onse

-

quen

tly, t

hey

orga

nize

dth

eir

own

educ

atio

nal u

nit

and

esta

blis

hed

thei

r ow

n sc

hool

s.A

ll w

ho li

ved

with

in e

asy

reac

h of

the

cent

rally

loca

ted

scho

ol a

nd w

ere

band

ed

toge

ther

for

its

supp

ort

cons

titut

ed th

e sc

hool

dis

tric

t.

Thi

s or

gani

zatio

n w

as a

t fir

stw

holly

vol

unta

ry;

it an

te-

date

d al

l leg

al e

nact

men

tspe

rtai

ning

to s

choo

ls, a

nd c

ame

abou

t sol

ely

beca

use

it w

asth

e on

ly p

ossi

ble

thin

g to

do

unde

r th

e ci

rcum

stan

ces.

It a

nsw

ered

the

need

s of

our

colo

nial

sch

ools

wel

l eno

ugh,

and

had

the

dist

rict

bee

n

foun

ded

for

the

purp

ose

ofsc

hool

sup

ply

mer

ely,

or

to

regu

late

atte

ndan

ce, t

here

wou

ld c

erta

inly

hav

e be

en n

o

obje

ctio

n to

its

form

atio

n.U

nfor

tuna

tely

, the

org

aniz

ers,

Page 26: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

26T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

jeal

ous

of w

hat t

hey

deem

edth

eir

inhe

rent

rig

hts,

mad

e it

also

the

cent

er o

f sc

hool

sup

port

i.e. t

he u

nit o

f ta

xa-

tion.

In M

assa

chus

etts

the

Act

of 1

647

had

decl

ared

the

tow

n th

e ba

sis

ofsc

hool

org

aniz

atio

n; b

ut th

edi

stri

ct

plan

wor

ked

so w

ell t

hat i

tre

ceiv

ed f

ull l

egal

san

ctio

n in

1789

.Fr

om th

is ti

me

until

wel

l int

o ou

r ow

nda

y it

has

been

a c

ontr

ollin

g po

wer

insc

hool

mat

ters

in th

e st

ate.

Obj

ectio

ns to

the

Dis

tric

t Uni

t.T

he M

assa

chus

etts

Act

of

1789

was

, to

quot

eH

orac

e M

ann,

" th

e m

ost u

n-

fort

unat

e la

w o

n th

e su

bjec

tof

com

mon

sch

ools

eve

r

enac

ted

in th

e st

ate.

"T

he g

reat

edu

cato

r w

as q

uick

to

disc

ern

wha

t v'e

hav

e lo

ngex

peri

ence

d; n

amel

y, th

at th

e

scho

ol d

istr

ict i

s to

o sm

all t

o be

intr

uste

d w

ith f

inal

legi

s-

latio

n in

mat

ters

of

impo

rtan

ce.

Esp

ecia

lly is

this

true

whe

re th

e ta

xing

pow

er is

conc

erne

da

pow

er w

hich

was

lies

ted

in th

edi

stri

ct b

y th

e M

assa

chus

etts

Act

of

i8o1

.L

ocal

jeal

ousy

, par

sim

ony,

and

indi

vidu

al in

dif-

fere

nce

cont

ribu

te m

uch

to m

ake

the

dist

rict

uns

atis

fact

ory

in a

ctua

l pra

ctic

e."

In m

any

case

s,"

says

Prof

esso

r

Dex

ter,

" th

e se

ntim

ent a

mon

gth

e lim

ited

num

ber

of

vote

rs w

ithin

a s

ingl

edi

stri

ct is

the

oppo

site

of

gene

rous

tow

ard

the

scho

ols

or th

e di

stri

ct to

o po

orto

do

muc

h;

and

alth

ough

the

acts

of

1789

and

18ot

, and

sim

ilar

law

s,

pass

ed in

the

neig

hbor

ing

stat

es a

little

late

r, g

ave

to N

ew

Eng

land

the

' litt

le r

ed s

choo

lhou

se '

in g

reat

num

bers

,

they

wer

e fr

eque

ntly

not

ver

y re

dfo

r w

ant o

f pa

int,

nor

was

the

teac

hing

with

in th

eir

wal

ls o

f a

very

hig

hor

der.

OR

GA

NIZ

AT

ION

AN

D A

DM

INIS

TR

AT

ION

2 7

Yet

it c

anno

t be

deni

ed th

at m

uch

good

cam

e fr

omth

em."

Gre

at S

prea

d of

the

Dis

tric

t Sys

tem

.T

he d

istr

ict

syst

em s

prea

d at

an

earl

y da

te to

eve

ry p

art o

f N

ew E

ng-

land

, and

was

late

r ad

opte

d by

nea

rly

all t

he s

tate

s w

est-

war

d, w

here

it s

pran

g up

eith

er a

s a

mat

ter

of p

ure

imi-

tatio

n or

bec

ause

con

ditio

ns p

reva

iled

sim

ilar

to th

ose

whi

ch h

ad e

arlie

r ca

lled

fort

h th

e sy

stem

in M

assa

chu-

setts

.L

et th

is b

e as

it m

ay, i

f w

e ex

cept

the

Sout

hern

stat

es w

here

cou

nty

orga

niza

tion

is in

vog

ue, t

he d

istr

ict

soon

est

ablis

hed

itsel

f as

the

unit

of s

choo

l org

aniz

atio

nan

d ad

min

istr

atio

n th

roug

hout

the

coun

try,

and

as

such

cont

inue

s in

a g

reat

maj

ority

of

the

stat

es to

-day

.C

hang

e fr

om D

istr

ict t

o T

owns

hip

Syst

em o

f O

rgan

iza-

tion.

Mas

sach

uset

ts, w

hich

was

the

firs

t to

lega

lize

the

dist

rict

uni

t, w

as li

kew

ise

the

firs

t to

abol

ish

it.T

his

happ

ened

in18

82.

New

Ham

pshi

re, V

erm

ont,

Mai

ne,

New

Jer

sey,

Ind

iana

, Ohi

o, a

nd P

enns

ylva

nia

very

soo

nfo

llow

ed s

uit a

nd li

kew

ise

chan

ged

to th

e to

wns

hip

syst

em.

Mor

e th

an tw

enty

oth

er s

tate

s ha

ve la

ws

perm

ittin

g to

wn-

ship

org

aniz

atio

n fo

r sc

hool

pur

pose

s, a

lthou

gh th

ey h

ave

as y

et n

ot e

xerc

ised

this

per

mis

sion

to a

ny m

arke

d ex

tent

.

The

cha

nge

to th

e to

wns

hip

in th

e ol

d A

tlant

ic s

tate

s is

easy

to e

xpla

in.

The

rap

id d

isin

tegr

atio

n of

the

popu

la-

tion

in m

any

rura

l com

mun

ities

and

the

grea

t inf

lux

toth

e ci

ties

left

man

y of

the

smal

l sch

ool d

istr

icts

impo

ver-

ishe

d an

d al

l but

ber

eft o

f po

pula

tion.

Thi

s le

ft n

o al

ter.

Page 27: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

28T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SCH

OO

L

nativ

e ex

cept

to o

rgan

ize

into

larg

er u

nits

units

str

ong

enou

gh to

pro

vide

goo

dsc

hool

s an

d a

mor

e eq

uabl

e sy

stem

of m

aint

enan

ce.

The

se d

eman

ds th

eto

wns

hip

syst

em

has

satis

fied

.T

he la

rger

uni

t is

getti

ng a

stro

ng h

old

on

the

Mid

dle

Wes

t als

o,ge

nera

lly, f

or th

e sa

me

reas

ons

that

appl

y ea

stw

ard.

The

new

er W

este

rn s

tate

s,w

hich

do

not y

et a

ndpe

rhap

s ne

ver

may

fee

l the

effe

cts

of th

e ci

ty-

war

d m

igra

tion,

will

be

slow

er to

mak

e th

e ch

ange

.

Tow

nshi

p O

rgan

izat

ion.

The

tow

nshi

p or

gani

zatio

n

is le

ss d

emoc

ratic

than

the

dist

rict

org

aniz

atio

n,bu

t it

" ha

s th

e ad

vant

age

of f

orci

ng th

e w

ealth

ier

port

ions

of

the

tow

nshi

p to

con

trib

ute

to th

e su

ppor

tof

the

scho

ols

in th

e po

orer

com

mun

ities

,thus

bri

ngin

g ab

out a

mor

e

unif

orm

sta

ndar

d of

exc

elle

nce.

"C

are

shou

ld b

e ta

ken

here

not

to c

onfu

se to

wns

hip

or-

gani

zatio

n fo

r sc

hool

pur

pose

san

d to

wns

hip

syst

emof

loca

l gov

ernm

ent.

The

latte

r pe

rtai

ns to

loca

l aff

airs

gene

rally

, the

for

mer

tosc

hool

mat

ters

onl

y.T

owns

hip

orga

niza

tion

for

scho

ol p

urpo

ses

is in

fac

t onl

y a

mer

ger

of d

istr

icts

lyin

g us

ually

with

in th

e po

litic

al to

wns

hip,

and

adm

inis

tere

d by

ace

ntra

l boa

rd, e

lect

ed a

t the

annu

al

tow

n m

eetin

g.Su

ch b

oard

s ar

e ca

lled,

vari

ousl

y, s

choo

l

com

mitt

ees,

as

in M

assa

chus

etts

;bo

ards

of

educ

atio

n, a

s

in O

hio;

and

boa

rds

of d

irec

tors

, as

in I

owa.

Thi

s sy

s-

tem

nat

ural

lyen

ough

tend

s to

giv

e ri

se to

cons

olid

atio

n

of s

choo

ls a

nd to

wns

hip

high

sch

ools

, alth

ough

sev

eral

stat

es in

w ic

hit

has

reac

hed

a no

rmal

deve

lopm

ent

OR

GA

NIZ

AT

ION

AN

D A

DM

INIS

TR

AT

ION

29

utili

ze th

e to

wns

hip

syst

em c

hief

ly f

or th

e be

tter

adm

in-

istr

atio

n of

the

seve

ral s

choo

l dis

tric

ts w

ithin

the

tow

n-

ship

.T

hus

in I

owa,

for

exa

mpl

e, th

e co

ngre

ssio

nal

tow

nshi

p is

div

ided

into

a n

umbe

r of

subd

istr

icts

, eac

h

with

its

own

scho

ol p

lant

and

sub

dire

ctor

.T

hese

sub

-

dire

ctor

s co

nstit

ute

the

tow

nshi

p bo

ard

and

adm

inis

ter

the

scho

ol a

ffai

rs f

or th

e en

tire

tow

nshi

p.T

hey

fix

the

rate

of

taxa

tion,

ele

ct te

ache

rs a

nd f

ixth

eir

sala

ries

, de-

cide

on

the

leng

th o

f th

e sc

hool

yea

r, a

nd p

erfo

rm m

any

kind

red

dutie

s of

an

adm

inis

trat

ive

natu

re.

Res

pect

s in

whi

ch th

e T

owns

hip

Syst

em is

Sup

erio

rto

the

Dis

tric

t Sys

tem

.-

The

man

yad

vant

ages

of

the

tow

nshi

p sy

stem

ove

r th

e di

stri

ct s

yste

m a

re s

o ad

mir

ably

set f

orth

in th

e R

epor

t of

the

Subc

omm

ittee

on

Scho

olM

aint

enan

ce in

the

Com

mitt

ee o

f T

wel

ve o

n R

ural

Sch

ools

(Pro

ceed

ings

N.E

.A. 1

897)

that

I v

entu

re to

quo

te th

em

in d

etai

l:

1.If

the

scho

ols

of a

tow

nshi

p ar

e un

der

a si

ngle

boa

rd e

lect

edfr

om th

e to

wns

hip

at la

rge,

sch

oolh

ouse

s w

ill f

ar m

ore

likel

y be

bui

ltw

here

they

.re

need

ed th

an u

nder

the

othe

r sy

stem

.2.

Equ

ality

of

scho

ol p

rovi

sion

will

be

muc

h m

ore

fully

sec

ured

in r

espe

ct to

sch

oolh

ouse

s an

d gr

ound

s, le

ngth

of

scho

ol te

rms,

and

the

abili

ty a

nd c

hara

cter

of

teac

hers

.3.

The

tend

ency

will

not

be

to m

ultip

ly s

choo

lsun

duly

, but

tore

stri

ct th

eir

num

ber,

bri

ngin

g to

geth

er m

ore

scho

lars

, and

thus

mak

ing

bette

r cl

assi

fica

tion,

gra

ding

, and

teac

hing

pos

sibl

e, a

ndin

crea

sing

the

inte

rest

and

ent

husi

asm

of

the

pupi

ls.

4.B

ette

r su

perv

isio

n c;

tn b

e se

cure

d.T

he c

ount

y su

peri

nten

d .

cut c

an d

eal m

ore

effe

ctiv

ely

and

easi

ly w

ith o

ne b

oard

in a

t,iw

n.

Page 28: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

30T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

ship

than

with

six

, ten

, or

twel

ve;

whi

le to

wns

hip

and

tow

nshi

p-un

ion

supe

rvis

ion

will

be

grea

tly p

rom

oted

.

5.Si

mpl

icity

and

eco

nom

y of

adm

inis

trat

ion

will

be

faci

litat

td,

and

the

sens

e of

off

icia

l res

pons

ibili

tybe

enh

ance

d.

6. T

he te

nden

cy w

ill b

e to

em

ploy

teac

hers

for

long

er te

rms,

and

ther

eby

to r

estr

ict,

in a

con

side

rabl

ede

gree

, the

evi

ls th

at f

low

fro

m

freq

uent

cha

nges

.7.

The

str

ifes

and

cont

entio

ns b

etw

een

dist

rict

s th

at a

re n

ow n

ot

infr

eque

nt w

ill b

e pr

even

ted.

8. T

rans

fers

of

pupi

ls f

rom

sch

ool t

osc

hool

will

be

mad

e m

ore

easy

. 9. T

he r

easo

n la

st to

be m

entio

ned

is p

erha

ps th

e st

rong

est

of

all.

The

rel

atio

ns o

f th

e to

wns

hip-

unit

syst

em to

scho

ol c

onso

lida-

tion

have

alr

eady

bee

n su

gges

ted.

The

tow

nshi

p sy

stem

doe

s no

t

nece

ssita

te s

uch

cons

olid

atio

n, a

lthou

ghit

is li

kely

to w

ork

that

way

; but

con

solid

atio

n is

alm

ost w

holly

dep

ende

nt u

pon

that

sys

-

tem

; sch

ools

will

not

be

cons

olid

ated

in g

reat

num

bers

if a

plu

ralit

y

of d

istr

ict s

choo

l boa

rds

have

to d

o th

ew

ork.

As

men

tione

d ab

ove,

som

e ei

ght s

tate

sha

ve m

ade

lega

l

prov

isio

n fo

r to

wns

hip

orga

niza

tion.

The

sta

tes

whi

ch

have

per

mis

sive

legi

slat

ion

on th

esu

bjec

t are

: Con

nect

i-

cut,

Flor

ida,

Geo

rgia

,Il

linoi

s, I

owa,

Kan

sas,

Lou

isia

na,

Mic

higa

n, M

inne

sota

, Mis

sour

i,N

ebra

ska,

New

Yor

k,

Nor

th C

arol

ina,

Nor

th D

akot

a,Pe

nnsy

lvan

ia, R

hode

Isla

nd, S

outh

Dak

ota,

Ten

ness

ee, a

ndW

isco

nsin

.

Cou

nty

Org

aniz

atio

n.T

he s

tate

s w

hich

hav

e ad

opte

d

the

tow

nshi

p un

it fo

r sc

hool

pur

pose

s ar

eth

e st

ates

whi

ch

mak

e us

e of

the

tow

nshi

p un

it fo

rge

nera

l pur

pose

s. A

few

ol t

he C

entr

al s

tate

s an

d m

ost

of th

e W

este

rn a

re

orga

nize

d un

der

the

dist

rict

for

m,

with

her

e an

d th

ere

a

OR

GA

NIZ

AT

ION

AN

D A

DM

INIS

TR

AT

ION

31

lean

ing

tow

ards

the

tow

nshi

pun

it.In

the

Sout

h, h

ow-

ever

, con

ditio

ns a

rem

ater

ially

dif

fere

nt.

Her

e, a

wid

ely

scat

tere

d po

pula

tion,

larg

eag

ricu

ltura

l are

as, a

nd a

dea

rth

of v

illag

e lif

e, f

rom

the

firs

t cal

led

for

a un

itof

gov

-

ernm

ent o

rgan

izat

ion

radi

cally

dif

fere

nt f

rom

the

smal

l,

com

pact

tow

nshi

p us

edin

the

Nor

th.

Thu

s th

e la

rger

Eng

lish

coun

ty b

ecam

ees

tabl

ishe

d.Fr

om V

irgi

nia

it

spre

ad o

ver

the

entir

eSo

uth-

Atla

ntic

gro

up, i

nclu

ding

Tex

as a

nd M

isso

uri,

and

from

the

fron

tier

of th

ela

tter

stat

e w

ent f

orth

toO

rego

n, C

alif

orni

a, a

ndU

tah.

Whe

re-

ever

the

coun

ty s

yste

m w

asad

opte

d fo

r ge

nera

l gov

ern-

men

t pur

pose

s it

has

beco

me

the

unit

of s

choo

ladm

inis

tra-

tion

as w

ell.

It o

uld

seem

, eve

ryth

ing

else

bei

ng e

qual

, tha

t the

coun

ty o

ught

to m

ake

anid

eal u

nit f

or s

choo

l pur

pose

s,

espe

cial

ly in

the

Sout

h w

ith it

s m

any

spar

sely

pop

ulat

ed

dist

rict

s.T

he S

ubco

mm

ittee

of

Rur

alSc

hool

s, in

its

repo

rt, i

s ve

ry s

angu

ine

" th

at th

is m

ode

ofor

gani

zatio

n

has

a gr

eat f

utur

e be

fore

itin

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es."

And

to p

rove

this

ass

ertio

nit

poin

ts to

the

very

satis

fact

ory

oper

atio

n of

the

syst

em in

Ric

hmon

d co

unty

, Geo

rgia

,

whi

ch in

clud

es th

e la

rge

city

of A

ugus

ta. W

e re

ad:

The

cou

nty

is th

e un

it ar

ea o

for

gani

zatio

n, a

nd th

e ru

ral p

arts

and

the

urba

n pa

rts

of th

e co

unty

dist

rict

, as

far

as p

ract

kabl

q

are

trea

ted

just

alik

e.A

boa

rd o

f ed

ucat

ion,

com

pose

dof

rep

re-

sent

ativ

es e

lect

ed b

y th

e pe

ople

of

the

coun

ty f

or th

e te

rm o

f th

ree

year

s, o

ne th

ird

retir

ing

each

yea

r, m

anag

es a

ll th

esc

hool

s.T

he

scho

ol ta

x is

levi

ed a

t a u

nifo

rm r

ate

upon

all t

he p

rope

rty

of ti

lt

Vs

kJ

Page 29: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

32T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

coun

ty, w

ithou

t rev

isio

n by

any

oth

er a

utho

rity

and

with

out a

nylim

it as

to r

ate

or a

mou

nt. T

he c

ount

y an

d st

ate

fund

s ar

e di

stri

bbut

ed to

the

scho

ols

acco

rdin

g to

the

num

ber

of c

hild

ren

to b

e ed

uca

ted.

The

re is

no

dist

rict

tax.

The

sam

e qu

alif

icat

ions

are

re-

quir

ed f

or c

ount

ry a

nd f

or c

ity te

ache

rs.

The

teac

hers

are

trea

ted

as n

earl

y al

ike

as th

e co

nditi

ons

adm

it, a

nd th

ey a

re p

aid

abou

t the

sam

e sa

lari

es.

The

sch

ools

are

in s

essi

on th

e sa

me

leng

th o

f tim

ein

a y

ear,

nin

e ca

lend

ar m

onth

s.T

he c

ount

ry s

choo

lhou

ses,

on

the

aver

age,

are

situ

ated

fou

r m

iles

apar

t, an

d no

chi

ld is

out

of

wal

king

dist

ance

of

a sc

hool

ope

n ni

ne m

onth

s in

the

year

, and

taug

ht b

y a

good

teac

her.

One

sup

erin

tend

ent h

as c

harg

e of

all

the

scho

ols.

Aug

usta

has

nin

e te

nths

of

the

taxa

ble

prop

erty

of

the

coun

ty; b

uton

ly th

ree

four

ths

of th

e sc

hool

pop

ulat

ion.

In o

ther

wor

ds, t

heru

ral p

arts

of

the

coun

ty p

ay o

ne te

nth

of th

e sc

hool

tax

and

rece

ive

the

bene

fit o

f on

e fo

urth

of

it.Fo

r th

e m

ost p

art,

thes

e ar

e ex

celle

nt

prov

isio

ns.

The

cou

nty

wou

ld s

eem

to b

e th

e na

tura

l are

a un

it fo

rpo

pula

r sc

hool

s un

der

the

coun

ty s

yste

m o

f lo

cal g

over

nmen

t.

Nec

essa

ry R

efor

ms

in th

e C

ount

y Sy

stem

.It

is o

fpe

culia

r in

tere

st to

kno

w th

at th

e st

ates

whi

ch h

ave

not

subd

ivid

ed th

e co

unty

for

wha

t is

term

ed c

onve

nien

ce in

scho

ol a

dmin

istr

atio

n re

port

less

dif

ficu

lties

than

whe

resu

bdiv

isio

ns a

re m

ade.

Geo

rgia

, quo

ted

abov

e, a

ndM

aryl

and

are

exam

ples

of

stat

es w

hich

do

not s

ubdi

vide

thei

r co

untie

s.E

ach

of w

hich

is f

or s

choo

l pur

pose

svi

rtua

lly o

ne la

rge

scho

ol d

istr

ict.

Thi

s pl

aces

the

com

-pl

ete

man

agem

ent o

f th

e sc

hool

s, in

clud

ing

taxa

tion,

inth

e ha

nds

of a

str

ong

coun

ty b

oard

, and

res

ults

in v

ery

equa

ble

adm

inis

trat

ion.

Ala

bam

a ha

s un

til r

ecen

tly m

ade

use

of th

e to

wns

hip

as a

taxi

ng u

nit,

and

Wes

t Vir

gini

aha

s

empl

oyed

the

so-c

alle

d "

mag

iste

rial

dis

tric

t " f

or th

e sa

me

r: t

OR

GA

NIZ

AT

ION

AN

D A

DM

INIS

TR

AT

ION

33

purp

ose.

Thi

s ha

s re

sulte

din

seri

ous

disc

rim

inat

ion

agai

nst t

he s

pars

ely

popu

late

d se

ctio

ns w

here

but

slig

ht

mat

eria

lde

velo

pmen

t has

take

npl

ace.

The

for

mer

stat

e ha

s m

ade

a de

cide

d ch

ange

for

the

bette

r in

aban

don-

ing

the

old

syst

em.

Supe

rint

end

ent M

iller

of

the

latte

r

stat

e re

com

men

ds s

tron

gly

a ch

ange

, mak

ing

the

coun

ty

the

unit

of d

istr

ibut

ion.

With

the

inau

gura

tion

in th

eSo

uthe

rn s

tate

s ge

nera

lly o

f so

me

such

just

and

equ

able

syst

em o

f sc

hool

adm

inis

trat

ion

as is

pra

ctic

ed in

cou

ntie

s

of th

e ty

pe o

f R

ichm

ond

coun

ty, G

eorg

ia, t

here

is e

very

reas

on to

bel

ieve

that

this

uni

tw

ill p

rove

hig

hly

satis

-

fact

ory.

The

Com

mun

ity S

yste

m.

Bef

ore

leav

ing

the

units

of

orga

niza

tion

we

mus

t dw

ell b

rief

ly u

pon

one

addi

tiona

lsy

stem

, the

com

mun

ity s

yste

m o

f T

exas

.T

his

" im

prac

-

tical

and

inhi

bitiv

e sy

stem

," a

s St

ate

Supe

rint

ende

nt R

. B.

Cou

sins

ver

y pr

oper

ly d

enom

inat

es it

, is

fort

unat

ely

con-

fine

d to

the

one

stat

e, a

nd h

ere

grea

tly o

n th

e de

clin

e.

The

Com

mun

ity S

yste

m.

Und

er th

is "

syst

em"

any

teac

her,

or

othe

r pe

rson

inte

rest

ed, m

ay d

irec

t a p

etiti

on to

the

coun

ty s

uper

.in

tend

ent o

r co

unty

judg

e, p

lace

on

it th

e na

mes

of

the

child

ren

the

are

to a

ttend

the

scho

ol, p

rocu

re th

e si

gnat

ure

of p

aren

ts a

nd g

uard

-ia

ns o

f sa

id c

hild

ren,

and

pre

sent

this

pet

ition

to th

e co

unty

judg

eor

sup

erin

tend

ent w

ho c

redi

ts th

e sc

hool

with

the

stat

e an

d co

unty

pro

rata

, and

app

oint

s th

ree

citiz

ens

to a

ct a

s tr

uste

esfo

r on

e ye

ar.

At t

he e

nd o

f th

e te

rm th

e sc

hool

dis

solv

es in

to it

s or

igin

al e

lem

ents

;as

a s

choo

l eac

h is

a m

ere

expe

rim

ent,

whi

ch m

ust b

e re

peat

ed f

rom

year

to y

ear,

nev

er a

dvan

cing

bey

ond

the

expe

rim

enta

l sta

ge.

Page 30: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

tww

l

34T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

At o

ne ti

me

prac

tical

ly a

ll th

e sc

hool

s of

the

stat

e w

ere

orga

nize

d un

der

this

pri

miti

ve s

yste

m.

But

one

by

one

the

two

hund

red

and

fift

y od

d co

untie

s of

the

Lon

e St

arst

ate

have

tran

sfer

red

them

selv

es to

the

dist

rict

sys

tem

,so

that

at t

he ti

me

of th

is w

ritin

g ba

rely

a d

ozen

cou

ntie

sre

mai

n on

the

com

mun

ity b

asis

.A

rec

ent a

nnua

l rep

ort

of th

e st

ate

supe

rint

ende

nt c

onta

ins

figu

res

prov

ing

con-

clus

ivel

y th

at th

e co

mm

unity

sch

ools

em

ploy

the

poor

est

teac

hers

; tha

t the

ir a

vera

ge d

aily

atte

ndan

ce is

ver

y m

uch

low

er th

an th

at f

or th

e w

hole

sta

te; t

hat t

hey

are,

bes

ides

,ve

ry e

xpen

sive

to m

aint

ain,

cos

ting

the

stat

e an

nual

lya

larg

e su

m in

exc

ess

of th

eir

shar

e of

taxe

s.It

thus

ap-

pear

s th

at th

is s

yste

m h

as o

utliv

ed it

s us

eful

ness

, and

its

pass

ing

will

be

caus

e fo

r fe

w r

egre

ts.

The

Boa

rd o

f E

duca

tion:

its

Func

tion.

The

adm

in-

istr

atio

n of

our

rur

al s

choo

ls is

left

in th

e ha

nds

of a

boa

rdof

con

trol

, usu

ally

des

igna

ted

by th

e na

me

of "

sch

ool

boar

d "

or "

boa

rd o

f ed

ucat

ion.

"T

his

body

has

ret

aine

dth

e ad

min

istr

ativ

e po

wer

s of

the

old

New

Eng

land

sch

ool

com

mitt

ee (

see

chap

ter

on S

uper

visi

on),

alth

ough

the

latte

r's s

uper

viso

ry p

ower

s ha

ve b

een

dele

gate

d to

pai

dsu

perv

isor

s or

sup

erin

tend

ents

.T

he f

unct

ion

of th

esc

hool

boa

rd is

cle

arly

to p

rovi

de th

e w

ays

and

mea

nsw

here

by to

car

ry o

ut th

e w

ork

of e

duca

tion.

Boa

rd

mem

bers

are

the

repr

esen

tuci

ves

of th

e pu

blic

, and

thei

rm

anif

est d

uty

is to

car

ry o

ut th

e w

ill o

f th

is p

ublic

in e

du-

catio

nal m

atte

rs.

In n

o se

nse

of th

e w

ord,

how

ever

, can

A w

ell-

kept

rur

al s

choo

l in

Illin

ois.

Old

sch

oolh

ouse

at H

olde

n, L

ogan

Cou

nty,

Wes

tV

irgi

nia,

just

re-

plac

ed w

itha

sple

ndid

mod

ern

build

ing.

Scho

olho

use

in n

orth

ca.:t

ern

Ohi

o, n

.-ce

ntly

aba

ndon

ed f

or a

con

solid

ated

scho

ol.

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

Scho

olho

use

built

in F

illm

ore

Cou

nty,

Min

neso

ta, i

ni8

58, a

nd u

ntil

re-

cent

ly u

sed

for

scho

ol p

urpo

ses.

Scho

olho

use

in C

lark

Cou

nty,

Ohi

o,re

cent

ly a

band

oned

for

a c

onso

li-da

ted

scho

ol.

A d

ilapi

date

d sc

hool

hous

e in

eas

tern

Kan

sas.

vaiie

tyia

n-,0

0m s

i hoo

k.

Page 31: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

OR

GA

NIZ

AT

ION

AN

D A

DM

INIS

TR

AT

ION

35

they

be

cons

ider

ed a

s rs

duca

tors

.If

boa

rd m

embe

rs u

nder

-

take

to d

icta

te m

ethu

ds o

f in

stru

ctio

n or

how

the

scho

olou

ght t

o be

man

aged

, the

y un

ques

tiona

bly

encr

oach

upo

nth

e ri

ghts

of

the

lega

lly a

ppoi

nted

teac

her

and

the

supe

rin-

tend

ent w

hose

chi

ef w

ork

lies

in th

is p

art o

f th

e ed

ucat

iona

l

fiel

d. In v

iew

of

the

gene

rally

pre

vaili

ng m

isco

ncep

tion

of a

scho

ol b

oard

's p

ower

s an

d du

ties,

this

mat

ter

cann

ot b

eem

phas

ized

too

stro

ngly

.B

oard

mem

ben

shou

ld u

nder

-st

and

that

thei

r ch

ief

busi

ness

is to

pro

vide

the

mea

ns o

fed

ucat

ion

i.e. t

o se

cure

bui

ldin

g an

d eq

uipm

ent,

enga

gete

ache

rs, a

nd e

nfor

ce a

ttend

ance

of

child

ren

of s

choo

l age

.

The

y m

ay g

o so

far

as

to u

nder

take

the

role

of

help

ful

men

tor

to th

e te

ache

r, b

ut h

ere

thei

r au

thor

ity e

nds.

An

offi

ciou

s bo

ard

mem

ber

has

not t

he r

ight

to in

flic

thi

mse

lf u

pon

the

teac

her

in e

duca

tiona

l mat

ters

.T

his

may

hav

e be

en q

uite

pro

per

in th

e da

y of

the

old

scho

ol

com

mitt

ee, b

ut th

at w

as b

efor

e it

volu

ntar

ily s

urre

nder

edal

l rig

hts

of s

uper

visi

on.

The

rur

al te

ache

r sh

ould

und

er-

stan

d th

ese

mat

ters

, and

,if

nec

essa

ry, i

nsis

t upo

n hi

s

righ

ts.

Wor

k of

the

Boa

rd d

epen

ds u

pon

the

Size

of

Geo

grap

h-

ical

Uni

t.T

he f

oreg

oing

dis

cuss

ion

conc

erni

ng th

e si

ze o

f

unit

of o

rgan

izat

ion

and

adm

inis

trat

ion

has

mad

e it

suff

i-ci

ently

cle

ar to

the

read

er th

at th

e or

gani

zatio

n an

d w

ork

of th

e bo

ard

mus

t dep

end

upon

the

size

and

org

aniz

atio

nof

the

geog

raph

ical

uni

t.W

here

the

dist

rict

uni

t is

in

Page 32: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

36T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

vogu

e a

smal

l boa

rd, u

sual

ly th

ree

men

, dir

ecto

r, c

lerk

,

and

trea

sure

r,ad

min

iste

r sc

hool

aff

airs

.U

nder

tow

n-

ship

org

aniz

atio

n th

e bo

ard

is g

ener

ally

larg

er, e

lect

ed a

t

larg

e fr

om o

ver

the

tow

nshi

p; o

rit

may

be

com

pose

d, a

s in

Iow

a, o

f as

man

y su

bdir

ecto

rs a

sth

ere

are

subd

istr

icts

(sch

oolh

ouse

dis

tric

ts)

in th

e to

wns

hip.

Und

er c

ount

y

orga

niza

tion

the

num

ber

rang

esfr

om th

ree

upw

ard.

Som

etim

es th

ey a

re e

lect

ed b

y co

mm

issi

oner

dis

tric

ts,

som

etim

es f

rom

the

coun

ty a

t lar

ge.

Dif

ficu

lty in

pro

curi

ng"

Goo

d "

Boa

rd M

embe

rs.

A

grea

t men

ace

of th

e ru

ral s

choo

l is

foun

d in

the

gene

ral

wea

knes

s of

its

boar

ds.

Ver

y fe

w c

ount

ry-b

red

pers

ons

have

had

ade

quat

e ed

ucat

iona

l adv

anta

ges

to a

ppre

ciat

eth

e ne

eds

of th

e sc

hool

s.T

hose

who

are

cap

able

of

filli

ng

this

impo

rtan

t off

ice

are

usua

lly to

o bu

sy w

ithot

her

in-

tere

sts

or th

ey d

o no

t con

side

r th

ew

ork

wor

th th

eir

whi

le.

Thi

s re

sults

fre

quen

tly in

a b

oard

-org

aniz

atio

nof

hon

est,

wel

l-m

eani

ng b

ut ig

nora

nt a

nd, t

here

fore

,in

effi

-

cien

t men

, who

se w

ork

is, n

ow a

nd th

en, f

urth

er w

eake

ned

by th

e ad

ditio

n of

som

e ag

gres

sive

, sel

f-op

inio

nate

din

-

divi

dual

with

an

ax to

gri

nd.

Thr

ifty

far

mer

s w

ho s

eeth

e id

eal r

ural

sch

ool a

ref

lect

ion

of th

e ki

nd o

f sc

hool

that

they

atte

nded

a g

ener

atio

n ag

o ar

e no

t lik

ely

to m

ake

good

boa

rd m

embe

rs.

The

y w

ill b

e to

o ap

t to

poin

t bac

k

to th

e tim

e-m

agni

fied

vir

tues

of

the

scho

ol o

fthe

old

en ti

me.

Men

who

se e

duca

tion

has

take

n th

em to

col

lege

or

the

agri

cultu

ral s

choo

l hav

e ge

nera

lly a

broa

der

view

of

life,

OR

GA

NIZ

AT

ION

AN

DA

DM

INIS

TR

AT

ION

37

and

are

the

logi

cal

cand

idat

es f

or th

eof

fice

.B

ut a

lto-

geth

er to

o fr

eque

ntly

such

men

can

not

be in

duce

d to

ac-

cept

wha

tis

con

side

red

ath

ankl

ess

job.

Boa

rd M

embe

rs m

ight

be T

rain

ed.

Our

rur

al s

choo

ls

are

suff

erin

gth

roug

h th

e in

com

pete

nce

of s

choo

l boa

rds.

If th

e be

st m

en c

anno

tbe

indu

ced

todo

thei

r du

ty b

y th

e

stat

e, w

esh

ould

at l

east

ass

ist

thos

e w

ho a

re w

illin

gto

serv

e to

do

thei

r be

st.

We

trai

n te

ache

rs,

then

why

not

trai

n bo

ard

mem

bers

,als

o ?

Som

e st

ates

are

alre

ady

awak

e

to th

e gr

eat p

ossi

bilit

ies

of s

uch

ente

rpri

se.

To

illus

trat

e:

enac

t law

s w

hich

shal

l pro

vide

goo

d pa

y as

indu

cem

ent t

o

atte

nd m

eetin

gs o

fsu

ch m

embe

rs a

tth

e re

gula

r te

ache

rs'

asso

ciat

ions

and

the

annu

al te

ache

rs' i

nstit

utes

,whe

n th

ey

may

be a

ddre

ssed

by

spec

ialis

tson

sch

ool

adm

inis

trat

ion

and

by o

ther

pra

ctic

alsc

hool

men

.In

deed

, the

y m

ay

them

selv

es ta

ke a

ctiv

e pa

rtin

the

prog

ram

me.

Thi

s m

ay b

e

coun

ted

on to

giv

eth

e sc

hool

s a

prog

ress

ive

adm

inis

tra-

tive

forc

e w

here

we

now

have

muc

h of

apa

thy

and

inco

m-

pete

nce.

Wha

t an

Act

ive

Boa

rd c

an A

ccom

plis

h.T

he s

choo

l

boar

d re

pres

ents

the

educ

atio

nal

inte

rest

s of

its

cons

titu-

ents

: (1

) in

the

com

mun

ity, (

2)in

the

scho

ol,

and

(3)

with

the

supe

rint

ende

nt.

The

mem

bers

of

the

boar

d sh

ould

car

ryou

t the

wis

hes

of th

e an

nual

scho

ol m

eetin

gw

hich

they

rep

rese

nt;

but

thei

r w

ork

does

not

end

here

.It

is th

eir

man

ifes

t dut

y

to f

urth

erst

imul

ate

scho

ol p

rogr

ess

amon

gth

e ve

ry e

lect

ors

Page 33: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

38T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

who

put

them

in o

ffic

e.T

hey

shou

ld p

lan

for

and

secu

rein

crea

sed

reve

nues

with

whi

ch to

pro

vide

the

beit

plan

tan

d in

stru

ctio

n.In

oth

er w

ords

, the

y sh

ould

be

aler

tto

mak

e th

eir

scho

ol th

e be

st p

ossi

ble.

The

mem

bers

sho

uld,

mor

eove

r, e

ncou

rage

the

teac

her

by r

emov

ing

obst

acle

sto

pro

gres

s, a

nd p

upils

by

freq

uent

vis

itsan

d di

spla

yof

inte

rest

.A

bove

eve

ryth

ing

else

sho

uld

they

lend

the

supe

rint

ende

nt e

very

ass

ista

nce

to m

old

prop

er e

duca

-tio

nal t

houg

ht in

the

com

mun

ity, a

nd th

enhe

ed h

is a

dvic

ein

all

mat

ters

rel

atin

g to

sel

ectio

n of

teac

hers

and

equ

ip-

men

t; in

pla

ns f

or b

uild

ings

, gro

unds

,et

c.; i

n th

e ge

nera

lor

gani

zatio

n of

sch

ool w

ork,

and

insh

apin

g th

e ge

nera

lsc

hool

pol

icy

of th

eir

com

mun

ity.

CH

APT

ER

III

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L M

AIN

TE

NA

NC

E

TII

E f

irst

ess

entia

l in

the

solu

tion

of th

e co

mm

on s

choo

lqu

estio

n is

am

ple

fund

s w

ith w

hich

to p

rovi

de a

nd m

ain-

TA

BL

E I

. - E

XPE

ND

ITU

RE

PE

R C

API

TA

OF

SCH

OO

L P

OPU

LA

TIO

N

YE

AR

1870

-187

118

71-1

872

1872

-187

318

73-1

874

1874

-187

518

75-1

876

1876

-187

718

77-1

878

1878

-187

918

79-1

880

188o

-188

118

81-1

882

1882

-188

318

83-1

884

1884

-188

518

85-1

886

1886

-188

718

87-1

888

1888

-188

9

EX

PEN

DIT

UR

EPr

' Cap

ila

$1.7

51.

83

1.84

1.88

1.91

1.85

1.72

1.67

1.56

1.56

1.63

1.70

1.88

1.96

1.97

1.97

2.07

2.17

YE

AR

EX

PEN

DIT

UR

EPe

r C

aPila

1889

-189

018

90-1

891

1891

-189

218

92-1

893

1893

-189

418

94-1

895

1895

-189

618

96-1

897

1897

-189

818

98-1

899

1899

-190

019

00-1

901

1901

-190

219

02-1

903

1903

-190

419

04-1

905

1905

-190

619

06-1

907

$2.2

42.

31

2.40

2.48

2.55

2.55

2.62

2.63

2.67

2.70

2.84

2.94

2.99

3.15

3.36

3.53

3.67

3.90

tain

the

scho

ols.

Tha

t the

pub

lic is

aw

ake

to th

e im

-po

rtan

ce o

f sc

hool

impr

ovem

ents

is w

ell i

llust

rate

d in

39

Page 34: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

40T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

Tab

le 1

, whi

ch s

how

s th

at th

e pe

r ca

pita

exp

endi

ture

for

the

natio

n ha

s m

ore

than

dou

bled

in th

irty

-sev

en y

ears

.T

he a

nnua

l bud

get,

as r

epor

ted

by th

e C

omm

issi

oner

of

Edu

catio

n ha

s as

sum

ed s

urpr

isin

gly

larg

e pr

opor

tions

.T

he c

omm

on s

choo

l exp

endi

ture

in th

e st

ates

of

our

Uni

on

for

the

year

190

6-19

07re

ache

s th

e gr

and

tota

l of

$330

,780

,809

, an

incr

ease

of

mor

e th

an o

ne h

undr

ed m

il-

lion

in s

ix y

ears

.Se

vent

een

stat

es e

xpen

ded

mor

e th

an$5

,000

,000

eac

h, e

leve

n m

ore

than

$10

,000

,000

eac

h, f

our

mor

e th

an $

20,0

00,0

00 e

ach,

thre

e m

ore

than

$30

,000

,000

each

, and

one

mor

e th

an $

50,0

00,0

00.

Stat

istic

s sh

ow th

at

of th

e 16

,820

,386

pup

ils e

nrol

led

in u

rban

and

rur

al s

choo

ls

in 1

906-

1907

, 5,5

00,2

66, O

r 32

.7 p

er c

ent,

wer

e fr

om u

rban

cent

ers

(" v

illag

es a

nd to

wns

of

4000

pop

ulat

ion

and

over

")

and

I I,

j 20

,1 2

0, o

r 67

.3 p

er c

ent,

wer

e fr

om r

ural

dis

-tr

icts

("

outs

ide

of c

ities

, tow

ns, e

tc.,

of 4

000

and

over

").

Furt

her,

out

ofth

eto

tal

annu

alex

pend

iture

,

$181

,567

,632

.54,

or

54 p

er c

ent,

was

exp

ende

d fo

r th

em

aint

enan

ce o

f ur

ban

scho

ols,

whi

le o

nly

$149

,113

,168

.48,

or 4

5.6

per

cent

, was

use

d fo

r ru

ral s

choo

ls.

Thi

s m

eans

,

in o

ther

wor

ds, t

hat w

hile

$33

.or

was

exp

ende

d on

the

city

child

's e

duca

tion,

the

coun

try

child

had

to g

et a

long

with

$13.

17.

Now

, on

the

pres

umpt

ion

that

city

sch

ool e

xpen

ditu

res

are

at th

e pr

esen

t tim

e am

ple

for

all p

urpo

ses,

the

figu

res

wou

ld in

dica

te th

at r

ural

sch

ool e

ffic

ienc

y ca

nnot

be

at-

tain

ed, o

r ap

prox

imat

ed b

efor

e th

e pr

esen

t rur

al s

choo

l

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L M

AIN

TE

NA

NC

E41

budg

et is

nea

rly

treb

led.

Thi

s is

the

fina

ncia

l pha

se n

owca

lling

for

sol

utio

n.

T A

BL

E 2

.A

MO

UN

T E

XPE

ND

ED

FO

R C

OM

MO

N S

CH

OO

LS

EA

CH

YE

AR

BE

TW

EE

N 1

896-

1907

'

YE

AR

1896

-1 8

9 7

.

1 8

9 7

-1 8

98

1898

-189

918

99-1

900

1900

-190

119

01-1

902

1902

-190

3a

I 90

3-19

04 a

1904

-190

5 a

1905

-190

6 a

1906

-190

7 a

EX

PE

ND

ED

TO

R

TO

TA

LE

T:E

nt-

Site

s, B

uild

-in

gs, F

urni

-tu

re, e

tc.

Tea

cher

s'an

d Su

peri

n-te

nden

ts'

Sala

ries

All

Oth

erpu

rpos

es

32,3

76,4

7611

9,31

0,50

335

,995

090

187,

682,

269

31,4

15,2

3312

4,19

2,27

038

,685

,408

194,

292,

9n31

,229

,308

129,

3451

873

39,5

79,4

1620

0,15

4,59

7

35,4

50,8

2013

7,68

7,74

641

,826

,052

214,

964,

618

39,8

72,2

7814

3137

8,50

744

,272

,042

227,

522,

827

39,9

62,8

6315

4443

,681

46,8

55,7

5523

8,26

2,29

9

46,2

89,0

7413

7,11

0,10

848

,058

,443

231,

457,

625

59,4

53,2

6916

7,82

4,75

355

,938

,205

273,

216,

227

66,4

16,1

6817

7,46

2,98

157

,737

,511

291,

616,

66c

60,6

08,3

5218

6,48

3,66

460

,673

,843

307,

765,

659

65,8

17,8

7019

6,98

0,91

967

,882

,012

330,

780,

809

Col

onia

l Sup

port

of

Publ

ic S

choo

ls.

In e

arly

col

onia

l

times

sch

ool m

aint

enan

ce w

as w

holly

of

a lo

cal c

hara

cter

.

Ver

y fr

eque

ntly

sch

ools

wer

e es

tabl

ishe

d by

pri

vate

be-

ques

t, or

dis

tric

t and

tow

n ta

xes

wer

e le

vied

, or

tuiti

onfe

es c

harg

ed.

The

n, to

o, f

ines

, pen

altie

s, a

nd f

orfe

iture

sim

pose

d in

cer

tain

cou

rts,

exc

ise

fees

, pol

l tax

es, t

axes

on

the

sale

of

spir

ituou

s liq

uors

, and

the

inco

me

from

pub

licfi

sh w

eirs

all

wen

t for

sch

ool s

uppo

rt.

As

all t

hese

sou

rces

wer

e in

adeq

uate

, the

col

onis

ts c

once

ived

the

plan

to s

et

Thi

s ta

ble

Is c

ompi

led

from

the

U.S

. Sch

ool C

omm

issi

oner

'. re

port

for

zoo

?.Y

eart

mar

ked

a ar

e su

bjec

t to

corr

ectio

n.

Page 35: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

42T

HE

AM

:RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

apar

t pub

lic la

nds

for

thes

e pu

rpos

es, a

plan

whi

ch is

inde

ed a

lmos

t as

old

as o

ur h

isto

ry.

In 1

616

the

Lon

don

Com

pany

gra

nted

io,0

00 a

cres

in V

irgi

nia

for

the

esta

blis

h-

men

t of

an I

ndia

n sc

hool

.T

his

was

fol

low

ed u

p in

sev

eral

colo

nies

with

loca

l gra

nts.

In 1

733

Con

nect

icut

set

apa

rt

a co

nsid

erab

le a

rea

" to

the

perp

etua

l use

of

scho

ols.

"Fi

fty-

thre

e ye

ars

late

r M

assa

chus

etts

res

erve

d a

" sc

hool

lot "

of

320

acre

s in

all

tow

nshi

ps o

f pu

blic

land

s "

for

the

supp

ort o

f co

mm

on s

choo

ls in

such

tow

nshi

ps."

Cre

atio

n of

a P

erm

anen

t Sch

ool F

und.

Oth

er s

tate

s

esta

blis

hed

perm

anen

t sch

ool f

unds

eith

erth

roug

h ap

-

port

ionm

ent a

nd s

ale

of la

nd o

r th

roug

h di

rect

sta

te a

ppro

-

pria

tion.

New

Yor

k es

tabl

ishe

d a

perm

anen

t fun

din

i8oi

, Vir

gini

a in

181

o, S

outh

Car

olin

a in

181

1,M

aine

in

1821

, and

Nor

th C

arol

ina

in 1

825.

The

cen

tral

gov

ern-

men

t ini

tiate

d its

libe

ral p

olic

y of

land

gra

nts

whe

n, u

nder

the

Ord

inan

ce o

f 17

87, i

t ord

ered

" th

at o

ne s

ectio

n(t

he

sixt

eent

h) o

f ea

ch to

wns

hip

in th

e N

orth

wes

tT

erri

tory

shou

ld h

e de

sign

ated

as

scho

ol la

nd, a

nd th

at th

epr

ocee

ds

of it

s sa

le s

houl

d go

to th

e su

ppor

t of

publ

icsc

hool

s."

Stat

es a

dded

sub

sequ

ent t

o 18

48 h

ave

rece

ived

the

th:r

ty-

sixt

h se

ctio

n in

add

ition

to th

e si

xtee

nth.

Up

to i9

oone

arly

86,

000,

000

acre

s ha

d be

en d

evot

ed to

this

pur

pose

.In

add

ition

to th

ese

gran

ts s

urpl

us f

unds

in th

ena

tiona

l

trea

sury

to th

e a

noun

t of

$42,

000,

000

wer

e,in

183

6, d

is-

trib

uted

aM

ong

the

thir

ty-s

even

sta

tes

then

org

aniz

ed,

the

fund

s th

us r

ecei

ved

bein

g ge

nera

lly d

evot

ed to

the

sup-

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L M

AIN

TE

NA

NC

E43

port

of

educ

atio

n.T

he s

tate

s ha

ve a

ll m

ade

mat

eria

lad

ditio

ns to

the

perm

anen

t sch

ool f

und

(App

endi

x A

).So

that

in 1

906-

19o7

it r

each

ed a

gra

nd to

tal o

f $2

18,-

973,

736

with

an

annu

al in

com

e of

$16

,579

,551

.

Perm

anen

t Sch

ool F

unds

Ina

dequ

ate.

But

whi

le th

is

is a

gen

erou

s su

m, i

t is,

rel

ativ

ely

spea

king

, ina

dequ

ate

for

the

ends

inte

nded

.It

is b

ut a

dro

p in

our

oce

an o

f sc

hool

mai

nten

ance

.B

y w

ay o

f ill

ustr

atio

n, it

wou

ld r

equi

rea

perm

anen

t fun

d of

alm

ost

$1,0

0O,0

00,0

00 to

def

ray

the

expe

nses

, at t

he p

rese

nt r

ate

of o

utla

y, o

f N

ewY

ork

Stat

e

alon

e, to

say

not

hing

abo

ut th

e co

untr

y at

larg

e.T

heea

rly

frie

nds

of th

is f

orm

of

endo

wm

ent d

id n

ot e

ven

drea

m

of th

e va

st p

ropo

rtio

ns w

hich

hav

e be

en r

each

ed in

rec

ent

year

s by

our

pub

lic s

choo

l sys

tem

prop

ortio

ns w

hich

have

in a

way

def

eate

d th

e ve

ry p

urpo

se o

f th

ese

men

.It

is im

port

ant a

t thi

s po

int t

o un

ders

tand

that

whi

le th

epe

rman

ent f

unds

hav

e se

rved

a v

ery

usef

ul p

urpo

se, e

s-pe

cial

ly in

the

earl

y st

ages

of

our

educ

atio

nal e

ndea

vor,

and

shou

ld b

e ca

refu

lly h

usba

nded

and

adm

inis

tere

d,th

ey m

ust n

eces

sari

ly p

lay

a co

nsta

ntly

dim

inis

hing

par

tin

pop

ular

edu

catio

n.A

n ex

amin

atio

n of

Tab

le 3

will

sho

w th

at th

e pu

blic

scho

ol r

even

ue is

dra

wn

from

fou

r so

urce

spe

rman

ent

fund

s, s

tate

taxe

s, lo

cal t

axes

, and

oth

er s

ourc

es (

bequ

ests

,

fine

s, e

tc.)

.It

app

ears

fur

ther

as

a pa

tent

fac

t tha

t whi

leth

e in

com

e fr

om th

e pe

rman

ent s

choo

l fun

d ha

s lit

tlem

ore

than

dou

bled

in s

ixte

en y

r,ar

s, d

irec

t tax

eses

pe.

Page 36: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

44T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

cial

ly lo

cal t

axes

have

incr

ease

d m

anif

old

in th

e sa

me

spac

e of

tim

e.O

n th

e pe

rcen

tage

bas

is th

e pe

rman

ent

scho

ol f

und

repr

esen

ted

.054

per

cen

t of

the

tota

l inc

ome

in 1

890,

and

onl

y .0

48 p

er c

ent i

n 19

07.

It is

evi

dent

from

this

that

the

grea

t sou

rce

of r

even

ue in

our

cou

ntry

is, a

nd m

ust c

ontin

ue to

be,

taxa

tion

stat

e an

d lo

cal.

TA

BL

E 3

.PU

BL

IC S

CH

OO

L I

NC

OM

E, B

Y Y

EA

RS

1875

18/s

018

8518

90

Per

man

ent

fund

s .

..

$7,

744,

764

Stat

e ta

xes

.26

,345

,323

Loc

al ta

xes

.97

,222

,426

All

othe

rso

urce

s .

.11

,882

,292

Tot

al .

.$

88,6

48,9

50$

83,9

40,2

39$1

13,5

21,8

95$1

43,1

94,8

03

1897

1908

1906

1907

Perm

anen

tfu

nds

..

.$

9,04

7,09

7$

10,5

22,3

43$

11,6

41,0

59$

16,5

79,5

51St

ate

taxe

s.

33,9

41,6

5738

,330

,589

47,9

42,5

0946

,281

,501

Loc

al ta

xes

.13

0,31

7,70

817

0,77

9,58

622

3,49

1,40

523

0,42

4,55

4A

ll ot

her

sour

ces

..

18,6

52,9

0829

,742

,141

39,0

31,0

3150

,317

,132

Tot

al.

..

$19,

1959

,370

$249

,374

,659

$322

,106

,004

$343

,602

,738

" M

anif

estly

suc

h ar

eas

or u

nits

of

taxa

tion

shou

ld b

ecr

eate

d, o

r co

ntin

ued

if a

lrea

dy in

exi

sten

ce,"

say

s th

e Su

b-

com

mitt

ee o

n Sc

hool

Mai

nten

ance

, " a

s w

ill f

ully

dev

elop

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L M

AIN

TE

NA

NC

E45

the

soun

d A

mer

ican

pri

ncip

le, t

hat t

he w

hole

wea

lth o

f th

e

stat

e sh

all b

e m

ade

avai

labl

e fo

r ed

ucat

ing

all t

he y

outh

of

the

stal

e.T

his

is b

oth

righ

t and

nec

essa

ry, f

or it

mus

t be

rem

embe

red

that

in th

e U

nite

d St

ates

edu

catio

n is

a c

ivil

or s

tate

fun

ctio

n, to

be

supp

orte

dlik

e ot

her

sim

ilar

func

-

tions

."Su

ch lo

gica

l tax

ing

area

s ar

e:(1

) th

e st

ate,

(2)

the

coun

ty, (

3) th

e to

wns

hip,

(4)

the

dist

rict

.T

he S

tate

a L

ogic

al T

axin

g U

nit.

-- O

f al

l sys

tem

s of

taxa

tion

the

stat

e is

man

ifes

tly th

e m

ost d

emoc

ratic

and

equa

ble.

Scho

ols

are

cert

ainl

y es

tabl

ishe

d fo

r th

e go

od o

f

the

who

le s

tate

.Ig

nora

nce

or in

effi

cien

cy in

the

loca

l com

-

mun

ity r

efle

cts

on th

e en

tire

com

mon

wea

lth, a

nd e

vent

ually

levi

es a

hea

vy b

urde

n on

it f

or th

e m

aint

enan

ce o

f pe

nal

and

sim

ilar

inst

itutio

ns.

The

re a

re te

ns o

f th

ousa

nds

ofsc

hool

s sc

atte

red

over

our

cou

ntry

to-d

ay th

at a

re c

arri

ed

on w

ith th

e gr

eate

st d

iffi

culty

.T

hey

are

so s

mal

l and

poo

r

that

the

burd

en o

f lo

cal t

axes

is a

lmos

t une

ndur

able

; and

,w

ith a

ll th

is, t

erm

s ar

e sh

ort a

nd th

e te

achi

ng p

oor.

Itis

unj

ust t

hat o

ne d

istr

ict s

houl

d ta

x its

elf

thre

e or

fou

rtim

es a

s m

uch

as s

ome

mor

e fo

rtun

atel

y si

tuat

ed d

istr

ict

in o

rder

to d

o its

sha

re o

f th

e w

ork

whi

ch p

rim

arily

bel

ongs

to th

e st

ate.

It is

unj

ust t

o th

e ch

ild a

nd d

estr

uctiv

e to

all c

ivil

ende

avor

to g

et a

long

with

thes

e sh

ort t

erm

s an

dsu

ch in

diff

eren

t ins

truc

tion.

By

way

of

illus

trat

ion,

take

the

two

New

Ham

pshi

re to

wns

of

Ells

wor

th a

nd D

ublin

.A

ccor

ding

to th

e sc

hool

ret

urns

mad

e Ju

ly 1

5, 1

906,

the

form

er h

ad a

n eq

ualiz

ed v

alua

tion

per

pupi

l of

$135

8, w

hile

Page 37: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

46T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

the

latte

r ha

d $1

9,43

3.T

he f

orm

er le

vied

fiv

e m

ills

for

scho

ol p

urpo

ses

and

real

ized

onl

y $9

.54

per

pupi

l, th

e ht

ter

levi

ed o

nly

two

and

one

half

mill

s, b

ut o

n th

e gr

eate

r va

l-ua

tion

real

ized

the

hand

som

e su

m o

f $4

8.81

per

pup

il.T

his

plai

nly

show

s th

at D

ublin

can

rai

se f

ully

ten

times

as

man

y "

sine

ws

of w

ar "

for

sch

ool

mai

nten

ance

, at a

neq

ual r

ate

of ta

xatio

n, a

s ca

n E

llsw

orth

.A

nd th

e re

sult?

Dub

lin p

ays

an a

vera

ge s

alar

y of

$42

.40

for

a te

rm o

fth

irty

-six

wee

ks, a

nd E

llsw

orth

, at t

he d

oubl

e ta

x ra

te,

pays

an

aver

age

sala

ry o

f on

ly $

18fo

r a

term

of

twen

ty

wee

ks I

Stat

e T

axat

ion

not o

n th

e In

crea

se. -

It i

s a

fact

to b

ede

plor

ed th

at o

ur la

wm

aker

s do

not

take

kin

dly

to s

tate

taxa

tion

for

scho

ol p

urpo

ses.

A g

lanc

e at

Tab

le 4

rev

eals

the

trut

h th

at in

the

youn

ger

Wes

tern

sta

tes

and

the

Sout

hA

tlant

ic s

tate

s al

one

is th

is f

orm

of

taxa

tion

on th

e in

-cr

ease

.W

ith th

e fo

rmer

the

prin

cipl

e w

as in

corp

orat

ed in

the

fund

amen

tal l

aw f

rom

the

very

beg

inni

ng a

nd s

how

sve

ry s

atis

fact

ory

resu

lts.

To

inau

gura

teun

ifor

m a

nd

equa

ble

syst

ems

of s

tate

taxa

tion

in th

e ol

der

stat

es s

eem

s

diff

icul

t at t

his

late

dat

e.T

hese

sta

tes

have

so

long

de-

pend

ed u

pon

thei

r se

vera

l loc

al u

nits

that

they

rat

her

rese

ntth

e ch

ange

; and

esp

ecia

lly a

re th

e ci

ties

and

larg

er to

wns

whi

ch h

ave

a la

rge

scho

ol v

alua

tion

and

scho

ol s

yste

ms

alre

ady

in a

hig

h st

ate

of d

evel

opm

ent,

relu

ctan

t to

mak

ean

y su

ch c

hang

e.Se

vera

l Nor

th C

entr

al s

tate

s m

ake

no s

tate

levy

at a

ll,

I

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

LM

AIN

TE

NA

NC

E47

alth

ough

sta

te s

uper

inte

nden

tsha

ve r

epea

tedl

ype

titio

ned

thei

r le

gisl

atur

eF to

mak

e su

ch p

rovi

sion

.K

ansa

s, f

or in

-

stan

ce, l

evie

sne

ither

a s

tate

nor

a c

ount

yta

x an

d de

pend

s

sole

ly o

n lo

cal t

axat

ion

and

the

inco

me

from

the

perm

a-

nent

fun

d.R

epea

ted

atte

mpt

s ha

vebe

en m

ade

to p

lace

a st

ate

and

coun

tyta

x la

w o

n th

e st

atut

ebo

oks,

but

up

to

the

pres

ent t

ime

they

have

end

ed in

fai

lure

.

TA

BL

E 4

:- S

TA

TE

AN

D L

OC

AL

TA

XE

S O

N T

HE

PE

RC

EN

TA

GE

BA

SIS

Div

isio

ss

1894

-95

105-

619

06-7

Stat

e\

Loc

alT

axes

Tax

esSt

ate

Tax

esL

ocal

Ta

xes

Stat

eL

ocal

Tax

esT

axes

Nor

th A

tlant

ic S

tate

sSo

uth

Atla

ntic

Sta

tes

Sout

h C

entr

al S

tate

sN

orth

Cen

tral

Sta

tes

Wes

tern

Sta

tes

..

19.4

38.1

48.4 9.9

23.0

68.2

12.1

7

51.3

39.0

1

31.7

35.7

875

.46.

8861

.328

.70

71.6

7

53.9

142

.

11.8

2

41.0

138

.03

3.84

26.4

3

13.4

7

76.4

151

.89

32.0

269

.09

55.2

3

Uni

ted

Stat

es27

76

57.5

81.

4.69

69.6

467

.06

It s

houl

d be

und

erst

ood,

fina

lly, t

hat w

here

wea

lth

abou

nds

and

is f

airl

yw

ell d

istr

ibut

ed, a

s, f

orin

stan

ce, i

n

unif

orm

ly d

evel

oped

agri

cultu

ral s

tate

s, th

ere

is n

otth

e

sam

e ne

cess

ityfo

r a

stat

e sy

stem

of

taxa

tion

as w

here

the

stat

e pr

esen

ts th

e ex

trem

esof

wea

lth a

nd p

over

ty,

of c

on-

cent

rate

d po

pula

tion

and

scat

tere

d po

pula

tion.

Cou

nty

and

Tow

nshi

pT

axat

ion.

- A

fur

ther

insp

ectio

n

of T

able

4 r

evea

ls th

at67

.06

per

cent

o..c

hool

rev

e-

nues

of

the

coun

try

com

esfr

om lo

cal t

axes

, 13.

47 p

erce

nt

from

sta

te ta

xes,

and

19.

47 p

erce

nt f

rom

all

othe

r so

urce

s.

Page 38: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

48T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

Unf

ortu

nate

ly th

e B

urea

u of

Edu

catio

n of

fers

no

stat

istic

ssh

owin

g ju

st h

ow th

e 67

.06

per

cent

is a

ppor

tione

d am

ong

coun

ty, t

own,

and

dis

tric

t. A

n ex

amin

atio

n of

man

y st

ate

repo

rts

show

s co

nclu

sive

ly, h

owev

er, t

hat t

here

is a

gra

dual

shif

ting

from

the

smal

l and

und

esir

able

dis

tric

t uni

t to

the

larg

er to

wn

and

coun

ty.

Tab

le 5

, tak

en f

rom

the

1905

repo

rt o

f th

e C

onne

ctic

ut B

oard

of

Edu

catio

n,ill

ustr

ates

this

tend

ency

.

TA

BL

E 5

.In

usT

RA

TL

NG

DE

CL

INE

OF

DIS

TR

ICT

TA

XA

TIO

N

YE

AR

DIS

TR

ICT

TA

X

PER

CE

NT

TO

WN

TA

xPE

RC

EN

TST

AT

ET

Ax

PER

CE

NT

1895

655,

177.

0226

.61,

195,

138.

8848

.625

5,88

3.50

10.4

1896

708,

509.

6328

.31,

259,

660.

7050

.326

1,66

4.50

10.4

1897

701,

634.

0825

.61,

474,

566.

1953

.829

0,81

8.67

10.6

1898

769,

686.

9427

.01,

384,

614.

1248

.629

1,84

8.84

10.2

2899

853,

437.

2527

.91,

661,

934.

0054

.431

3,14

0.46

10.2

1900

828,

015.

7827

.81,

489,

243.

4250

.131

5,36

0.23

10.6

1901

930,

327.

9829

71,

631,

727.

6752

.232

6,57

6.98

104

2902

659,

248.

0619

.12,

104,

120.

3461

.134

8,44

8.79

10.1

2903

664,

075.

8119

.22,

077,

105.

9860

.836

3,35

1.53

20.5

1904

641,

854.

4217

.02,

252,

557.

9859

.739

9,13

1.35

10.5

Con

clus

ion

Dra

wn.

It w

ill n

ow s

uffi

ce to

say

that

cir

-

cum

stan

ces

alon

e m

ust d

eter

min

e th

is m

atte

r of

taxa

tion.

In s

tate

s w

here

the

coun

ty s

yste

m o

f go

vern

men

t pre

vails

this

sho

uld

natu

rally

bec

ome

the

unit

of ta

xatio

n;in

stat

es w

here

the

tow

nshi

p is

the

polit

ical

uni

t of

gove

rn-

men

t thi

s sh

ould

like

wis

e be

com

e th

e un

it fo

r sc

hool

rev

e-

nue.

The

se r

emar

ks a

pply

in a

sim

ilar

man

ner

to c

oun-

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L M

AIN

TE

NA

NC

E49

ties

whe

re ti

lt. m

ixed

sys

tem

of

gove

rnm

ent p

reva

ils.

It is

very

ess

entia

l to

real

ize

that

the

idea

of

taxa

tion

shou

ldbe

con

sist

ent w

ith th

e ge

nera

l soc

ial a

nd p

oliti

cal h

abits

of th

e co

mm

unity

.In

no

case

doe

s it

seem

wis

e to

dep

end

on a

ny o

ne f

orm

of

taxa

tion

toth

e ex

clus

ion

of o

ther

s.

Exp

erie

nce

favo

rs a

com

bina

tion

of a

ll.W

e ha

ve f

ound

that

sta

te ta

xatio

n is

bot

h ju

st a

nd w

ise.

Loc

al ta

xatio

n,

mor

e th

an a

ny o

ther

age

ncy,

kee

ps a

live

and

fost

ers

loca

lin

tere

st in

sch

ool a

ffai

rs, a

nd w

ithal

dev

elop

s a

grea

t mea

s-

ure

of lo

cal i

ndep

ende

nce

and

self

-rel

ianc

e.W

hat o

urru

ral s

choo

ls d

eman

d, th

en, i

s (1

) a

pers

iste

nt a

nd r

atio

nal

scal

ing

up o

f al

l the

sev

eral

sou

rces

of

reve

nue

till a

true

equi

libri

um s

hall

appe

ar in

sta

te a

nd lo

cal t

axat

ion;

and

(2)

a lib

eral

incr

ease

of

taxa

tion

all a

long

the

line.

Thi

sal

one

can

elev

ate

the

rura

l sch

ool t

o th

e le

vel o

f th

e ci

ty

scho

olfi

nanc

ially

.

Page 39: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

CH

APT

ER

IV

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

LSU

PER

VIS

ION

Gen

eral

Sta

tem

ent :

the

Bus

ines

s Si

de.

The

tim

e

has

arri

ved

whe

nin

cide

ntal

and

slip

shod

supe

rvis

ion

in o

ur

rura

lsc

hool

s m

ust c

ease

.T

rue

educ

atio

nal

inte

rest

s

dem

and

this

.Sk

illed

sup

ervi

sion

is u

nden

iabl

y es

sent

ial

for

the

futu

reef

fici

ency

of

scho

oled

ucat

ion.

Inde

ed, a

ll

succ

essf

ul in

dust

rial

and

busi

ness

ent

erpr

ises

oft

he p

rese

nt

time

are

base

dan

d op

erat

ed o

n th

epr

inci

ple

of e

xper

t

supe

rvis

ion.

Tra

ined

spe

cial

ists

have

sys

tem

atiz

ed o

ur

gian

t ind

ustr

ies

and

busi

ness

ent

erpr

ises

till t

he m

inim

um

of c

ost h

asre

sulte

d in

the

max

imum

of

rem

uner

atio

n.

Shal

l we

not d

o as

wel

l by

our

scho

ols?

Sure

ly th

e on

ly

sens

ible

way

is to

appl

y th

e sa

me

busi

ness

pri

ncip

les

toth

e

man

agem

ent o

f ou

rsc

hool

s th

at w

e do

to o

urpr

ivat

e

affa

irs!

City

Supe

rvis

ion

vs.

Rur

al S

uper

visi

on.

Our

city

scho

ols

are

wel

lor

gani

zed,

wel

ldi

scip

lined

, and

wel

l

inst

ruct

ed, b

ecau

se w

eha

ve p

rofe

ssio

nal

city

sup

erin

-

tend

ents

.T

hese

arc

gen

eral

lyco

llege

men

who

,ha

ving

serv

ed th

eir

appr

entic

eshi

p as

inst

ruct

ors

orpr

inci

pals

in le

ss im

port

ant

scho

ols,

wer

e ad

vanc

edto

the

supe

rin-

so

Page 40: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

IB

ES

TC

OP

YA

VA

ILA

BLE

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L S

UPE

RV

ISIO

N5

1

tend

ency

bec

ause

of

real

wor

th a

nd th

orou

ghqu

alif

icat

ions

.

Prof

essi

onal

pre

stig

e an

dre

ason

able

rem

uner

atio

n ha

ve

enlis

ted,

and

bee

n su

ffic

ient

toco

ntin

ue, o

ur b

est e

duca

-

tiona

l tal

ent i

n th

is f

ield

.B

ut, m

eanw

hile

, wha

t of

our

rura

l sch

ools

?W

hat o

f th

e sc

hool

s in

whi

ch a

maj

ority

of A

mer

ican

chi

ldre

n m

ustr

ecei

ve th

eir

educ

atio

n? T

he

answ

er: T

hey

have

bee

n ne

glec

ted

mos

tsh

amef

ully

in

man

y se

ctio

nsof

the

coun

try

and

left

to a

hap

haza

rd

supe

rvis

ion

that

is u

sual

lyun

derp

aid

and

ofte

n bo

th u

n-

skill

ed a

nd in

effi

cien

t.A

nd is

it a

t all

surp

risi

ngth

at th

e

rura

l sch

ool s

uper

inte

nden

cydo

es n

ot a

ttrac

t and

reta

in

our

best

educ

atio

nal t

alen

t ?A

ssur

edly

not

.T

he o

ffic

e,

whi

ch in

rea

lity

is th

e m

ost

impo

rtan

t pub

lic h

oldi

ngin

the

gift

of

a co

mm

unity

,is

sel

dom

rec

ogni

zed

assu

ch b

y

the

gene

ral p

ublic

, a f

act

goin

g fa

r to

div

est i

t of

the

pro-

fess

iona

l dig

nity

whi

ch is

its

due.

As

a m

atte

r of

fac

t the

offi

ce is

all

too

ofte

n dr

agge

d to

the

leve

l of

part

y po

litic

s

and

mad

e to

dep

end

upon

polit

ical

fav

or in

stea

d of

in-

divi

dual

wor

th.

Whe

n to

this

we

add

the

slig

ht o

ppor

-

tuni

ty f

or p

rofe

ssio

nal

prom

otio

n in

the

supe

rint

ende

ncy

and

a sa

lary

oft

en s

oin

adeq

uate

as

to b

e be

ggar

ly, w

e

shal

l hav

e lit

t le

reas

on to

be

surp

rise

d th

at o

ur b

est t

each

ers

pref

er e

mpl

oym

ent e

lsew

here

.W

hat,

then

, can

be

done

or, r

athe

r,w

hat i

s be

ing

done

, to

rem

edy

thes

e de

fect

s in

our

syst

em ?

We

shal

l see

.

Ori

gin

of S

choo

l Boa

rds

and

Scho

ol S

uper

inte

nden

ts.

Rur

al s

choo

l sup

ervi

sion

,suc

h as

it is

, is

the

resu

ltof

long

Page 41: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

52T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

grow

th. T

he M

assa

chus

etts

Act

of

1789

cha

rged

the

min

-

iste

rs o

f th

e G

ospe

l and

sel

ectm

en o

f th

e se

vera

l tow

nsor

dis

tric

ts w

ith th

e su

perv

isio

n of

sch

ools

.T

his

" sc

hool

com

mitt

ee "

was

cha

rged

with

the

elec

tion

of te

ache

rs,

the

visi

tatio

n an

d in

spec

tion

of s

choo

ls, t

he e

nfor

cem

ent

of d

isci

plin

e, a

nd m

any

othe

r du

ties.

Sim

ilar

com

mitt

ees

cam

e in

to e

xist

ence

in o

ther

sta

tes.

The

y w

ere

from

the

lead

ing

men

of

the

com

mun

ity w

ho to

ok c

omm

enda

ble

prid

e in

see

ing

that

the

mas

ter

earn

ed h

is s

alar

y "

and

kept

his

pupi

ls in

pat

hs o

f ri

ghte

ousn

ess

and

godl

ines

s."

The

irta

sks

wer

e bo

th o

f an

adm

inis

trat

ive

and

a su

perv

isor

yna

ture

.In

tim

e, a

s po

pula

tion

incr

ease

d, th

ese

dutie

sbe

cam

e m

ultip

lied

and

com

plex

, req

uiri

ng m

ore

time

than

an u

nsal

arie

d co

mm

ittee

wou

ld c

are

to g

ive

the

wor

k.T

he n

atur

al r

esul

t was

div

isio

n of

labo

r an

d sp

ecia

lizat

ion.

The

adm

inis

trat

ive

func

tions

hav

e be

en r

etai

ned

by th

esc

hool

com

mitt

ee w

hich

to-d

ay f

inds

exp

ress

ion

in th

e di

s-

tric

t, to

wn,

and

cou

nty

boar

d of

edu

catio

n, o

r ju

st p

lain

scho

ol b

oard

, whi

le th

e su

perv

isor

y fu

nctio

ns h

ave

been

dele

gate

d to

a s

uper

viso

r or

sup

erin

tend

ent,

who

se u

nit

of s

uper

visi

on c

orre

spon

ds w

ith th

e ad

min

istr

ativ

e un

it of

the

boar

d.T

he Q

uest

ion

of S

uper

visi

on U

nit.

The

fir

st o

f th

ese

vera

l pha

ses

of th

is q

uest

ion

to e

nter

into

our

dis

cuss

ion

may

wel

l be

the

unit

of s

uper

visi

on.

Thi

rty-

nine

sta

tes,

mai

nly

wes

t and

sou

th, l

eave

the

gene

: al s

uper

visi

on in

the

hand

s of

ele

ctiv

e or

app

oint

ive

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L S

UPE

RV

ISIO

N53

offi

cial

sco

unty

sup

erin

tend

ents

or,

as

in L

ouis

iana

,

pari

sh s

uper

inte

nden

ts a

nd,

in M

ichi

gan

and

New

Yor

k,

resp

ectiv

ely,

cou

nty

and

dist

rict

com

mis

sion

ers

of e

duca

-

tion.

The

New

Eng

land

sta

tes

gene

rally

cho

ose

unio

n

dist

rict

or to

wn

(tow

nshi

p)su

peri

nten

dent

s.Se

vera

l

stat

es p

rovi

de b

oth

coun

tyan

d to

wns

hip

supe

rint

ende

nts

a ve

ryth

orou

ghgo

ing

syst

em.

Aga

in o

ther

s of

the

coun

ty u

nit c

lass

hav

epe

rmis

sive

legi

slat

ion

on th

eel

ec-

tion

of to

wns

hip

supe

rint

ende

nts.

A c

aref

ul in

vest

igat

ion

of th

esu

bjec

t will

sho

w th

at th

e

unit

of s

uper

visi

on w

hich

sui

ts o

nese

ctio

n of

the

coun

try

is n

ot n

eces

sari

ly th

e be

st u

nit

for

ever

y ot

her

sect

ion.

Says

the

Com

mitt

ee o

n R

ural

Scho

ols:

The

sim

plic

ity a

nd e

ffec

tiven

ess

of s

uper

visi

on a

re p

rom

oted

whe

n

the

units

of

polit

ical

org

aniz

atio

nan

d of

sch

ool a

dmin

istr

atio

n ar

e

iden

tical

. Thi

s co

nditi

on h

as it

slim

itatio

ns, h

owev

er, i

n th

e am

ount

of te

rrito

ry to

be

cove

red

and

in th

ede

nsity

of

popu

latio

n, w

hich

is

a va

ryin

g qu

antit

y.T

he m

ain

poin

t is

to b

ring

eve

ryru

ral s

choo

l of

the

coun

try

as f

ar a

s po

ssib

le u

nder

the

wat

chfu

l car

e of

a c

ompe

tent

supe

rvis

ing

offi

cer.

Res

pons

ibili

ty is

a s

tron

g st

imul

ant.

It is

one

of th

e w

eak

poin

ts in

our

pre

sent

sys

tem

that

too

ofte

n th

e ru

ral

scho

ol-t

each

er is

res

pons

ible

to n

o on

e.

Tow

nshi

p an

d D

istr

ict S

uper

inte

nden

tsin

New

Eng

land

.

The

ena

ctm

ent o

f th

e M

assa

chus

etts

Supe

rvis

ion

Law

,

in 1

888,

mar

ks th

e be

ginn

ing

of g

reat

thin

gs in

New

Eng

land

rur

al s

choo

l org

aniz

atio

n,m

etho

ds o

f in

stru

ctio

n

and

disc

iplin

e.H

eret

ofor

e sc

hool

sup

ervi

sion

was

hard

ly

wor

th th

e na

me.

The

wor

k of

the

earl

y co

mm

ittee

had

L. A

Page 42: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

54T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

been

lim

ited

to in

cide

ntal

vis

itatio

n on

ce o

r tw

ice

a ye

ar.

Eve

n w

hen

late

r th

e la

w r

equi

red

them

to e

lect

one

of th

eir

own

num

ber

to a

ct a

s su

perv

isor

of c

omm

on s

choo

ls,

at a

sta

ted

sum

per

die

m, n

o m

arke

d im

prov

emen

t was

notic

ed.

The

rea

son

is n

ot f

ar to

see

k: s

uch

supe

rvis

ors

wer

e us

ually

men

of

affa

irs

who

sevi

tal i

nter

ests

cen

tere

din

som

e ot

her

occu

patio

n, w

ho g

ave

the

wor

k of

scho

ol

supe

rviF

ion

only

suc

h tim

e as

they

cou

ld s

pare

fro

m th

eir

regu

lar

busi

ness

.T

hey

lack

ed p

rofe

ssio

nal t

rain

ing

and

scho

olro

om e

xper

ienc

e.M

oreo

ver,

the

tera

ulie

ratio

n w

as

too

mea

ger

to b

e an

indu

cem

ent t

o th

eir

best

eff

orts

.M

anif

estly

, the

sol

utio

n la

y in

larg

er s

uper

viso

ry d

is-

tric

ts.

Tow

ns c

ould

be

brou

ght t

oget

her

for

the

purp

ose

of s

uper

visi

on in

num

bers

suf

fici

ently

larg

e to

war

rant

the

enga

gem

ent o

f a

prof

essi

onal

sup

erin

tend

ent,

who

shou

ld

devo

te h

is e

ntir

e tim

e to

wor

k in

suc

h a

unio

n di

stri

ct.

His

sal

ag c

ould

then

be

paid

on

a pr

o ra

ta b

asis

by

the

seve

ral t

owns

com

pris

ing

the

dl3t

rict

.T

his

was

the

plan

real

ized

und

er th

e M

assh

uset

ts A

ct o

f 18

88.

In M

assa

chus

etts

.T

his

act h

as b

roug

ht p

ract

ical

lyth

e en

tire

rura

l pop

ulat

ion

of th

e st

ate

unde

r pr

ofes

sion

al

supe

rvis

ion.

The

res

ults

hav

e be

en a

lmos

t phe

nom

enal

.A

s ea

rly

as 1

896

the

Stat

e B

oard

of

Edu

catio

n w

rote

:

Whe

reve

r th

is p

olic

y ha

s be

en f

airl

y tr

ied,

whe

ther

in th

e la

rge

citie

s or

in th

e sm

all t

owns

, the

rec

ogni

tion

of it

s im

port

ance

as

apr

ime

fact

or in

the

impr

ovem

ent o

f th

e pu

blic

sch

ools

is n

earl

y or

qui

te

univ

ersa

lPr

actic

ally

, the

que

stio

n m

ay b

e sa

id to

hav

e pa

ssed

the

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L S

UPE

RV

ISIO

N55

deba

tabl

e st

age.

The

chi

ef b

enef

its r

esul

ting

from

the

empl

oym

ent

of tr

aine

d an

d sk

illfu

l sup

erin

tend

ents

are

thes

e: m

ore

regu

lar

and

incr

ease

d at

tend

ance

, gre

ater

eco

nom

y in

the

expe

nditu

re o

f m

oney

,an

d gr

eate

r in

tere

st in

the

scho

ols

on th

e pa

rt o

f th

e pu

pils

, par

ents

,an

d th

e co

mm

unity

in g

ener

al.

In C

onne

ctic

ut.

We

shal

l not

take

the

time

to d

iscu

ssth

e de

tails

of

the

Mas

sach

uset

ts A

ct, b

ut m

ay in

stea

dco

nsid

er s

ome

of th

e in

tere

stin

g pr

ovis

ions

of

anot

her

law

of g

reat

impo

rtan

ce; n

amel

y, th

e C

onne

ctic

ut A

ct o

f 19

03.

Whi

le in

pri

ncip

le th

e tw

o ar

e m

uch

alik

e, C

onne

ctic

utha

s pr

ofite

d by

the

expe

rien

ces

of h

er n

eigh

bor

and

im-

prov

ed u

pon

the

earl

ier

act.

The

lead

ing

prov

isio

ns m

ay

be s

umm

ed u

p as

fol

low

s:

SEC

TIO

N I

. The

larg

er to

wns

may

thro

ugh

thei

r sc

hool

com

-m

ittee

elec

t a s

uper

inte

nden

t of

scho

ols,

fix

his

sal

ary,

and

pre

scri

behi

s du

ties.

Seve

ral t

owns

are

act

ing

succ

essf

ully

und

er th

is c

laus

e.SE

CT

ION

II.

Tw

o or

mor

e to

wns

whi

ch to

geth

er e

mpl

oy n

ot le

ssth

an tw

enty

-fiv

e no

r m

ore

than

fif

ty te

ache

rs m

ay u

nite

to f

orm

asu

perv

isio

n di

stri

ct. A

join

t sch

ool c

omm

ittee

may

then

be

appo

inte

d,w

hich

sha

ll be

a jo

int c

omm

ittee

on

beha

lf o

f th

e se

vera

l tow

ns c

on-

stitu

ting

the

supe

rvis

ion

dist

rict

.T

his

com

mitt

ee s

hall

then

em

ploy

a su

peri

nten

dent

, fix

and

app

ortio

n hi

s sa

lary

, and

man

age

the

affa

irs

of th

e di

stri

ct.

Four

dis

tric

ts o

f tw

o to

wns

eac

h ha

ve b

een

orga

nize

d un

der

this

cla

use.

SEC

TIO

N I

IIW

here

ver

a su

peri

nten

dent

has

bee

n em

ploy

ed a

c-co

rdin

g to

the

prov

isio

ns o

f Se

ctio

n II

, the

sta

te s

hall

pay

one

half

of s

uch

supe

rint

ende

nt's

sal

ary,

pro

vide

d th

at it

sha

ll no

t pay

to e

x-ce

ed S

800

in o

ne y

ear

to a

ny o

ne d

istr

ict.

SEC

TIO

N I

V. T

he s

uper

inte

nden

t mus

t hav

e ha

d at

leas

t fiv

e ye

ars'

succ

essf

ul e

xper

ienc

e as

teac

her

or s

uper

inte

nden

t or

hold

a c

er-

tific

ate

of a

ppro

val b

y th

e st

ate

boar

d of

edu

catio

n.

Page 43: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

56'T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

SEcr

IoN

V. T

he s

tate

is a

utho

rize

d to

app

oint

age

nts

who

sha

llbe

sup

erin

tend

ents

in to

wns

hav

ing

ten

or le

ss te

ache

rs.

In s

uch

case

the

tow

n pa

ys o

ne f

ourt

h of

suc

h su

peri

nten

dent

's s

alar

y an

dth

e st

ate

the

rem

aini

ng th

ree

four

ths.

Eig

ht to

wns

hav

e ap

plie

dfo

r ag

ents

und

er th

is c

laus

e, a

nd a

ppoi

ntm

ents

hav

e be

en m

ade.

Fran

k 0.

Jon

es o

n th

e C

onne

ctic

ut a

nd M

assa

chus

etts

Syst

ems.

Mr.

Fra

nk 0

. Jon

es, s

tate

age

nt io

r th

e to

wns

of P

rosp

ect a

nd N

orth

Can

aan,

in h

;., r

epor

t to

the

secr

e-ta

ry o

f th

e C

onne

ctic

ut S

tate

Boa

rd o

f E

duca

tion,

mak

esa

very

inst

ruct

ive

com

pari

son

of th

is la

w w

ith th

e M

assa

-ch

uset

ts la

w, w

hich

is h

ere

repr

oduc

ed in

par

t.H

esa

ys:

The

out

look

for

sup

ervi

sion

in C

onne

ctic

ut is

esp

ecia

lly g

ood

whe

nco

mpa

riso

n is

mad

e be

twee

n its

sup

ervi

sion

law

and

that

of

Mas

sa-

chus

etts

, und

er w

hich

sup

ervi

sion

has

bee

n ex

trao

rdin

arily

suc

cess

ful.

The

Mas

sach

uset

ts la

w w

as e

nact

ed in

188

8.C

onne

ctic

ut, t

here

-fo

re, w

as e

nabl

ed to

pro

fit b

y th

e ex

peri

ence

of

her

neig

hbor

and

toim

prov

e up

on th

e ea

rlie

r la

w.

In th

e M

assa

chus

etts

law

no

qual

i-fi

catio

ns o

n th

e pa

rt o

f th

e su

peri

nten

dent

wer

e re

quir

ed, e

ither

of

educ

atio

n or

of

expe

rien

ce.

In C

onne

ctic

ut th

e su

peri

nten

dent

mus

t hav

e ha

d.;v

e ye

ars'

suc

cess

ful e

xper

ienc

e as

a te

ache

ror

sup

erin

tend

ent,

or m

ust h

old

a ce

rtif

icat

e of

app

rova

l by

the

stat

ebo

ard

of e

duca

tioo.

Bot

h la

ws

perm

it tw

o or

mor

e to

wns

to u

nite

for

the

purp

ose

of e

mpl

oyin

g a

supe

rint

ende

nt f

or th

e di

stri

ct.

The

stat

e of

Mas

sach

uset

ts, h

owev

er, p

ays

to th

e di

stri

ct o

ne h

alf

of s

uch

supe

rint

ende

nt's

sal

ary

up to

S75

o, w

hile

Con

nect

icut

rei

mbu

rses

the

dist

rict

for

one

hal

f of

suc

h sa

lary

up

to $

goo.

The

Con

nect

icut

law

has

a s

ectio

n, w

hich

has

no

coun

terp

art i

n th

e M

assa

chus

etts

law

, ena

blin

g a

tow

n em

ploy

ing

not m

ore

than

ten

teac

hers

to a

pply

to th

e st

ate

boar

d of

edu

catio

n to

app

oint

a s

uper

inte

nden

t, th

e to

wn

payi

ng o

ne f

ourt

h an

d th

e st

ate

thre

e fo

urth

s of

his

sal

ary.

The

num

-

b 'A

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L S

UPE

RV

ISIO

N57

ber

of s

choo

ls b

eing

lim

ited

to te

n, a

sup

erin

tend

ent o

f co

nsid

erab

leex

peri

ence

may

be

able

to ta

ke c

harg

e of

the

scho

ols

of s

uch

a to

wn

in a

dditi

on to

his

wor

k in

a la

rger

pla

ce, t

hus

givi

ng th

e sm

all c

ount

ryto

wns

the

unus

ual a

dvan

tage

of

havi

ng s

uper

visi

on o

f eq

ual e

ffic

ienc

yw

ith th

at o

f th

e la

rger

tow

ns.

In O

ther

New

Eng

land

Sta

tes.

The

oth

er N

ew E

ng-

land

sta

tes

have

per

mis

sive

legi

slat

ion

on th

e su

bjec

t of

unio

n di

stri

ct s

uper

visi

on.

Mai

ne a

nd N

ew H

amps

hire

have

mad

e re

mar

kabl

e pr

ogre

ss in

sch

olas

tic li

nes

sinc

eth

e en

actm

ent o

f th

e la

w; R

hode

Isl

and

has

give

n it

som

eat

tent

ion;

Ver

mon

t, th

e la

st s

tate

in th

e gr

oup

to a

dopt

the

syst

em, h

as ju

st p

lace

d a

very

eff

ectiv

e la

w u

pon

itsst

atut

e bo

oks.

Ohi

o an

d se

vera

l oth

er s

tate

s w

estw

ard

have

a f

ewun

ion

dist

rict

s or

tow

nshi

p di

stri

cts

in th

e ex

peri

men

tal

stag

e.Su

ch d

istr

icts

are

unq

uest

iona

bly

the

mos

t sat

is-

fact

ory

supe

rvis

ion

units

in s

tate

s un

der

tow

nshi

p or

gan-

izat

ion,

and

may

, no

doub

t, pr

ove

satis

fact

ory

in s

tate

sun

der

the

mix

ed c

ount

y-to

wns

hip

syst

em a

s w

ell.

The

Cou

nty

Supe

rint

ende

ncy.

The

sta

tes

whi

ch m

ain-

tain

cou

nty

supe

rint

ende

nts

exem

plif

y va

riou

s st

ages

of

evol

utio

n in

cou

nty

supe

rvis

ion.

Som

e fe

w h

ave

deve

l-

oped

tisy

:Aem

in a

ver

y sa

tisfa

ctor

y w

ay a

nd a

ttain

goo

d

resu

lts; b

ut a

maj

ority

of

stat

es u

nder

cou

nty

orga

niza

-tio

n ca

nnot

boa

st s

uch

resu

lts.

Cou

nty

supe

rvis

ion,

as

now

gen

eral

ly p

ract

iced

, doe

s no

t dis

char

ge th

e im

port

ant

dutie

s of

clo

se,

inte

llige

nt,

help

ful s

uper

visi

on.

Som

e

of th

e ol

der

stat

es s

outh

war

d ha

ve b

een

very

neg

lect

ful

Page 44: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

s8T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

of s

choo

l sup

ervi

sion

.T

here

are

sta

tes

in o

ur U

nion

in

whi

ch, u

ntil

rece

ntly

,ru

ral s

choo

l sup

ervi

sion

exi

sted

in

nam

e on

ly.

Ark

ansa

s, f

or e

xam

ple,

has

been

sat

isfi

ed

for

year

s to

get

alo

ng w

ithsu

ch in

cide

ntal

sup

ervi

sion

as

her

" co

unty

exa

min

ers

"m

en s

imila

r to

the

old

New

Eng

land

dis

tric

t sup

ervi

sors

,w

ith w

hom

sch

ool i

nspe

ctio

n

was

a s

ide

issu

era

ther

than

voc

atio

nca

red

to g

ive.

Fort

unat

ely

for

the

futu

reof

her

sch

ools

the

stat

e is

evt

.n

now

pas

sing

fro

mth

e an

tiqua

ted

exam

iner

sys

tem

toth

at

of c

ount

y su

peri

nten

dent

.Se

vera

l of

the

youn

ger

stat

es

suff

er u

nder

sim

ilar

diff

icul

ties.

Such

a o

ne is

Nev

ada.

Her

e a

stat

e le

gisl

atur

e, in

evi

dent

har

mon

yw

ith e

cono

my

but w

ith u

tter

disr

egar

d fo

rth

e pr

ospe

rity

of

the

rura

l

scho

ols,

pas

sed

anac

t in

1885

abo

lishi

ngth

e co

unty

supe

rint

ende

ncy

and

mak

ing

dist

rict

atto

rney

s ex

off

icio

-...o

unty

sup

erin

tend

ents

of s

choo

lsan

act

whi

ch w

as

deno

unce

d by

the

stat

e su

peri

nten

dent

as

" vi

ciou

s, r

et-

rogr

ade

legi

slat

ion

and

a st

andi

ng r

epro

ach

to th

e

stat

e."

Cou

nty

Supe

rvip

ion

asit

ofte

n Is

. The

mos

t per

plex

-in

g th

ing

in th

e m

atte

rof

cou

nty

supe

rvis

ion

is th

e ge

ner-

ally

larg

e un

it.T

he c

ount

y, in

deed

, is

as m

uch

too

larg

e

for

such

pur

pose

s as

the

tow

nshi

pis

too

smal

l.T

he

stat

emen

t as

here

mad

e is

gen

eral

and

has

its e

xcep

tions

;

for

ther

e ar

e to

be

foun

d m

any

coun

ties

whi

ch c

erta

inly

are

neith

er to

o I.

2.1g

e no

rha

ve th

ey to

o m

any

teac

hers

for

one

able

st..

1,f

rint

ende

nt to

man

age.

But

, ave

ragi

ng

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L S

UPE

RV

ISIO

N59

thin

gs u

p, w

e fi

nd it

is ju

st a

s un

reas

onab

le to

exp

ect

satis

fact

ory

resu

lts f

rom

cou

nty

supe

rvis

ion

as n

ow g

en-

eral

ly p

ract

iced

as

it w

as u

nder

the

old

tow

n re

gim

e.T

each

ers

who

hav

e ta

ught

in r

ural

sch

ools

, and

who

are

ther

efor

e co

nver

sant

with

the

fact

s in

the

case

, agr

ee th

atth

e co

unty

sup

erin

tend

ent,

even

whe

n qu

alif

ied

and

pro-

gres

sive

,is

una

ble

by r

easo

n of

cir

cum

stan

ces

to g

ive

them

eff

ectiv

e as

sist

ance

in s

uper

visi

on.

His

per

func

tory

" ca

lls "

once

or

twic

e du

ring

the

scho

ol y

ear

can

hard

lybe

dig

nifi

ed w

ith th

e na

me

supe

rvis

ion.

Such

vis

its to

oof

ten

take

the

natu

re o

f an

inqu

isiti

on to

bot

h te

ache

ran

d pu

pils

, and

his

dep

artu

re is

wel

com

ed w

ith a

sig

h of

relie

f.N

o on

e in

par

ticul

ar is

res

pons

ible

for

this

con

di-

tion

of a

ffai

rs.

The

sup

erin

tend

ent i

s, a

nd r

emai

ns, a

stra

nger

to th

e av

erag

e ru

ral c

hild

and

to m

any

rura

lte

ache

rs.

He

com

es o

ut f

rom

the

coun

ty s

eat o

ccas

iona

lly

to c

ritic

ise,

they

say

, and

to s

how

his

aut

hori

ty a

s th

e du

lyel

ecte

d he

ad o

f th

e co

unty

sch

ools

!

But

, as

has

been

sai

d, th

e av

erar

sup

erin

tend

ent i

s an

offi

cial

who

se ti

me

is g

iven

to d

raw

ing

war

rant

s, is

suin

gci

rcul

ar le

tters

, com

pilin

g st

atis

tics,

and

per

form

ing

othe

rcl

eric

al d

utie

s in

cide

nt to

his

off

ice.

To

man

y su

peri

n-te

nden

cs th

e of

fice

wor

k ap

pear

s th

e m

ost i

mpo

rtan

t.T

hrou

gh it

they

com

e in

touc

h w

ith th

e po

litic

al w

orld

whi

ch p

lace

d th

em in

off

ice,

and

the

com

mis

sion

ers

who

vote

them

thei

r pa

y.T

he m

onth

ly te

ache

rs' m

eetin

g an

dth

e an

nual

teac

hers

' ins

titut

e ar

e th

eir

,:hie

fso

urce

of

Page 45: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

6oT

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

cont

act w

ith th

eir

teac

hers

and

com

plet

es th

e ci

rcle

of

thei

r an

nual

rou

tine.

It is

agr

eed

that

the

coun

ty u

nit i

s to

o la

rge;

but

, the

n,w

hat c

an b

e do

ne a

bout

it ?

The

you

nger

sta

tes

with

thei

rla

rge

coun

ties

and

spar

se p

opul

atio

n an

d th

e po

ores

tam

ong

the

olde

r st

ates

, we

fear

, are

des

tined

to s

trug

gle

alon

g in

muc

h th

e sa

me

way

that

they

are

now

doi

ng f

orye

ars

to c

ome.

But

this

nee

d no

t be

the

case

with

the

larg

enu

mbe

r of

wea

lthy,

wel

l-po

pula

ted

stat

es u

nder

cou

nty

supe

rvis

ion.

Whe

neve

r a

busi

ness

man

rea

lizes

that

his

bus

ines

sen

terp

rise

has

gro

wn

to s

uch

dim

ensi

ons

that

he

can

nolo

nger

do

the

wor

k al

one

with

out '

seri

ousl

y cr

ippl

ing

his

busi

ness

, he

imm

edia

tely

cas

ts a

bout

for

ass

ista

nce.

Thi

sis

bus

ines

s in

the

busi

ness

wor

ld.

Why

sho

uld

it ..o

t be

the

sam

e in

the

educ

atio

nal w

orld

?Pr

opos

ed R

emed

ies.

The

rea

lly e

ncou

ragi

ng f

eatu

reof

the

who

le s

ituat

ion

is th

at e

duca

tors

are

ful

ly a

live

to th

e se

riou

snes

s of

the

sita

atio

n.Se

vera

l rem

edie

s ar

e

prop

osed

.O

ne p

lan

is to

fur

nish

the

supe

rint

ende

nt w

ithco

mpe

tent

off

ice

help

, whi

ch w

ould

ena

ble

him

to s

pend

all h

is ti

me

in th

e fi

eld,

to v

isit

the

scho

ols,

vis

it th

e pa

tron

s,

hold

tow

nshi

p an

d co

unty

sch

ool m

eetin

gs, a

nd o

it;an

ize

pare

nts'

mee

tings

.In

sho

rt, i

t wou

ld g

ive

him

tim

e to

lead

, to

orig

inat

e, to

pro

mot

e th

ings

edu

catio

nal.

Ano

ther

plan

is to

sub

divi

de th

e co

unty

into

two

or m

ore

supe

rvis

ion

dist

rict

s, a

s th

ey m

ay b

e ne

eded

; eac

h to

be

supe

rvis

ed b

r

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L S

UPE

RV

ISIO

N61

a pr

actic

al te

ache

r ap

poin

ted

by th

eco

unty

sup

erin

tend

.en

t, w

ho s

hall

inva

riab

ly b

e he

ldre

spon

sibl

e fo

r th

eco

n-du

ct o

f hi

s ap

poin

tive

depu

ties.

Bot

h pl

ans

are

cert

ainl

yfe

asib

le a

nd s

houl

d be

giv

ense

riou

s tr

ial.

Wha

t Som

e St

ates

are

acco

mpl

ishi

ng f

or B

ette

r C

ount

ySu

perv

isio

n.A

num

ber

of W

isco

nsin

coun

ties

prov

ide

cler

ical

ass

ista

nts

for

thei

r su

peri

nten

dent

s.M

inne

sota

advo

cate

s th

e ap

poin

tmen

tof

an

assi

stan

t cou

nty

supe

rin-

tend

ent i

n ev

ery

coun

ty o

fon

e hu

ndre

d an

d fi

fty

or m

ore

dist

rict

s.T

he K

ansa

s E

duca

tiona

lC

omm

issi

on h

opes

for

the

enac

tmen

t of

a la

w to

pro

vide

sup

erin

tend

ents

who

have

sev

enty

-fiv

eor

mor

e te

ache

rs w

ith c

leri

cal h

elp,

atle

ast d

urin

g th

eir

busy

seas

on.

New

Jer

sey

appr

opri

ates

S000

per

ann

um f

orev

ery

tow

nshi

p th

at e

mpl

oys

a su

-pe

rint

ende

ntor

, as

ther

eca

lled,

sup

ervi

sing

pri

ncip

al.

Ore

gon

furn

ishe

s al

lne

cess

ary

offi

ce h

elp;

the

sam

e is

true

of

Cal

ifor

nia.

Nor

th D

akot

a in

sist

s th

at th

esu

per-

inte

nden

t sho

uld

have

suf

fici

ent

assi

stan

ce s

o th

at h

e an

dhi

s de

putie

s w

ould

eac

h ha

veth

e su

perv

isio

n of

not

mor

eth

an f

ifty

sch

ools

.

From

the

abov

e an

dan

abu

ndan

ce o

f lik

e te

stim

ony

from

oth

er s

tate

s w

eca

n ge

t som

e co

ncep

tion

of th

e he

ad-

way

mak

ing

for

mor

e sa

tisfa

ctor

yco

unty

sup

ervi

sion

.A

sec

ond

phas

e of

this

que

stio

nis

the

elec

iion

of th

esu

per

inte

nden

t.

The

Sup

erin

tend

ent m

ust b

ere

mov

ed f

rom

Par

ty P

oli.

tics.

It is

con

cede

d th

at r

ural

supe

twis

ion

cann

ot b

epu

t

Page 46: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

62

THE AMERICAN RURAL

SCHOOL

on a

true

pro

fess

iona

lba

sis

befo

re th

e el

ectio

n of

the

supe

rint

ende

nt is

rem

oved

fro

m p

arty

pol

itics

.T

he e

limi-

natio

n of

par

tisan

ship

is th

e on

ly g

uara

ntee

we

have

that

qual

ific

atio

ns a

ndre

al f

itnes

s of

the

cand

idat

ew

ould

be

give

n ju

stco

nsid

erat

ion.

Now

, whe

re th

eof

fice

is p

oliti

cal,

man

yof

our

bes

t tea

cher

s de

emit

unpr

ofes

sion

al to

ent

er

the

cont

est f

or o

ffic

e, a

ndth

e m

ere

polit

ical

vot

e-ge

tter

wal

ks o

ff w

ith th

e of

fice

.Fo

rtun

atel

y th

is e

vil

is li

mite

d m

ainl

y to

the

Wes

tern

and

Sout

hern

sta

tes,

and

eve

nhe

re a

str

ong

sent

imen

t

is a

t wor

k to

cor

rect

it.

Whe

re to

wns

hip

or to

wns

hip-

dist

rict

sup

ervi

sion

pre

vails

the

supe

rint

ende

nt is

cho

sen

by

the

tow

n sc

hool

com

mitt

ee o

r jo

int

tow

n di

stri

ct c

omm

ittee

.

Such

ele

ctio

n is

str

ictly

non

-par

tisan

.E

ven

coun

ty s

uper

-

inte

nden

ts a

re n

ot a

lway

s le

ft to

pop

ular

elec

tion.

In s

ome

stat

es th

ey a

re c

hose

n by

cou

nty

boar

ds o

f ed

ucat

ion;

in o

ther

s by

the

stat

ebo

ard

of e

duca

tion;

and

inst

ill

othe

rs b

y th

e st

ate

supe

rint

ende

nt.

How

ele

cted

in N

ew J

erse

yan

d Pe

nnsy

lvan

ia.

New

Jers

ey is

an

exam

ple

of a

sta

te in

whi

ch th

e st

ate

boar

d

of e

duca

tion

elec

ts a

ll co

unty

sup

erin

tend

ents

.T

he la

tter

are

look

ed u

pon

asst

ate

offi

cers

, and

pro

visi

ons

are

ac-

cord

ingl

y m

ade

for

the

paym

ent o

f th

eir

sala

ries

by

the

stat

e, w

hich

is g

ener

ous

in it

s su

ppor

tof

pub

lic s

choo

ls,

payi

ng b

oth

teac

hers

and

sup

erin

tend

ents

livi

ngsa

lari

es.

Cou

nty

supe

rint

ende

nts

rece

ive

$2000

per

annu

mfr

om

the

stat

e an

d an

allo

wan

ceof

$35

0 fr

om th

e co

unty

for

RURAL SCHOOL SUPERVISION

63

trav

elin

g ex

pens

es.

In P

enns

ylva

nia

the

scho

ol b

oard

sof

eac

h co

unty

mee

t in

mas

s co

nven

tion

and

elec

t a c

ount

y

supe

rint

ende

nt f

or a

thre

e-ye

ar te

rm.

The

met

hod

has

prov

ed v

ery

satis

fact

ory.

It r

emov

ed th

e of

fice

fro

m

part

y po

litic

s ; p

lace

d it

dire

ctly

in th

e ha

nds

of th

e sc

hool

offi

cers

them

selv

es ;

and

give

s th

em w

ithal

an

oppo

rtun

ityto

com

e in

to c

lose

r re

latio

nshi

p w

ith e

ach

othe

r.N

orth

Car

olin

a m

ay w

ell s

erve

as

anot

her

exam

ple

ofa

stat

e pu

rsui

ng a

libe

ral p

olic

y in

the

elec

tion

of c

ount

y

supe

rint

ende

nt.

Her

e he

is c

hose

n by

the

coun

ty b

oard

of e

duca

tion,

with

out r

egar

d to

pol

itics

.T

hest

ate

supe

r-in

tend

ent o

f pu

blic

inst

ruct

ion

in h

is in

terp

reta

tion

ofth

is s

ectio

n of

the

revi

sed

stat

utes

fin

ds o

ccas

ion

to m

ake

use

of th

ese

ring

ing

wor

ds :

Rin

ging

Wor

ds f

rom

Nor

th C

arol

ina.

The

boa

rd h

as n

o m

ore

impo

rtan

t dut

y th

an th

is, o

f el

ectin

g a

coun

ty s

uper

inte

nden

t.I

beg

to u

rge

the

obse

rvan

ce o

f th

e fo

llow

ing

in th

e se

lect

ion

of a

coun

ty s

uper

inte

nden

t :(1

) W

ithou

t fea

r, w

ithou

t pre

judi

ce, p

oliti

cal o

r se

ctar

ian,

hav-

ing

befo

re y

our

eyes

onl

y th

e w

elfa

re o

f th

e ch

ildre

n an

dth

e su

cces

s

of th

e pu

blic

sch

ools

, sel

ect t

he m

ost c

ompe

tent

man

to b

e ha

d fo

rth

e m

oney

, cho

osin

g hi

m f

rom

you

r co

unty

if s

uch

a m

an is

to b

efi

iund

ther

e, a

nd if

not

to b

e fo

und

in th

e co

unty

, see

king

him

whe

r-ev

er h

e ca

n be

fou

nd, a

s th

e la

w p

erm

its.

(2)

If y

our

pres

ent

coun

ty s

uper

inte

nden

t pos

sess

esth

e ne

cess

ary

qual

ific

atio

ns f

or a

succ

essf

ul a

dmin

istr

atio

n of

his

del

icat

e, d

iffi

cult,

and

impo

rtan

tdu

ties,

as

I tr

ust h

e m

ay, r

eele

ct h

im a

nd g

ive

him

ach

ance

tosh

ow w

hat i

s in

him

and

to m

ake

a gr

eate

r su

cces

s of

his

wor

k, b

ypa

ying

him

, if

poss

ible

, a s

uffi

cien

t sal

ary,

unde

r Se

ctio

n 27

82, t

oju

stif

y hi

m in

giv

ing

all h

is ti

me

and

thou

ght t

oth

e w

ork

of s

uper

-

Page 47: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

64T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

visi

on, a

nd to

just

ify

you

in r

equi

ring

him

todo

this

.(3

) T

ake

dvan

tage

of

the

law

and

pay

you

r su

peri

nten

dent

as

larg

ea

sala

ry

as y

our

scho

ol f

und

will

just

ify,

but

be s

ure

that

you

get

mor

e m

an

and

mor

e tim

t for

mor

e m

oney

.

Min

neso

ta P

lan

of E

lect

ing

Supe

rint

ende

nts.

Min

ne-

sota

is s

till a

noth

er o

f th

e m

any

prog

ress

ive

stat

esst

riv-

ing

to a

ttain

a p

rofe

ssio

nal

basi

s in

cou

nty

supe

rvis

ion.

Her

e th

e of

fice

of

coun

ty s

uper

inte

nden

tis

stil

l pol

itica

l,

thou

gh it

is o

nly

a qu

estio

nof

tim

e w

hen

it sh

all b

e re

-

mov

ed f

rom

par

ty p

oliti

cs.

A r

ecen

t leg

isla

tive

com

-m

ittee

of

the

Min

neso

ta E

duca

tiona

l Ass

ocia

tion

reco

m-

men

ds th

e fo

llow

ing

exce

llent

pla

n as

a s

ubst

itute

for

the

prev

ailin

g m

ode

of e

lect

ing

supe

rint

ende

nts

:

The

cre

atio

n of

a c

ount

y bo

ard

of e

duca

tion,

to b

e el

ecte

d at

the

annu

al s

choo

l mee

ting

; suc

h bo

ard

to b

e no

n-pa

rtis

an ;

one

mem

ber

of s

uch

boar

d to

be

elec

ted

from

eac

h co

unty

com

mis

sion

er's

dis

tric

t ;

the

term

of

offi

ce to

be

four

yea

rs. A

t the

fir

st e

lect

ion

odd-

num

bere

d

dist

rict

s to

ele

ct f

ur tw

o ye

ars.

Such

boa

rd to

mee

t fou

r tim

es a

year

.T

he m

embe

rs o

f su

ch b

oard

to b

e pa

id a

ctua

l tra

velin

g ex

-

pens

esan

d pe

r di

em c

ompe

nsat

ion.

Such

boa

rd to

ele

ct th

e co

unty

supe

rint

ende

nt o

f sc

hool

s, T

he c

ount

y su

peri

nten

dent

tobe

ele

cted

for

two

year

s, a

nd to

be

ex-o

ffic

io m

embe

r uf

the

boar

d.C

ount

ysu

peri

nten

dent

s to

be

paid

a m

inim

um s

alar

yof

$15

per

dis

tric

t ;pr

ovid

e.i,

how

ever

, tha

t in

coun

ties

of 1

:0 d

istr

icts

or

over

an

as-

sist

ant s

uper

inte

nden

t sha

ll be

en

,,age

,i ; p

rovi

ded,

als

o,th

at c

ount

ysu

peri

nten

dent

s sh

all r

ecei

ve a

s tr

avel

ing

expe

nses

a s

umno

t to

ex-

ceed

$3

per

dist

rii:t

for

act

ual e

xpcn

ses

incu

rred

in v

isiti

ngsc

hool

s.

Tha

t ex-

coun

ty s

uper

inte

nden

ts a

nd p

resc

ntin

cum

bent

s sh

all b

e

elig

ible

to o

ffic

e ;

qual

ific

atio

n fo

r of

fice

to b

e th

e ho

ldin

g of

a f

irst

-

grad

e ce

rtif

icat

e ur

;eq

uiva

lent

.

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L S

UPE

RV

ISIO

N65

Such

a p

lan,

as

here

outli

ned,

pre

sent

sm

any

adva

n-ta

ges:

1.It

leav

es th

e el

ectio

n of

supe

rint

ende

nt in

the

hand

sof

a n

on-p

artis

an b

oard

.2.

It in

crea

ses

the

inte

rest

in a

ndim

port

ance

of

the

annu

al s

choo

l mee

tings

.3.

It p

rovi

des

a liv

ing

sala

ry, a

nd, i

n la

rge

coun

ties,

an a

ssis

tant

sup

erin

tend

ent.

4.It

pre

scri

bes

som

e re

ason

able

qual

ific

atio

ns f

or th

eof

fice

.

The

Kan

sas

Plan

of

Igo8

.T

he K

ansa

s E

duca

tiona

lC

omm

issi

on o

ffer

s th

e fo

llow

ing

plan

for

rem

ovin

g th

esu

peri

nten

denc

y fr

om p

arty

pol

itics

, whi

chw

as r

epor

ted

to th

e St

ate

Tea

cher

s' A

ssoc

iatio

a he

ld in

Dec

embe

r,19

08, a

nd a

dopt

ed b

y it:

Firs

t, th

e ca

ndid

ates

for

cou

nty

supe

rint

ende

nt s

hall

be th

etw

ole

gally

qua

lifie

d pe

rson

s re

ceiv

ing

the

high

est n

umbe

r of

vote

s fo

rsu

ch n

omin

atio

n ca

st b

y th

e le

gal s

choo

lm

eetin

gs n

ext p

rece

ding

the

bien

nial

gen

eral

ele

ctio

n; s

econ

d, th

ena

mes

of

two

said

per

sons

sha

llbe

pri

nted

in th

e in

depe

nden

t col

umn

on th

e ge

nera

l ele

ctio

n ba

llot;

prov

ided

that

not

hing

in th

is p

rovi

sion

sha

llpr

even

t the

nam

e of

any

othe

r ca

ndid

ate

from

appe

arin

g in

the

inde

pend

ent c

olum

n in

the

man

ner

alre

ady

pres

crib

ed b

y la

w.

The

mer

its o

f th

e K

ansa

spl

an a

re in

gre

at p

art s

imila

rto

thos

e of

thc

Min

neso

tapl

an:

1. T

he r

emov

al o

f th

e of

fice

fro

mpa

rty

polit

ics.

2. W

omen

, who

in th

is s

tate

may

vot

e in

sch

ool e

lec-

tionc

s,w

ill h

ave

a vo

ice

inch

oosi

ng th

e ca

ndid

ates

for

the

3. T

he n

omin

atio

ns w

ill b

e m

ade

by th

e vo

ters

suf

li-

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

Page 48: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

66T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

cien

tly in

tere

sted

in s

choo

l aff

airs

toat

tend

the

annu

alm

eetin

gs.

4. T

he a

nnua

lm

eetin

gs w

ill b

e be

tter

atte

nded

than

here

tofo

re, b

ecau

se o

f th

is in

crea

sed

resp

onsi

bilit

y an

ddu

ty, a

nd w

ill r

edou

nd to

the

bene

fit

of th

e sc

hool

s.

The

last

, and

in s

ome

resp

ects

the

mos

tim

port

ant,

phas

e

of th

e su

bjec

t to

engr

oss

our

time

is th

e su

peri

nten

dent

's

qual

ific

atio

ns.

Pres

ent C

ondi

tions

:a

Lac

k of

Qua

lific

atio

ns.

Th

old

New

Eng

land

tow

n su

peri

nten

dent

s w

ere

cler

gym

en,

farm

ers,

mer

chan

ts, d

octo

rs,

anyt

hing

and

eve

ryth

ing

exce

pt tr

aine

d su

peri

nten

dent

s.T

he p

oliti

cal

coun

ty

supe

rint

ende

nts

wer

e, a

nd a

re y

et, l

arge

lych

osen

fro

m th

e

rank

s of

men

mor

e ap

t in

man

ipul

atin

g vo

tes

at th

e pr

i-

mar

ies

or p

arty

con

vent

ions

than

in th

e pu

rsui

ts o

f th

e

teac

hing

pro

fess

ion.

Such

thin

gs s

houl

d ce

ase

tobe

.

The

tim

e ha

s co

me

to in

sist

upo

n a

cert

ain

degr

ee o

f qu

ali-

fica

tion,

fix

ed b

y la

w, f

or th

epe

rfor

man

ce o

f th

e im

por-

tant

off

ice

of s

choo

lsu

peri

nten

dent

.H

e sh

ould

at l

east

know

as

muc

h ab

out t

he d

etai

lsof

sch

ool r

outin

e as

the

teac

hers

und

er h

is c

ontr

ol.

But

it is

a la

men

tabl

e tr

uth

that

man

y of

the

men

who

to-d

ay s

uper

vise

the

trai

ning

of c

hild

ren

in r

ural

sch

ools

kno

wva

stly

less

abo

ut te

achi

than

do

thei

r ow

nA

cade

mic

and

Pro

fess

iona

l Qua

lific

atio

nsof

Sup

erin

-

tend

ents

.W

hat,

then

, is

a pr

ofes

sion

alsc

hool

sup

er-

inte

nden

t ?W

e an

swer

:a

wel

l-ed

ucat

ed,

wel

l-tr

aine

d

teac

her,

who

, par

tly th

roug

hst

udy

and

part

ly th

roug

h

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L S

UPE

RV

ISIO

N67

expe

rien

ce, h

as s

ucce

eded

in h

is li

fe-w

ork

viz,

in d

irec

t-

ing

teac

hers

and

sch

ool i

nter

ests

. He

shou

ld a

ppro

xim

ate

the

follo

win

g ac

adem

ic a

nd p

rofe

ssio

nal q

ualif

icat

ions

whi

ch m

ay r

easo

nabl

y be

exp

ecte

d :

a. A

min

imum

of

a fu

ll hi

gh s

choo

l cou

rse,

or

its e

quiv

a-le

nt.

Thi

s w

ill g

ive

him

a te

chni

cal k

now

ledg

e of

all

subj

ects

taug

ht in

the

rura

l sch

ools

, and

will

fur

nish

,be

side

s, in

the

subj

ects

stu

died

but

not

req

uire

d in

the

rura

l sch

ools

, a r

eser

ve f

orce

and

bre

adth

of

visi

on w

hich

will

mak

e hi

m a

str

onge

r su

perv

isor

for

hav

ing

mas

tere

dth

em.

b. A

thor

ough

kno

wle

dge

of th

e pr

ofes

sion

al s

ubje

cts

whi

ch li

e at

the

root

of

the

theo

ry a

nd a

rt o

f te

achi

ng,

i.e. p

sych

olog

y an

d ch

ild s

tudy

, phi

loso

phy

of e

duca

tion,

hist

ory

of e

duca

tion,

met

hods

of

teac

hing

, sch

ool m

anag

e-m

ent,

scho

ol la

w a

nd e

cono

mic

s, a

nd p

ract

ice

teac

hing

.c.

A te

achi

ng e

xper

ienc

e of

at l

east

twen

ty-o

ne m

onth

sw

ithin

the

five

yea

rs im

med

iate

ly p

rece

ding

his

app

oint

-m

ent.

d. S

atis

fact

ory

test

imon

ials

or

othe

r ev

iden

ce s

ettin

gfo

rth

: (1)

his

suc

cess

in c

ondu

ctin

g re

cita

tions

, (2)

abi

lity

as d

isci

plin

aria

n, (

3) s

kill

as s

uper

viso

r (i

f al

read

ytr

ied)

,(4

) po

wer

of

orga

niza

tion

and

adm

inis

trat

ion,

and

(5)

gen

-er

al b

usin

ess

tact

.e.

1 pr

ofes

sion

al c

ertif

icat

e gr

ante

d as

are

sult

of a

sear

chin

g ex

amin

atio

n in

aca

dem

ic a

nd p

rofe

ssio

nal s

ub-

ject

s, to

geth

er w

ith o

ther

req

uire

men

ts s

et f

orth

abo

ve.

Such

lega

l req

uire

men

ts w

ill p

rote

ct o

ur s

choo

ls a

gain

stth

e m

achi

natio

ns o

f th

e po

litic

ian.

The

y m

ay n

ot k

eep

him

fro

m b

ecom

ing

supe

rint

ende

nt, p

erha

ps, b

ut th

eyce

rtai

nly

will

obl

ige

him

to b

ecom

e qu

alif

ied

firs

t.

A S

umm

ai y

of

wha

t is

bein

g do

ne f

or R

ural

Sup

ervi

sion

.

Lac

k of

spa

ce f

orbi

ds th

at w

e sh

ould

pur

sue

this

inte

r-

( t

Page 49: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

68T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

estin

g su

bjec

t any

far

ther

.C

onsi

dera

ble

prog

ress

has

bee

n

mad

e al

ong

cert

ain

lines

whi

ch w

ill e

vent

ually

pla

ce r

ursl

scho

ol s

uper

visi

on o

n a

prof

essi

onal

pla

ne.

The

uni

tof

sup

ervi

sion

is a

lrea

dy s

atis

fact

orily

adj

uste

d in

man

yst

ates

, and

man

y ot

hers

exp

ect t

o re

ach

a sp

eedy

sol

utio

n

of th

e pr

oble

m.

Edu

cato

rs e

very

whe

re a

re p

retty

gen

-er

ally

agr

eed

that

the

supe

rint

ende

ncy

mus

t be

rem

oved

from

par

ty p

oliti

cs.

The

Eas

t gen

eral

ly le

aves

the

choi

ce

of s

uper

inte

nden

t in

the

hand

s of

a n

on-p

artis

an b

oard

,

loca

l or

stat

e.E

ven

the

Wes

t and

Sou

th, w

here

the

offi

ce

is p

oliti

cal,

are

plan

ning

for

a c

hang

e.A

nd, b

est o

f al

l,th

e en

tire

Uni

on o

f st

ates

see

ms

to s

tand

uni

ted

in it

s de

-

man

ds f

or a

hig

her

stan

dard

of

qual

ific

atio

ns f

or th

e

offi

ce o

f su

peri

nten

dent

.W

hen

thes

e th

ings

are

con

-su

mm

ated

, and

not

bef

ore,

will

our

cou

ntry

boy

s an

dgi

rls

be b

roug

ht u

nder

a s

yste

m o

f su

perv

isio

n as

insp

irin

g

and

who

leso

me

as th

at n

ow e

njoy

edby

thei

r ci

ty c

ousi

ns.

CH

APT

ER

V

TH

E R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

TE

AC

HE

R -

HIS

TR

AIN

ING

The

Per

plex

ing

Tea

chin

g Pr

oblm

.Pr

eced

ing

chap

ters

have

dea

lt w

ith th

e im

port

ance

of

prop

eror

gani

zam

and

adm

inis

trat

ion

in r

ural

sch

ools

, of

the

urge

ntde

man

d fo

r

grea

ter

liber

ality

in f

inan

cial

sup

port

,an

d th

e ne

cess

ity

for

prof

essi

onal

sup

ervi

sion

.B

ut th

e pr

oble

m o

f ai

l the

prob

lem

s w

hich

aw

ait o

ur s

olut

ion

inth

ese

sam

e sc

hool

s

is th

e te

achi

ng p

robl

em.

It w

ould

ava

il bu

t litt

le w

ere

all

othe

r co

nditi

ons

satis

fact

ory,

if th

e te

ache

r, o

nw

hom

, aft

er

all,

the

grea

t res

pons

ibili

ty o

fed

ucat

ion

rest

s, d

oes

not

mea

sure

up

to th

ere

quir

ed s

tand

ard.

The

old

say

ing

that

" a

s th

e te

ache

r, s

o is

the

scho

ol "

is a

s tr

ue to

-day

as it

was

a h

undr

ed y

ears

ago

.If

we

wou

ld h

ave

our

rura

l sch

ools

mea

sure

up

with

the

city

sch

ools

, we

mus

t

prov

ide

as g

ood

teac

hers

for

the

rura

l dis

tric

ts a

s m

ay

now

be

foun

din

the

citie

s.i/A

nd th

is c

anon

ly b

e ac

com

-

plis

hed

afte

r su

rmou

ntin

g m

any

vexi

ng d

iffi

culti

es.

Do

not m

isun

ders

tand

this

sta

tem

ent.

All

rura

l tea

cher

s ar

e

not p

oor

teac

hers

, nor

are

all r

ural

sch

ools

bad

.Fa

r

from

itO

ur c

ount

ry d

istr

icts

hav

eth

ousa

nds

of c

on-

scie

ntio

us, h

ard-

wor

king

teac

hers

who

hav

e fo

ught

thei

r

69

Page 50: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

70T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

way

, thr

ough

man

ydi

ffic

ultie

s, to

the

prof

essi

onal

pla

ne.

The

se a

re g

ener

ally

pro

gres

sive

and

take

adv

anta

ge o

f

ever

y m

eans

for

self

-im

prov

emen

t pla

ced

at th

eir

disp

osal

.

All

hono

r is

due

them

for

muc

h re

ally

good

wor

k al

read

y

acco

mpl

ishe

d.Fo

r th

eir

prot

ectio

n an

d th

ew

elfa

re o

f

all r

ural

sch

ools

the

diff

icul

ties

inth

e w

ay o

f sa

tisfa

ctor

y

wor

k m

ust b

e re

mov

ed.

Of

thes

e w

e ha

veal

read

y

cons

ider

ed:

T. P

oor

unit

orga

niza

tion

and

indi

ffer

ent a

dmin

istr

a-tio

n. 2. I

nsuf

fici

ent

scho

ol s

uppo

rt.

3. I

nsuf

fici

ent

supe

rvis

ion.

To

thes

e w

e no

w a

dd:

4. I

ndif

fere

ntpr

ofes

sion

al p

repa

ratio

n of

teac

her.

5. L

ow s

alar

y.6.

Uns

atis

fact

ory

tenu

re o

f of

fice

.7.

Sho

rt te

rms

and

irre

gula

r at

tend

ance

.8.

Low

edu

catio

nal i

deal

s an

dla

ck o

f ap

prec

iatio

n of

impo

rtan

ce o

f te

ache

rs' w

ork.

The

se q

uest

ions

will

be

disc

usse

d in

turn

,beg

inni

ng w

ith

the

teac

her's

pro

fess

iona

l pre

para

tion.

" B

orn

" T

each

ers

and

" M

ade

"T

each

ers.

Som

e

peop

le w

ill n

ever

get

tire

d of

telli

ng u

s th

at "

teac

hers

are

born

, not

mad

e,"

and

not a

ltoge

ther

with

out r

easo

n,fo

r

som

e in

nate

qua

litie

s ar

ees

sent

ial f

or th

e m

akin

g of

, at

any

rate

, the

bes

t tea

cher

s.T

hat a

ll te

ache

rs a

re n

ot"

born

" is

obv

ious

.T

he m

ain

trou

ble

is th

at th

e "

born

"

TH

E R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

TE

AC

HE

R -

HIS

TR

AIN

ING

71

teac

hers

are

not

bor

n fa

st e

noug

h to

sup

ply

the

ever

in-

crea

sing

dem

and.

Thi

s le

aves

us

the

alte

rnat

ive

eith

er to

" m

ake

" te

ache

rs o

r to

get a

long

with

" m

akes

hift

"te

ache

rs. W

e do

bot

h.H

undr

eds

of p

erm

anen

t tra

inin

gsc

hool

s th

roug

hout

the

coun

try

are

at w

ork

" to

mak

e "

teac

hers

and

aid

" b

orn

" te

ache

rs.

Unf

ortu

nate

ly, h

ow-

ever

, man

y so

-cal

led

teac

hers

of

the

pres

ent d

ay c

anne

ither

be s

aid

to h

ave

been

" b

orn

" or

to h

ave

been

" m

ade.

"T

hey

are

neith

er n

atur

al te

ache

rs n

or p

rofe

ssio

nally

trai

ned

teac

hers

they

are

mer

e m

akes

hift

s, w

ho n

eith

er p

ursu

eth

eir

wor

k fo

r th

e lo

ve o

f it

nor

beca

use

they

are

esp

ecia

lly

equi

pped

, but

sim

ply

beca

use

they

mus

t do

som

ethi

ng.

The

se h

ange

rs-o

n, u

sing

teac

hing

as

a st

eppi

ng s

tone

toso

met

hing

bet

ter,

are

the

indi

vidu

als

fore

ver

thro

win

g ob

-st

acle

s in

the

way

of

teac

hing

's b

ecom

ing

a re

al p

rofe

ssio

n.T

he H

igh

Cal

ling

of th

e T

each

er.

No

one

shou

ld e

nter

light

ly u

pon

the

wor

k of

teac

hing

, as

this

is a

ssur

edly

the

mos

t glo

riou

s of

cal

lings

, and

als

o on

e of

the

mos

tex

actin

g.L

et e

very

one

con

side

r w

ell t

he g

reat

opp

or-

tuni

ties

and

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

invo

lved

in te

achi

ng c

hild

ren,

in m

oldi

ng th

eir

lives

, in

prep

arin

g th

em f

or th

eir

grea

the

rita

ge.

The

Pes

talo

zzis

and

Fro

ebel

s of

his

tory

hav

ein

vari

ably

ent

ered

upo

n th

e w

ork

with

pra

yerf

ul h

eart

s,in

ful

l rea

lizat

ion

of th

eir

own

unw

orth

ines

s.L

et n

one

of u

s do

less

.N

o yo

ung

pers

on s

houl

d ve

ntur

e to

teac

h

who

isno

t sat

isfi

ed o

f hi

s ow

n fi

tnes

s fo

r th

e ca

lling

.C

erta

in n

atur

al q

ualif

icat

ions

are

ess

entia

l in

the

mak

e-up

Page 51: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

72T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

of e

very

suc

cess

ful t

each

er.

Her

e, to

o, m

ust b

e ad

ded

are

ason

able

deg

ree

of a

cade

mic

and

pro

fess

iona

l tra

inin

g.T

hus

equi

pped

, you

ng m

en a

nd y

oung

wom

en m

ay f

ace

the

futu

re w

ith f

air

reas

on to

bel

ieve

that

suc

cess

will

crow

n th

eir

effo

rts.

Our

them

e is

the

prof

essi

onal

trai

ning

of

rura

l tea

cher

s;bu

t, fi

rst,

let u

s en

umer

ate

som

e of

the

qual

ific

atio

ns th

atev

ery

teac

her

mus

t hav

e to

be

a w

orth

y te

achm

Nat

ural

qua

lific

atio

ns:

He

mus

t hav

e,1.

A s

ound

bod

y an

d go

od h

ealth

.2.

Goo

d co

mm

on s

ense

.3.

Nat

ural

apt

itude

and

insi

ght i

nto

thin

gs e

duca

tiona

l.4.

A s

ocia

l and

agr

eeab

le n

atur

e.5.

Pat

ienc

e, s

ympa

thy,

and

love

for

chi

ldre

n.

He

mus

t be

1. T

actf

ul a

nd lo

gica

l.2.

Gen

uine

, who

le-s

oule

d, a

nd m

anly

.3

Fran

k an

d un

susp

icio

us.

4. F

irm

and

sel

f-re

liant

.5.

Altr

uist

ic.

The

mer

e po

sses

sion

of

thes

e na

tura

l qua

litie

s,w

hile

very

ess

entia

l, is

not

in it

self

suf

fici

ent t

o m

ake

the

teac

her.

The

re m

ust b

e ad

ded

an a

cqui

red

trai

ning

:(I

) ac

adem

ican

d (2

) pr

ofes

sion

al.

Aca

dem

ic T

rain

ing.

In g

ener

al, n

o pe

rson

sho

uld

bepe

rmitt

ed to

teac

h sc

hool

who

has

not

com

plet

ed a

hig

hsc

hool

cou

rse

or it

s eq

uiva

lent

.T

he h

igh

scho

ol g

i idu

ate

BE

ST

CO

P

TH

E R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

TE

AC

HE

R -

HIS

TR

AIN

ING

73

may

hav

e pu

rsue

d m

any

subj

ects

whi

ch h

e w

ill n

ever

be

calle

d up

on to

teac

h in

rur

al s

choo

ls; b

ut s

uch

subj

ects

are

cert

ain

to f

urni

sh h

im w

ith a

val

uabl

e re

serv

e st

ore

ofen

ergy

to d

raw

upo

n as

occ

asio

n m

ay d

irec

t.A

teac

her

soeq

uipp

ed is

rea

sona

bly

safe

fro

m th

e pi

tfal

ls a

nd r

uts

ever

thre

aten

ing

his

co-w

orke

r w

hose

edu

catio

nal h

oriz

on is

narr

ower

and

less

dis

tinct

.

No

teac

her

can

get t

oo th

orou

gh a

n ac

adem

ic tr

aini

ng.

" T

horo

ugh

ma3

tery

of

the

acad

emic

kno

wle

dge

of s

ub-

ject

s,"

says

Dr.

Lev

i See

ley,

" is

abs

olut

ely

esse

ntia

l, an

dno

met

hods

or

scho

ol r

oom

dev

ices

or

supe

rfic

ial t

actic

sca

n ta

ke it

s pl

ace.

Mor

e te

ache

rs f

ail f

rom

igno

ranc

eof

the

subj

ect m

atte

r th

an f

rom

any

oth

er c

ause

."Pr

ofes

sion

al T

rain

ing.

But

if te

achi

ng is

to b

e es

-ta

blis

hed

on a

pro

fess

iona

l bas

is, a

spe

cifi

c kn

owle

dge

of th

e sc

ienc

e an

d ar

t of

teac

hing

is in

disp

ensa

ble.

Wha

tpe

rson

wou

ld f

or a

mom

ent t

hink

of

beco

min

g a

surg

eon

and

try

his

skill

upo

n th

e hu

man

ana

tom

y w

ithou

t fir

stpu

rsui

ng a

cou

rse

of s

tudy

in s

ome

repu

tabl

e sc

hool

of

med

icin

e, a

lbei

t a c

olle

ge-b

red

man

?W

e an

swer

: no

one.

No

mor

e, it

see

ms

to m

e, s

houl

d a

teac

her,

unt

rain

ed

prof

essi

onal

ly, b

e pe

rmitt

ed to

lear

n hi

s ar

t in

the

scho

ol-

room

, thr

ough

exp

erim

enta

tion

on h

uman

min

ds a

ndso

uls.

Eve

ry te

ache

r, in

deti,

fro

m th

e un

grad

ed r

ural

scho

ol to

the

colle

ge, s

houl

d kn

ow s

omet

hing

abo

ut th

epr

ofes

sion

alsu

bjec

tsps

ycho

logy

and

child

stud

y,ph

iloso

phy

of e

duca

tion,

his

tory

of e

duca

tion,

met

hods

AV

AIL

AB

LEr

Page 52: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

74T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

of te

achi

ng, s

choo

l man

agem

ent,

scho

ol e

cono

mic

s, a

nd

scho

ol la

w.

Rur

al T

each

ers

mus

t mak

e th

eSc

hool

an

Exp

ress

ion

of L

ife

on th

e Fa

rm.

The

deg

ree

of p

rofi

cien

cyre

quir

ed

in th

ese

subj

ects

will

natu

rally

dep

end

upon

the

kind

of

scho

ol f

or w

hich

the

teac

her

is p

repa

ring

.It

is e

vide

nt

that

if a

ll th

is a

gita

tion

conc

erni

ng r

edir

ectin

g an

dre

vita

l ?

izin

g th

e ru

ral s

choo

ls s

hall

ever

prod

uce

conc

rete

res

ults

,

we

mus

t hav

ete

ache

rs e

quip

ped

to m

ake

the

rura

l sch

ool

a na

tura

l exp

ress

ion

of li

fe in

the

aver

age

rura

lco

mm

unity

.

Such

teac

hers

are

not

yet

ver

ypl

entif

ul.

As

a m

atte

r of

fact

,-A

re a

re n

ot s

uffe

ring

so

muc

h fr

om a

dear

th o

f te

ache

rs

with

a g

ood

acad

emic

pre

para

tion,

as

we

are

from

a la

ck

of te

ache

rs p

rofe

ssio

nally

trai

ned

to ta

ke h

old

of th

e ne

w

tren

d of

edu

catio

n in

rur

alco

mm

uniti

es. A

maj

ority

of

rura

l tea

cher

s ha

ve a

fai

rkn

owle

dge

of s

ubje

cts,

gai

ned

usua

lly in

city

sch

ools

and

inci

ty e

nvir

onm

ents

.T

his

is

an u

nfor

tuna

teci

rcum

stan

ce.

For

it is

dif

ficu

lt fo

r yo

ung

teac

hers

who

se v

ery

lives

are

cent

ered

, or

have

bee

n ce

n-

tere

d, o

n th

e ci

ty to

ent

er in

toth

e sp

irit

of th

e ne

w r

ural

life

.

The

few

teac

hers

who

are

rear

ed o

n th

e fa

rm a

re n

o be

tter

situ

ated

, for

they

are

usu

ally

defe

ctiv

e bo

th in

aca

dem

ic

and

prof

essi

onal

trai

ning

.M

any

of th

e no

rmal

sch

ools

,

whi

le b

egin

ning

to g

rasp

the

sign

ific

ance

of

the

farm

mov

emen

t, ha

ve n

ot, u

p to

the

pres

ent t

ime,

mad

e an

y pr

o-

visi

ons

wor

th m

entio

n fo

r tr

aini

ngru

ral t

each

ers;

or

they

s.re

alr

eady

taxe

d to

thei

r fu

ll ca

paci

ty to

supp

ly th

e de

-

TH

E R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

TE

AC

HE

R -

HIS

TR

AIN

ING

73

man

ds f

or b

ette

r-pa

id c

ity te

ache

rs.

Evi

dent

ly, i

t will

be

nece

ssar

y to

mak

e a

radi

cal e

xten

sion

in th

e no

rmal

sch

ools

to m

eet t

he n

eeds

of

the

rura

l tea

cher

or

to e

stab

lish

alto

-ge

ther

new

trai

ning

sch

ools

for

this

pur

pose

.It

may

beco

me

nece

ssar

y to

do

both

.K

ids

to T

each

ers

alre

ady

in R

ural

Sch

ools

.Fo

r th

epr

esen

t, at

leas

t, th

e ta

sk o

f re

dire

ctin

g an

d re

vita

lizin

gth

e ru

ral s

choo

ls w

ill f

all m

ostly

to te

ache

rs w

ho a

re n

owen

gage

d in

the

scho

ols.

The

y ha

ve h

ad n

o pa

rtic

ular

trai

ning

.n th

e ne

w e

duca

tion,

and

mus

t, co

nseq

uent

ly,

get t

his

trai

ning

as

best

they

can

fro

m th

e va

riou

s ag

enci

es

at th

eir

disp

osal

.T

he m

ost i

mpo

rtan

t are

:(t

) su

mm

er s

choo

ls,

(2)

teac

hers

'in

stitu

tes,

(3)

teac

hers

'm

eetin

gs,

(4)

read

-in

g ci

rcle

s, a

nd o

ther

wor

k of

sim

ilar

natu

re.

Whi

le s

uch

agen

cies

can

not b

e ex

pect

ed to

take

the

plac

e

of r

egul

ar s

choo

l edu

catio

n th

ey m

ay b

e su

ffic

ient

to p

ut th

e

prac

tical

teac

her

in to

uch

with

the

new

pro

blem

s an

d fi

rehi

m w

ith a

zea

l and

des

ire

for

bette

r th

ings

.Su

mm

er S

choo

ls.

Sinc

e ru

ral t

each

ers

as a

rul

e ha

velo

ng s

umm

er v

acat

ions

, the

sum

mer

sch

ool

natu

rally

is o

ne o

f th

e m

ost v

alua

ble

aids

with

in th

eir

reac

h.T

henu

mbe

r of

sum

mer

sch

ools

cat

erin

g to

the

need

s of

teac

hers

is r

apid

ly in

crea

sing

.M

any

lead

ing

univ

ersi

ties

and

colle

ges

offe

r va

catio

n co

urse

s in

theo

ry a

nd p

rtic

e;

but o

f gr

eate

st in

tere

st to

rur

al te

ache

rs a

re th

e sh

ort-

t erm

cour

ses

very

gen

eral

ly o

ffer

ed in

nor

mal

sch

ools

.Se

vera

l

1

Page 53: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

76T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

have

add

ed e

xcel

lent

mod

el s

choo

ls, w

here

rur

al te

ache

rsm

ay b

e im

bued

with

the

spir

it of

how

mod

ern

rura

l lif

em

ust b

e liv

ed.

Nat

ure

stud

y, g

arde

n cu

lture

, ele

men

tary

agri

cultu

re, a

rt, a

nd e

ven

man

ual t

rain

ing

are

taug

ht in

adi

rect

and

pra

ctic

al w

ay. A

nnua

lly m

any

a te

ache

r en

ters

the

prof

essi

onal

ran

ks b

y w

ay o

f th

e su

mm

er s

choo

ls.

Tea

cher

s'In

stitu

tes.

The

fir

st te

ache

rs' i

nstit

ute,

so

far

as h

as b

een

reco

rded

, was

hel

d in

Har

tfor

d, C

on-

nect

icut

, in

1839

, by

the

grea

t sch

oolm

an H

enry

Bar

nard

.T

wen

ty-s

ix y

oung

men

atte

nded

a s

ix w

eeks

' ses

sion

.J.

S. D

enm

an, s

uper

inte

nden

t of

scho

ols

for

Tom

pkin

sC

ount

y, N

ew Y

ork,

hel

d a

teac

hers

' mee

ting

in 1

840

whi

ch w

as th

e fi

rst t

ime

the

nam

e "

inst

itute

" w

as u

sed.

Hor

ace

Man

n se

ized

upo

n th

e id

ea a

nd m

ade

it po

pula

rin

Mas

sach

uset

ts a

nd e

lsew

here

.In

our

day

ver

y m

any

stat

es p

rovi

de b

y la

w f

or th

e ho

ldin

g of

suc

h in

stitu

tes

in o

ne f

orm

or

anot

her.

The

y va

ry in

leng

th o

f tim

e fr

oma

few

day

s to

a n

umbe

r of

wee

ks; t

he lo

nger

one

s be

ing,

stri

ctly

spe

akin

g, s

umm

er s

choo

ls u

nder

the

cont

rol o

fst

ate

depa

rtm

ents

of

educ

atio

n.T

each

ets'

inst

itute

s ar

edo

min

ated

by

the

teac

hing

spi

rit,

as m

ost o

f th

ose

in a

t-te

ndan

ce a

re th

emse

lves

teac

hers

.T

his

cont

act w

ithab

le in

stru

ctor

s an

d co

-wor

kers

fro

m th

e ru

ral d

istr

icts

does

the

teac

her

a w

orld

of

good

.O

ppor

tuni

ties

are

offe

red

for

stud

y bo

th o

f an

aca

dem

ic a

nda

prof

essi

onal

natu

re; h

ere,

too,

he

may

bec

Om

e ac

quai

nted

with

the

late

st m

ovem

ents

in r

ural

sch

ool e

duca

tion.

1t

TH

E R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

TE

AC

HE

RH

IS T

RA

ININ

G77

Neb

rask

a Ju

nior

Nor

mal

Sch

ools

.A

type

of

vaca

-tio

n sc

hool

whi

ch p

arta

kes

alik

e of

the

pecu

liari

ties

of th

ere

gula

r no

rmal

sch

ool a

nd th

e te

ache

rs' i

nstit

ute

is th

eso

-

calle

d N

ebra

ska

Juni

or N

orm

al S

choo

l.It

is a

suc

cess

ful

atte

mpt

to b

ring

the

norm

al s

choo

l rig

ht to

the

door

s of

the

rura

l pop

ulat

ion.

Eig

ht s

uch

scho

ols

have

bee

n es

tab-

lishe

d at

str

ateg

ic p

oint

s th

roug

hout

the

stat

e, w

here

they

reac

h m

any

teac

hers

and

wou

ld-b

e te

ache

rs, l

ivin

g ou

tsid

e

the

sphe

re o

f in

flue

nce

of th

e re

gula

r st

ate

norm

al s

choo

lslo

cate

d at

Per

u an

d K

earn

ey.

In a

mea

sure

, too

, the

ybe

com

e fe

eder

s fo

r th

e la

tter.

The

ann

ual t

erm

of

in-

stru

ctio

n is

" n

ot le

ss th

an s

ix n

or m

ore

than

eig

ht w

eeks

.'T

he a

vera

ge s

ize

of th

e te

achi

ng c

orps

is n

ine

mem

bers

.T

he w

ork

is c

ompr

ehen

sive

and

incl

udes

a s

tron

gco

urse

in a

gric

ultu

re.

A s

peci

al f

eatu

re o

f th

e ju

nior

nor

mal

is th

e m

odel

rur

al s

choo

l whi

ch, u

nder

the

law

, is

mai

n-ta

ined

for

a s

peci

fied

tim

e in

cha

rge

ofan

exp

erie

nced

prac

tice

teac

her.

Stat

e Su

peri

nten

dent

J. B

. Asw

ell o

n In

stitu

tes

and

Sum

mer

Sch

ools

.O

ther

sta

tes

are

follo

win

g va

riou

spl

ans

in s

umm

er s

choo

l and

inst

itute

wor

k.A

nd e

very

-w

here

is it

fra

ught

with

impo

rtan

ce f

or r

ural

sch

ool

prog

-re

ss.

Stat

e Su

peri

nten

dent

J. B

. Asw

ell,

of L

ouis

iana

, who

has

had

rem

arka

ble

succ

ess

in h

is te

ache

rs' i

nstit

utes

and

sum

mer

sch

ools

has

this

to s

ay o

f th

eir

educ

atio

nal v

alue

:

Muc

hof

the

educ

atio

nal e

nthu

sias

m n

ow s

tirrin

g th

e pe

ople

of L

ouis

iana

istr

acea

ble

to th

e st

imul

us g

iven

thro

ugh

the

in-

Page 54: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

78T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

.N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

stitu

tes

and

sum

mer

sch

ools

.E

arne

st e

ffor

ts f

or b

ette

r te

ache

rs,

high

er s

alar

ies,

long

er te

rms,

and

new

sch

oolh

ouse

s w

ere

orga

nize

din

thes

e m

eetin

gs o

f th

e te

ache

rs.

Thi

s sp

irit

was

car

ried

to th

epe

ople

of

the

vari

ous

com

mun

ities

, and

the

educ

atio

nal s

entim

ent

was

cry

stal

lized

into

mon

ey w

hich

mad

e po

ssib

le th

e ne

eded

impr

ove-

men

ts.

Tea

cher

s' M

eetin

gs.

The

rur

al te

ache

r w

ho w

ishe

sto

kee

p ab

reas

t of

the

prof

essi

on m

ust b

e fa

ithfu

l in

at-

tend

ance

at a

ll co

unty

and

loca

l edu

catio

nal m

eetin

gs.

The

wis

e te

ache

r w

ill g

o ev

en f

arth

er th

an th

is a

nd s

pend

som

e of

his

har

d-ea

rned

mon

ey in

trip

s to

the

annu

al s

tate

and

stat

e di

stri

ct m

eetin

gs.

It is

mon

ey w

ell i

nves

ted

and

resu

lts in

bet

ter

teac

hing

, and

to th

e te

ache

r, in

bet

ter

prof

essi

onal

ran

king

.T

he c

ount

y an

d lo

cal m

eetin

gs m

ay b

e m

ade

a so

urce

of e

nthu

sias

m a

nd in

spir

atio

n to

the

teac

her.

New

met

h-

ods

are

cons

ider

ed, l

ocal

dif

ficu

lties

are

dis

cuss

ed, a

nd p

ro-

fess

iona

l spi

rit i

s ar

ouse

d or

per

man

ently

str

engt

hene

d.N

o te

ache

r ca

n co

ntin

ue a

s a

trul

y su

cces

sful

teac

her

who

negl

ects

to k

eep

up h

is p

rofe

ssio

nal r

eadi

ng.

It is

just

as

unre

ason

able

for

a te

ache

r to

exp

ect t

his

as it

wou

ld b

e fo

r

a ph

ysic

ian

or a

law

yer

to h

ope

toke

ep a

brea

st o

f hi

spr

ofes

sion

with

out f

ollo

win

g ca

refu

lly th

e la

test

per

iodi

-ca

l out

put i

n hi

s re

spec

tive

prof

essi

on.

Let

eve

ry r

ural

teac

her,

ther

efor

e, r

ead

seve

ral t

each

ers'

jour

nals

of

stat

e

and

natio

nal r

eput

e.R

eadi

ng C

ircl

es.

The

n th

ere

is th

e te

ache

rs' r

eadi

ng

circ

le.

And

for

man

y r,

:ral

teac

hers

this

is th

e on

ly p

ro-

..t. .

t.I

1

Page 55: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

Inte

rior

of

Cou

ntry

Tra

inin

g Sc

hool

, Wes

tern

Illin

ois

Stat

e N

orm

alSc

hool

,

at M

acom

b.

Mod

e of

con

veyi

ngno

rmal

sch

ool

stud

ents

to th

e ab

ove

trai

ning

sch

ool,

whi

ch h

L.4

one

;tnd

one-

half

mile

s w

est

of th

e no

rmal

scho

ol.

TH

E R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

TE

AC

HE

RH

IS T

RA

ININ

G79

fess

iona

l rea

ding

ava

ilabl

e of

apr

actic

al n

atur

e.T

hor-

ough

ly o

rgan

ized

and

rig

htly

man

aged

, it i

s th

e so

urce

of

a

wor

ld o

f go

od. T

he c

ircl

e is

usua

lly u

nder

the

cont

rol o

f

the

stat

e su

peri

nten

dent

and

abo

ard

of m

anag

ers

who

arra

nge

the

annu

al c

ours

eof

stu

dy a

nd h

ave

gene

ral o

ver-

sigh

t of

the

wor

k.L

ocal

cir

cles

are

man

aged

by

the

coun

ty

supe

rint

ende

nt, w

ho b

ecom

es, i

n a

grea

tm

easu

re, r

espo

n-

sibl

e fo

r th

e su

cces

s or

fai

lure

of th

e w

ork.

The

re m

ust

be

defi

nite

sys

tem

in th

e re

adin

gs.

The

mee

tings

mus

t be

regu

lar,

the

revi

ews

emph

atic

,the

aim

in v

iew

abs

olut

e.

Such

are

a f

ew o

f th

e ag

enci

espl

aced

at t

he d

ispo

sitio

n

of r

ural

teac

hers

.L

et u

s no

w r

ever

t to

the

mai

nqu

estio

n

the

trai

ning

of

new

rur

alte

ache

rs.

Thi

s ne

cess

itate

s a

brie

f di

scus

sion

of

the

follo

win

g ty

pes

ofin

stitu

tions

:

(1)

stat

e no

rmal

sch

ools

,(2

) co

unty

trai

ning

scho

ols,

(3)

high

sch

ools

off

erin

gno

rmal

cou

rses

.

Stat

e N

orm

al S

choo

ls a

ndR

ural

Tea

cher

s.H

ow to

prov

ide

trai

ned

teac

hers

for

the

rura

l dis

tric

ts is

aqu

estio

n

of m

uch

mom

ent.

The

sta

teno

rmal

sch

ools

sho

uld

in

theo

ry, a

t lea

st, f

urni

shtr

aine

d te

ache

rs f

or a

llsc

hool

s.

Prac

tical

ly, h

owev

er, t

hey

have

bee

n un

able

todo

so.

The

dem

and

for

trai

ned

teac

hers

in th

e ci

ty a

ndvi

llage

scho

ols

has

been

suc

h as

togi

ve lu

crat

ive

posi

tions

toal

l

norm

al-t

rain

ed te

ache

rs.

The

nor

mal

sch

ools

have

con

-

sum

ed th

eir

ener

gies

in th

islin

e of

wor

k an

d ha

veha

d

little

tim

e to

con

side

rru

ral n

eeds

.In

deed

, the

ir v

ery

cour

ses

of s

tudy

are

fash

ione

d to

this

end

.

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LEI

Page 56: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

8oT

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OI

The

N.E

.A. N

orm

al S

choo

l Rep

ort,

Page

29.

But

if

a m

ajor

ity o

f th

e no

rmal

scho

ols

as n

ow c

onst

itute

d ha

ve

not b

een

of a

ny g

reat

mat

eria

l hel

p to

rura

l tea

cher

s,

the

reas

on c

an b

e fo

und

in th

e de

man

d fo

r ci

tyte

ache

rs.

The

nor

mal

s ha

ve o

nly

adap

ted

thei

r co

urse

s to

prev

ailin

g

dem

ands

. Now

that

the

educ

atio

nal i

deal

s ar

e be

ginn

ing

to c

hang

e, w

e m

ay e

xpec

t the

nor

mal

scho

ols

to b

e pr

ompt

in th

eir

resp

onse

.T

he N

.E.A

. Com

mitt

ee o

n N

orm

alSc

hool

s co

mm

ents

on

the

adap

tabi

lity

of th

ese

scho

ols

in

the

follo

win

g la

ngua

ge:

The

cha

nges

that

hav

e co

me

to th

e po

ssib

ilitie

s an

d ne

eds

have

alw

ays

foun

d th

e no

rmal

sch

ool r

eady

to a

dapt

itse

lf to

the

new

con

-

ditio

ns.

The

nor

mal

sch

ool h

as b

een

so n

ear

the

publ

ic th

ough

t all

this

tim

e th

at it

is m

ore

near

ly to

-day

an

actu

al e

xpon

ent o

fpu

blic

sent

imen

t tha

n an

y ot

her

publ

ic in

stitu

tion

of e

quiv

alen

t mag

nitu

de.

It is

spe

cial

ly s

ensi

tive

to p

ublic

dem

and,

and

sin

cere

ly e

ndea

vors

todo

for

the

peop

le w

hat i

s as

sum

ed to

be

esse

ntia

l to

prep

are

teac

hers

for

the

publ

ic s

choo

ls.

Rig

ht n

ow, w

ith p

ublic

sen

timen

t in

favo

r of

rur

al u

plif

tan

d in

dust

rial

edu

catio

n in

thes

e co

mm

uniti

es, i

t is

inte

r-es

ting

to s

ee h

ow r

eadi

ly th

e no

rmal

sch

ools

take

to th

ech

ange

d or

cha

ngin

g co

nditi

ons.

The

reis

a m

arke

dde

sire

to b

e of

use

, to

be o

f re

al v

alue

to th

e m

asse

s of

our

natio

n; to

hel

p in

doi

ng th

e m

ost t

o m

ake

all m

embe

rsof

our

gre

at c

omm

onw

ealth

wor

thy,

eff

icie

nt, c

itize

ns.

Rur

al M

odel

Sch

ools

in S

tate

Nor

mal

s.A

s a

mat

ter

of f

act,

in n

orm

al s

choo

ls, e

spec

ially

in th

e M

iddl

e W

est

and

in th

e yo

unge

r st

ates

, the

dem

and

for

rura

l tra

ined

TH

E R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

TE

AC

HE

RH

IS T

RA

ININ

GSI

BA

SE

ME

NT

FOR

PP

ES

SU

PE

TA

NK

FO

RC

EP

UM

PB

AS

EF

OR

FLU

ES

Fin.

Foun

datio

n 1a

n of

mod

el r

ural

sch

ool a

t the

Sta

te N

orm

al S

choo

l,K

irks

ville

, Mis

sour

i.O

utsi

de m

easu

rem

ent 3

6 by

28

fcet

.Pr

essu

reta

nk a

nd f

orce

pum

p su

pplie

s al

l wat

er f

or to

ilets

, etc

.

POR

CH

MA

INE

NT

RA

NC

E

Uliu

lM

AN

UA

L

T A

II

FUE

L

Roo

m

UI

RE

MC

RO

WD

Cliq

rOft

rlOW

ER

S.

fUR

NA

C(

5116

Kt

nRe

RA

CE

VE

NT

ILA

TO

R

CuP

som

e

3040

04. R

OO

M Z

r.(e

irr-

t

ram

Flo.

2.Fl

uor

plan

of

Kir

ksvi

lle m

odel

rur

al s

choo

l.In

door

toile

ts c

an b

ead

ded

to a

ny r

ural

sch

ool,

havi

ng a

goo

d w

ater

sup

ply,

at a

n ex

tra

cost

of

$350

.

Page 57: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

82T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

teac

hers

is a

lrea

dy in

a f

air

way

to b

e m

et.

Mod

el r

ural

scho

ols

have

bee

n es

tabl

ishe

d in

con

junc

tion

with

the

stat

eno

rmal

sch

ools

at T

erre

Hau

te, I

ndia

na, M

acom

b, I

lli-

nois

, Kir

ksvi

lle, M

isso

uri,

Hay

s C

ity, K

ansa

s, a

nd m

any

BE

ooR

To

Bov

sH

ALL

C 0

04 1

0 M

AIN

HA

LL"F

CP

.4.1

r01;

,c(c

aRra

uctp

A.C

loor

t To

GIR

LS

HA

LL

H.r

i Alf

R H

EaT

rpt

NS

OIL

GM

AN

ALT

RA

Inee

C

rq

E.r

IASM

BO

rl.C

OC

CeI

CK

ICP-

SPH

onli.

AV

AT

O0Y

jar

M-F

LOO

R C

ICA

LUS

h

sri-S

TA

IRtIA

SM

Oti

FLU

(Y

SIN

OR

I BE

NC

411

3- S

lont

oR

EN

ICK

Vr

VE

NT

ILA

TIN

Cru

n.Fl

o. 3

.Se

ctio

n of

Kir

ksvi

lle m

odel

rur

al s

choo

l.

othe

r st

ates

.A

t Kir

ksvi

lle th

e m

odel

sch

ool b

uild

ing

was

" de

sign

ed a

nd c

onst

ruct

ed to

sho

w th

at a

rur

al s

choo

l in

any

part

of

Mis

sour

i can

, for

the

inve

stm

ent o

f ab

out $

350

in a

dditi

on to

the

ordi

nary

cos

t of

a go

od b

uild

ing,

hav

e al

l

the

conv

enie

nces

and

com

fort

s th

at c

an b

e se

cure

d in

any

city

bui

ldin

g in

the

stat

e "

(see

cha

pter

on

Rur

al S

choo

l

1 a

TH

E R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

TE

AC

HE

RH

IS T

RA

ININ

G83

Arc

hite

ctur

e).

It w

as d

esig

ned

as a

mod

el r

ural

sch

ool

and

not a

s a

mer

e pr

actic

e sc

hool

.C

hild

ren

are

succ

ess-

fully

tran

spor

ted

by c

over

ed w

agon

to a

nd f

rom

this

sch

ool

to-d

ay.

Stud

ents

of

the

norm

al w

ho e

xpec

t to

teac

h in

coun

try

dist

rict

s le

arn

here

thro

ugh

daily

obs

erva

tion

" th

e be

st th

ings

whi

ch a

sch

ool b

oard

and

a g

ood

teac

her

with

the

best

fac

ilitie

s ca

n do

in a

nd f

ora

rura

l sch

ool."

The

mod

el s

choo

ls a

t Ter

re H

aute

and

Mac

omb

are

both

loca

ted

in th

e co

untr

y an

d un

der

the

mos

t ide

alen

-vi

ronm

ent.

Mos

t com

pete

nt c

ritic

teac

hers

are

em

ploy

ed,

unde

r w

hose

sup

ervi

sion

rur

al te

ache

rs r

ecei

ve th

e ru

ral

scho

ol in

spir

atio

n be

fore

eve

r ha

ving

put

foo

t on

the

thre

sh-

old

of a

rea

l cou

ntry

sch

ool.

The

est

ablis

hmen

t of

mod

elru

ral s

choo

ls a

s ad

junc

ts to

all

stat

e no

rmal

sch

ools

,es

-

peci

ally

in a

gric

ultu

ral s

tate

s, w

ould

do

a gr

eat d

eal t

oha

sten

the

day

of r

ural

sch

ool e

man

cipa

tion.

Agr

icul

ture

in th

e St

ate

Nor

mal

s.C

ours

es in

agr

i-cu

lture

, whi

ch w

ere

form

erly

mer

e ad

junc

ts to

nat

ural

scie

nce

teac

hing

, are

now

off

ered

in m

an7

norm

al s

choo

ls.

In G

eorg

ia, f

or e

xam

ple,

no

one

can

grad

uate

fro

m th

est

ate

norm

al s

choo

l who

doe

s no

t com

plet

e th

e pr

escr

ibed

wor

k in

agr

icul

ture

.In

Neb

rask

a co

nditi

ons

seem

just

as p

rom

isin

g.T

he N

ebra

ska

Stat

e B

oard

of

Edu

catio

nha

s th

is to

say

abo

ut te

achi

ng a

gric

ultu

re in

the

stat

eno

rmal

sch

c,Js

:

We

are

teac

hing

it.

Not

just

nat

ure

stud

y du

bbed

agr

icul

ture

,bu

t rea

lly th

e el

emen

ts o

f ag

ricu

lture

with

a d

efin

ite o

bjec

t and

t.

Page 58: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

84T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

spec

ific

aim

in v

iew

.T

hus

we

are

mee

ting

the

impe

rativ

e de

man

d

from

the

rura

l com

mun

ities

for

teac

hers

trai

ned

alon

g th

ese

lines

.

We

will

sen

d fo

rth

teac

hers

that

will

be

able

tobr

ing

this

gre

at s

ub-

ject

ver

y cl

ose

to th

e pe

ople

who

nee

d it

mos

t.It

was

a li

ttle

sent

i-

men

tal a

t fir

st, b

ut it

has

gro

wn

mar

velo

usly

,unt

il w

e ar

e be

ginn

ing

to r

ealiz

e in

our

sta

te th

e pr

actic

alva

lue

of th

is k

ind

of te

achi

ng.

We

are

not f

or o

ne m

omen

t api

ng th

e gr

eat

agri

cultu

ral c

olle

ge c

on-

nect

ed w

ith o

ur s

plen

did

stat

e un

iver

sity

, but

our

cou

rse

of in

stru

ctio

n

in th

e no

rmal

sch

ool i

s pr

actic

al a

nd w

ill p

repa

reth

e te

ache

r in

the

wor

k of

agr

icul

ture

as

it w

ill b

e ta

ught

in th

epu

blic

sch

ools

of

our

stat

e. A S

umm

ary

of w

hat t

he S

tate

Nor

mal

s ar

edo

ing

for

Agr

icul

ture

Tea

chin

g.Pr

ofes

sor

E.

E. B

alco

mb,

of

Wea

ther

sfor

d, O

klah

oma,

rea

d an

inst

ruct

ive

pape

rbe

fore

the

N.E

.A. a

t Los

Ang

eles

, in

1907

,en

title

d: "

Wha

t

has

been

don

e by

Nor

mal

Sch

ools

and

Agr

icul

tura

l

Col

lege

s fo

r Po

pula

r E

duca

tion

inA

gric

ultu

re."

The

pape

r em

bodi

es th

ere

sults

of

a ca

refu

l inv

estig

atio

n in

to

the

pres

ent s

tatu

s of

thes

e sc

hool

s an

dsh

eds

new

ligh

t on

the

rem

arka

ble

prog

ress

mad

e in

the

prep

arat

ion

of te

ach-

ers

of a

gric

ultu

re.

It r

eads

in p

art:

Of

the

nine

ty-o

ne s

tate

nor

mal

sch

ools

fro

mw

hich

info

rmat

ion

was

rec

eive

d, s

even

ty-f

ive

belie

vein

inst

ruct

ion

in a

gric

ultu

re, a

nd

are

eith

er g

ivin

g it

in s

ome

fnrm

or

desi

re to

do

so.

Of

the

sixt

een

not s

o ex

pres

sing

them

selv

es, n

ine

give

good

rea

sons

, fou

r gi

ve n

o

reas

ons

at a

ll, a

nd o

nly

thre

e ex

pres

sth

emse

lves

as

ques

tioni

ng th

e

cour

se o

r be

ing

oppo

sed

toit.

A s

umm

ary

of M

r. B

alco

mb'

s pa

per

show

sth

at s

ixty

-

one

stat

e no

rmal

scho

ols

are

actu

ally

off

erin

g th

e co

urse

s,

TH

E R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

TE

AC

HE

RH

IS T

RA

ININ

G85

or h

ave

mad

e pl

ans

to b

egin

nex

t yea

r.Se

ven

of th

esc

hool

s ar

e gi

ving

a li

ttle

agri

cultu

re in

con

nect

ion

with

scie

nce

cour

ses,

nat

ure

stud

y, a

nd s

choo

l gar

dens

, but

are

prep

arin

g fo

r m

ore

defi

nite

wor

k.E

ight

oth

ers

are

doin

gco

nsid

erab

le w

ork

in c

onne

ctio

n w

ith s

choo

l gar

dens

and

are

plan

ning

to e

xten

d th

e w

ork.

The

rem

aini

ng f

orty

-si

x ar

e te

achi

ng th

e el

emen

ts o

f ag

ricu

lture

in a

mor

e de

fi-

nite

way

.T

he w

ork

of a

ll is

inte

rest

ing

and

insp

irin

g.Y

et, a

fter

all

that

has

bee

n sa

id a

bove

abo

ut th

e ru

ral

scho

ol m

ovem

ent i

n no

rmal

sch

ools

, we

mus

t not

be-

com

e ov

ersa

ngui

ne a

s to

any

gre

at a

ssis

tanc

e fr

om th

atqu

arte

r.T

heir

chi

ef w

ork

will

con

tinue

to b

e to

fur

nish

our

citie

s an

d vi

llage

s w

ith s

uper

inte

nden

ts, p

rinc

ipal

s,an

d te

ache

rs o

f ev

cry

grad

e.L

et th

e ru

ral d

istr

icts

look

near

er h

ome

for

thei

r su

pply

.L

et th

em e

stab

lish

scho

ols

espe

cial

ly a

nd s

olel

y de

sign

ed to

trai

n ru

ral t

each

ers;

or,

whe

re th

is is

not

yet

fea

sibl

e, a

dd tr

aini

ng c

lass

es a

ndno

rmal

cla

sses

to c

ount

y an

d ot

her

high

sch

ools

.T

his,

we

belie

ve, i

s th

e tr

ue s

olut

ion

of th

e pr

oble

m.

Cou

nty

Tra

inin

g Sc

hool

s in

Wis

cons

in.

Wis

cons

in is

not o

nly

the

pion

eer

in th

is f

ield

, but

the

stat

e ha

s w

ithou

tdo

ubt d

evel

oped

the

best

trai

ning

sch

ools

for

rur

al te

ache

rsno

w to

be

foun

d in

our

cou

ntry

.Si

xtee

n of

thes

e in

stitu

-tio

ns h

ave

been

org

aniz

ed a

nd a

pplic

atio

ns a

re o

n fi

le f

rom

seve

ral c

ount

ies

anxi

ous

to d

o lik

ewis

e.T

heir

one

aim

is to

giv

e "

spec

ial i

nstr

uctio

nin

the

com

mon

sch

ool

bran

ches

, and

in th

e m

anag

emen

t of

rura

l sch

ools

, to

per-

Page 59: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

86T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

sons

pre

pari

ng f

orru

ral s

choo

l wor

k."

Her

e is

the

vita

l

poin

tto

take

the

teac

hing

mat

eria

lfr

om th

e ru

ral d

is-

tric

ts to

whi

ch th

e te

achi

ng p

rodu

ctis

aga

in r

etur

ned.

The

cou

rse

of s

tudy

is tw

o ye

ars,

and

is a

s co

mpr

ehen

sive

as p

rese

nt r

ural

cond

ition

s w

ill p

erm

it.

The

cou

rse

whi

ch is

giv

en b

elow

is o

neof

the

unif

orm

coun

ty c

ours

es a

nd w

ill g

ive

som

eid

ea o

f th

e su

bjec

t-

mat

ter

taug

ht:

Firs

t Yea

rT

hird

Qua

rter

:

Alg

ebra

Eng

lish

His

tory

Prim

ary

Con

stru

ctiv

eW

ork

Exp

ress

ive

Rea

ding

Firs

t Qua

rter

:

Alg

ebra

Agr

icul

ture

Gra

mm

arPr

imar

yR

eadi

ngan

dO

rtho

epy

Seco

nd Q

uart

er:

Alg

ebra

Polit

ical

Geo

grap

hyC

ompo

sitio

nE

xpre

ssiv

e R

eadi

ng

Four

th Q

uart

er:

Ari

thm

etic

Uni

ted

Stat

es H

isto

rySp

ellin

g an

d Pe

nman

ship

Lite

rary

Rea

ding

Seco

nd Y

ear

of th

e T

wo-

year

Cou

rse,

or

the

Cou

rse

for

thos

e pr

epar

ed to

take

it

Firs

t Qua

rter

:

Ari

thm

etic

Dra

win

gR

eadi

ng a

nd O

rtho

epy

Phys

ical

Geo

grap

hyPs

ycho

logy

and

Ped

agog

y

One

-yea

r

Thi

rd Q

uart

er:

Uni

ted

Stat

es H

isto

ryC

ompo

sitio

nL

itera

ture

Psyc

holo

gyPr

actic

e T

each

ing

TH

E R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

TE

AC

HE

RH

IS T

RA

ININ

G87

Seco

nd Q

uart

er:

Four

th Q

uart

er:

Ari

thm

etic

Gra

mm

arL

itera

ture

Met

hods

Uni

ted

Stat

es H

isto

ryC

onst

itutio

nsSc

hool

Man

agem

ent a

ndSp

ellin

gPr

actic

e T

each

ing

Stat

e Su

peri

nten

dent

C. P

. Car

yon

the

Wis

cons

inT

rain

ing

Scho

ol.

The

infl

uenc

e of

the

Wis

cons

in T

rain

-in

g Sc

hool

on

rura

l lif

e is

mos

t adm

irab

ly e

xpre

ssed

by

Stat

e Su

peri

nten

dent

C. P

. Car

y, w

hosa

ys:

The

cou

nty

trai

ning

sch

ools

are

spec

ial i

nstit

utio

ns d

esig

ned

tom

eet a

spe

cial

and

hith

erto

unm

et n

eed.

The

teac

hers

in th

e co

untr

ysc

hool

s, p

rior

to th

e es

tabl

ishm

ent o

f th

eco

unty

trai

ning

sch

ools

, wer

eno

t rec

eivi

ng tr

aini

ng d

irec

tly &

sign

e t?

to p

repa

re th

em f

or th

eir

chos

en w

ork.

The

y ga

ined

thei

r kn

owle

dge

of th

e ru

ral s

choo

ls b

ypa

infu

l and

oft

en c

ostly

exp

erie

nce.

The

y be

cam

e te

ache

rs a

t the

expe

nse

of th

eir

pupi

ls a

nd o

f th

e ta

xpay

ers

wh3

em

ploy

ed th

em.

As

a na

tura

l res

ult t

he e

ffic

ienc

y of

the

dist

rict

sch

ools

was

on

the

decl

ine.

It w

as h

igh

time

that

the

law

mak

ers

and

educ

ator

s of

the

stat

e di

rect

ed th

eir

atte

ntio

n to

the

relie

f of

this

hig

hly

impo

rtan

tbr

anch

of

the

educ

atio

nal s

ervi

ce o

f th

est

ate.

The

est

ablis

hmen

tof

the

coun

ty tr

aini

ng s

choo

ls h

as d

one

muc

hto

war

d th

e pl

acin

g of

the

rura

l sch

ools

in a

hea

lthy

grow

ing

cond

ition

.In

cou

ntie

s w

here

the

coun

ty tr

aini

ng s

choo

ls h

ave

been

est

ablis

hed,

new

inte

rest

has

been

aro

used

in a

ll m

atte

rs p

erta

inin

gto

rur

al s

choo

l edu

catio

n.T

heve

ry f

act t

hat t

axpa

yers

and

mem

bers

of

the

coun

ty b

oard

have

had

to p

rovi

de m

eans

for

car

ryin

g on

this

wor

k ha

s ca

lled

thei

r at

tent

ion

dire

ctly

to th

e im

port

ance

of

secu

ring

the

best

pos

sibl

e in

stru

ctio

nfo

r th

e ch

ildre

n in

rur

al c

omm

uniti

es.

The

"lit

tle r

ed s

choo

lhou

se"

is a

gain

com

ing

into

pro

min

ence

, and

ison

ce m

ore

a pl

ace

abou

tw

hich

the

inte

rest

of

the

peop

le o

f th

e di

stri

cts

cent

er.

Page 60: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

88T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

Cou

nty

Nor

mal

Tra

inin

gC

lass

es in

Mic

higa

n.M

ich

.

igan

has

ado

pted

a s

yste

mof

cou

nty

norm

al tr

aini

ng

clas

ses

whi

ch p

rom

ises

muc

h fo

r be

tter

rura

l sch

ools

.T

he la

w p

rovi

des

that

suc

h cl

asse

s m

aybe

org

aniz

ed a

s

adju

ncts

to a

lrea

dy e

xist

ing

scho

ols.

A s

peci

al te

ache

r,

com

pete

nt to

inst

ruct

in th

e pr

ofes

sion

al s

ubje

cts,

is

plac

ed in

cha

rge

of th

e w

ork.

He

rece

ives

ass

ista

nce

from

the

othe

r te

ache

rs o

f th

esc

hool

whe

re th

e cl

ass

is

orga

nize

d.A

ll ex

pens

e in

mai

ntai

ning

the

clas

sis

bor

ne

by th

e st

ate.

Up

to th

e ye

ar 1

906-

1907

thir

ty-t

wo

trai

n-

ing

clas

ses

had

been

org

aniz

ed,

with

a p

rese

nt a

ttend

ance

of50

0.M

oreo

ver,

nea

rly

700

grad

uate

sha

ve a

lrea

dy

gone

fort

h to

spr

ead

the

gosp

el o

fth

e ne

w e

duca

tion.

"

cons

ider

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of

the

coun

ty tr

aini

ng c

lass

one

ofth

e gr

eate

st s

teps

edu

catio

nally

that

has

bee

n

take

n in

Mic

higa

n in

rec

ent y

ears

," s

ays

Stat

e Su

peri

n-

tend

ent P

atri

ck H

. Kel

ley.

" T

rain

ed te

ache

rs a

re g

o-

ing

into

sch

ools

that

her

etof

ore

coul

d no

t get

them

, and

the

impr

ovem

ent o

f th

e te

achi

ngfo

rce

of th

e st

ate

is o

ne

of th

e m

ost v

ital m

atte

rsin

con

nect

ion

with

our

edu

ca-

tiona

l sys

tem

."W

e no

w c

orn

to th

e m

ore

gene

ral

disc

ussi

on o

f no

rmal

trai

ning

in h

igh

scho

ols.

Tra

inin

g C

lass

es in

New

Yor

k H

igh

Scho

ols.

The

very

earl

iest

prof

essi

onal

trai

ning

of te

ache

rs in

our

coun

try

was

don

ein

New

Yor

k St

ate

unde

r th

e le

gisl

ativ

e

enac

tmen

t of

1834

.It

pro

vide

d fo

r th

e es

tabl

ishm

ent

of

TH

E R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

TE

AC

HE

R-

HIS

TR

AIN

ING

89

eigh

t aca

dem

ies

whe

reco

mm

on s

choo

l tea

cher

s co

uld

betr

aine

d.T

he s

choo

lsde

sign

ated

in th

e ac

t rec

eive

d$5

00 f

or b

ooks

and

equi

pmen

t, an

d, b

esid

es, a

n an

nual

appr

opri

atio

n of

$40

0 fo

r m

aint

enan

ce.

In th

ese

acad

e-m

ies

we

find

the

orig

in o

f te

ache

rs' t

rain

ing

clas

ses,

whi

char

e lik

ely

to c

ontin

ue f

orso

me

time

the

chie

f so

urce

of

supp

ly f

or tr

aine

d ru

ral t

each

ers.

The

se p

riva

te a

cade

mie

sbe

cam

e pu

blic

high

sch

ools

, pre

serv

ing

thei

rea

rly

gran

ted

norm

al p

rivi

lege

s.A

t the

pres

ent t

here

are

113

such

trai

ning

cla

sses

, one

for

eac

h sc

hool

com

mis

sion

er d

istr

ict.

The

y ar

e un

der

the

abso

lute

juri

sdic

tion

of th

e st

ate

depa

rtm

ent o

f ed

ucat

ion,

and

for

mse

para

te a

nd d

istin

ctde

part

men

ts in

the

high

sch

ool w

here

they

are

mai

ntai

ned.

To

get a

nd r

etai

na

trai

ning

sch

ool t

he lo

cal b

oard

of

edu-

catio

n m

ust f

ulfi

ll ce

rtai

nsp

ecif

ic r

equi

rem

ents

in r

egar

dto

qua

lific

atio

ns o

fsp

ecia

l ins

truc

tor

offe

red,

and

sala

ryto

be

paid

him

;pr

actic

abili

ty o

f tr

aini

ng d

epar

tmen

tpl

aced

at d

ispo

sal o

f cl

ass;

oppo

rtun

ities

pro

vide

d th

ecl

ass

for

obse

rvat

ion

and

prac

tice

teac

hing

, etc

.A

side

fro

m th

orou

gh d

rill

inth

e ac

adem

ic s

ubje

cts,

the

trai

ning

cla

sses

hav

e am

ple

oppo

rtun

ity to

obs

erve

exp

ert

teac

hing

in th

e gr

ades

and

part

ake

in p

ract

ice

teac

hing

unde

rex

pert

cri

tics.

Stud

ents

who

pass

thei

r fi

nal e

x-am

inat

ions

rec

eive

con

vert

ible

thre

e-ye

ar c

ertif

icat

es to

teac

h.A

t pre

sent

nea

rly

1 20

0 tr

aine

d te

ache

rs a

nnua

llygr

adua

te f

rom

the

New

Yor

ktr

aini

ng c

lass

es a

nd e

nter

upon

rur

al s

choo

l wor

k.A

s a

resu

lt in

com

pete

nt te

ache

rs

Page 61: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

90T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SCH

OO

L

are

bein

gdr

iven

out

, edu

catio

nal

stan

dard

s an

d id

eals

are

rais

ed, a

ndth

e ne

w te

ache

rs a

re b

egin

ning

to r

ecei

ve

a co

mpe

nsat

ion

com

men

sura

te w

ithth

eir

prep

arat

ion

and

wor

th.

Oth

er S

tate

s w

hich

mai

ntai

n L

ugh

Scho

ol T

rain

ing

Cla

sses

.N

ebra

ska,

Kan

sas,

Min

neso

ta,

and

Ver

mon

t

are

othe

r st

ates

giv

ing

norm

al tr

aini

ng in

hig

hsc

hool

s

o le

gal s

tatu

s.T

he f

irst

two

stat

esha

ve b

ut r

ecen

tly

orga

nize

d tr

aini

ngcl

asse

s on

line

s si

mila

r to

the

New

Yor

k pl

an e

xpla

ined

abo

ve,

and

have

now

in th

esc

hool

s

man

yhu

ndre

d yo

ung

peop

le p

repa

ring

for

rura

l tea

chin

g.

Bot

h st

ates

hav

e ad

opte

dex

celle

nt c

ours

es o

f st

udy

con-

tain

ing

a lib

eral

am

ount

of in

stru

ctio

n in

the

prof

essi

onal

subj

ects

, inc

ludi

ngob

serv

atio

n w

ork,

and

, in

Neb

rask

a,

the

elem

ents

of

agri

cultu

re.

Kan

sas

also

gra

nts

an a

n-

nual

aid

to it

s ac

cred

ited

high

scho

ols

of a

sum

not

to

exce

ed $

500.

Min

neso

ta a

nd V

erm

ont

have

off

ered

norm

al in

stru

ctio

n in

hig

hsc

hool

s fo

r so

me

year

s; b

ut

unfo

rtun

atel

y th

ein

stru

ctio

n ha

s us

ually

bee

nsu

bord

i-

nate

d to

the

othe

r hi

ghsc

hool

cou

rses

, and

trea

ted

as a

side

issu

e.A

s co

uld

be e

xpec

ted,

the

resu

lts h

ave

not

been

ver

y gr

atif

ying

.Su

ch o

ther

sta

tes

as m

ayin

the

futu

re p

lan

to g

ive

norm

al tr

aini

ngin

hig

h sc

hool

s sh

ould

inva

riab

ly a

dopt

the

plan

of s

epar

ate

and

dist

inct

norm

al

depa

rtm

ents

in e

very

res

pect

coor

dina

te w

ith th

e ot

her

high

sch

ool d

epar

tmen

ts,

and

resp

onsi

ble

toth

e st

ate

supe

rint

ende

nt a

ndhi

s in

spec

tors

.

!

A.

lb

TH

E R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

TE

AC

HE

R -

HIS

TR

AIN

ING

91

The

re is

str

ong

feel

ing

in e

duca

tiona

l cir

cles

aga

inst

ano

rmal

inva

sion

of

seco

ndar

y sc

hool

s.T

his

is n

ot w

ithou

t

foun

datio

n.A

nd y

et w

e m

ust h

ave

thes

e te

ache

rs f

orth

e ru

ral d

istr

icts

.T

he 1

1,20

0,75

6 bo

ys a

nd g

irls

ther

eha

ve r

ight

s, to

o.T

hen,

last

but

not

leas

t, it

is a

lrea

dypr

oved

that

the

teac

hers

trai

ned

unde

r th

e hi

gh s

choo

lac

ts g

o on

and

get

mor

e tr

aini

ng a

fter

they

hav

e sp

ent

som

e ye

ars

succ

essf

ully

as

rura

l tea

cher

s.It

will

ulti

-m

atel

y ca

use

mor

e of

our

you

ng p

eopl

e to

atte

nd n

orm

alsc

hool

s, c

olle

ges,

and

uni

vers

ities

than

any

oth

er k

now

n

expe

dien

t.T

his

muc

h fo

r th

e tr

aini

ng o

f ru

ral s

choo

l tea

cher

s;no

w th

e m

atte

r of

ade

quat

e co

mpe

nsat

ion.

Page 62: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

CH

APT

ER

VI

SAL

AR

IES

AN

D T

EN

UR

E O

F R

UR

AL

TE

AC

HE

RS

Gen

eral

Sta

tem

ent.

All

thin

king

per

sons

will

agr

ee

that

the

perm

anen

ce o

f de

moc

ratic

inst

itutio

ns d

epen

ds

sole

ly u

pon

publ

ic s

choo

l edu

catio

n.T

he g

reat

ness

of

any

natio

n is

mea

sure

din

the

light

of

the

thor

ough

ness

and

vita

lity

of it

s ed

ucat

iona

l ins

titut

ions

, whi

ch c

anne

ither

be g

reat

er n

or b

ette

r th

an th

e te

ache

rsw

ho a

re th

e po

tent

fact

ors

in f

ashi

onin

g an

d pr

omot

ing

thes

ein

stitu

tions

.

Any

nat

ion

whi

ch u

nder

valu

es th

e im

port

ance

of th

e te

ach-

ing

prof

essi

on a

nd f

ails

to g

ive

itad

equa

te s

uppo

rt a

nd

soci

al r

ecog

nitio

n un

derm

ines

its

own

natio

nal v

italit

y.

The

gre

ates

t and

mos

t pro

gres

sive

natio

ns in

the

wor

ld

have

the

best

sch

ool o

rgan

izat

ions

, and

they

rec

ogni

ze

the

teac

hing

fra

tern

ity b

y pl

acin

g th

ete

ache

rs a

bove

pecu

niar

y w

ant a

nd b

y gi

.ant

ing

them

supe

rior

soc

ial

reco

gniti

on in

the

com

mun

ity.

In f

ace

of s

uch

stat

emen

ts a

s th

e ab

ove,

Am

eric

ans

who

love

thei

r co

untr

y ha

ve e

very

rea

son

tofe

el p

rofo

undl

)

mov

ed. W

e m

ay b

e op

timis

tic e

noug

h to

belie

ve th

at th

e

time

shal

l ne

,.er

com

e, a

s so

me

prop

hets

of il

l om

en h

ave

vent

ured

, tha

t

,

.

our

publ

ic s

choo

lw

ill b

e no

thin

g bu

t "a

92

SAL

AR

IES

AN

D T

EN

UR

E O

F R

UR

AL

TE

AC

HE

RS

93

wea

k, in

effi

cien

t mak

e-be

lieve

, whe

re s

ense

less

' ism

s '

and

shod

dy w

ork

will

pre

dom

inat

e "

;bu

t, at

the

sam

etim

e w

e ar

e no

t so

blin

d as

not

to s

ee th

at, i

n m

any

re-

spec

ts, s

choo

l con

ditio

ns w

ith u

s ar

e no

t on

a pa

rity

with

exis

ting

cond

ition

s in

lead

ing

Eur

opea

n co

untr

ies.

It is

part

icul

arly

true

that

the

Am

eric

an p

eopl

e ha

s fa

iled

togi

ve it

s ed

ucat

ors

the

adeq

uate

pec

unia

ry s

uppo

rt a

ndso

cial

rec

ogni

tion

com

men

sura

te w

ith th

eir

serv

ices

.

To

cons

ider

the

sala

ry q

uest

ion

:C

ompe

nsat

ion

of E

urop

ean

and

Am

eric

an T

each

ers

Cor

n-

pare

d.A

s a

firs

t ste

p, le

t us

com

pare

Eur

opea

n an

dA

mer

ican

teac

hers

.T

he f

ollo

win

g ta

ble

give

s th

e av

erag

e

annu

al s

alar

ies

paid

mal

e an

d fe

mal

e te

ache

rs in

fou

rle

adin

gco

untr

ies

acco

rdin

gto

the

late

stav

aila

ble

figu

res:

Eng

land

and

Wal

es (

elem

enta

ry o

nly)

$570

per

ann

umG

erm

any

(ele

men

tary

onl

y).

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r an

num

Aus

tria

(el

emen

tary

onl

y).

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per

annu

mH

olla

nd (

elem

enta

ry o

nly)

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8 pe

r an

num

To

mak

e th

e ta

ble

a ju

st b

asis

for

com

pari

son

we

mus

tke

ep in

min

d:(t

) T

he g

reat

er p

urch

asin

g po

wer

of

the

Eur

opea

n eq

uiv-

alen

t of

Am

eric

an m

oney

;(2

) T

he e

njoy

men

t in

Eur

ope

gene

rally

of

free

hou

se a

ndgr

ound

s, f

uel,

light

, etc

.;(3

) T

he g

rant

ing

of c

erta

in p

erqu

isite

s w

here

the

teac

her

acts

as

chur

ch c

hori

ster

, etc

.;(4

) T

he E

urop

ean

syst

em o

f te

ache

rs' p

ensi

ons;

(5)

The

tenu

re o

f of

fice

dur

ing

life

or g

ood

beha

vior

;(6

) Fi

nally

, the

teac

hers

' pro

min

ent s

ocia

l sta

ndin

g.

Page 63: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

94T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

Now

, in

com

pari

son,

con

side

r th

e fo

llow

ing

tabl

e, w

hich

give

s th

e av

erag

e m

onth

ly s

alar

ies

paid

ele

men

tary

and

seco

ndar

y te

ache

rs in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es.

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fig

ures

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m th

e re

port

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ted

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ache

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an d

o E

urop

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ore

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urth

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all

our

teac

hers

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wom

en.

Rea

sons

for

Bet

ter

Sala

ries

in E

urop

e.-

Now

we

are

read

y to

see

k th

e ca

use,

to a

sk th

e re

ason

why

Eur

opea

nco

untr

ies

pay

bette

r sa

lari

es a

nd w

hy th

ey r

etai

n a

muc

hla

rger

per

cent

age

of m

en in

tho

teac

hing

pro

fess

ion

than

we

are

able

to d

o.In

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is a

s m

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w o

r m

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or th

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Eve

ry te

ache

r

Page 64: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

96T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

is a

pro

fess

iona

l tea

cher

.N

o on

e m

ay te

ach

who

has

not

com

plet

ed a

str

ict t

rain

ing

cour

se a

nd p

asse

d a

sear

chin

gex

a:m

inat

ion.

Tle

sta

te h

as tr

aine

d hi

m, a

nd it

now

put

shi

m in

a p

ositi

on to

mak

e a

com

for4

-ble

livi

ng f

or h

imse

lfan

d hi

s fa

mily

.E

very

ham

let a

nd c

ity f

eels

kee

nly

that

educ

atio

n is

abs

olut

.'12,

ess

entia

l to

succ

ess

in li

fe.

Aft

erN

apol

eon

had

left

Pru

ssia

pro

stra

te a

t Jen

a its

sch

ool-

mas

ters

put

the

stat

e on

its

feet

aga

in a

nd in

tim

e pu

shed

itto

lead

ersh

ip in

the

empi

re.

Sinc

e th

e di

sast

rous

war

with

Prus

sia

and

Aus

tria

, in

1864

, litt

le D

enm

ark

has

mor

eth

an r

egai

ned

in p

opul

atio

n an

d w

ealth

wha

t was

lost

inth

at d

isas

ter,

chi

efly

thro

ugh

its s

choo

lmas

ters

, who

hav

ebe

en in

defa

tigab

le in

the

educ

atio

nal c

ampa

igns

whi

chha

ve p

lace

d th

e ki

ngdo

m in

the

fore

fron

t of

natio

ns in

tel-

lec,

and

indu

stri

ally

.It

is li

ttle

won

der

that

teac

hers

hay'

supe

rior

soc

ial r

anki

ng in

suc

h co

untr

ies.

Scho

lar-

shij

resp

ecte

d an

d re

vere

nced

alik

e by

hig

h an

d lo

w;

all c

lass

es lo

ok u

p to

the

teac

hing

fra

tern

ity b

ecau

se o

f its

impo

rtan

ce to

the

Stat

e.T

o re

capi

tula

te:

Tea

chin

g is

a !

Prof

essi

on in

lead

ing

coun

trie

s of

Eur

ope;

non

e m

ay te

ach

ther

e w

ho is

not

pro

-fe

ssio

nally

pre

pare

d.T

each

ing

is f

or s

igni

fica

nt r

easo

nshe

ld in

hig

h es

teem

.T

each

ers

acco

rdin

gly

rece

ive

sala

ries

com

men

sura

te w

ith ti

me

and

expe

nse

of p

repa

ratio

n an

ddi

gnity

of

posi

tion.

Sala

ries

of

Tea

cher

s an

d O

ther

Wor

kers

Com

pare

d. -

The

com

para

tive

sala

ry a

rgum

ent i

s no

t the

hig

hest

arg

u-

L

SAL

AR

IES

AN

D T

EN

UR

E O

F R

UR

AL

TE

AC

HE

RS

97

men

t whi

ch m

ay b

e us

ed f

or in

crea

sing

teac

hers

' sal

arie

s;bu

t it d

oes

answ

er th

e pu

rpos

e w

e ha

ve in

min

d -

viz.

to e

mph

asiz

e in

gla

ring

rea

lity

how

poo

rly

teac

hers

are

paid

in c

ompa

riso

n w

ith p

ublic

wor

kers

gen

eral

ly. W

eha

ve a

lrea

dy s

een

that

the

late

st r

epor

t of

the

Com

mis

-si

oner

of

Edu

catio

n pl

aces

the

aver

age

annu

al s

alar

y fo

ral

l tea

cher

s in

our

pub

lic s

choo

ls a

t $37

5.30

.R

epor

ts

for

thir

ty c

ities

in e

very

par

t of

the

coun

try

plac

e th

eav

erag

e an

nual

sal

ary

for

ordi

nary

str

eet l

abor

ers

at$5

12.4

5, w

hich

is $

137.

15 m

ore

than

the

aver

age

for

all

teac

hers

in th

e U

nite

d St

ates

.

TA

BL

E 3

A. W

AG

ES

ST. L

AB

OR

ER

S

MO

LD

ER

S'

MIN

. WA

GE

EL

EM

. TE

AC

HE

RM

IN. S

AL

AR

Y

Bos

ton

$603

.00

$825

.00

$552

.00

Cin

cinn

ati

493.

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0.00

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00C

leve

land

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inne

apol

is55

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en53

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eans

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00Pe

oria

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ilade

lphi

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burg

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acin

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SI

Page 65: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

98T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

Tab

le 3

illu

stra

tes

this

poi

nt f

urth

er.

It c

ompa

res

the

annu

al e

arni

ngs

of s

tree

t lab

orer

s an

d la

bore

rs in

job-

bing

and

mac

hine

fou

ndri

es w

ith e

lem

enta

ry te

ache

rsin

fif

teen

c iti

es o

f th

e U

nite

d St

ates

.T

he c

ompa

riso

nsp

eaks

for

itse

lf.

TA

BL

E 4

Sscr

ioN

BLA

CK

-

min

asC

AR

PE

N-

TE

ES

, FO

RE

.M

EN

PA

INT

.E

RS

MA

CH

IN-

IST

S'

ME

NT

'ch'

rs

New

Eng

land

..

$67.

17$5

8.33

$82.

53$7

3.66

$58.

50$4

9.83

$57.

75M

iddl

e St

ates

..

65.0

056

.33

97.5

052

.00

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645

.50

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0So

uthe

rn S

tate

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al S

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Paci

fic

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es.

.80

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6-

-A

vera

ge.

..

$69.

76$5

5.75

$90.

27$6

2.83

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26$4

8.62

$48.

77

The

abo

ve ta

ble,

take

n fr

om th

e N

inth

Bie

nnia

lR

epor

t of

the

Supe

rint

ende

nt o

f Pu

blic

Ins

truc

tion

ofN

orth

Dak

ota,

is b

ased

on

figu

res

from

the

woo

U. S

.C

ensu

s R

epor

t and

dea

ls w

ith th

e su

rrje

ct b

y se

ctio

ns o

fth

e co

untr

y.T

he ta

ble

on th

e op

posi

te p

age

is r

epro

duce

d, b

y pe

r-m

issi

on, f

rom

the

Thi

rd A

nnua

l Rep

ort o

f th

e E

duca

tion

Dep

artm

ent o

f N

ew Y

ork

Stat

e.It

com

pare

s in

a g

raph

icw

ay th

e av

erag

e an

nual

com

pens

atio

n of

mal

e as

sist

ants

in s

econ

dary

sch

ools

out

side

the

citie

s an

d or

gani

zed

wag

e

wor

kers

thro

ugho

ut th

e st

ate.

Fore

men

in m

achi

ne s

hops

.A

ll ot

her

occu

patio

ns, i

nclu

ding

thos

e in

whi

chw

omen

are

eng

aged

.

SAL

AR

IES

AN

D T

EN

UR

E O

F R

UR

AL

TE

AC

HE

RS

99

A te

ache

r ha

s to

spe

nd m

uch

time

and

mon

ey in

prep

ara-

tion

for

his

wor

k, a

nd y

et in

the

larg

est a

ndon

e of

the

mos

t pro

gres

sive

sta

tes

in th

e co

untr

y br

ewer

y em

ploy

ees

actu

ally

ear

n a

bette

r liv

ing

than

he.

The

sam

e is

the

case

uni

vers

ally

, it s

eem

s.

TA

BL

E 5 HU

ND

RE

DS

10

Dol

lars

ME

N A

SS

IST

AN

TS

716

.95

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EW

ER

YE

MP

LOY

EE

S72

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OP

ER

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INT

ER

S &

DE

CO

RA

TO

RS

750.

38

R. R

. TR

AIN

ME

N78

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ELE

CT

RIC

AL

WO

RK

ER

S70

9.50

IRO

N M

OU

LDE

RS

844.

74

BO

ILE

R M

AK

ER

S84

7.12

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MP

OS

ITO

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EM

EN

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RP

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TE

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E C

UT

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00

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TE

R C

AR

RIE

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78R

OO

FE

RS

& S

HE

ET

ME

TA

L W

OR

KE

RS

948

.84

Sala

ries

pai

d R

ural

Tea

cher

s in

Var

ious

Par

ts o

f th

eC

ount

ry. -

Let

us

now

turn

our

atte

ntio

n m

ore

part

ic-

ow

Page 66: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

100

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

ular

ly to

sal

arie

s pa

id in

rur

al s

choo

ls.

So li

ttle

atte

ntio

n

has

been

pai

d to

this

fea

ture

of

scho

ol m

aint

enan

ce th

atfi

gure

s ar

e ha

rd to

get

and

are

mor

e or

less

unr

elia

ble.

Des

pite

this

we

have

ven

ture

d to

com

pile

Tab

le 6

,w

hich

will

giv

e th

e re

ader

som

e id

ea o

f th

e su

bjec

t.T

hest

ates

are

pic

ked

at r

ando

m, t

wo

from

eac

h of

the

five

geog

raph

ical

dk

isio

ns o

f th

e U

nite

d St

ates

.T

he le

ngth

of s

choo

l yea

r an

d m

onth

ly a

nd a

nnua

l sal

arie

s ar

e gi

ven.

It a

ppea

rs f

rom

the

tabl

e th

at th

e ex

trem

e E

ast m

akes

the

poor

est s

how

ing,

whi

ch is

exp

lain

able

in th

e ra

pid

disi

n-te

grat

ion

of r

ural

pop

ulat

ion

in th

ose

part

s an

d in

the

rapi

d

grow

th o

f ci

ties.

Thi

s le

aves

man

y de

plet

ed a

nd im

pove

r-

ishe

d di

stri

cts

with

sca

rcel

y a

hand

ful o

f pu

pils

.N

othi

ng

but s

tarv

atio

n sa

lari

es c

an b

e pa

id in

suc

h co

mm

uniti

es.

The

sal

vatio

n of

thes

e sm

all s

choo

ls a

ssur

edly

lies

in c

on-

solid

atio

n.T

he W

este

rn d

ivis

ion

show

s up

to b

est a

dvan

-

tage

; but

it s

houl

d be

rem

embe

red,

too,

that

livi

ng e

xpen

ses

are

som

ewha

t hig

her

in th

e W

est.

Of

cour

se th

e av

er-

ages

for

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es a

s se

t for

th in

the

tabl

e ar

e no

tfi

nal,

sinc

e on

ly te

n st

ates

are

con

side

red;

but

the

figu

res

are

not f

ar f

rom

cor

rect

and

will

ans

wer

our

pur

pose

wel

l

enou

gh.

We

pay

rura

l tea

cher

s th

roug

hout

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es o

nan

ave

rage

less

than

$300

per

annu

m!

Thi

nk o

f it!

we

expe

ct th

ese

unde

rpai

d m

en a

nd w

omen

who

se b

est e

ner-

gies

are

con

sum

ed w

ith th

e br

ead

and

butte

r pr

oble

m,

who

se f

resh

ness

and

vita

lity

earl

y be

com

e bl

ight

ed a

t the

SAL

AR

IES

AN

D T

EN

UR

E O

F R

UR

AL

TE

AC

HE

RS

I01,

pros

pect

of

the

barr

en f

utur

e op

enin

g ou

t bef

ore

them

-w

e ex

pect

them

to g

ive,

to im

part

, all

the

best

that

they

have

in th

em to

our

sch

ool c

hild

ren!

We

cert

ainl

y ex

pect

muc

h, a

nd a

s a

reco

mpe

nse,

as

a sa

lari

um, w

e gi

ve-

$296

.93!

Fort

unat

ely,

it m

ay b

e sa

id in

just

ice

to th

ou-

sand

s of

pat

ient

, con

scie

ntio

us r

ural

teac

hers

that

the

aver

age

scho

ol b

oard

rec

eive

s m

uch

mor

e th

an it

pay

s fo

r.

TA

BL

E 6

DIVISION

STATE

AVERAGE

NUMBER OF

SCHOOL

MONTHS

. AVERAGE

.,

AI ONTHLY

JALARY

AVERAGE

YEARLY

SALARY

Nor

th A

tlant

ic.

Sout

h A

tlant

ic.

Sout

h C

entr

al.

Nor

th C

entr

al.

Wes

tern

..

.

Uni

ted

Stat

es.

Mai

ne.

..

.

Ver

mon

t.

.

Mar

ylan

d.

.N

orth

Car

olin

a.

Lou

isia

na.

Tex

as.

.

Min

neso

ta.

Indi

ana

..

.

Col

orad

o.

.C

alif

orni

a.

..

6.25

7.4

9.3

4.3

7.0

5.0

7.0

7.1

6.5

8.5

6.84

$24.

0026

.00

35.6

030

.24

42.8

950

.54

43.6

348

.46

53.5

272

.35

$42.

72

$150

.01

292.

4033

2.08

130.

03

300.

2325

3.26

305.

4134

4.08

347.

8861

4.98

$296

.93

How

the

Rur

al T

each

er m

akes

End

s M

eet.

- It

is o

ften

a pu

zzle

to k

now

just

how

thes

e te

ache

rs c

an m

ake

ends

mee

t.T

ake

the

New

Eng

land

teac

her,

for

exa

mpl

e, s

hew

ho r

ecei

ves

the

prin

cely

sal

ary

of $

196.

65pe

r an

num

,a

sum

whi

ch is

con

side

rabl

y le

ss th

an th

at p

aid

her

sist

erdr

udge

at t

he c

otto

n m

ills.

She

mus

t mak

e a

resp

ecta

ble

&

Page 67: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

102

TH

E M

IER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

show

ing,

be

publ

ic-s

piri

ted

and

open

-han

ded,

and

dres

sw

ell.

How

doe

s sh

e do

it ?

In K

ansa

s w

omen

teac

hers

in th

e ru

ral

scho

ols

get a

nav

erag

e of

$40

per

mon

th f

or a

sch

ool t

erm

of

six

and

one

half

mon

ths,

whi

ch g

ives

them

an a

nnua

l inc

ome

of $

260.

Mis

s A

. is

one

of th

ese

teac

hers

.Sh

e ha

s ke

pt a

ccur

ate

acco

unt o

f in

com

e an

d ou

tlay.

Thi

s an

nual

bud

get,

assh

e is

ple

ased

to c

all i

t,ap

pear

s be

low

, with

her

per

mis

sion

.H

er s

choo

l, ho

wev

er, i

s co

nsid

erab

lyab

ove

the

aver

age

for

the

stat

e an

d na

tion.

Oth

ers

fare

muc

hw

orse

than

she. M

iss

A. i

s on

e of

the

real

ly g

ood

teac

hers

inA

tchi

son

coun

ty,

Kan

sas.

She

teac

hes

in w

hat i

s te

rmed

a go

od d

istr

ict.

The

fol

-lo

win

g is

an

hone

st a

ccou

nt o

f he

r fi

nanc

es a

ndtim

e fo

r th

e sc

huol

year

907

-190

8 :

Inco

me

(8 m

onth

s at

$40

)C

ost o

f B

oard

and

Lod

ging

D$

6.00

ress

68.4

5In

stitu

te E

xpen

ses

(4 w

eeks

)15

.8o

Rea

ding

Cir

cle

Boo

ks2.

I2

Scho

ol J

ourn

als

2.80

Car

far

eT

each

ers'

Mee

tings

7.25

Oth

er"S

elf-

impr

ovem

ents

"(b

ooks

and

3

thea

ter

ticke

ts)

5.75

Nec

essa

ry I

ncid

enta

ls11

.43

Bal

ance

$320

.00

$209

.60

209.

60

$110

.40

SAL

AR

IES

AN

DT

EN

UR

E O

F R

UR

AL

TE

AC

HE

RS

103

Tot

al V

acat

ion

r6 w

eeks

Chr

istm

as H

olid

ays

Atte

nded

Ins

titut

edu

ring

Jun

eR

este

d af

ter

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inof

8 m

onth

sD

id th

e W

inte

r'sSe

win

g..

2 w

eeks

4 w

eeks

2 w

eeks

2 w

eeks

zo w

eeks

zo w

eeks

Cle

rked

in D

epar

tmen

tSt

ore

6 w

eeks

Dre

w f

rom

Sav

ings

for

Sum

mer

Liv

ing

Exp

ense

s,$2

1.45

Bal

. at e

nd o

f Sc

hool

Yea

r$8

8.95

The

re a

re th

ose

who

alle

ge th

atw

e ca

nnot

as

a na

tion

affo

rd to

pay

larg

er s

alar

ies

than

we

do a

t pre

sent

.L

ook

at th

ese

figu

res,

they

rep

rese

ntso

me

of o

ur a

ctua

lan

nual

expe

nditu

res:

Alc

ohol

ic B

ever

ages

Nat

iona

l Gov

ernm

ent

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ropr

iatio

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or19

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eer

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acco

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Page 68: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

104

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

Edu

catio

n B

ill v

s. D

rink

and

Sm

oke

Bill

.A

s a

natio

n

we

are

rich

bey

ond

the

wild

est d

ream

s of

a M

idas

.C

on-

serv

ativ

e st

atis

tics

plac

e ou

r na

tiona

l wea

lth(1

906)

at

$ioo

,000

,000

,000

,a

figu

re to

o la

rge

for

hum

an c

om-

preh

ensi

on,

with

an

inco

me

of $

24,0

00,0

00,0

00.

Of

this

vas

t sum

we

actu

ally

dri

nk u

p an

nual

ly S

i,6i

o,00

0,00

0,

or a

bout

SI

in e

very

15

prod

uca

In th

e sa

me

N%

ay

we

burn

up

in to

bacc

o, in

clud

ing

ciga

rette

s, S

Soo,

000,

000,

or

St in

eve

ry 3

0 pr

oduc

ed.

But

we

spen

d du

ring

the

sam

e

peri

od o

nly

$310

,000

,000

for

nat

iona

l edu

catio

n, o

r$1

in

ever

y 78

pro

duce

d.T

he p

er c

apita

exp

endi

ture

for

the

item

s is

:

Into

xica

ting

Liq

uors

$19.

10

Tob

acco

9.49

Publ

ic E

duca

tion

3.67

In f

ace

of th

ese

figu

res

we

all k

now

that

we

can

easi

ly

spen

d m

ore

for

natio

nal e

duca

tion.

If w

e w

ere

wis

e, w

e

wou

ld in

vest

our

ann

ual e

xpen

se c

olum

n an

dsp

end

for

educ

atio

n th

e $1

9.10

per

cap

ita w

hich

we

now

drin

k up

.

The

n in

a s

hort

whi

le o

ur n

atio

nal s

urpl

usw

ould

mou

nt

up in

to b

illio

ns u

pon

billi

ons

of d

olla

rs.

The

nat

ion

gets

back

a h

undr

ed f

old,

yes

, min

y hu

ndre

d fo

ld,t

he a

mou

nt

inve

sted

in e

duca

tion,

and

in te

ache

rs'

sala

ries

,and

it ge

ts it

bac

k no

t alo

ne in

wea

lth, b

ut in

that

whi

ch is

muc

h be

tter,

and

whi

ch c

anno

t be

reck

oned

in te

rms

of

dolla

rs a

nd c

ents

, viz

, cul

ture

and

mor

ality

,w

isdo

m a

nd

happ

ines

s.

s

SAL

AR

IES

AN

DT

EN

UR

E O

F R

UR

AL

TE

AC

HE

RS

105

Low

Rur

al T

axat

ion.

Now

, how

abo

utru

ral e

xpen

-di

ture

?A

re th

e ru

ral

child

and

the

rura

lte

ache

r ge

tting

a sq

uare

dea

l ?D

o ra

tes

of ta

xatio

nas

levi

ed in

the

coun

-tr

y co

mpa

re f

avor

ably

with

the

rate

s fo

rvi

llage

s an

d ci

ties?

The

ans

wer

com

es:

The

rur

al d

istr

icts

whe

re te

ache

rsar

e pa

id th

e po

ores

t lev

ym

uch

low

er r

ates

upon

a m

uch

grea

ter

taxa

ble

wea

lthth

an d

o vi

llage

san

d ci

ties.

L-t

us

illus

trat

eth

is b

y a

seri

es o

fdi

agr,

uns.

The

fi.

one

give

s th

e to

tal r

ural

and

city

sch

ool

enro

llmen

t of

child

ren: Rur

al11

,200

,757

(67

.3pe

r ce

nt)

City

.

"5,

441,

214

(32.

7 pe

r ce

nt)

The

sec

ond

diag

ram

give

s th

e to

tal

annu

al e

xpen

ditu

refo

r sc

hool

purp

oses

in th

etw

o cl

asse

s of

sch

ools

:R

ural

City

.

ST40

,242

,795

(45

.6Pc

t. ce

nt)

167,522,864 (54.4

per

cent

)

Nex

t we

have

the

tota

l am

ount

inve

sted

for

scho

olpu

r-po

ses:

Rur

al

City

.

..

$254

,134

,181

(32

.4pe

r ce

nt)

,93,

O54

(67

.6 p

er c

ent)

Fina

lly,

mos

t str

ikin

g of

all,

the

amou

nt a

nnua

llyex

-pe

nded

for

the

educ

atio

nof

eac

h ch

ild,

ural

and

city

:R

ural

City

.30.78

Supe

rint

ende

nt0.

J. K

ern,

on R

ural

Sch

ool M

aint

e-na

nce,

The

Wor

ld's

Wor

kre

cent

ly s

ent t

he f

ollo

win

g

:

U

Page 69: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

zo6

THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL

inqu

iry

to a

num

ber

of d

istin

guis

hed

educ

ator

s: "

Wha

t

new

sub

ject

or

new

met

hod

or n

ew d

irec

tion

of e

ffor

t or

new

tend

ency

ined

ucat

iona

l wor

k is

of

mos

t val

uean

d

sign

ific

ance

and

now

nee

ds m

oste

mph

asis

and

enc

oura

ge-

men

t? "

Man

y st

riki

ng r

eplie

s w

ere

prin

ted

in th

e is

sue

of J

uly,

190

8; o

ne o

f th

e m

ost

sugg

estiv

e is

the

follo

win

g

from

the

pen

of 0

. J. K

ern,

supe

rint

ende

nt o

f sc

hool

s,

Win

neba

go c

ount

y, I

llino

is, a

ndw

ithal

one

of

the

mos

t

arde

nt a

dvoc

ates

of

the

New

Edu

catio

n in

our

cou

ntry

.

He

says

:

The

fun

dam

enta

l con

side

ratio

n is

that

the

farm

er m

ust s

pend

mor

e

mon

ey o

n th

e ed

ucat

ion

of h

is c

hild

ren

and

mus

t spe

nd it

in a

bette

r

way

to m

eet t

he c

hang

ing

cond

ition

s of

cou

ntry

life

.T

his

prop

ositi

on

is th

e si

ne q

ua n

on in

the

cons

ider

atio

nof

any

adv

ance

in th

e co

untr

y

scho

ol in

tere

st o

ver

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es.

It is

the

duty

of

educ

atio

nal

lead

ers

to d

emon

stra

te to

far

mer

s th

at a

new

educ

atio

nal i

deal

mus

t

obta

in a

nd th

at th

e in

crea

se o

f ex

pend

iture

will

pay

.

Supe

rint

ende

nt K

ern

spea

kstr

uly.

The

twen

tieth

cent

ury

mus

t mak

e la

rge

dem

ands

of

the

farm

ers.

The

dist

rict

sch

ool c

anno

t con

tinue

its

haph

azar

d te

achi

ng.

It m

ust h

erea

fter

teac

h th

e fa

rmer

boys

and

gir

ls b

oth

to

do th

ings

and

to w

ish.

to d

o th

ings

.T

his

kind

of

teac

hing

take

s ca

pabl

e te

ache

rs,

and

to g

et th

em a

nd to

keep

them

in th

e ru

ral d

istr

icts

take

sbe

tter

sala

ries

and

grea

tly in

crea

sed

taxa

tion.

The

Law

of

Sala

ry R

egul

atio

n.T

he la

w o

f sa

lary

regu

latio

n, w

hich

isof

ove

rsha

dow

ing

impo

rtan

ce to

I

SALAIUES AND TENURE OF RURAL TEACHERS

107

teac

hers

and

the

publ

ic a

like,

and

whi

ch s

houl

d be

und

er-

stoo

d th

eref

ore

by a

ll, m

ay b

e st

ated

thus

:(r

) If

the

earn

ing

capa

city

of

teac

hers

is n

ot g

reat

er th

an th

e m

eage

rsa

lari

es th

ey g

et, t

hen

the

natio

n's

life

is e

ndan

gere

d.T

heed

ucat

ion

of th

e A

mer

ican

of

to-m

orro

w is

too

impo

rtan

t,to

o sa

cred

a ta

sk to

intr

ust t

o pe

rson

s w

ho c

anno

t ear

nm

ore

than

an

ordi

nary

scu

llion

or

a sl

augh

ter

hotis

eem

ploy

ee.

(2)

If th

e ea

rnin

g ca

paci

ty o

f te

ache

rsis

grea

ter

th4i

n th

e sa

lari

es th

ey g

et, t

he te

ache

rs o

f gr

eat e

arn-

ing

capa

city

will

gra

dual

ly s

hift

to c

allin

gs w

here

the

pay

is c

omm

ensu

rate

with

thei

r ea

rnin

g ca

paci

ty.

Thi

s sh

ift-

ing

will

con

tinue

unt

il it

reac

hes

an e

quili

briu

m in

poo

rte

ache

rs .a

nd p

oor

sala

ries

.In

this

cas

e, to

o, is

the

natio

n's

wel

fare

end

ange

red.

In a

ny e

vent

, the

onl

y sa

lvat

ion

lies

in in

crea

sed

sala

ries

.N

o do

ubt t

here

are

man

y te

ache

rs in

the

calli

ng w

ho d

o

not e

arn

mor

e th

an th

ey g

et.

On

the

othe

r ha

nd, h

undr

eds

of th

ousa

nds

of te

ache

rs h

ave

been

ear

ning

vas

tly m

ore

than

they

hav

e be

en g

ettin

g.M

any

of th

e be

st te

ache

rses

peci

ally

men

are

leav

ing

the

prof

essi

on f

or m

ore

rem

uner

ativ

e w

ork,

oft

en d

rive

n to

take

this

ste

p ag

ains

tth

eir

own

wis

hes

by s

heer

wan

t.U

nles

s a

halt

is c

alle

dth

e ra

nks

will

bec

on. s

o de

plet

ed a

nd th

e qu

ality

of

teac

h-er

s w

ill d

eter

iora

te to

suc

h an

ext

ent t

hat t

he p

ublic

sch

ool

may

bec

ome

a by

wor

d an

d a

repr

oach

.T

he T

hrea

tene

d "

Fem

iniz

atio

n" o

f th

e Sc

hool

s.M

en

teac

hers

are

ent

erin

g ot

her

calli

ngs

in s

uch

num

bers

as

`,3

Page 70: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

io8

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

to th

reat

en th

e pr

ofes

sion

with

fem

iniz

atio

n.T

he s

tory

of th

e m

ale

edu

s is

cle

arly

app

aren

t in

Tab

le 7

.

TA

BL

E 7

. - N

UM

BE

R A

ND

SE

X O

FT

EA

CH

ER

S -

PER

CE

NT

AG

E O

F

MA

LE

TE

AC

HE

RS

STA

TZ

01

TE

RR

ITO

RY

1

Uni

ted

Stat

es.

Nor

th A

tlant

ic D

ivi-

sion

..

..

Sout

h A

tlant

ic D

ivi-

sion

..

..

Nor

th C

entr

al D

ivi-

sion

..

.

Sout

h C

entr

al D

ivi-

sion

..

..

Wes

tern

Div

isio

n.

WH

OL

E N

UM

BE

R O

F D

IF-

FER

EN

T T

EA

CH

ER

SE

MPL

OY

ED

Men

Wom

enT

otal

23

4

1091

79 3

5688

4 46

6063

1659

9

1739

6

2700

8

1000

55

3650

5

4161

2

1166

54

5390

1

6862

0

PER

CE

NT

AG

E O

F M

EN

TE

AC

HE

RS

1870

-118

79-

1889

-118

99-1

1905

oo-

71So

1 l0

006

4201

6 15

3303

195

319

6160

254

09 3

1569

41.0

42.8

34.

529

.9

9 23.6

26.2

I 2

8.8

20.0

118

.4

63.8

67.5

43.2

62.5

49.

1 41

0.7

67.2

57.

5 l4

74

41.7

32.4

28.

345

.0 I

40.

3 31

.t 24

.7

14.2

32.2

39.3

21.5

19.5

Of

the

who

le n

umbe

r of

teac

hers

empl

oyed

356

,884

are

wom

en, a

nd o

nly

ro9,

179,

or

just

23.

6 pe

r ce

nt, a

re m

en.

In 1

879,

42.

8 pe

r ce

nt w

ere

men

;in

188

9, 3

4.5

per

cent

;

in 1

899,

29.

9 pe

r ce

nt; a

nd in

190

5,23

.67

per

cent

.T

his

stat

e of

aff

airs

is a

lmos

tse

riou

s en

ough

to b

e cl

asse

d as

a na

tiona

lca

lam

ity.

No

one

wis

hes

to u

nder

valu

eth

e

imm

ense

infl

uenc

e of

wom

ente

ache

rs in

the

educ

atio

nal

fiel

d.A

t the

sam

e tim

e na

scen

tm

anho

od r

equi

res

the

in-

flue

nce

of a

nd c

onta

ct w

ithm

ascu

line

teac

hers

.Pr

ofes

sor

SAL

AR

IES

AN

D T

EN

UR

E O

F R

UR

AL

TE

AC

HE

RS

109

Miin

ster

berg

, of

Har

vard

, can

see

not

hing

but

dis

aste

rco

me

/fro

m o

ur p

ecul

iar

dile

mm

a.T

he in

flue

nce

ofw

omen

teac

hers

on

the

mal

e yo

uth,

he

belie

ves,

is s

uch

asto

fem

iniz

e hi

m in

a s

tart

ling

degr

ee.

He

says

in p

art :

The

imm

edia

te o

utco

me

of th

at f

emin

ine

men

tal t

ype

is w

oman

'sta

ct, e

sthe

tic f

eelin

g, h

er in

stin

ctiv

e in

sigh

t, he

r en

thus

iasm

, her

sym

path

y, h

er n

atur

al w

isdo

m a

nd m

oral

ity; b

uton

the

othe

r si

de,

also

, her

lack

of

clea

rnes

s an

d lo

gica

l con

sist

ency

, her

tend

ency

toha

sty

gene

raliz

atio

n, h

er m

ixin

g of

pri

ncip

les,

her

und

erva

luat

ion

ofth

e ab

stra

ct a

nd o

f th

e ab

sent

, her

lack

of

delib

erat

ion,

her

rea

dine

ssto

fol

low

her

em

otio

ns.

Eve

n th

ese

defe

cts

can

beau

tify

the

priv

ate

life,

can

mak

e ou

r so

cial

sur

roun

ding

s at

trac

tive,

and

sof

ten

and

com

plet

e th

e st

renu

ous,

ear

nest

, and

con

sist

ent p

ublic

act

ivity

of

the

man

; but

they

do

not g

ive

the

pow

er to

mee

t the

se p

ublic

dut

ies

with

out m

an's

har

der

logi

c.If

the

who

le n

atio

nal c

ivili

zatio

n sh

ould

rece

ive

the

fem

inin

e st

amp,

it w

ould

bec

ome

pow

erle

ss, a

nd w

ithou

tde

cisi

ve in

flue

nce

on th

e w

orld

's p

rogr

ess.

At t

he o

utse

t we

show

ed th

at th

ere

ason

why

Eur

ope

has

bette

r sc

hool

s an

dpa

ys te

ache

rs b

ette

r th

an w

e do

inth

e U

nite

d St

ates

lies

(i)

in h

ighe

r pr

ofes

sion

alre

quir

e-m

ents

, and

(2)

in s

tron

ger

popu

lar

appr

ecia

tion

of th

ete

ache

r's s

ervi

ces

and

calli

ng.

The

rea

son

why

we

doso

poor

ly b

y ou

r te

ache

rs is

evi

dent

lyou

r fa

ilure

to a

ppre

-ci

ate

thes

e sa

lient

poi

nts.

Tea

chin

g m

ust b

ecom

e a

Prof

essi

on.

- T

each

ing

mus

tbe

com

e a

prof

essi

on in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es th

esa

me

as la

w,

med

icin

e, a

nd th

eolo

gy.

Perh

aps

it m

ay b

e co

nsid

ered

such

alr

eady

, in

theo

ry.

The

re c

erta

inly

isa

scie

nce

of

t.

Page 71: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

I I0

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

teac

hing

, sin

ceed

ucat

iona

l pri

ncip

les

have

long

bee

n

form

ulat

ed a

ndcl

assi

fied

.T

each

ing

has

crea

ted

its o

wn

peda

gogi

cal l

itera

ture

.L

ikew

ise,

pro

visi

onha

s be

en m

ade

for

its s

tudy

as

asc

ienc

e an

d an

art

.T

he li

nes

are

bein

g

draw

n cl

oser

all

the

time.

Tea

cher

s, li

ke o

ther

pro

-

fess

ions

, are

org

aniz

ing

into

ass

ocia

tions

for

the

pur-

pose

of

prot

ectin

g th

eir

inte

rest

s an

d ad

vanc

ing

thei

r

prof

essi

on.

But

if w

e ar

ew

illin

g to

con

side

rtea

chin

g a

prof

essi

on

theo

retic

ally

, in

actu

alpr

actic

e it

can

scar

cely

be d

igni

fied

with

the

nam

e.W

e ha

ve s

ome

prof

essi

onal

teac

hers

,it

is tr

ue, t

houg

h,un

fort

unat

ely,

the

vast

maj

ority

are

to a

ll

prac

tical

purp

oses

untr

aine

d.H

ere

isth

e m

isch

ief.

Law

yers

and

phys

icia

ns h

edge

them

selv

es a

bout

with

rest

rict

ions

and

law

sw

hich

in e

ffec

tex

clud

e qu

acke

ry

and

mak

e-be

lieve

from

thei

r re

spec

tive

fiel

ds.

Tea

cher

s

have

not

bee

n in

sist

ente

noug

h in

dem

andi

nglig

her

stan

d-

ards

of

prep

arat

ion;

and

cert

ain

it is

that

teac

ng w

ill

not b

ecom

e a

prof

essi

on in

pra

ctic

eun

til it

cea

ses

to b

e a

tem

pora

ry m

akes

hift

and

step

ping

-sto

ne to

som

ethi

ng

bette

r.T

he s

tand

ards

mus

tbe

rai

sed.

The

indi

vidu

al

teac

her

mus

t get

a s

tron

ger

gras

pon

the

prof

essi

onal

sub

-

ject

s; h

e m

ust s

tudy

educ

atio

n in

its

hist

oric

alse

tting

and

in r

elat

ion

to p

rese

ntso

cial

con

ditio

ns.

He

mus

t, in

sho

rt,

put h

imse

lfab

reas

t of

the

times

;he

mus

t him

self

hav

e,

and

be r

eady

to g

ive

othe

rs, t

he b

road

erkn

owle

dge

es-

sent

ial i

n a

dem

ocra

cysu

ch a

s ou

rs.

.!4

Page 72: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

,

Man

ual t

rain

ing

at th

e D

unn

Cou

nty

Scho

olof

Agr

icul

ture

and

Dom

estic

Eco

nom

y, M

enom

onie

, Wis

cons

in

i.

1

Sew

ing

at th

e D

unn

Cou

nty

Sch

ool o

f Agr

icul

ture

and

Dom

estic

Eco

nom

y

Thi

s sc

hool

was

orig

inat

ed to

pro

vide

ase

cond

ary

educ

atio

n ad

apte

d to

the

need

s co

Lico

nntr

y bo

ys a

nd g

irls.

SA

LAR

IES

AN

D T

EN

UR

E O

F R

UR

AL

TE

AC

HE

RS

III

Som

e st

ates

, we

are

rejo

iced

to k

now

, hav

eal

read

y

take

n ad

vanc

ed g

roun

d in

the

mat

ter

ofpr

ofes

sion

al r

e-

quir

emen

ts o

f th

eir

teac

hers

.T

hus,

in o

ne s

tate

in th

eM

iddl

e W

est n

o on

e m

ay te

ach

in th

e pu

blic

sch

ools

city

or r

ural

who

has

not

had

at l

ast t

wen

ty w

eeks

' pro

fes-

sion

al tr

aini

ng.

In a

noth

er s

tate

in th

e sa

me

sect

ion

ofth

e co

untr

y th

e re

quir

emen

t is

one

year

(thi

rty-

six

wee

ks)

of p

rofe

ssio

nal w

ork.

The

res

ults

hav

e be

en v

ery

grat

i-

fyin

g.T

hein

diff

eren

t,un

prog

ress

ive

teac

hers

hav

eal

read

y dr

oppe

d by

the

way

side

and

giv

enpl

ace

to p

ro-

fess

iona

l suc

cess

ors.

At f

irst

this

cau

sed

a sh

orta

ge o

fte

ache

rs; b

ut th

e sh

ort s

uppl

y an

d br

isk

dem

and

have

resu

lted

in la

rgel

y in

crea

sed

sala

ries

and

in n

ew v

italit

y

bein

g in

fuse

d in

to s

choo

l aff

airs

in th

ese

stat

es.

Let

oth

er

stat

es d

o as

wel

l by

thei

rte

ache

rs, a

nd le

t the

m d

o it

spee

dily

.T

he T

each

er's

Soc

ial R

ecog

nitio

non

wha

t it D

epen

ds.

It m

ay s

eem

alm

ost t

rite

to s

ugge

st a

cert

ain

rela

tion-

ship

bet

wee

n lo

w s

alar

ies

and

infe

rior

soc

ial r

ecog

nitio

n.

And

yet

it is

und

enia

ble

that

with

the

aver

age

Am

eric

an

mon

ey is

a m

easu

reof

suc

cess

.It

isn'

t tha

t he

care

s fo

r th

e

mon

ey it

self

so

muc

h,bu

t rat

her

wha

t it s

tand

s fo

r.Ju

dged

by th

is c

rite

rion

, the

teac

her's

car

eer

need

s th

e ba

ckin

g of

larg

ely

incr

ease

d sa

lari

es to

giv

e it

ato

uch

of r

espe

cta-

bilit

y an

d so

cial

rec

ogni

tion.

In a

peo

ple

so m

ater

ial-

istic

as

the

Am

eric

an, i

t is

real

lyqu

estio

nabl

e if

sch

olar

ship

for

its o

wn

sake

will

atta

in th

eat

titud

e of

rev

eren

ce w

ith

1BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

j

Page 73: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

112

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

whi

ch it

is e

ndow

ed in

Eur

ope,

at a

ny r

ate,

for

a lo

ng ti

me

to c

ome.

Mea

nwhi

le s

chol

arsh

ip w

ill c

ontin

ue to

be

mea

sure

d by

its

mar

ket v

alue

and

wha

t thi

s sh

all b

ew

ill d

epen

d gr

eatly

upo

n th

e te

ache

rs th

emse

lves

.

Enl

ight

en th

e Pu

blic

.T

he p

ublic

is n

ot a

ltoge

ther

to b

lam

e fo

r pr

esen

t con

ditio

ns.

The

teac

hers

them

selv

esha

ve h

ardl

y re

aliz

ed th

e sh

amef

ul in

just

ice

wor

ked

the

scho

ol c

hild

ren

in a

soc

ial s

yste

m w

hich

will

tole

rate

the

expe

nditu

re o

f ov

er tw

o bi

llion

dol

lars

ann

ually

for

into

x-ic

ants

and

toba

cco,

whi

le it

giv

es a

ll pu

blic

edu

catio

n on

lyth

ree

hund

red

mill

ion.

The

pla

in d

uty

of th

e te

ache

r is

to in

form

him

self

of

the

fact

s, a

nd th

en in

no

unce

rtai

nm

anne

r la

unch

an

," e

duca

tiona

l cam

paig

n "

to e

nlig

hten

his

patr

ons

and

give

them

no

peac

e til

l the

y re

aliz

e th

esi

tuat

ion

and

act.

No

apol

ogie

s ar

e ne

cess

ary,

for

the

caus

e is

the

best

in th

e w

orld

.T

he p

ublic

nee

ds s

uch

enlig

hten

men

t; bu

t let

them

onc

e ge

t aw

ake

to th

e re

al-

izat

ion

of s

choo

l nee

ds a

nd r

efor

ms

will

be

sure

to f

ollo

w.

Inde

ed, t

he m

any

scho

ol im

prov

emen

ts b

roug

ht a

bout

ince

rtai

n qu

arte

rs la

tely

hav

e al

l res

ulte

d fr

om p

ersi

sten

t,or

gani

zed

agita

tion

by d

eter

min

ed te

ache

rs.

Occ

asio

nally

one

fin

ds s

ectio

ns o

f th

e co

untr

y w

here

peop

le a

re s

o la

men

tabl

y un

thin

king

and

par

sim

onio

us in

scho

ol e

xpen

ditu

re th

at n

othi

ng s

hort

of

law

can

ma

keth

em o

pen

thei

r po

cket

book

s.T

he s

tate

is v

itally

in-

tere

sted

in th

e ed

ucat

ion

of a

ll its

sub

ject

s.If

, the

refo

re,

in a

giv

en c

omm

unity

loca

l pri

de o

r lo

cal i

ntel

ligen

ce is

SAL

AR

IES

AN

D T

EN

UR

E O

F R

UR

AL

TE

AC

HE

RS

113

dead

, it b

ecom

es th

e pl

ain

duty

of

the

stat

e to

take

the

initi

ativ

e an

d co

mpe

l the

unt

hink

ing

com

mun

ityto

do

thei

r du

ty b

y ob

ligin

g th

em to

pay

a ce

rtai

n m

inim

umsa

lary

pre

scri

bed

by la

w.

Ena

ct M

inim

um S

alar

y L

aws.

Six

stat

es, t

o ou

r kn

owl-

edge

, hav

e la

tely

pla

ced

such

law

sup

on th

eir

stat

ute

book

s.T

he r

esul

ts h

ave

been

all

that

the

mos

t opt

imis

ticco

uld

ask.

Whe

reve

r th

e la

w is

in o

pera

tion

the

verd

ict i

s be

tter

sala

ries

, bet

ter

teac

hers

.In

dian

a re

port

s an

incr

ease

of

36.2

per

cen

t in

sala

ries

in th

ree

year

s si

nce

the

law

wen

tin

to o

pera

tion.

The

min

imum

sal

ary

law

pas

sed

byM

ary-

land

in 1

904

has

had

the

effe

ctto

incr

ease

the

sala

ries

of

1500

teac

hers

, ran

ging

fro

m 5

per

cen

t to

30 p

er c

ent,

and

in th

e op

inio

n of

the

stat

e su

peri

nten

dent

" ha

s ha

d a

mos

tsa

luta

ry e

ffec

t."In

Nor

th D

akot

a th

e st

ate

legi

slat

ure

enac

ted

a $4

5 m

inim

um s

alar

y la

w in

1904

, whi

ch "

has

done

muc

h to

bri

ngup

the

scal

e of

wag

es."

The

sta

tesu

peri

nten

dent

eve

n ur

ges

that

the

rate

be

rais

ed to

$50

for

seco

nd g

rade

teac

hers

.O

hio

has

incr

ease

d he

r sa

lari

esfr

om a

mon

thly

ave

rage

of

$35

to a

min

imum

of

$40.

Thi

sm

eans

an

annu

al in

crea

se in

sal

ary

for

elem

enta

ryte

ache

rsof

mor

e th

an $

rpoo

,000

.Pe

nnsy

lvan

ia h

as n

ot b

een

able

to g

o so

far

as

Ohi

o.H

er m

inim

um is

pla

ced

at $

135

for

a m

inim

um o

f se

ven

mon

ths.

" T

he m

inim

um s

alar

yla

w,"

say

s St

ate

Supe

rint

ende

ntSh

aeff

er, "

has

incr

ease

dsa

lari

es o

ver

the

entir

e st

ate.

"W

est V

irgi

nia,

whe

resa

lari

es u

sed

to b

e pr

over

bial

ly lo

w,

has

esta

blis

hed

a

I!

Page 74: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

114

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

min

imum

sca

le o

f $3

5, $

30, a

nd $

25 f

orfi

rst,

seco

nd,

and

thir

d gr

ade

cert

ific

ates

res

pect

ivel

y.E

ncou

rage

d by

suc

h re

port

s as

thes

e, te

ache

rs' o

rgan

i-za

tions

in m

any

stat

es h

ave

begu

n sy

stem

atic

cam

paig

nsfo

r be

tter

sala

ries

.T

he im

med

iate

out

look

for

gen

eral

lyin

crea

sed

sala

ries

is b

righ

t ind

eed.

Bef

ore

clos

ing

the

chap

ter

we

mus

t say

a w

ord

abou

t the

teac

her's

tenu

re o

f of

fice

.B

y th

is w

e do

not

mea

n th

enu

mbe

r of

yea

rs s

pent

in th

e se

rvic

e as

a te

ache

rfo

r

we

are

agre

ed th

at th

e pr

ofes

sion

al te

ache

rm

akes

teac

hing

his

life

wor

kbu

t we

mea

n th

e le

ngth

of

time

spen

tas

teac

her

in th

e sa

me

com

mun

ity.

The

dis

cuss

ion

rela

tes

to r

ural

teac

hers

onl

y.A

Lon

g T

enur

e fo

r R

ural

Tea

cher

s.It

is a

pal

p;.b

lefa

ct th

at r

ural

teac

hers

sel

dom

teac

h in

the

sam

e di

stri

ctm

ore

than

one

or

two

term

s.T

hey

are

peri

pate

tic b

yna

ture

, alm

ost;

and

like

the

jour

neym

an c

arpe

nter

they

can

neve

r re

st, b

ut m

ust e

ver

soof

ten

pick

up

thei

r ki

tan

d m

ove

on to

new

fie

lds.

Thi

nkin

g pe

ople

will

see

that

if r

ural

teac

hers

are

to e

xert

a r

eal i

nflu

ence

in th

e co

m-

mun

ity w

here

they

teac

h an

d be

com

e a

bles

sing

to th

efa

rm c

hild

and

the

farm

hom

e, th

is p

erni

ciou

s pr

actic

em

ust e

nd.

The

tenu

re m

ust b

ecom

e lo

nger

.W

hen

a di

stri

ct g

ets

a go

od te

ache

r it

mus

t pay

that

teac

her

livin

g w

ages

, and

it sh

ould

, if

at a

ll po

ssib

le, e

nter

upo

n a

cont

ract

of

two

or

t.,

SAL

AR

IES

AN

D T

EN

UR

E O

F R

UR

AL

TE

AC

HE

RS

115

mor

e ye

ars'

dur

atio

n.T

he id

eal s

yste

m w

ould

be

for

the

teac

her

to m

ake

teac

hing

in a

giv

en c

omm

unity

his

life

wor

k.T

hen

he c

ould

bec

ome

a po

wer

for

goo

d, a

ndes

tabl

ish

him

self

as

the

legi

timat

e le

ader

and

dir

ecto

rof

edu

catio

nal a

nd s

ocia

l int

eres

ts f

or th

e w

hole

cou

ntry

-si

de.

Our

cou

ntry

dis

tric

ts h

ave

no s

uch

insp

irat

iona

lhe

ads

now

and

are

muc

h th

e w

orse

bec

ause

of

it.In

Ger

man

y an

d D

enm

ark,

by

way

of

illus

trat

ion,

rur

alte

ache

rs o

ften

spe

nd a

life

time

in a

sin

gle

scho

ol.

Seve

ral

gene

ratio

ns g

row

up

unde

r th

eir

inst

ruct

ion

and

go f

orth

from

the

roof

tree

of

thei

r sc

hool

to b

less

thes

e sc

hool

-m

aste

rs a

nd to

teac

h th

eir

child

ren

in tu

rn to

rev

ere

them

.T

hey

are

paid

eno

ugh

to m

ake

a fa

ir li

ving

and

to b

e fr

ee f

rom

the

man

y ec

onom

ic c

ares

whi

ch a

re s

opr

eval

ent i

n th

e pr

ofes

sion

on

this

sid

e of

the

Atla

ntic

.It

is im

port

ant f

or th

e ul

timat

e so

lutio

n of

the

rura

l sch

ool

prob

lem

that

its

frie

nds

wor

k w

ith m

ight

and

mai

n to

the

end

that

rur

al s

choo

l ten

ures

be

grea

tly le

ngth

ened

.

t

Page 75: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

CH

APT

ER

VII

,r

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L B

UIL

DIN

GS

:SA

NIT

AT

ION

AN

D A

RC

HI-

TE

CT

UR

E

Spir

itual

izat

ion

of R

ural

Lif

e.A

new

atm

osph

ere

ofm

ater

ial a

nd s

piri

tual

thri

ft is

gra

dual

ly s

ettli

ng u

pon

our

rura

l com

mun

ities

.Pi

onee

r lif

e w

ith a

llits

atte

ndan

tha

rdsh

ips

and

tria

ls h

as c

ome

and

gone

.T

he e

arly

per

iod

of s

ettle

men

t has

bee

n su

ccee

ded

by a

per

iod

of d

evel

op-

men

t and

'gro

wth

.L

ife

in m

any

rura

l com

mun

ities

isin

deed

bec

omin

g "

spir

itual

ized

."T

his

man

ifes

ts it

self

in u

ntol

d w

ays.

Bet

ter

and

mor

e co

mm

odio

us h

ouse

s,gr

eat t

ower

ing

barn

s, w

ell-

kept

law

ns a

ndcl

ose-

trim

med

hedg

erow

s, f

low

ers,

shr

ubs

and

tree

sal

l bes

peak

the

grow

ing

love

for

the

beau

tiful

.B

ut in

this

mar

ch f

or b

ette

r th

ings

, in

this

rea

chin

g ou

taf

ter

the

wst

hotic

and

enn

oblin

g in

life

, the

rur

al s

choo

l has

not k

ept a

brea

st o

f th

e tim

es.

Unl

ess

it un

derg

oes

grea

tch

ange

s in

the

near

fut

ure

it w

ill s

urel

y ce

ase

to b

e an

im-

port

ant a

genc

y in

rur

al p

rogr

ess.

So lo

ng a

s th

e se

ttler

s

lived

in lo

g ca

bins

and

rea

d at

nig

ht b

y th

e lig

ht o

f a

pine

knot

or

dwel

t on

prai

de a

nd p

lain

in h

ouse

s bu

ilt o

f so

dan

d cl

ay, a

nd u

sed

the

accu

mul

atio

n fr

om th

e bu

ffal

oha

unts

for

fue

l, lo

g ho

uses

and

sod

sha

ntie

s di

d ve

ry w

ell

inde

ed f

or s

choo

l pur

pose

s.T

hey

wer

e in

ful

l har

mon

y11

6

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L B

UIL

DIN

GS

117

with

the

envi

ronm

ent.

But

now

itis

oth

erw

ise.

Now

our

farm

hom

es a

re c

opyi

ng th

e co

mfo

rts

and

conv

enie

nces

of th

eir

city

nei

ghbo

rs, e

xcep

t in

scho

ol m

atte

rs o

nly.

The

Rur

al S

choo

lhou

se o

f So

ng a

nd S

tory

.In

city

and

villa

ge s

choo

l arc

hite

ctur

e ha

s ke

pt p

ace

with

the

mar

ch o

f ci

ty li

fe.

Mod

ern

scho

olho

uses

may

be

seen

inev

ery

ham

let,

whi

le m

any

citie

s bo

ast v

erita

ble

pala

ces

for

scho

ol p

urpo

ses.

In r

ural

dis

tric

ts a

rchi

tect

ure

is y

et in

its

earl

y st

ages

.W

ell-

equi

pped

, mod

ern

build

ings

are

be-

ginn

ing

to a

ppea

r in

som

e se

ctio

ns o

f th

e co

untr

y, w

e ar

ere

joic

ed to

kno

w.

But

, eve

ryth

ing

cons

ider

ed, s

uch

evi-

denc

es o

f pr

ogre

ss a

re th

e ex

cept

ion

rat h

er th

an th

e ru

le.

Com

mun

ities

com

pris

ing

wea

lthy

farm

stea

ds w

hich

are

supp

lied

with

eve

ryth

ing

that

a tw

entie

th-c

entu

ry c

ivili

za-

tion

can

offe

r in

the

way

of

conv

enie

nce

and

luxu

ry a

reye

t lar

gely

con

tent

to g

et a

long

with

wha

t the

y ha

veth

e "

little

red

sch

oolh

ouse

" o

f N

ew E

ngla

nd o

r th

epr

over

bial

, rec

tang

ular

box

with

ent

ranc

e at

one

end

and

tum

ble-

dow

n ch

imne

y at

the

othe

r, s

o fa

mili

ar in

the

Wes

t.

Tim

e ha

s dr

agge

d in

rur

al d

istr

icts

sin

ce W

hitti

er s

ang

his

imm

orta

l In

Scho

ol D

ays:

Still

sits

the

scho

olho

use

by th

e ro

ad,

A r

agge

d be

ggar

sun

ning

;A

roun

d it

still

the

sum

achs

gro

w,

And

bla

ckbe

rry

vine

s ar

e ru

nnin

g.

Ala

s! it

is w

ith u

s ye

t, fo

rlor

n an

d un

kem

pt.

Wee

ds a

nd

bram

bles

stil

l thr

ive

and

twin

e in

wild

con

fusi

on o

utsi

de,

Page 76: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

118

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

exce

pt w

here

man

y pa

tteri

ng f

eet h

ave

wor

n th

e gr

ound

to d

ust!

Is it

not

sad

that

com

mun

ities

whi

ch u

se e

xcel

lent

bus

i-ne

ss s

ense

in o

ther

mat

ters

ref

use

to s

ee th

at th

e sc

hool

build

ings

whe

re th

e yo

ung

are

initi

ated

into

all

that

isgo

od a

nd b

eaut

iful

and

mos

t wor

th li

ving

for

in li

fe m

ust

be in

har

mon

y w

ith th

ese

teac

hing

s an

d no

t dev

oid

of th

eve

ry a

ttrib

utes

whi

ch th

e te

ache

r st

rive

s to

mak

e pa

rt o

fth

e ch

ild's

life

?N

eed

any

one

be s

urpr

ised

that

the

poet

sing

s of

" f

eet t

hat c

reep

slo

w to

sch

ool "

whe

n he

con

-te

mpl

ates

the

ugly

, uni

nviti

ng s

truc

ture

, win

d-sw

ept a

ndfo

rlor

n, s

et in

som

e fe

nce

corn

er, e

xpos

ed to

sum

mer

sun

and

win

ter

blas

t, w

here

the

child

mus

t nee

ds s

pend

man

yho

urs

and

days

and

wee

ks f

or m

any

year

s of

his

life

?V

erily

, it i

s no

t sur

pris

ing

that

man

y ch

ildre

n ha

ve s

o lit

tlere

gard

for

the

dist

rict

sch

ool!

Stat

e L

aw to

pre

scri

be R

ules

for

Con

stru

ctio

n of

San

i-ta

ry S

choo

lhou

ses.

Perh

aps

the

mos

t im

port

ant e

vent

izth

e di

stri

ct's

his

tory

is th

e pl

anni

ng a

nd b

uild

ing

ofth

e ne

w s

choo

lhou

se.

Man

y bo

ards

and

sch

ool c

om-

mitt

ees

do n

ot s

eem

to r

ealiz

e th

e si

gnif

ican

ce o

f th

is,

so th

at q

uite

com

mon

ly o

ne f

inds

eve

n re

cent

str

uctu

res

built

with

out r

egar

d fo

r th

e es

sent

ial e

lem

ents

of

light

-in

g, h

eatin

g, a

nd s

anita

tion.

Fina

ncia

l lim

itatio

ns m

ayso

met

imes

be

an e

xcus

e, th

ough

usu

ally

itis

due

to a

lack

of

know

ledg

e of

the

esse

ntia

ls in

sch

oolh

ouse

con

-st

ruct

ion.

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L B

UIL

DIN

GS

119

A c

ase

in p

oint

cam

e to

the

wri

ter's

not

ice

a sh

ort t

ime

ago.

A s

choo

lhou

se w

as s

truc

k by

ligh

tnin

g an

d bu

rned

to th

e gr

ound

a go

od r

idda

nce

inde

ed, a

s it

was

an

old

eyes

ore.

The

boa

rd im

med

iate

ly d

rew

pla

ns a

nd s

peci

fi-

catio

ns f

or a

new

bui

ldin

g, f

iling

them

at t

he h

ouse

of

one

of th

e m

embe

rs, w

here

the

bids

wer

e re

ceiv

ed.

Inve

stig

a-tio

n sh

owed

that

the

new

bui

ldin

g w

as to

be

erec

ted

onlin

es id

entic

al w

ith th

e ol

d.N

ot a

sin

gle

impr

ovem

ent

of a

ny s

ort w

as c

alle

d fo

r ex

cept

that

the

new

hou

se w

asto

be

pain

ted

drab

with

whi

ts')

trim

min

gs in

stea

d of

all

whi

te a

s be

fore

!A

nd th

is in

a w

ealth

y co

mm

unity

who

seta

xpay

ers

wou

ld h

ave

been

gla

d to

pay

for

a m

oder

n bu

ild-

ing.

It w

as c

lear

ly a

cas

e of

igno

ranc

e on

the

part

of

the

boar

d.

Eve

ry s

tate

sho

uld

pass

law

s to

put

an

end

to s

uch

mal

-ad

min

istr

atio

n.L

et th

em b

e to

the

effe

ct th

at h

erea

fter

no s

choo

l dis

tric

t sha

ll be

allo

wed

to e

rect

any

new

sch

ool

build

ing

or r

emod

el a

n ol

d bu

ildin

g w

ithou

t fir

st s

ubm

it-tin

g co

mpl

ete

plan

s an

d sp

ecif

icat

ions

to s

ome

com

pete

nt

auth

ority

(sa

y, s

tate

boa

rd o

f he

alth

toge

ther

with

an

able

arch

itect

app

oint

ed b

y th

e st

ate

supe

rint

ende

nt)

for

ap-

prov

al. S

ome

stat

e bo

ards

of

educ

atio

n ha

ve s

how

n pr

aise

-w

orth

y ze

al in

fur

nish

ing,

in p

amph

let f

orm

, a s

erie

s of

sug

-

gest

ive

plan

s an

d sp

ecif

icat

ions

, var

ying

in c

ost f

rom

a f

ewhu

ndre

d do

llars

to s

ever

al th

ousa

nd d

olla

rs, w

hich

em

body

all t

he la

test

impr

ovem

ents

in s

choo

l arc

hite

ctur

e.Pl

aced

in th

e ha

nds

of c

ount

y su

peri

nten

dent

s an

d ot

her

supe

r-

: 4.

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120

TH

E A

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AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

viso

rs, s

uch

plan

s w

ill d

o a

wor

ld o

f go

od a

nd le

nd n

ew in

t%

petu

s to

mod

ern

scho

ol c

onst

ruct

ion.

Cho

ice

of S

ite.

The

fir

st s

tep

is to

cho

ose

a si

te.

The

esse

ntia

l thi

ng to

kee

p in

min

d is

that

the

best

to b

e fo

und

is n

one

too

good

.T

he lo

catio

n sh

ould

be

as c

entr

al a

sth

e co

ntou

r of

the

coun

try

will

per

mit,

thou

gh it

wou

ldbe

unw

ise

to s

acri

fice

oth

er r

equi

site

s, s

uch

as s

oil,

sigh

tli-

ness

, and

the

like,

to th

e si

ngle

item

of

cent

ral l

ocat

ion.

In a

ny c

ase

the

loca

tion

shou

ld b

e si

ghtly

.T

he o

utlo

oksh

ould

, if

poss

ible

, be

the

mos

t bea

utif

ul in

the

dist

rict

,w

ell r

emov

ed f

rom

the

dist

urbi

ng in

flue

nces

of

railr

oad

trac

ks, m

ines

, and

man

ufac

turi

ng p

lant

s.A

low

site

and

poor

dra

inag

e is

not

to b

e co

nsid

ered

for

a m

omen

t.In

deed

, an

avoi

dabl

e ca

use

of m

uch

sick

ness

am

ong

scho

olch

ildre

n is

dam

p ba

sem

ents

and

fou

ndat

ions

occ

asio

ned

byju

st s

uch

site

s.N

eith

er s

houl

d so

me

blea

k, w

ind-

swep

thi

ll cr

est b

e se

lect

ed.

The

idea

l site

wou

ld b

e a

loca

tion

high

eno

ugh

to c

omm

and

a go

od v

iew

and

giv

e it

suita

ble

drai

nage

, and

yet

lyin

g re

ason

ably

wel

l she

ltere

d.T

rees

as a

bac

kgro

und

to th

e no

rth

and

wes

t wou

ld a

ffor

d a

suita

ble

prot

ectio

n an

d at

the

sam

e tim

e gi

ve a

n ex

celle

ntse

tting

for

the

scho

olho

use.

The

site

sho

uld

be p

orou

san

d dr

y, a

nd f

ree

from

all

putr

efyi

ng s

ubst

ance

s.T

hen,

fina

lly, e

very

sch

ool g

roun

d sh

ould

hav

e an

inex

haus

tible

supp

ly o

f pu

re w

ater

, whi

ch, w

e sh

all s

ee, m

ust f

rom

now

on p

lay

a pa

rt in

rur

al s

choo

l san

itatio

n ev

er in

crea

sing

inim

port

ance

.

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L B

UIL

DIN

GS

121

Doo

m N

o. I

.Fl

o. 4

.D

esig

n an

d fl

oor

plan

of

a go

odin

expe

nsiv

e bu

ildin

g us

ed in

Nor

th C

arol

ina.

Arr

ange

men

t of

Floo

r Sp

ace.

The

site

bei

ng c

hose

n,w

e

may

turn

all

our

atte

ntio

n to

the

plan

of

cons

truc

tion.

And

here

let u

s on

cem

ore

repe

at,

that

no

build

ing

com

mitt

eeca

n af

ford

to d

ispe

nse

with

thP

serv

ices

of

a co

mpe

tent

arch

itect

.T

he in

teri

or a

r-ra

ngem

ent i

sof

par

amou

ntim

port

ance

and

mus

t be

the

firs

t to

rece

ive

our

cons

ider

-at

ion.

The

pro

blem

is h

owto

get

the

grea

test

util

ity o

utC

reac

&M

I:15

PLA

x N

O. 1

.

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122

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

1111

1a11

11:1

1111

1111

11r1

1

3:1:

111:

13:

MI1

1111

511

ulul

uillI

ll II

uullI

llulu

liluUuluiuiuIIII

Dom

No.

2C

.

as m

i.N

MI

ON

MI

me

INN

UN

ND

NO

Ng

INN

O N

iN

NW

MIN N

IIN

D,N

bM

INI

MIN

NIN

N1

NS

ISM

ON

NO

N11

10N

MI

INIM

EN

ME

N1.

1. MIN

11=

=is

OM

laN

MI

NO

NM

ININ

*CM

IDL

MA

D"

4+14

EsA

A4.

stA

T "

a N

ev4

CO

AT

*e4

rese

.rV

WN

WL

ear

row

OC

AT

IN4r

o4s 4

11°

0011

G4

PLA

e4 "

0 C

V. p

rr

4 T

A o

c rg

z e4

1ri

*Lal

0P4

wG

PLA

N N

o. 2

C.

FIG

. 5.

Des

ign

and

floo

r pl

an s

how

ing

how

No.

4 ab

ove

may

be

conv

erte

din

to a

two-

room

str

uctu

re.

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L B

UIL

DIN

GS

123

of th

e sm

alle

stsp

ace,

with

out d

estr

oyin

g th

e ar

chite

c-tu

ral b

eaut

y 3.

nd h

arm

ony

of th

e ex

teri

or.

Tak

e th

em

ain

room

of

the

one-

room

rur

al s

choo

l bui

ldin

g.T

hesi

ze w

ill d

epen

d so

mew

hat

upon

the

num

ber

of p

upils

for

whi

ch it

is in

tend

ed.

It s

houl

d pr

ovid

eat

leas

t 15

squa

re f

eet o

f fl

oor

spac

e fo

r ea

ch p

upil,

and

shou

ld n

otm

easu

re to

exc

eed

32 f

eet i

n de

pth

by26

fee

t in

brea

dth.

Som

e au

thor

ities

hol

d th

atno

roo

m s

houl

d m

easu

re to

exce

ed 3

0 fe

et th

e lo

nges

tw

ay b

y 28

fee

t in

brea

dth,

asth

ey d

eem

thes

em

easu

rem

ents

mos

t sat

isfa

ctor

y fr

omth

est

andp

oint

s of

hea

ring

and

see

ing.

Lib

rary

, Res

t Roo

m, a

ndC

loak

Roo

ms.

A m

odel

scho

ol c

anno

t get

alo

ngw

ithou

t a s

mal

l lib

rary

and

read

-in

g ro

om; a

nd, t

o m

ake

it co

mpl

ete,

sho

uld

have

a re

stro

om f

or th

e te

ache

r.T

he li

brar

ym

ay b

e fi

tted

with

a ba

y w

indo

w, w

hich

may

be

utili

zed

for

plan

t cul

ture

,fo

r th

e ke

epin

g of

a sc

hool

aqu

ariu

m, e

tc.

The

se r

oom

sne

ed n

ot b

e la

rge

and

may

be

adde

d at

no

grea

tex

tra

outla

y.

The

old

way

of

hang

ing

wra

ps in

the

open

hal

ls is

un-

sigh

tly a

nd u

nsan

itary

.Se

para

te c

loak

room

s sh

ould

be

prov

ided

for

the

boys

and

gir

ls.

It is

an

exce

llent

pla

n,w

here

ver

feas

ible

to f

urni

shse

para

te, n

umbe

red

lock

ers

for

this

pur

pose

, and

one

heat

ed a

nd w

ell-

vent

ilate

d lo

cker

tobe

use

d in

com

mon

by

all t

he c

hild

ren

for

dryi

ngda

mp

wra

ps.

The

hal

ls m

ust b

e w

ide

to p

rovi

de a

gain

stun

-ne

cess

ary

crow

ding

and

sho

uld

be lo

cate

din

suc

h re

latio

n

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11

11

11

11

124

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

to th

e sc

hool

room

that

the

teac

her

can

read

ily h

ave

ovtr

-si

ght o

f th

em.

Cei

lings

eve

ryw

here

sho

uld

be a

t lea

st 1

3fe

et h

igh;

the

scho

olro

om p

rope

r sh

ould

be

high

eno

ugh

OW

*

II 1J'r

33

11

FIG

. 6.F

loor

pla

n of

rur

al s

choo

l in

Cal

ifor

nia.

Rec

itatio

n ro

om c

an,

if d

esir

ed, b

e us

ed a

s a

libra

ry.

to a

llow

eac

h pu

pil a

min

imum

of

250

cubi

c fe

et o

f ai

rsp

ace.

Bas

emen

t: its

Use

s.A

hig

h ba

sem

ent s

houl

d ex

tend

unde

r th

e en

tire

build

ing.

It s

houl

d ha

ve a

mpl

e gl

azin

g,be

ligh

t and

dry

, and

be

cem

ente

d th

roug

hout

, bot

h fl

oors

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE5

.

Page 80: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L B

UIL

DIN

GS

125

and

wal

ls.

In c

ase

of h

eatin

g by

fur

nace

a p

ortio

n of

the

spac

e m

ust b

e w

alle

d up

for

fur

nace

and

fue

l roo

m. A

part

of

the

rem

aini

ng s

pace

sho

uld

be f

itted

with

wor

k-be

nch,

etc

., fo

r sh

op p

urpo

ses.

Whe

re th

e pr

essu

re ta

nksy

stem

is u

sed

to s

uppl

y la

vato

ries

and

toile

ts w

ith w

ater

,th

is ta

nk m

ust a

lso

be p

lace

d in

the

base

men

t.Su

ch a

base

men

t pro

perl

y ar

rang

ed c

an a

dd im

men

sely

to th

eut

ility

of

the

scho

ol b

uild

ing.

Prop

er H

eatin

g an

d V

entil

atio

n.C

onsi

dera

ble

at-

tent

ion

has

been

pai

d of

late

yea

rs to

pro

per

heat

ing

and

vent

ilatio

n.Pu

blic

and

pri

vate

edi

fice

s ar

e no

w q

uite

gene

rally

con

stru

cted

alo

ng h

ygie

nic

lines

, whe

rein

car

eful

cons

ider

atio

n is

giv

en to

pur

e, f

resh

, and

wel

l-he

ated

air

.E

very

sch

ool b

uild

ing

now

aday

s sh

ould

mak

e pr

ovis

ion

for

an a

dequ

ate

syst

em f

or p

urif

ying

the

air,

and

hea

ting

the

room

with

fre

sh a

ir a

t an

even

tem

pera

ture

.T

his

cann

ot b

e ac

com

plis

hed

with

out c

allin

g ar

tific

ial m

eans

to o

ur a

ssis

tanc

e.T

he o

nly

way

to v

entil

ate

is to

indu

cefr

esh

air

som

ehow

to e

nter

and

to in

duce

the

vitia

ted

air

to

leav

e th

e ro

om.

The

met

hod

of w

indo

w v

entil

atio

n is

very

goo

d at

rec

ess

or o

ther

inte

rmis

sion

s, b

ut is

pos

itive

ly

dang

erou

s w

hile

the

child

ren

are

in th

eir

seat

s, a

nd s

houl

dbe

red

uced

to a

min

imum

of

prac

tice.

The

re a

re o

nly

two

satis

fact

ory

syst

ems

of v

entil

atio

n,th

e ex

pens

ive

fan

syst

em f

or f

orci

ng a

ir c

urre

nts

thro

ugh

the

room

by

mea

ns o

f m

echa

nica

l dev

ice,

and

the

olde

rgr

avity

sys

tem

.T

he f

orm

er is

too

elab

orat

e to

be

prac

tic-

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

1

Page 81: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

126

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

able

for

rur

al s

choo

ls; s

o w

e m

ust l

imit

our

atte

ntio

n to

the

latte

r.T

he p

rinc

iple

on

whi

ch th

e gr

avity

sys

tem

wor

ksis

ver

y si

mpl

e; b

ut. s

tran

ge a

s it

may

see

m, i

s ye

t fre

quen

tly

mis

unde

rsto

od.

Man

y sc

hool

boa

rds

are

still

ere

ctin

gla

rge

build

ings

with

hug

e, u

nhea

ted

vent

ilato

r sh

afts

whi

ch a

re e

xpec

ted

to c

arry

off

viti

ated

air

aga

inst

thc

grav

ity p

ress

ure

on th

e co

ld-a

ir c

olum

n in

the

flue

!E

ither

the

foul

air

mus

t be

carr

ied

into

the

base

men

t and

ther

epu

rifi

edor

, wha

t is

mor

e pr

actic

al, c

arri

ed o

ff th

roug

hhe

ated

ven

tilat

or s

haft

s.

Hot

-air

fur

nace

s ha

ve b

een

inst

alle

d in

som

e ru

ral

scho

ols,

par

ticul

arly

in th

e N

orth

wes

tern

sta

tes.

Thi

ssy

stem

is e

xcel

lent

, fir

st, b

ecau

se it

doe

s aw

ay w

ith a

hea

t-in

g ap

para

tus

in th

e sc

hool

room

alto

geth

er, s

ince

the

fur-

nace

mus

t be

plac

ed in

the

base

men

t.T

hen

it su

pplie

sth

e ro

om w

ith a

con

stan

t cur

rent

of

war

m, f

resh

air

whi

chis

sup

plie

d to

the

heat

er th

roug

h a

fres

h-ai

r co

ndui

t fro

mth

e ou

tsid

e an

d ta

kes

up th

e fo

ul a

ir th

roug

h re

turn

reg

is-

ters

in th

e fl

oor.

How

ever

, for

the

aver

age

scho

olho

use

a ja

cket

ven

tilat

-in

g st

ove

will

ans

wer

the

purp

ose

very

wel

l.Su

ch s

tove

sha

ve b

een

on th

e m

arke

t for

a n

umbe

r of

yea

rs a

nd m

aybe

set

up

read

y fo

r us

e at

an

outla

y of

fro

m $

35 to

$45

.T

his

is a

gre

at im

prov

emen

t on

the

old-

fash

ione

d st

ove,

whi

ch, a

s al

l mus

t kno

w, i

s th

e gr

eate

st v

itiat

ing

agen

tin

the

room

in th

at

it us

es u

p en

orm

ous

quan

titie

s of

oxyg

en in

the

proc

ess

of c

ombu

stio

n, a

nd h

as n

one

of th

e

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L B

UIL

DIN

GS

127

appl

ianc

es f

or s

ucce

ssfu

l ven

tilat

ion.

Let

it b

e ab

olis

hed

from

the

mod

ern

scho

ol.

Con

str

uctio

n of

the

Ven

tilat

ing

Stov

e.T

he v

entil

atin

gst

ove

as s

et u

p re

ady

for

use

appe

ars

a gr

eat d

eal l

ike

asm

all h

ot-a

ir f

urna

ce.

It c

ompr

ises

a c

ast-

iron

sto

ve,

incl

osed

in a

hea

vy s

heet

-iro

n ja

cket

whi

ch f

its th

e fl

oor

tight

ly a

nd h

as a

cir

cle

of h

oles

at t

he to

p th

roug

h w

hich

the

heat

ed a

ir e

scap

es in

to th

e ro

om. T

he ja

cket

com

-m

unic

ates

at t

he f

loor

with

a f

resh

-air

con

duit,

ext

end-

ing

unde

rnea

th th

e fl

oor

to th

e ou

tsid

e of

the

base

men

tw

all,

the

open

ing

bein

g pr

otec

ted

with

a c

oars

e sc

reen

.T

he w

orki

ng p

rinc

iple

is s

impl

e.Fi

re in

the

stov

e he

ats

the

cast

-iro

n su

rfac

e, w

hich

com

mun

icat

es it

s he

at to

the

air

betw

een

it an

d th

e ou

ter

jack

et.

The

hea

ted

air

rise

san

d pa

sses

into

the

room

; and

this

nat

ural

ly c

ause

s an

infl

ux o

f fr

esh

air

thro

ugh

the

cond

uit,

whi

ch in

turn

be-

com

es h

eate

d, r

ises

, and

pas

ses

into

the

room

.A

ll th

ishe

ated

air

ris

es to

war

ds th

e ce

iling

, exp

andi

ng o

utw

ard

asit

goes

, and

then

it s

low

ly s

ettle

s to

war

ds th

e fl

oor

near

the

wal

ls.

A r

etur

n cu

rren

t is

crea

ted

here

by

the

stov

e dr

aft,

whi

ch h

elps

to r

emov

e th

e vi

tiate

d ai

r fr

om th

ero

om.

An

exce

llent

way

to s

uppl

emen

t the

insu

ffic

ient

sto

vedr

augh

t is

by a

con

duit

lead

ing

to th

e he

ated

chi

mne

y.O

f th

is D

r. S

haw

giv

es a

goo

d de

scri

ptio

n in

his

Sch

ool

Hyg

iene

.H

e sa

ys :

In th

e op

posi

te s

ide

of th

e ro

om f

rom

the

stov

e a

tin o

r ga

lva-

nize

d-ir

on v

entil

atin

g du

ct s

houl

d be

con

stru

cted

, obl

ong

in s

hape

,

t

Page 82: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

1 28

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

havi

ng it

s cr

oss-

sect

ion

dim

ensi

ons

12 X

6 in

ches

.T

he o

pen

end

of

this

duc

t sho

uld

be w

ithin

one

foo

tof

the

floo

r.T

he f

lue

shou

ld

exte

nd to

the

ceili

ng a

nd r

un a

long

the

ceili

ng to

the

chim

ney.

The

re s

houl

d no

t be

any

curv

edan

gle

in th

is d

uct b

ut a

cur

ved

bend

whe

re th

e up

righ

t sec

tion

unite

s w

ithth

at w

hich

run

s al

ong

the

ceil-

ing.

The

ven

tilat

ing

duct

sho

uld

disc

harg

ein

to a

larg

e ch

imne

y

flue

, at l

east

14

x zo

inch

es o

f cr

oss-

sect

ion

area

.In

the

mid

dle

of

this

flu

e th

ere

shou

ld r

un a

she

et-i

ron

pipe

of

suff

icie

nt c

apac

ity to

deliv

er th

e sm

oke

and

gase

s fr

om th

e st

ove.

The

hea

t rad

iate

dfr

om th

is p

ipe.

whe

n th

ere

is a

bri

sk f

ire

in th

e st

ove

will

cau

se a

stro

ng d

raug

ht in

the

flue

and

dra

wth

e ai

r ou

t of

the

scho

olro

om

thro

ugh

the

vent

ila L

ing

duct

.

In d

istr

icts

whe

re th

e sc

hool

boa

rds

are

relu

ctan

t abo

ut

disc

ardi

ng th

e ol

d st

ove

for

a ne

wve

ntila

ting

stov

e it

is a

good

pla

n to

impr

ovis

e su

ch a

n on

eby

fitt

ing

a st

rong

she

et-

iron

jack

et a

nd a

fre

sh-a

ir c

ondu

it to

the

old

stov

e.(S

ee

App

endi

x B

).Im

port

ance

of

Cor

rect

Lig

htin

g.C

orre

ct li

ghtin

g

is th

e m

ost i

mpo

rtan

t fea

ture

in a

llsc

hool

bui

ldin

g

cons

truc

tion.

Man

y fo

rms

ofai

lmen

ts to

whi

ch th

e

pres

ent g

ener

atio

n is

hei

ran

d a

grea

t man

y ot

her

con-

stitu

tiona

l der

ange

men

ts c

an b

e tr

aced

dire

ctly

to p

oor

light

ing.

The

gla

ss s

urfa

ce s

houl

d be

mas

sed

on o

ne

side

of

the

room

onl

y, a

nd th

e se

ats

arra

nged

in s

uch

a

man

ner

that

the

light

will

com

e fr

om th

e le

ft a

nd o

ver

the

shou

lder

.T

he w

indo

w s

ills

shou

ld b

e se

t hig

hen

ough

to b

e ab

ove

the

leve

lof

the

eyes

of

the

larg

est p

upils

whe

n

seat

ed.

The

fra

mes

sho

uld

reac

h to

with

in a

few

inch

es

of th

e ce

iling

and

be

squa

re, a

sth

e be

st li

ght i

s ob

tain

ed

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L B

UIL

DIN

GS

I 29

from

the

uppe

r pa

rt o

f th

e w

indo

w. T

he to

tal a

mou

nt o

fgl

ass

surf

ace

shou

ld b

e ab

out o

ne f

ifth

of

the

floo

r sp

ace

of th

e ro

om.

If f

or a

ny r

easo

n su

ffic

ient

ligh

t can

not b

efu

rnis

hed

from

the

side

, win

dow

s m

ay b

e pl

aced

at t

here

ar o

f th

e ro

om.

Thi

s, h

owev

er, w

orks

a h

ards

hip

onth

e te

ache

r w

ho is

obl

iged

to f

ace

the

win

dow

muc

h of

the

time,

and

sho

uld,

if p

ossi

ble,

be

avoi

ded.

Win

dow

cur

tain

s an

d op

aque

sha

des

pref

erab

ly o

flig

ht g

reen

col

orsh

ould

be

used

to m

ello

w d

own

the

glar

ing

light

.T

he s

hade

s sh

ould

be

mad

e do

uble

and

be p

lace

d at

the

mid

dle

of th

e w

indo

w s

o as

to r

oll u

p an

ddo

wn.

Bla

ckbo

ards

and

Cha

lk R

ails

.B

lack

boar

ds s

houl

doc

cupy

all

avai

labl

e w

all s

pace

exc

ept o

n th

e lig

hted

sid

e.Pu

pils

sho

uld

neve

r be

obl

iged

to s

tare

at b

lack

boar

dsse

t bet

wee

n or

at t

he s

ides

of

win

dow

s, a

s th

e di

rect

ligh

tra

ys f

rom

out

of

door

s ha

ve a

tend

ency

to m

ake

them

squi

nt-e

yed

and

othe

rwis

e in

jure

the

eyes

ight

.Sl

ate

isth

e m

ost s

atis

fact

ory

wri

ting

surf

ace

in u

se, a

nd is

mor

eec

onom

ical

in th

e lo

ng r

un th

an a

rtif

icia

l boa

rds,

thou

ghth

e in

itial

exp

ense

is m

ore.

The

liqu

id s

latin

g co

mm

only

used

has

man

y ob

ject

iona

ble

feat

ures

.U

nles

s th

e pl

as-

tere

dN

Nal

l is

exce

ptio

nally

wel

l fin

ishe

d, th

e bo

ard

will

be

roug

h, it

will

wea

r ou

t and

bec

ome

full

of u

nsig

htly

hol

esan

d cr

acks

, or

it w

ill p

rese

nt a

shi

ny s

urfa

ce, e

xtre

mel

yha

rd o

n th

e ey

es.

If th

e di

stri

ct d

oes

not c

are

to g

o to

the

expe

nse

of p

ro.

Page 83: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

130

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

curi

ng s

late

, the

Hyl

opla

tean

d si

mila

r co

mpo

sitio

n bo

ards

will

ans

wer

alm

ost a

s w

ell.

The

se h

ave

the

adva

ntag

e of

com

ing

in b

ette

r le

ngth

s an

dbe

ing

easy

to a

pply

.T

hen,

too,

the

colo

ra

soot

hing

gre

enis

high

ly r

ecom

-

men

ded

for

its h

ygie

nic

prop

ertie

s.B

lack

boar

ds a

s us

ed in

rur

alsc

hool

s sh

ould

be

30

inch

es f

rom

the

floo

r an

dab

out 4

fee

t hig

h.T

his

will

be

ampl

e to

take

car

eof

the

smal

lest

as

wel

l as

the

larg

est p

upils

.T

he b

oard

s sh

ould

be

supp

lied

with

chal

k ra

ils z

i inc

hes

wid

e, to

catc

h th

e du

st a

nd h

old

cray

on a

nd e

rase

rs.

New

San

itary

App

lianc

es.

The

re is

no

reas

on w

hy

rura

l sch

ools

sho

uld

not h

ave

assa

nita

ry to

ilets

as

are

now

foun

d in

wel

l-eq

uipp

ed c

itysc

hool

s.Pe

rhap

s no

one

ques

tion

in s

choo

l con

stru

ctio

nha

s pr

esen

ted

so m

any

trou

bles

ome

phas

es a

s th

is.

But

that

tim

e sh

ould

be

past

.

Whe

reve

r it

is p

ossi

ble

to g

et a

good

sup

ply

of w

ater

fro

m

wel

l or

spri

ng (

and

scho

olho

uses

shou

ld n

ever

be

loca

ted

whe

re th

e w

ater

sup

ply

is s

cant

y),g

ood

indo

or c

lose

ts a

nd

lava

tori

es m

ay b

e co

nstr

ucte

d at

ato

tal o

utla

y of

abo

ut

$350

(se

e pl

ans

of K

irks

ville

, Mo.

;sch

ool e

lsew

here

in th

is

book

).T

hink

wha

t thi

s w

ill m

ean

in r

eari

ngth

e ge

n-

erat

ion

now

in s

choo

l !in

spa

ring

them

fro

m c

onta

ct w

ith

muc

h of

the

indi

cen

cy a

ndvi

ciou

snes

s oc

casi

oned

by

loat

hsom

eou

tbui

ldin

gs!

We

cann

ot e

mph

asiz

eto

o

stro

ngly

that

the

aver

age

rura

lsc

hool

clo

set i

s a

sham

e an

d

a di

sgra

ce a

nd s

houl

d no

tbe

tole

rate

d.U

sual

ly it

is

%IP

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L B

UIL

DIN

GS

1 3

I

unsi

ghtly

and

uns

cree

ned,

a v

erita

ble

abom

inat

ion

tobe

ings

of f

ine

sens

ibili

ties.

Com

mon

dec

ency

and

goo

d m

oral

s

dem

and

a th

orou

gh r

efor

m in

this

bre

edin

g pl

ace

in f

irst

step

s in

cri

me.

Out

hous

es m

ade

Dec

ent.

The

fol

low

ing

sugg

es-

tions

may

not

be

'am

iss

for

dist

rict

s w

hich

by

forc

e of

circ

umst

ance

s m

ust c

ontin

ue to

use

the

outd

oor

clos

ets

inde

fini

tely

:Pl

ace

the

outb

uild

ings

at t

he r

ear

of th

esc

hool

yard

, and

as

far

apar

t as

poss

ible

.B

uild

sub

stan

-

tially

and

larg

e.Pl

ace

stro

ng la

ttice

wor

k sc

reen

s on

two

side

s of

the

build

ing

on th

e fr

ont a

nd in

ner

side

to p

rote

ct th

e pr

ivac

y of

ent

ranc

ean

d ex

it.Pl

ant

hard

y pe

renn

ial v

ines

aga

inst

the

latti

ce a

ndtr

ain

them

so a

s to

cov

er th

een

tire

stru

ctur

e.M

ass

a he

avy

grow

th

of e

verg

reen

s or

shr

ubbe

ry o

n a

line

half

way

bet

wee

n

the

two

outh

ouse

s, to

sep

arat

e th

e bo

ys'

half

yar

d fr

om

the

girl

s', t

hus

affo

rdin

g al

l nee

ded

priv

acy.

Kee

p th

e in

side

of

the

clos

ets

scru

pulo

usly

clea

n.

Cov

er th

e w

alls

with

a c

oat o

f sa

ndpa

int t

o pr

even

t

mar

king

and

scr

ibbl

ing.

In a

cor

ner

of th

e ro

om p

lace

a bo

x co

ntai

ning

am

ixtu

re o

f ea

rth

and

quic

klim

e, to

be u

sed

from

tim

e to

tim

e to

cov

er a

nddr

y up

the

excr

eta

in th

e va

ult.

Prov

ide

the

build

ings

with

win

dow

s, s

et

high

, and

ven

tilat

ing

flue

s w

hich

shou

ld e

xten

d se

vera

l

feet

into

the

vaul

t.M

ake

the

door

s st

rong

and

fit

them

with

cat

ch a

nd lo

ck.

Bui

ld th

e va

ult o

f m

ason

ry. c

onst

ruct

ing

it in

suc

h a

Page 84: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

132

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

way

that

the

accu

mul

atio

ns m

aybe

rem

oved

with

out

trou

ble.

Let

the

key

rem

ain

in th

e te

ache

r's p

osse

ssio

n, w

hosh

all d

aily

lock

and

unl

ock

the

door

s, in

spec

ting

the

build

-

ings

as

he d

oes

so.

Now

, to

reve

rt to

san

itary

indo

or to

ilets

.T

hese

ac-

cess

orie

s of

a tw

entie

th-c

entu

ry c

ivili

zatio

n ha

ve b

een

used

a go

od m

any

year

s in

larg

e pl

aces

whi

ch h

ave

wat

erpr

essu

re a

nd s

ewer

age.

But

the

rem

otes

t rur

al s

choo

lm

ay n

ow h

ave

as s

atis

fact

ory

a sy

stem

of

its o

wn

by u

sing

artif

icia

l pre

ssur

e.T

he P

ress

ure

Tan

k an

d Sa

nita

ry P

lum

bing

.Pl

ace

apn

eum

atic

pre

ssur

e ta

nk in

the

base

men

t of

the

scho

ol-

hous

e or

in th

e gr

ound

nea

r th

e w

ell,

and

conn

ect w

ithth

e in

side

kum

bing

. The

wat

er m

ay b

e pu

mpe

d in

to th

eta

nkus

ing

hand

or

win

d po

wer

with

a f

orce

pum

pso

inge

niou

sly

arra

nged

that

it p

umps

the

wat

er a

nd a

pplie

s

the

air

pres

sure

at o

ne a

nd th

e sa

me

time.

The

tank

shou

ld m

easu

re a

bout

200

gal

lons

to a

30-

pupi

l sch

ool,

grad

ing

up a

nd d

own

acco

rdin

g to

req

uire

men

t.Su

ch s

ys-

tem

s ar

e us

ed in

pri

vate

dw

ellin

gs a

nd s

choo

lhou

ses,

and

give

the

best

of

serv

ice.

The

sew

age

is p

asse

d th

roug

h a

set o

f un

derg

roun

d ta

nks

and

pipe

s an

d fu

lly o

xidi

zed.

Plan

s m

ay b

e fu

rnis

hed

by

any

up-t

o-da

te p

lum

ber.

Such

a s

ewer

age

syst

em m

ay b

e

cons

truc

ted

at a

ver

y lit

tle c

ost a

nd is

infi

nite

ly m

ore

satis

-

fact

ory

than

ope

n dr

ains

and

ces

spoo

ls.

The

pla

nt c

om-

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L B

UIL

DIN

GS

133

plet

e, in

clud

ing

toile

ts, l

avat

orie

s, p

ipin

g, ta

nk w

ith p

ump,

and

sept

ic s

ewer

hav

e re

peat

edly

bee

n bu

ilt f

or $

350.

Scho

olho

use

Con

stru

ctio

n m

ust c

ombi

ne U

tility

with

Ado

rnm

ent.

So f

ar w

e ha

ve d

ealt

with

inte

rior

arr

ange

-

men

t, w

ith th

e hy

gien

ic a

pplia

nces

dem

ande

d in

this

prog

ress

ive

age.

A w

ord

only

is n

eces

sary

con

cern

ing

scho

olho

use

exte

rior

s.U

tility

mus

t eve

r be

the

prim

een

d to

be

soug

ht; b

ut u

tility

atta

ined

with

out r

obbi

ngth

e ex

teri

or o

f ar

chite

ctur

al h

arm

ony

and

beau

ty.

The

scho

olho

use

shou

ld b

e th

e m

ost p

ract

ical

ly a

rran

ged,

yet

the

mos

t attr

activ

e st

ruct

ure

in th

e co

mm

unity

.It

sho

uld

bear

the

stam

p of

edu

catio

nal p

urpo

se o

n its

ext

erio

r, a

ndbe

an

educ

atio

nal i

nspi

ratio

n to

the

entir

e co

untr

ysid

e.It

mus

t not

be

over

ly o

rnat

e, y

et n

ot to

o st

riki

ngly

sim

ple.

Let

it c

ombi

ne th

e pr

actic

al w

ith th

e gr

acef

ul a

nd o

rnat

ein

suc

h pr

opor

tions

as

to p

rese

nt im

pres

sion

s of

end

urin

gse

rvic

e an

d si

mpl

e be

auty

.

Page 85: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

CH

APT

ER

VII

I

IND

OO

R F

UR

NIS

HIN

G A

ND

AR

T

The

Old

'3ch

ool v

s. th

e N

ew.

The

old

-tim

e ru

ral s

choo

l

with

its

larg

e at

tend

ance

and

str

ong

teac

her

had

its f

aults

,no

dou

bt; t

houg

h it

was

unq

uest

iona

bly

the

rally

ing

poin

tof

all

the

com

mon

inte

rest

s of

the

com

mun

ity.

At t

hesc

hool

hous

e th

e co

untr

ysid

e ga

ther

ed f

or th

e ly

ceum

or

deba

ting

club

; her

e th

ey h

eld

thei

r ol

d-fa

shio

ned

spel

ling-

mat

ches

and

sin

ging

-sch

ools

, and

on

Sund

ays

wen

t to

" m

eetin

g,"

yet t

here

was

no

esth

etic

upl

ift o

f co

nseq

uenc

eto

be

gain

ed f

rom

the

plac

e of

hol

ding

thes

e ga

ther

ings

,at

any

rat

e fr

om o

ur m

oder

n po

int o

f vi

ew; f

or th

e sc

hool

build

ing

was

inva

riab

ly c

rude

and

poo

rly

cons

truc

ted,

the

furn

iture

was

rou

gh a

nd h

ome-

mad

e, th

e w

alls

mud

-pl

aste

red

and

bare

.B

ut th

ese

thin

gs h

arm

oniz

ed w

ithth

e pi

onee

r lif

e of

the

time;

nob

ody

expe

cted

any

thin

gbe

tter.

In o

ur d

ay, a

las!

the

rura

l sch

ool h

as lo

st m

any

of it

sol

d-tim

e at

trac

tions

.It

is n

o lo

nger

a la

rge

scho

ol.

Loc

al

ambi

tions

and

incr

easi

ng r

ural

pop

ulat

ion

have

con

spir

edto

mul

tiply

sm

all d

istr

icts

till

ever

y fa

rmer

has

a s

choo

l-ho

use

near

his

ow

n fr

ont y

ard.

The

n th

e ci

tyw

ard

flow

of r

ural

pop

ulat

ion

bega

n.L

ittle

by

little

the

man

y sm

all

scho

ols

grew

sm

alle

r an

d of

less

vita

lity.

The

goo

d te

ache

r

also

turn

ed h

is f

ace

to th

e ci

ty; t

he a

mbi

tious

pup

il ha

d to

134

1:,.

IND

OO

R F

UR

NIS

HIN

GS

AN

D A

RT

135

follo

w h

im o

r go

unt

augh

t in

the

high

er b

ranc

hes.

Ifth

is m

ovin

g to

the

city

for

hig

her

educ

atio

n is

to c

ontin

ue,

thc

who

le r

ural

com

mun

ity a

s w

ell a

s th

e sc

hool

will

be-

com

e de

vita

lized

.

The

cou

ntry

chi

ld is

man

ifes

tly e

ntitl

ed to

as

thor

ough

an

educ

atio

n or

as

prac

tical

an

educ

atio

n as

the

city

chi

ld, a

ndhe

is e

ntitl

ed to

get

it r

ight

in th

e co

untr

y w

ithou

t goi

ngto

the

city

for

it.

The

ulti

mat

e so

lutio

n of

the

who

lem

atte

r lie

s in

cen

tral

izat

ion

and

cons

olid

atio

n of

sch

ools

.T

he ti

me

will

be

that

a m

ajor

ity o

f co

untr

y ch

ildre

n ca

nat

tend

wel

l-bu

ilt, w

ell-

equi

pped

gra

ded

scho

ols

in th

eir

own

who

leso

me

coun

try

envi

ronm

ent.

But

this

can

not

be r

ealiz

ed f

or a

long

tim

e to

com

e.So

me

plac

es, i

ndee

d,m

ay n

ever

rea

lize

it at

all,

bec

ause

of

unfo

rtun

ate

geo-

grap

hica

l loc

atio

n, p

over

ty, a

nd th

e lik

e.T

he R

ural

Sch

ool m

ust a

gain

bec

ome

the

Ral

lyin

gPo

int o

f C

ount

ry I

nter

ests

.M

eanw

hile

, som

ethi

ng m

ust

be d

one

for

the

grea

t arm

y of

boy

s an

d gi

rls

men

tally

and

mor

ally

sta

rvin

g in

rur

al d

istr

icts

, am

idst

the

mos

t unf

or-

tuna

te s

urro

undi

ngs.

The

sch

oolh

ouse

mus

t onc

e m

ore

beco

me

the

rally

ing

poin

t of

the

com

mun

ity. W

e m

ayne

ver

agai

n se

e it

the

larg

e sc

hool

that

it o

nce

was

; but

itca

n in

a la

rger

sen

se th

an o

f yo

re b

ecom

e th

e in

spir

atio

nal

cent

er f

rom

whi

ch s

hall

flow

infl

uenc

es, I

rk..

otbl

essi

ng,

and

bette

ring

all

who

may

fee

l the

ir to

uch.

We

have

alr

eady

dis

cuss

ed th

e ne

w a

rchi

tect

ural

re-

quir

emen

ts in

Cha

pter

VII

.T

he b

eaut

y, g

race

, and

Page 86: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

136

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

dign

ity o

f th

e m

oder

n bu

ildin

g m

ust b

e su

ch th

at p

eopl

ew

ill p

oint

to it

as

our

scho

olho

use

and

emul

ate

its a

rchi

-te

ctur

e in

the

cons

truc

tion

and

arra

ngem

ent o

f th

eir

own

hom

es.

The

gro

unds

mus

t be

mad

e at

trac

tive

with

plo

ts o

fve

lvet

y gr

ass,

with

tree

s, s

hrub

s, a

nd f

low

ers.

The

who

lesh

ould

pre

sent

an

appr

opri

ate

setti

ng f

or th

e di

gnif

ied

stru

ctur

e pl

aced

in it

s m

idst

.T

he in

teri

or m

ust b

e in

har

-

mon

y w

ith th

e ex

teri

or.

It m

ust b

e ho

mel

ike,

bri

ght,

chee

rful

, attr

activ

e.T

he w

alls

sho

uld

be ti

nted

som

eso

ft s

hade

, ble

ndin

g w

ell w

ith th

e w

oodw

ork

and

blac

k-bo

ards

; pic

ture

s sh

ould

ado

rn th

e w

alls

and

lend

an

artis

-tic

touc

h to

the

room

; flo

wer

ing

plan

ts s

houl

d fi

ll th

e am

ple

bay

win

dow

to a

dd a

sen

se o

f lo

ve f

or n

atur

e; w

hile

boo

ksan

d st

atue

ttes

and

plas

ter

cast

s m

ay b

e de

pend

ed o

n to

add

a re

al s

chol

astic

touc

h to

the

atm

osph

ere.

Such

sur

roun

ding

s ex

ert a

mar

velo

us in

flue

nce

over

the

child

ren.

The

y ar

ouse

in th

eir

hear

ts a

love

for

the

beau

ti-

ful w

hich

will

last

as

long

as

life

last

s.T

he c

hild

ren

who

com

e fr

om h

omes

whe

re c

ultu

re a

nd r

efin

emen

t are

un-

know

n w

ill e

nter

a n

ew li

fe in

the

scho

ol, a

life

whi

ch th

eyw

ill s

oon

lear

n to

love

and

cra

ve.

The

chi

ldre

n fr

omho

mes

abo

undi

ng in

mod

ern

com

fort

s an

d co

nven

ienc

esw

ill f

ind

the

new

sch

ool a

tmos

pher

e ho

mel

ike

and

con-

geni

al.

All

clas

ses

will

be

satis

fied

and

will

com

e to

look

upon

the

dist

rict

sch

ool a

nd it

s w

ork

as th

e no

bles

t and

best

in h

uman

end

eavo

r.

'

IND

OO

R F

UR

NIS

HIN

GS

AN

D A

RT

137

The

dir

ty, s

mok

e-be

grim

ed s

choo

lhou

se, w

ith it

s cr

acke

dan

d br

oken

pla

ster

, war

ped

floo

r, r

usty

sto

ve, a

nddi

rt-

stai

ned

win

dow

s, c

an n

o lo

nger

hav

ea

plac

e in

mod

ern

cow

itry

life,

if w

e w

ish

to r

eest

ablis

h it

as th

e ra

llyin

g po

int

in r

ural

life

, a p

lace

whe

rew

e sh

all h

ope

to s

ave

the

coun

-tr

y bo

y an

d gi

rl f

or th

e fa

rm a

nd f

arm

life

.Su

peri

nten

dent

L. B

. Eva

ns o

n th

e Im

port

ance

of

Est

hetic

Env

iron

men

t.L

et S

uper

inte

nden

t Law

ton

B. E

vans

, of

Geo

rgia

, em

phas

ize

this

vita

l poi

nt.

He

says

in th

e R

epor

t of

the

Com

mitt

ee o

f T

wel

ve o

n R

ural

Scho

ols:

1.4

child

ren

are

daily

sur

roun

ded

by th

ose

infl

uenc

es th

atel

evat

eth

em, t

hat m

ake

them

cle

an a

nd w

ell o

rder

ed, t

hat

mak

e th

emlo

ve f

low

ers,

and

pic

ture

s, a

ndpr

oper

dec

orat

ions

, the

y at

last

reac

h th

at d

egre

e of

cul

ture

whe

re n

othi

ng e

lse

will

plea

se th

em.

Whe

n th

ey g

row

up

and

have

hom

es o

f th

eir

own,

they

mus

t hav

eth

em c

lean

, nea

t, br

ight

with

pic

ture

s, a

nd f

ring

edw

ith s

hade

tree

san

d fl

ower

s; f

or th

ey h

ave

been

bro

ught

up to

be

happ

y in

no

othe

ren

viro

nmen

t.T

he tr

ue te

st o

f ou

r ci

viliz

atio

n an

d cu

lture

is th

e ki

ndof

hom

e w

e ar

e co

nten

t to

live

in, a

nd th

e in

flue

nces

of o

ur s

choo

lssh

ould

hel

p to

for

m a

dis

posi

tion

for

thos

e th

ings

that

mak

e ho

me

life

happ

y an

d he

alth

y.If

the

farm

er's

boy

can

be

taug

ht to

love

book

s w

hen

he is

at s

choo

l, he

will

hav

ea

libra

ry in

his

hom

e w

hen

he b

ecom

es a

man

; if

the

farm

er's

gir

lca

n be

taug

ht d

ecor

atio

n at

scho

ol, s

he w

ill w

ant p

ictu

res

and

flow

ers

and

embr

oide

ryw

hen

she

beco

mes

a w

oman

.

Let

us

now

co.

' sid

er th

e sc

hool

hous

e in

teri

orin

det

ail,

afte

r w

hich

we

shal

l dis

cuss

how

the

fitti

ngan

d fu

rnis

hing

may

bes

t be

proc

ured

.

Page 87: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

138

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

Wal

ls a

nd W

oodw

ork.

The

wal

ls s

houl

d be

flo

at-

fini

shed

. A c

oars

e-gr

aine

d su

rfac

e is

less

liab

le to

cra

ck

than

har

d fi

nish

, and

look

s be

tter

whe

ntin

ted.

The

col

or

will

dep

end

upon

the

light

ing

of th

e ro

om.

A n

orth

exp

o-

sure

dem

ands

war

m,

soft

tint

s in

red

, as

crea

m, s

alm

on,

and

terr

a-co

tta, a

nd in

ora

nge

and

yello

w. A

sou

th e

x-

posu

re, o

n th

e co

ntra

ry,

take

s co

lors

whi

ch w

ill a

bsor

b

the

sunl

ight

and

giv

e a

cool

ing

effe

ct.

Shad

es in

gra

y an

d

gree

n ar

e th

e be

st.

The

cei

lings

sho

uld

be ti

nted

a li

ghte

r

colo

r th

an th

e w

alls

. A p

ictu

re m

oldi

ngsh

ould

ext

end

arou

nd th

e ro

om a

bout

two

feet

bel

owth

e ce

iling

.A

drop

cei

ling

of iv

ory-

whi

te c

arri

ed d

own

toth

is m

oldi

ng,

with

wal

ls o

f ol

ive-

gree

n, m

ake

a re

mar

kabl

yfi

ne c

ombi

na-

tion

for

a so

uth

expo

sure

.If

wal

l pap

er is

use

d, it

is w

ell

to a

void

all

flor

id d

esig

ns; t

hepl

ain

ingr

ains

are

the

mos

t

satis

fact

ory.

The

woo

dwor

k sh

ould

be

plai

n an

dfr

ee f

rom

dus

t-

catc

hing

orn

amen

ts.

It is

an

exce

llent

idea

to f

inis

h it

in

the

natu

ral g

rain

if th

e w

ood

is o

f go

odqu

ality

end

mat

ched

for

grai

n.O

ther

wis

e a

pain

t har

mon

izin

g w

ith th

e w

all

tints

is to

be

pref

erre

d.

Furn

iture

.T

he p

upils

' des

ks s

houl

d fa

ce th

e m

ain

entr

ance

, mos

t of

the

light

com

ing

from

the

left

.Si

ngle

desk

s ar

e pr

efer

able

, bot

h fo

r di

scip

linar

yan

d hy

gien

ic

reas

ons.

Adj

usta

ble

seat

s an

d de

sks

are

desi

rabl

e,th

ough

a tr

ifle

mor

e ex

pens

ive

than

the

othe

rs.

Bot

h th

e de

sk

and

seat

may

be

adju

sted

to th

e pu

pils

' nee

ds w

ithre

mar

k-

IND

OO

R F

UR

NIS

HIN

GS

AN

D A

RT

139

able

nic

ety.

Non

-adj

usta

ble

desk

s m

ust b

e gr

aded

acc

ord-

ing

to th

e si

ze o

f th

e pu

pils

.T

he u

sual

way

is to

arr

ange

the

seat

ing

by p

laci

ng th

e la

rges

t sea

ts in

the

rear

of

the

room

and

then

gra

ding

dow

n to

the

smal

lest

at t

he f

ront

.

Som

e te

ache

rs n

ow p

refe

r to

pla

ce th

e la

rges

t sea

ts in

aro

w n

ext t

o th

e w

all f

arth

estf

rom

the

win

dow

s an

d gr

adin

g

the

row

s do

wn

to th

e w

indo

ws.

Thi

s ha

s th

e ad

vant

age

that

the

teac

her

may

kee

p th

e un

ruly

big

boy

as

wel

l as

the

smal

l one

und

er im

med

iate

sur

veill

ance

.N

eces

sary

Equ

ipm

ent,

The

teac

her's

des

k sh

ould

be

a pl

ain,

wel

l set

-up

piec

e of

furn

iture

, with

dra

wer

s fo

r

reco

rd b

ooks

, etc

.T

he li

brar

y sh

ould

be

a co

zy r

oom

.M

attin

g on

the

floo

r w

ould

add

muc

h to

the

appe

aran

ce.

The

boo

k sh

el 'e

s sh

ould

hav

e gl

ass

door

s an

d m

ay b

ebu

ilt r

ight

in th

e w

all;

or b

e m

ovab

le, i

f ad

ded

afte

r th

eco

nstr

uctio

n of

the

build

ing.

The

roo

m s

houl

d fu

rthe

rha

ve a

pol

ishe

d re

adin

g ta

ble,

at l

east

one

-hal

f do

zen

stra

ight

-bac

k ch

airs

, a s

ette

e, a

nd a

cou

ple

of e

asy

chai

rs

the

latte

r fo

r th

e us

e of

vis

itors

.T

he s

choo

lroo

m a

nd

the

libra

ry o

ught

eac

h to

hav

e an

una

brid

ged

dict

iona

ry

with

sta

tiona

ry s

tand

bui

lt ag

ains

t the

wal

l.T

he f

urth

er

equi

pmen

t sho

uld

incl

ude

a ca

se o

f st

anda

rd g

eogr

aphi

cal

map

s, a

set

of

phys

iolo

gica

l cha

rts,

read

ing

and

num

ber

char

ts, a

glo

be a

nd s

uch

othe

r ne

cess

ary

appa

ratu

s as

may

be

expr

essl

y re

com

men

ded

by th

esu

peri

nten

dent

of

scho

ols.

We

unde

rsco

re th

e w

ord

"nec

essa

ry"

abov

e be

caus

e ex

-

Page 88: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

140

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

peri

ence

has

taug

ht th

at th

e sc

hool

dir

ecto

rs w

ho s

how

the

mos

t nig

gard

ly s

piri

t in

the

expe

nditu

re o

f sc

hool

mon

ey f

or s

uch

appa

ratu

s as

is r

eally

need

ed a

re o

ften

the

firs

t to

be c

augh

t in

the

toils

by

wily

age

nts

with

exp

ensi

ve

para

pher

nalia

for

sal

epa

raph

erna

lia b

oth

usel

ess

and

unne

cess

ary

in th

e ru

ral s

choo

ls.

Supe

rint

ende

nt 0

. J. K

ern

on "

Thr

owin

g aw

ay G

ood

Coi

n of

the

Rea

lm."

Supe

rint

ende

nt 0

. J. K

ern

spea

ks

righ

t to

the

poin

t in

his

adm

irab

le b

ook

Am

ong

Cou

ntry

Scho

ols,

in w

hich

he

says

:

Inst

ead

of s

pend

ing

$35

or $

50 o

f th

e sc

hool

iund

s fo

r a

won

-de

rful

cha

rt p

ortr

ayin

g th

e w

hole

sch

eme

in th

e ed

ucat

ion

of m

anfr

om th

e cr

adle

to th

e gr

ave,

why

not

use

the

sam

e am

ount

of

mon

ey f

or p

aint

?T

he c

hart

sta

nds

negl

ecte

d be

cavs

2 th

e te

ache

rca

nnot

use

it in

the

aver

age

scho

ol. A

pla

neta

rium

adv

ertis

ed f

or$3

5, to

"cl

earl

y ill

ustr

ate

and

prac

tical

ly s

olve

the

diff

icul

t pro

b-le

ms

rela

ting

to c

eles

ti2sp

here

, ecl

iptic

, eqt

.inox

es, a

poge

e an

dde

clin

atio

n, r

etro

grad

e m

otio

n of

the

plan

ets,

etc

.," m

ay b

e a

nece

s-sa

ry p

iece

of

appa

ratu

s in

the

hand

s of

a te

ache

r w

ho k

now

s ho

w to

use

it;bu

t cou

ntry

sch

ools

are

nee

ding

sha

des

for

the

win

dow

s, a

hard

woo

d fl

oor,

pai

nt f

or th

e w

alls

, a to

wel

rac

k, a

wat

er ta

nk, a

jack

et a

roun

d th

e st

ove

and

man

y ot

her

thin

gs, m

ore

than

pla

neta

-ri

ums

and

geom

etri

cal b

lock

s.A

nd y

et th

e sc

hool

off

icer

s ar

eth

row

ing

away

goo

d co

in o

f th

e re

alm

in s

uch

purc

hase

s of

app

a-ra

tus

beyo

nd th

e us

e of

the

aver

age

coun

try

scho

ol.

Rat

her

use

the

mon

ey to

pur

chas

e lu

mbe

r, p

aint

, bla

ckbo

ards

, and

soa

p.

The

pro

gres

sive

Illi

nois

edu

cato

r do

es n

ot m

ean

that

scho

ols

may

get

alo

ng w

ithou

t wor

king

app

arat

us.

Far

from

it!

He

begi

ns th

e ca

mpa

ign

at th

e be

ginn

ing

by

IND

OO

R F

UR

NIS

HIN

GS

AN

D A

gT14

1

dem

andi

ng w

ater

and

soa

p an

d pa

int.

Lat

er h

e pu

rpos

esto

get

as

man

y of

the

teac

her's

nec

essa

ry "

tool

s" a

s th

edi

stri

ct c

an a

ffor

d.U

nfor

tuna

te th

e sc

hool

who

se b

oard

mem

bers

are

un-

reas

onab

ly c

hary

in e

xpen

ding

sch

ool m

oney

for

nee

ded

equi

pmen

t!L

et th

e te

ache

r in

sist

and

per

sist

;le

t the

supe

rint

ende

nt b

ack

him

up.

Bet

wee

n th

em th

ey c

an,

in th

e en

d, c

reat

e a

favo

rabl

e se

ntim

ent i

n th

e co

mm

unity

,an

d w

in th

e po

int.

Som

e pe

ople

may

say

des

ks a

ndsh

elve

s an

d di

ctio

nari

es a

re v

ery

good

; but

set

tees

and

easy

-cha

irs

in s

choo

l!th

is is

goi

ng to

o fa

r!N

o do

ubt,

man

y ha

ve s

uch

thou

ghts

.B

ut, m

ind,

the

time

is n

ot f

ardi

stan

t whe

n ev

en e

asy-

chai

rs w

ill b

e co

nced

ed a

pla

ce in

the

wel

l-ap

poin

ted

scho

olho

use!

Cho

ice

of P

ictu

res

:T

hing

s to

be

Con

side

red.

With

the

wal

ls a

nd w

oodw

ork

fini

shed

off

and

the

furn

iture

pro

-vi

ded,

we

are

read

y to

con

side

r th

e w

all d

ecor

atio

ns.

The

teac

her

mus

t use

the

grea

test

dis

crim

inat

ion

in th

e ch

oice

of p

ictu

res.

Goo

d ta

ste

and

artis

tic s

kill

empl

oyed

inth

is im

port

ant t

ask

will

late

r be

ref

lect

ed in

cor

rect

sta

nd-

ards

of

life

acqu

ired

in th

e sc

hool

.T

o be

gin

with

, the

wal

ls s

houl

d no

t be

cove

red

with

pic

ture

car

ds a

nd o

dds

and

ends

.T

his

give

s th

e ro

om a

stu

ffy

effe

ct, a

nd is

out

of p

lace

exc

ept i

n a

cozy

-cor

ner

or d

en a

t hom

e.L

oud-

colo

red

chro

mos

, gau

dy a

dver

tisem

ents

, and

illu

min

ated

cale

ndar

s of

dou

btfu

l mer

it sh

ould

be

avoi

ded.

To

perm

itsu

ch o

rnam

enta

tion

is to

trai

n th

e ch

ildre

n in

the

hap-

;..,

Page 89: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

142

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

haza

rd, w

hich

is b

ound

to b

ear

frui

t in

gaud

y, s

emib

ar-

bari

c ho

me

deco

ratio

ns.

The

sch

oolr

oom

sho

uld

be

chee

ry, b

ut a

t the

sam

e tim

e"

rest

ful i

n its

col

or, d

ecor

a

tions

, and

atm

osph

ere.

"T

he n

umbe

r, s

ize,

and

sha

peof

the

pict

ures

will

dep

end

upon

the

size

and

arra

ngem

ent o

f th

esc

hool

room

.In

a

room

of,

say

, 28

feet

by

30 f

eet,

five

or

s:x

good

-siz

edpi

c-

ture

s w

ould

be

enou

gh.

By

good

siz

e is

mea

nt la

rge

enou

gh to

be

easi

ly s

tudi

ed f

rom

the

fart

hest

cor

ner

of th

e

room

. The

pic

ture

ssh

ould

app

roxi

mat

e 18

inch

es b

y

24 in

ches

, unf

ram

ed.

It is

a g

ood

idea

to u

se p

lain

har

d-

woo

d fr

ames

; bla

ck o

r br

own

are

very

attr

activ

e.Su

s-

pend

the

pict

ures

fro

m th

em

oldi

ng to

avo

id d

rivi

ng

nails

into

the

wal

l.It

is a

lso

esse

ntia

l to

cons

ider

light

and

spa

ce in

han

ging

pict

ures

.Fo

r ex

ampl

e, p

ictu

res

ofin

dist

inct

det

ails

will

show

off

to b

est a

dvan

tage

in s

tron

glig

ht, s

ay, o

n th

e w

all

oppo

site

the

win

dow

s, w

here

thes

e ar

em

asse

d on

one

sid

e.

Han

g ho

rizo

ntal

pic

ture

sw

here

ver

the

wal

l spa

ce is

long

and

low

, as,

for

inst

ance

, abo

veth

e bl

ackb

oard

s.Fo

r th

e

sam

e re

ason

vert

ical

pic

ture

s w

ill lo

ok b

est i

n th

e na

rrow

spac

e at

the

side

sof

the

win

dow

s or

bet

wee

n th

em.

The

pict

ures

for

the

libra

ry c

an b

eco

nsid

erab

ly s

mal

ler,

and

thei

r ha

ngin

g be

gov

erne

d by

shap

e of

wal

l spa

ce, a

rran

ge-

men

ts o

f fu

rnitu

re, e

tc.

Eve

ry P

ictu

re s

elec

ted

shou

ld h

ave

Edu

cativ

e V

alue

.

Eve

ry p

ictu

re s

houl

d be

sel

ecte

dlo

r re

al e

duca

tive

valu

e.

Page 90: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

MO

DE

L C

OU

NT

RY

SC

ot4t

e:-

Mod

el c

ount

ry s

choo

lroo

m s

how

n at

a r

ecen

tIl

linoi

s St

ate

Fair

.N

ote

the

Wat

erbu

ry s

yste

m o

f he

atin

g, s

tove

in e

xtre

me

corn

er,s

ingl

e se

ats,

sect

iona

l boo

kcas

es, s

uspe

nded

glo

be, c

ase

of m

aps,

fern

, nea

tly f

ram

edpi

ctur

es, e

tc.

.74

Scho

ol D

istr

ict a

t, T

urne

r C

ount

y,So

uth

Dak

ota.

Exc

elle

nt li

ght,

good

heat

ing

appa

ratu

s, s

late

bla

ckbo

arkl

,si

ngle

des

ks. T

he a

rran

gem

ent o

!

pict

ures

onth

.!w

all;

alon

e de

trac

ts f

rom

the

othe

rwis

e sa

tisfa

ctor

y

impr

essi

on.

1 '7

8

IND

OO

R F

UR

NIS

HIN

GS

AN

D A

RT

143

Thi

s m

ay ta

ke th

e fo

rm o

f st

udy

of n

atur

e an

d an

imal

life,

as

in B

onhe

ur's

Hor

se F

air,

Ada

n's

Sum

mer

Eve

n-in

g, o

r D

ougl

as's

Vik

ings

; his

tori

cal i

nter

est,

as in

Bic

k-ne

ll's

Bat

tle o

f L

exin

gton

, Bou

ghto

n's

Pilg

rim

Exi

les,

or

Br6

zik'

s C

olum

bus

at th

e C

ourt

of

Isab

ella

;st

udy

of

grea

t men

, as

in D

uple

ssis

' Ben

jam

inFr

ankl

in, S

tuar

t'sG

eorg

e W

ashi

ngto

n, o

r T

rum

bull'

s A

lexa

nder

Ham

ilton

;an

d ge

nuin

e ar

tistic

wor

th, a

s in

Hof

fman

's H

ead

of C

hris

t,M

illet

's T

he A

ngel

us, o

r R

apha

el's

Sis

tine

Mad

onna

.W

e ar

e fo

rtun

ate

to li

ve a

t an

age

whe

n co

pies

of

the

grea

t mas

ters

are

eas

y to

pro

cure

.R

epro

duct

ions

inpr

ints

, car

bons

, pho

togr

avur

es, a

nd c

olor

pri

nts

from

the

orig

inal

s in

pai

ntin

gs, s

culp

ture

, and

arc

hite

ctur

e ar

eof

fere

d fo

r sa

le a

t ver

y re

ason

able

pri

ces

by f

irm

s w

hich

mak

e a

spec

ialty

of

supp

lyin

g th

e ne

eds

of s

choo

ls in

thes

e

lines

.

Plas

ter

Cas

ts.

Plas

ter

cast

s ad

d m

uch

to th

e at

trac

-tiv

enes

s an

d sc

hola

stic

atm

osph

ere

of th

e ro

om.

At l

east

one

good

-siz

ed c

ast s

houl

d be

foun

d in

eve

ry r

ural

sch

ool ;

they

are

inex

pens

ive,

and

the

rang

e of

,u...

;,cts

is la

rge,

incl

udin

g bu

sts

of g

reat

men

, Am

eric

an a

nd f

orei

gn, a

ndre

prod

uctio

ns o

f th

e w

orld

's b

est s

culp

ture

.N

eN.,e

r se

lect

a pe

rfec

tly w

hite

cas

t ;iv

ory

and

crea

m c

olor

s ar

e be

tter,

as th

ey a

re le

ss li

able

to s

oil a

nd s

how

dust

.So

iled

cast

s,

by th

e w

ay, a

re r

eadi

ly r

enov

ated

by

givi

ng th

em a

coa

tof

gol

d or

bro

nze

pain

t.It

is h

oped

that

the

follo

win

g gr

oups

of

cast

s an

d pi

ctur

es

179

Page 91: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

144

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

may

be

sugg

estiv

ean

d ai

d th

e ru

ral t

each

er in

mak

ing

a se

lect

ion

for

the

scho

ol.

Any

one

gro

up s

houl

d be

suff

icie

nt f

or th

e av

erag

e ru

ral s

choo

l.

Firs

t Gro

up.

Cas

t: W

ashi

ngto

n.Pi

ctur

es: T

he B

oy C

hris

t, H

offm

an; S

umre

.cr

Eve

ning

,A

dan;

Bat

tle o

f L

exin

gton

, Bic

knel

l;P.

er in

the

Fore

st,

Bon

heur

; Cic

ero'

s O

ratio

n ag

ains

tC

atili

ne, M

acca

ri.

Seco

nd G

roup

.C

ast:

Sam

uel A

dam

s.Pi

ctur

es:

Sist

ine

Mad

onna

, Rap

hael

; The

Gle

aner

s,M

illet

;M

onar

ch o

f th

e G

len,

Lan

dsee

r;W

ashi

ngto

ncr

ossi

ng th

e D

elaw

are,

Leu

tze;

Tak

ing

aPi

lot,

Seel

ey.

Thi

rd G

roup

.C

ast:

Web

ster

.Pi

ctur

es: P

rim

ary

Scho

ol in

Bri

ttany

,G

eoff

roy;

An

Old

Mon

arch

, Bon

heur

; Bat

tle o

fB

unke

r H

ill, T

rum

-bu

ll; P

lant

ing

Pota

toes

, Mill

et; P

ied

Pipe

rof

Ham

elin

,K

aulb

ach.

Four

th G

roup

Cas

t: L

inco

h..

Pict

ures

: Sig

ning

Dec

lara

tion

of I

ndep

ende

nce,

Tru

m-

bul!

;K

abyl

e, S

chre

yer;

Pri

nces

in th

e T

ower

,M

illai

s;M

eado

w P

ool,

Pear

ce; H

oly

Fam

ily,

Mur

illo.

The

fol

low

ing

pict

ures

are

ver

y su

gges

tive

subj

ects

for

the

libra

ry a

nd r

eadi

ng r

oom

:W

ashi

ngto

n at

Dor

ches

ter

Hei

ghts

, Stu

art;

Sir

Gal

ahad

,W

atts

;B

enja

min

Fra

nklin

, Dup

less

is;

Phot

ogra

vure

sof

Lon

gfel

low

, Em

t rso

n, a

nd M

ann;

The

Part

heno

n,A

then

s; T

he S

phin

x, E

gypt

; Sha

kesp

ere'

sH

ouse

, Eng

-la

nd; S

trat

ford

-on-

Avo

n, E

ngla

nd; T

he R

eade

r,H

unt;

Sir

Wal

ter

Scot

t, L

eslie

; Vic

tor

Hug

o, B

onna

t.

180

IND

OO

R F

UR

NIS

HIN

GS

AN

D A

RT

r45

Rel

iabl

e de

aler

s in

phot

ogra

vure

s, p

rint

s, e

ngra

ving

s,et

chin

gs, c

asts

, etc

.:Pi

ctur

es: T

he P

erry

Pic

ture

Co.

, A. W

. Els

on a

nd C

o.,

The

Pra

ng E

duca

tiona

l Co.

, and

Hor

ace

K. T

urne

rC

o.al

l of

Bos

ton,

Mas

s.C

asts

: P. P

. Cap

roni

and

Co.

, and

Cur

tis a

nd C

amer

on,

both

of

Bos

ton;

and

Ber

lin P

hoto

grap

hic

Co.

, New

Yor

kC

ity.

Now

, how

can

we

secu

re th

e de

sire

d sc

hool

room

dec

o-

ratio

ns?

Scho

ol d

irec

tors

may

not

car

e to

spe

nd d

istr

ict

mon

ey f

or th

is p

urpo

se a

nd, i

ndee

d, c

anha

rdly

be

ex-

pect

ed to

do

so; t

here

fore

, we

mus

t res

ort t

o ot

her

mea

ns.

Let

us

firs

t see

wha

t oth

er s

ectio

ns o

f ou

r co

untr

y ar

e ac

-co

mpl

ishi

ng in

sch

ool d

ecor

atio

n.T

he S

choo

l Im

prov

emen

t Lea

gue

of M

aine

.T

his

leag

ue w

as o

rgan

ized

in 1

898

and

has

a m

embe

rshi

p ap

-pr

oxim

atin

g 6o

,000

ent

husi

astic

teac

hers

,pu

pils

,an

d

patr

ons

scat

tere

d th

roug

hout

the

stat

e.T

he u

nder

lyin

gm

otiv

e of

the

orga

niza

tion

" is

the

awak

enin

g of

a c

on-

trol

ling

inte

rest

in th

e sc

hool

on

the

part

of

its p

upils

and

patr

ons.

"W

hat r

emar

kabl

e su

cces

s it

has

met

with

can

best

be

seen

fro

m th

e st

ate

supe

rint

ende

nt's

rep

ort,

whi

c h

read

s :

The

sta

tem

ent t

hat t

he S

choo

l Im

prov

emen

t Lea

gue

has

done

mor

e fo

r th

e be

tterm

ent o

f th

e sc

hool

s th

an a

ny o

ther

age

ncy

(lur

ing

the

past

qua

rter

of

a ce

ntur

y ha

s be

en p

rove

n by

so

man

yin

stan

ces

that

its

corr

ectn

ess

cann

ot lo

nger

be

ques

tione

d.It

has

ren

dere

d its

gre

ates

t ser

vice

by

calli

ng a

ttent

ion

to p

rese

ntco

nditi

ons,

the

nece

ssity

for

cha

nges

and

con

vinc

ing

the

peop

le

L.

181

Page 92: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

146

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

conc

erne

d th

at th

e w

ork

mus

t be

done

by

thos

e liv

ing

in th

e co

n

mun

ity in

whi

ch th

e sc

hool

islo

cate

d.C

once

ntra

ting

the

atte

n.

tion

of th

e en

tire

popu

latio

n of

any

sect

ion

upon

its

scho

ol in

tere

sts

alw

ays

rem

its, n

ot o

nly

in b

ette

rsc

hool

s, b

ut a

lso

in s

how

ing

the

peop

le th

at th

ey m

ust d

ecid

e w

hats

hall

be d

one

and

be r

espo

nsib

le

for

its p

erfo

rman

ce.

Thi

s ne

cess

itate

s th

e de

visi

ng o

f pl

ans,

the

choi

ce o

f po

ssib

ilitie

s, ta

ste

inse

lect

ing,

and

judg

men

t in

usin

g.

The

se e

ffor

ts, i

n tu

rn, r

esul

t in

inte

llect

ual t

rain

ing,

mor

al n

urtu

re,

and

esth

etic

cul

ture

.

In it

s fe

w y

ears

of

exis

tenc

eth

e le

ague

has

impr

oved

the

cond

ition

s of

alm

ost e

very

scho

ol in

the

stat

e by

exe

rt-

ing

an in

flue

nce

rc.s

ultin

gin

ren

ovat

ed a

nd b

eaut

ifie

d

inte

rior

s, b

ette

r ph

ysic

alsu

rrou

ndin

gs, a

nd w

ell-

supp

lied

rura

l sch

ool l

ibra

ries

.B

ut, "

eve

n be

tter

than

that

,"

to q

uote

fur

ther

from

he

leag

ue r

epor

t, "

in a

nin

crea

sing

sens

e of

res

pons

ibili

tyth

e pu

pils

are

man

ifes

ting

in m

atte

rs

of p

rim

e im

port

ance

toth

em, a

nd in

a s

tron

ger

inte

rest

in th

e lo

cal s

choo

l."O

ther

sta

tes,

fol

low

ing

the

exam

ple

set b

y M

aine

, are

acco

mpl

ishi

ng p

rais

ewor

thy

resu

lts.

Ten

s of

thou

sand

s

of d

olla

rs a

re e

xpen

ded

annu

ally

now

for

rur

al s

choo

l

deco

ratio

ns.

Onl

y a

few

yea

rs b

ack

the

mov

emen

t was

prac

tical

ly u

nkno

wn;

now

citi

es a

ndvi

llage

s ev

eryw

here

are

doin

g m

uch

for

art i

n th

e sc

hool

, thr

ough

loca

lim

prov

e-

men

t ass

ocia

tions

, by

cond

uctin

g ly

ceum

cou

rses

, and

in

othe

r w

ays

accu

mul

atin

gfu

nds.

Wha

t can

the

1,:d

ivid

ual T

each

erD

o.N

ow th

e qu

es-

tion

aris

es, w

hat s

hall

the

indi

vidu

al r

ural

sch

ool t

each

er

182

IND

OO

R F

UR

NIS

HIN

GS

AN

:3 A

RT

147

do to

pro

vide

suc

h de

cora

tions

for

her

scho

ol ?

The

answ

er w

illde

pend

upo

n se

vera

l thi

ngs

upon

whe

ther

she

will

hav

e to

wor

k al

one

orin

con

junc

tion

with

oth

er

teac

hers

of

the

coun

ty u

nder

the

lead

ersh

ip o

f th

e su

per-

inte

nden

t.If

she

has

to d

epen

d so

lely

on

hers

elf,

she

mus

t

mak

e us

e of

eve

ry o

unce

of

natu

ral i

ngen

uity

to w

in o

ut;

if th

e su

peri

nten

dent

pla

ces

him

self

at t

he h

ead

of th

e ar

s

cam

paig

n, h

er w

ork

will

be

grea

tly s

impl

ifie

d.

Thi

s is

wha

t one

Kan

sas

teac

her

has

acco

mpl

ishe

d,

sing

le-h

ande

d an

d un

aide

d by

her

supe

rint

ende

nt.

And

wha

t she

has

don

e ot

hers

can

do, o

r at

leas

t try

to d

o.

Mis

s a

ente

red

upon

her

dutie

s'as

teac

her

of a

cer

tain

smal

l dis

tric

t in

Atc

hiso

n co

unty

,in

Sept

embe

r, I

goe,

.Sh

e

foun

d th

e bu

ildin

g in

a f

air

stat

eof

rep

air,

and

scr

upul

ousl

y

clea

n!T

his

latte

r fe

atur

e, w

hich

was

as

rem

arka

ble

as it

is

unus

ual i

n ru

ral s

choo

ls, w

as r

eadi

lytr

aced

to th

e w

ife

of

one

of th

edi

rect

ors,

who

se D

utch

hab

its o

flo

ve f

or s

oap

and

wat

er f

orba

de h

er to

per

mit

" te

ache

r "

to lo

ok u

pon

a di

rty

scho

olro

om.

The

woo

dwor

k w

as p

aint

ed a

ding

y

gray

, with

wal

lsca

lcim

ined

a s

tart

ling

navy

-blu

e'G

roup

-

ings

of

pict

ure

card

s, g

audy

disp

lay

card

s ill

ustr

ativ

e of

farm

mac

hine

ry a

nd th

ebe

nefi

ts o

f st

ock-

food

, tog

ethe

r

with

cal

enda

rs a

lmos

t with

out

num

ber,

wer

e sp

rink

led

in

a lu

dicr

ous

fash

ion

over

this

bac

kgro

und.

Am

idst

suc

h

grot

esqu

e su

rrou

ndin

gsth

e ar

t cam

paig

n be

gan.

Wha

t the

Plu

cky

Tea

cher

can

Acc

ompl

ish.

The

fir

st

step

was

to g

et th

e w

alk

retin

ted.

The

boa

rd y

ield

ed to

183

Page 93: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

148

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

LSC

HO

OL

the

teac

her's

whi

m, a

sth

ey n

o do

ubt c

onsi

dere

dit,

aft

er

muc

h pe

rsua

sion

on

her

part

, and

agr

eed

tore

pain

t the

room

.A

s a

resu

lt, w

ork

bega

n th

e ve

ry n

ext

Frid

ay

even

ing,

and

whe

n th

ech

ildre

n re

turn

ed to

sch

ool

Mon

day

mor

ning

, the

re w

as th

e ro

ombe

autif

ul a

nd f

resh

with

its

wal

ls a

pea

rly

gray

and

the

woo

dwor

k a

deep

ersh

ade

of

the

sam

e co

lor.

Thi

s m

uch

was

acc

ompl

ishe

dth

e fi

rst

wee

k at

an

outla

y of

$13

.50,

and

the

way

was

ope

ned

to

bette

r th

ings

.So

me

may

say

she

did

not

acco

mpl

ish

muc

h; w

e co

uld

all h

ave

done

as

wel

l.T

his

is v

ery

true

,

we

all c

ould

do a

s w

ell i

f w

e on

lyw

ould

! H

ow m

any

of u

s

have

rea

lly th

e te

mer

ity to

insi

st o

n w

hat w

e de

emes

sent

ial

for

best

sch

ool w

ork

?H

ow m

any

of u

sin

conv

enie

nce

ours

elve

s an

d re

ally

go

out

of o

ur w

ay to

cha

nge

nres

ent

scho

ol e

vils

?T

his

muc

h is

cer

tain

, the

teac

her

who

has

such

initi

ativ

e is

the

teac

her

to h

ave;

she

will

be s

ure

of

earl

y pr

efer

men

t and

ris

ein

the

educ

atio

nal w

orld

.

Art

Pro

gram

mes

and

Bas

ket S

uppe

rs.

Mis

s D

.,

as a

nex

t ste

p,pr

ovid

ed a

t her

ow

n ex

pens

esm

all d

esk

copi

esof

the

Perr

y pi

ctur

es a

ndde

vote

dth

eda

ily

open

ing

exer

cise

s to

talk

s on

art,

in th

is w

ayse

ekin

g to

crea

te a

love

for

the

beau

tiful

.It

is w

ell t

o st

ate

here

that

our

teac

her

was

no

mor

eof

an

artis

t tha

n is

the

or-

dina

ry r

ural

teac

her;

but s

he h

ad a

love

for

thes

e th

ings

and

was

thor

ough

lyve

rsed

in th

em, t

hrou

ghre

adin

g su

ch

exce

llent

boo

ks a

s C

offi

n's

How

to S

tudy

Pic

ture

s,E

mer

y's

How

to E

njoy

Pic

ture

s, e

tc.

Soon

she

laun

ched

bef

ore

her

lsgl

t

IND

OO

R F

UR

NIS

HIN

GS

AN

D A

RT

149

pupi

ls a

pla

n fo

r se

curi

ngpi

ctur

es f

or th

e ba

re w

alls

, apl

an

whi

ch w

as e

nthu

sias

tical

lyre

ceiv

ed b

y al

l.It

was

agr

eed

to c

once

ntra

teal

l eff

orts

on

two

pict

ures

by

way

of b

egin

-

ning

Bon

heur

's H

orse

Fai

r an

dM

illet

's A

ngel

us.

X"

Bon

heur

-Mill

et p

rogr

amm

e w

asar

rang

ed f

or th

e ev

enin

g

of th

e th

ird

Frid

ay in

Nov

embe

r.Pr

inte

d in

vita

tions

and

prog

ram

mes

wer

e se

nt to

eve

rypa

tron

and

res

iden

t in

the

dist

rict

.M

oreo

ver,

a c

omm

ittee

, hea

ded

by M

iss

D.,

wai

ted

on th

e ho

usew

ives

of th

e co

mm

unity

,so

liciti

ng

them

to f

urni

sh a

bas

ket s

uppe

rfo

r tw

o, th

e pr

ocee

ds f

rom

whi

ch w

ere

to b

e us

ed f

orsc

hool

dec

orat

ions

.W

hen

the

time

set a

rriv

ed th

e fo

llow

ing

prog

ram

me

was

ren

dere

d to

a cr

owde

dho

use:

Son

g by

the

Sch

ool

"0 C

ome,

Com

e A

way

"

Brie

f tal

k: "

Our

Aim

"T

each

er

" Li

fc a

nd W

orks

of R

osa

Bon

heur

"A

girl

" H

isto

ry o

f the

Hor

se F

air

'"A

boy

Qua

rtet

sel

ecte

d"T

he H

ards

crab

bles

"

" Li

fe a

nd W

orks

of J

ean

Fra

ncoi

sM

illet

"A

boy

" H

isto

ry o

f the

' A

ngel

us '

"A

girl

Voc

al S

olo:

" T

he V

espe

r B

ells

"Y

oung

wom

an fr

om th

e co

unty

sea

t

Brie

f tal

k on

" S

choo

lhou

seD

ecor

atio

n"C

ount

y S

uper

inte

nden

t

Auc

tion

of B

aske

ts

Sup

per

Sta

tem

ent o

f Fin

ance

s

Son

g: "

Goo

dN

ight

"T

he S

choo

l

The

sup

per

nette

d $3

7.40

.Fr

ee-w

ill o

ffer

ings

incr

ease

d

the

tota

l to

$43.

40.

Aft

er p

ayin

g th

e ex

pens

e of

prin

ting

'18

5

Page 94: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

I SO

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

the

prog

ram

mes

and

invi

tatio

ns, t

here

rem

aine

d $4

1.90

to

be e

xpen

ded

for

deco

ratio

ns.

Her

e is

a li

st o

f th

e pu

r-ch

ases

, inc

ludi

ng s

ize

and

pric

e:

Bon

heur

's H

orse

Fai

r, C

olor

Pri

nt, 1

8 x

22$

5.00

Bus

t of

Geo

rge

Was

hing

ton,

Hal

f Si

ze5.

00

Abr

aham

Lin

coln

, Bro

wn

Prin

t, z8

x 2

24

00M

illet

's A

ngel

us, B

row

n Pr

int,

22 X

32

7.00

Bou

ghto

n's

Pilg

rim

s G

oing

to C

hurc

h, C

olor

Pri

nt, 1

8 x

221

5.00

Hen

ry W

adsw

orth

Lon

gfel

low

, Bro

wn

Prin

t, 18

x 3

25.

00

Fram

es f

or th

e ab

ove

pict

ures

i r s

o$4

1.50

It is

har

d to

ove

rest

imat

e th

e va

lue

of th

is o

ne p

ro-

gram

me

and

soci

al e

veni

ng to

the

" H

ards

crab

ble

Dis

-

tric

t "in

last

ing

resu

lts.

The

sch

ool a

tmos

pher

e be

cam

e

sudd

enly

cha

nged

.C

lean

wal

ls, p

aint

ed in

res

tful

tint

s,

gree

ted

the

happ

y ch

ildre

n;al

l day

long

the

pic

..ire

s on

the

wal

l spo

ke in

no

unce

rtai

n te

rms,

look

ing

do w

n up

onth

em f

rom

thei

r fr

ames

, ble

ssin

g an

d in

spir

ing.

The

love

for

the

beau

tiful

in li

fe th

us im

plan

ted

in th

e ch

ild b

reas

tw

ill b

ear

a bo

untif

ul h

arve

st in

its

time.

Chi

ldre

n an

d

pare

nts

alik

e ar

e bl

esse

d in

suc

h a

teac

her.

Prog

ram

mes

of

Sim

ilar

Nat

ure.

The

sch

ool y

ear

affo

rds

num

erou

s oc

casi

ons

for

hold

ing

sim

ilar

prog

ram

mes

. The

teac

her

mig

ht p

lan

a H

arve

st H

ome

Soci

al, d

ecor

atin

g th

"ro

om in

sea

sona

ble

prod

ucts

of

the

soil,

as

corn

and

can

e.

The

bes

t fru

its f

rom

the

scho

ol g

arde

n w

ould

add

muc

h to

the

appe

aran

ce o

f th

e ro

om a

s w

ell a

s to

the

impo

rtan

ce o

f

186

IND

OO

R F

UR

NIS

HIN

GS

AN

D A

RT

151

the

occa

sion

.A

fter

the

prog

ram

me

a ba

sket

sup

per

shou

ld

follo

w.

Tha

nksg

ivin

g D

ay a

ffor

ds o

ppor

tuni

ty to

pla

nso

met

hing

ela

bora

te.

The

n in

man

y ru

ral d

istr

icts

the

Chr

istm

as h

olid

ays

are

unex

celle

d fo

r en

terp

rise

s of

this

kind

.O

f co

urse

it w

ould

mea

n th

at th

e te

ache

r m

ust

fore

go s

ome

of h

er h

ome

plea

sure

s; b

ut th

ink

wha

t it

wou

ld m

ean

to th

e co

mm

unity

of

toile

rs w

hose

mis

sion

ary

that

teac

her

is!

It w

ould

be

time

wel

l inv

este

d an

d ce

rtai

n

to b

ear

its r

ewar

d.W

hat t

he C

ount

y Su

peri

nten

dent

can

do

for

Art

inR

ural

Sch

ools

.T

he c

ount

y su

peri

nten

dent

can

gen

eral

ly

do m

ore

than

any

oth

er p

erso

n to

pla

n a

conc

erte

d m

ove-

men

t to

supp

ly th

e sc

hool

s w

ith d

ecor

atio

ns.

An

exce

llent

plan

wou

ld b

e fo

r hi

m to

org

aniz

e al

l the

sch

ools

of

the

coun

ty in

to g

roup

s, m

akin

g, s

ay, t

he to

wns

hip

the

unit

of g

roup

ing.

The

n le

t the

sup

erin

tend

ent m

ake

arra

nge-

men

ts w

ith o

ne o

f th

e m

any

art f

irm

s ha

ving

trav

elin

gex

hibi

ts f

or th

e lo

an o

f pi

ctur

es.

The

se s

houl

d be

ex-

hibi

ted

for

one

or tw

o da

ys, a

t the

larg

est a

nd m

ost c

entr

ally

situ

ated

sch

oolh

ouse

or

hall

in e

ach

tow

nshi

p.E

very

teac

her

in th

e to

wns

hip,

with

out e

xcep

tion,

mus

t hav

e a

part

in th

e en

terp

rise

.T

he s

ucce

ss o

r fa

ilure

of

the

exhi

bit

lies

who

lly in

the

ener

gy a

nd e

nthu

sias

m d

ispl

ayed

by

all

the

teac

hers

.L

et th

em v

ie w

ith -

ach

othe

r to

see

who

can

get t

he la

rges

t num

ber

of p

atro

ns a

nd c

hild

ren

toat

tend

.T

he ti

me

mig

ht r

eadi

ly b

e pl

anne

d in

suc

h a

way

as

to a

void

und

ue c

row

ding

at a

ny o

ne ti

me.

In

187

Page 95: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

152

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

the

coun

try

one

can

read

ily c

harg

e tw

enty

-fiv

e ce

nts

ad-

mis

sion

for

adu

lts, w

ith r

easo

nabl

e re

duct

ion

on f

amily

ticke

ts, a

nd f

ifte

en c

ents

for

chi

ldre

n.T

he s

uper

inte

nden

t oug

ht to

mak

e hi

mse

lf p

erso

nally

resp

onsi

ble

for

the

succ

ess

of th

e ex

hibi

ts b

y m

akin

g th

eto

wns

hip

roun

ds a

nd g

ivin

g, p

erha

ps, a

n ad

dres

s on

sch

ool

deco

ratio

ns a

nd th

eir

impo

rtan

ce to

edu

catio

n.B

y th

us

lend

ing

him

self

to th

e ca

use

he c

ould

do

mor

e go

od a

ndas

sure

him

self

of

a la

rger

acq

uain

tanc

eshi

p am

ong

the

publ

ic th

an in

any

oth

er w

ay.

The

net

pro

ceed

s fr

om a

dmis

sion

s an

d sa

les

of p

ictu

res

shou

ld b

e di

vide

d eq

ually

am

ong

the

part

icip

atin

g sc

hool

s,

and

be e

xpen

ded

for

pict

ures

and

cas

ts.

The

Hor

ace

K.

Tur

ner

Com

pany

, Art

Pub

lishe

rs a

nd I

mpo

rter

s of

Bos

ton;

The

Pra

ng E

duca

tiona

l Com

pany

of

Chi

cago

; The

J. C

.W

itter

Com

pany

, Fif

th A

ve.,

New

Yor

k; a

nd T

he S

oule

Art

Com

pany

of

Bos

ton,

are

som

e of

the

man

y re

liabl

efi

rms

whi

ch s

end

out l

oan

exhi

bits

for

edu

catio

nal p

urpo

ses.

It c

an th

us b

e se

en th

at to

sup

ply

our

rura

l sch

ools

with

art d

ecor

atio

ns is

not

an

impo

ssib

ility

.A

littl

e en

ter-

pris

e, s

ome

pers

iste

nt w

ork,

and

a r

easo

nabl

e m

easu

re o

f

grit

will

do

won

ders

.T

each

ers

may

wag

e th

e ca

mpa

ign

unai

ded

or in

con

junc

tion

with

oth

er te

ache

rs a

nd th

esu

peri

nten

dent

.W

here

ver

the

plan

s ha

ve b

een

trie

d,

resu

lts h

ave

abun

dant

ly ju

stif

ied

the

labo

r ne

cess

ary

for

succ

ess.

Let

teac

hers

, sup

erin

tend

ents

, and

fri

ends

of

educ

atio

n

1. 4

IND

OO

R F

UR

NIS

HIN

GS

AN

D A

RT

153

in o

ur c

ount

ry d

istr

icts

eve

ryw

here

lend

a ha

nd in

the

cam

paig

n.L

et a

ll do

som

ethi

ng to

sat

isfy

the

rura

l chi

ld's

crav

ing

for

the

beau

tiful

and

the

uplif

ting

in li

few

hich

isth

e co

mm

on in

heri

tanc

e of

all

man

kind

.L

et u

s do

it b

ym

akin

g th

eir

scho

olho

uses

attr

activ

e an

dho

mel

ike.

Page 96: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

CH

APT

ER

IX

NA

TU

RE

ST

UD

Y; S

CH

OO

L G

RO

UN

DS

Now

that

we

have

set

the

scho

ol b

uild

ing

to r

ight

s it

is ti

me

to!r

opsi

der

the

valu

e of

a c

orre

spon

ding

out

door

envi

ronm

ent

of s

choo

l gro

unds

and

sch

ool g

arde

ns w

hich

shal

l mak

e an

app

ropr

iate

set

ting

for

the

dign

ifie

d m

oder

nst

ruct

ure.

We

have

alr

eady

allu

ded

to th

is s

ubje

ct w

hen-

ever

it b

ecam

e ne

cess

ary

to d

o so

on

acco

unt o

f its

clo

sere

latio

n to

indo

or a

rt a

nd s

imila

r br

anch

es o

f es

thet

ics.

It r

emai

ns n

ow to

poi

nt o

ut m

ore

in d

etai

l how

bea

utif

ulfl

ower

s, s

hrub

s, a

nd tr

ees,

how

sch

ool g

arde

ns, l

awns

,an

d gr

oves

may

be

mad

e in

stru

men

ts in

sav

ing

the

farm

child

fro

m th

e al

lure

men

ts o

f ci

ty li

fe a

nd m

ake

him

con

-te

nted

with

life

on

the

farm

.O

ur S

choo

l Wor

k to

o Fo

rmal

and

Boo

kish

.A

ll ou

rsc

hool

wor

k ha

s be

en to

o fo

rmal

and

boo

kish

. We

have

all a

long

rel

ied

too

muc

h on

text

-boo

ks to

the

negl

ec, o

fre

al li

ving

nat

ure.

IT^.

:w

e ar

e be

ginn

ing

to r

ealiz

ec

impo

rtan

ce o

f th

e lo

ve a

nti s

tudy

ot t

iatu

re, a

nd a

re c

omin

g

to s

ee th

at f

rom

it h

ave

spru

ng lo

ve o

f ar

t, sc

ienc

e, a

ndre

ligio

n.Pa

rado

xica

l as

it m

ay s

ound

, the

far

m c

hild

has

lived

in th

e ve

ry h

eart

of

natu

re a

nd y

et r

emai

ned

a15

4

NA

TU

RE

ST

UD

Y; S

CH

OO

L G

RO

UN

DS

155

stra

nger

ther

e.In

the

stru

ggle

to s

ubdu

e fo

rest

and

pla

inhi

s fa

ther

and

gra

ndfa

ther

bef

ore

him

had

sca

nt ti

me

for

anyt

hing

but

to w

ring

a li

ving

fro

m th

e so

il.N

atur

ally

enou

gh h

e in

heri

ts c

erta

in "

pra

ctic

al "

trai

ts w

hich

mak

ehi

m p

rone

to ju

dge

natu

re b

y th

e co

mm

erci

al s

tand

ard

rath

er th

an to

love

it f

or it

s ow

n sa

ke.

To

chan

ge th

ese

mis

conc

eptio

ns th

e ne

w te

ache

r m

ust b

e ab

le to

take

the

child

in it

s ow

n lit

tle w

orld

and

lead

it a

long

the

path

way

of li

fe, d

irec

ting

its n

ativ

e ad

apta

bilit

ies,

sen

timen

ts, a

ndpo

wer

s, a

nd th

ere

deve

lop

in th

e ch

ild b

reas

t a s

ympa

thy

with

its

envi

ronm

ent a

nd in

the

child

min

d an

und

erst

and-

ing

of n

atur

e an

d na

ture

's w

ays

then

, onc

e aw

aken

edto

the

surp

assi

ng b

eaut

ies

of r

ural

env

iron

men

ts, t

heA

mer

ican

boy

and

gir

l will

no

long

er b

e in

dan

ger

of d

e-se

rtin

g th

e fa

rm f

or th

e m

an-m

ade

glitt

er o

f th

e ci

ty.

Nat

ure

Stud

y D

efin

ed. W

e m

ay f

ind

a so

lutio

n fo

r m

any

of o

ur p

rese

nt d

iffi

culti

es in

sch

ool w

ork

in w

hat i

s ge

ner-

ally

cal

led

natu

re s

tudy

.T

his

is n

ot s

o m

uch

an a

ttem

ptto

add

ano

ther

sub

ject

to a

n al

read

y ov

ercr

owde

d cu

r-ri

culu

m.

It is

rat

her

a ne

w d

irec

tion

give

n to

old

sub

ject

sa

leav

en in

fuse

d in

to o

ld f

orm

sth

an a

nyth

ing

else

.It

app

lies

in g

reat

mea

sure

to th

e en

tire

cour

se o

f st

udy,

sinc

e it

is p

ossi

ble

to e

ncou

rage

the

child

to c

lose

and

care

ful o

bser

vatio

n of

nat

ure

thro

ugh

a pr

oper

ly d

irec

ted

less

on in

l'ng

lish

com

posi

tion

as r

eadi

ly a

lmos

t as

thro

ugh

less

ons

inge

ogra

phy

and

elem

enta

rysc

ienc

e.M

ost

satis

fact

ory,

per

haps

, is

the

defi

nitio

n of

Dr.

Clif

ton

F.

191

Page 97: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

56T

HE

AM

ER

ICA

N R

UR

AL

SC

HO

OL

Hod

ge in

his

wel

l-kn

own

book

, Nat

ure

Stud

y an

d L

ife

He

form

ulat

es it

, as

" le

arni

ng th

ose

thin

gs in

nat

ure

that

are

bes

t wor

th k

now

ing,

to th

e en

d of

doi

ng th

ose

thin

gs th

at m

ake

life

mos

t wor

th li

ving

."In

rur

al c

om-

mun

ities

thos

e th

ings

arc

man

ifes

tly b

est w

orth

kno

win

gw

hich

tend

to m

ake

peop

le th

ere

cont

ent w

ith th

eir

lot;

aye,

mor

e t w

hich

hel

p th

em to

rea

lize

that

rur

al li

fe is

for

Am

eric

ans

the

norm

al li

feth

e be

st li

fe a

ttain

able

in th

isgr

eate

st o

f ag

ricu

ltura

l nat

ions

!H

ow N

atur

e St

udy

is V

alua

ble

to th

e R

ural

Chi

ld.

The

val

ues

of n

atur

e st

udy

to th

e ru

ral c

hild

are

man

y an

dfa

r-re

achi

ng.

Wri

ters

off

er v

ario

us m

etho

ds o

fcl

assi

-

fica

tion.

Whi

le s

ome

mak

e us

e of

two

divi

sion

s on

ly,

wst

hetic

and

sci

entif

ic,

othe

rs g

o fa

rthe

r an

d gi

ve a

sm

any

as f

ive

or m

ore.

For

conv

enie

nce

we

may

cla

ssif

yth

ese

valu

es a

s(i

) ec

onom

ic, (

2)ae

sthe

tic, (

3) s

ocia

let

hica

l, (4

) re

ligio

us, (

5) e

duca

tiona

l.

Eco

nom

ic.

The

eco

nom

ic is

cou

nted

the

firs

t, th

ough

cert

ainl

y no

t the

hig

hest

, nat

ure-

stud

y va

lue.

With

in-

crea

se in

pop

ulat

ion

farm

ing

lust

bec

ome

inte

nsiv

e an

dsc

ient

ific

.In

the

past

we

have

bee

n w

aste

ful a

nd p

rodi

gal

of o

ur g

reat

res

ourc

es; b

ut w

e ar

e le

arni

ng n

ew le

sson

sin

eco

nom

y ev

ery

day.

Incr

easi

ng c

ost o

f fa

rm la

nds

dem

ands

gre

ater

ret

urns

fro

m th

e so

il.T

o ac

com

plis

hth

is w

e m

ust s

tudy

nat

ure

and

lear

n fr

om it

how

topr

ovid

e ag

ains

t nee

dles

s w

aste

and

insu

re in

crea

sed

pro-

duct

iven

ess.

NATURE STUDY; SCHOOL GROUNDS

157

We

mus

t beg

in a

t the

beg

inni

ng a

nd s

tudy

fro

m th

ebo

ttom

up.

As

a na

tion

Am

eric

ans

are

not i

ntim

ate

with

natu

re.

Our

sch

ool

child

ren

have

bee

n ke

ptbu

sy a

tta

sks

little

cal

cula

ted

to m

ake

them

fam

iliar

with

the

coro

n go

ods

in n

atur

e or

with

its

evil

thin

gs.

Chi

ldre

n sh

ould

kno

w th

e va

lue

of p

ure

air

and

pure

wat

er,

the

infl

uenc

e of

she

lteri

ng f

ores

ts a

nd s

hade

tree

s, th

eim

port

ance

to li

fe o

n th

e fa

rm o

f be

nefi

cent

bir

ds, i

nsec

ts,

and

batr

achi

an a

nim

als.

The

y sh

ould

, on

the

othe

rha

nd, b

e fa

mili

ar w

ith th

e pe

sts

cons

tant

ly m

enac

ing

life

ever

ywhe

re, s

uch

as d

estr

uctiv

e in

sect

s, b

irds

, and

oth

eran

imal

s, n

oxio

us w

eeds

and

mul

tifor

m v

eget

able

dis

ease

.It

app

eals

str

ongl

y to

a f

arm

ing

com

mun

ity to

hav

eth

eir

child

ren

acco

mpl

ish

real

,ta

ngib

lere

sults

.T

heef

fect

is to

dra

w e

ver

clos

er th

e tie

s w

hich

bin

d th

e sc

hool

-

hous

e an

d fa

rm h

ome

thro

ugh

kind

red

inte

rest

s.O

ut o

fsu

ch b

egin

ning

s hi

gher

mot

ives

will

eve

ntua

lly d

evel

op.

At a

ll ev

ents

, the

stu

dy o

f re

al n

atur

e op

ens

poss

ibili

ties

for

the

farm

chi

ld h

ither

to u

nkno

wn.

It is

a g

rand

thin

gto

lear

n in

sch

ool a

nd o

n ex

curs

ions

with

the

teac

her

into

the

woo

ds a

nd o

ver

the

hills

the

thou

sand

and

one

thin

gsw

hich

mak

e lif

e w

orth

livi

ng.

The

far

mer

will

take

are

new

ed in

tere

st in

the

scho

ol th

at c

an te

ach

his

child

ren

thin

gs o

f pr

actic

al v

alue

for

the

farm

.T

here

are

thin

gsfo

r hi

m to

lear

n, to

o.It

is d

oubt

ful w

heth

er th

e av

erag

efa

rmer

rea

lizes

the

harm

don

e by

the

unsi

ghtly

wee

ds,

fung

us g

row

ths,

and

the

like,

to b

e se

en a

bout

the

prem

ises

;

S' 3

Page 98: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

158

THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL

or th

e va

lue

of b

irds

and

toad

s an

d be

nefi

cent

inse

cts

insa

ving

the

orch

ard

and

fiel

d fr

om r

avag

e an

d de

vast

atio

n.So

me

day

his

child

ren

will

com

e ho

me

from

the

new

rur

alsc

hool

the

mod

ern

com

plem

ent o

ffa

rm li

fean

dte

ach

him

.

Est

hetic

. All

man

kind

love

the

beau

tiful

.It

app

eals

to th

eir

sens

e of

the

perf

ect.

The

hum

an m

ind

rece

ives

an

uplif

t in

the

harm

ony

and

sym

met

ry c

omin

g th

roug

h th

eun

ific

atio

n of

div

erse

ele

men

ts, m

anif

estin

g its

elf

in o

ut-

war

d co

nten

tmen

t and

hap

pine

ss.

As

soon

as

a pe

ople

has

subd

ued

prim

itive

nat

ure

with

whi

ch it

has

had

to c

onte

ndan

d ha

s w

rung

fro

m it

a s

uste

nanc

e, it

see

ks to

sur

roun

dits

elf

with

the

beau

tiful

in n

atur

e, th

ereb

y sa

tisfy

ing

an in

stin

ctiv

e cr

avin

g to

get

abo

ve th

e so

rdid

in li

fe.

The

pag

es o

f hi

stor

y fu

rnis

h us

unt

old

illus

trat

ion.

The

rock

-rib

bed

tom

bs o

f E

gypt

bea

r si

lent

witn

ess

to th

islo

ve o

f th

e be

autif

ul in

a n

atio

n liv

ing

5000

year

s ag

o.L

ate

exca

vatio

ns a

t Nip

pur

tell

the

stor

y of

mar

velo

usga

rden

s an

d pa

rks

whi

ch 6

000

year

s ag

o gl

adde

ned

the

hear

ts o

f th

e E

uphr

ates

dw

elle

rs.

Neb

ucha

dnez

zar

con-

stru

cted

the

mar

velo

us H

angi

ng G

arde

ns o

f B

abyl

on to

cons

ole

his

quee

n pi

ning

for

the

wild

bea

utie

s of

her

nativ

e M

edia

n hi

lls.

:Est

hetic

cul

ture

,w

ith u

s,w

ill

teac

h th

e co

untr

y fo

lk to

love

thei

r na

tive

woo

ds a

ndpr

airi

es;

it w

ill m

ake

them

con

tent

to d

wel

l the

re a

ndlo

ng f

or th

em w

hen

away

.T

o at

tain

this

end

itis

not

eno

ugh

to ta

lk a

bout

the

NATURE STUDY; SCHOOL GROUNDS

159

won

ders

of

natu

re o

r its

sub

lime

infl

uenc

e;w

e m

ust

stud

y an

d di

g an

d pl

ant.

At h

ome

and

at s

choo

l the

sm

all

still

voi

ce o

f na

ture

sho

uld

be p

erm

itted

to c

omm

une

with

us th

roug

h be

autif

ul f

low

ers

and

wav

ing

gras

ses,

she

lteri

ng

shru

bs a

nd s

prea

ding

tree

s.A

for

lorn

, win

d-sw

ept s

choo

l

grou

nd is

mor

e th

an w

e ca

n re

aliz

e th

e fi

rst c

ause

to w

eary

the

boy

and

girl

of

coun

try

scho

ols

and

coun

try

life.

Tea

ch th

em th

e su

rpas

sing

bea

uty

of r

ural

env

iron

men

t')

on th

e sc

hool

gro

unds

and

in th

e sc

hool

gar

dens

teac

h th

em to

dig

and

pla

nt; a

s te

ache

r, d

ig a

nd p

lant

side

by

side

with

them

.T

hen

the

very

Ear

th s

hall

prea

chhe

r se

rmon

s in

thei

r ea

rs a

nd m

ake

them

str

ong

in th

eir

love

to d

wel

l clo

se to

nat

ure'

s he

art.

Soci

al a

nd E

thic

al.

Prop

erly

dir

ecte

d, n

atur

e st

udy

may

do

muc

h to

teac

h ch

ildre

n to

res

pect

the

righ

ts o

fot

hers

.T

he s

oone

r a

child

lear

ns th

at th

ere

are

soci

alan

d m

oral

obl

igat

ions

whi

ch h

e is

in d

uty

boun

d to

re-

spec

t, th

e be

tter

it w

ill b

e fo

r th

at c

hild

.E

very

boy

and

girl

is f

ull o

f en

ergy

.T

he s

urpl

us w

ill f

ind

a ve

nt s

ome-

how

, and

be

put t

o us

e, g

ood

or e

vil,

as d

irec

ted.

If th

eyar

e ea

rly

led

to lo

ve n

atur

e, th

e5r

will

lear

n to

pro

tect

it.

Such

chi

ldre

n w

ill n

ever

van

daliz

e na

ture

by

dest

royi

ngpl

ante

d tr

ees

or o

ther

use

ful f

lora

.B

irds

and

inse

cts

will

be s

afe

from

thei

r m

oles

tatio

n;th

e in

sect

ivor

ous

toad

sw

ill n

o lo

nger

fea

r th

eir

clod

s an

d st

icks

.W

hen

grow

nup

, the

y w

ill w

age

rele

ntle

ss w

ar a

gain

st th

e m

any

dise

ase-

bree

ding

pes

ts f

ound

in th

e fe

nce

corn

ers,

alo

ng th

e pu

blic

Page 99: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

260

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

high

way

, or

in th

e ba

rn-y

ard,

at t

he p

rese

nt ti

me

so li

ttle

know

n an

d le

ss h

eede

d.G

row

th in

res

pect

for

soc

ial a

ndet

hica

l law

is s

adly

nee

ded

in o

ur c

ount

ry, b

ut c

omm

unio

nw

ith n

atur

e an

d na

ture

's G

od m

ay d

o m

uch

to a

mel

iora

teex

istin

g co

nditi

ons.

Rel

igio

us.

To

love

nat

ure

is to

love

nat

ure'

s G

od.

No

hum

an b

eing

can

con

tinue

in a

dora

tion

of li

ving

,te

emin

g na

ture

with

out f

eelin

g in

his

bre

ast

a gr

owin

gad

orat

ion

and

love

for

Him

who

cre

ated

all

the

won

ders

of e

arth

, giv

ing

them

to m

an to

kee

p an

d ho

ld d

omin

ion

over

.T

he r

ace

in it

s in

fanc

y so

ught

the

Cre

ator

thro

ugh

wor

ship

of

natu

ral p

heno

men

a.E

ven

yet

"To

him

who

in th

e lo

ve o

f na

ture

hol

dsC

omm

unio

n w

ith h

er v

isib

le f

orm

s, s

he s

peak

sA

var

ious

lang

uage

; "

The

teac

her's

man

ifes

t opp

ortu

nity

is to

take

adv

anta

geof

the

"stil

l voi

ce"

of n

atur

e to

rea

ch th

e in

ner

rece

sses

of th

e ch

ild s

oul t

o in

stil

ther

ea

love

for

wel

l-do

ing

inlo

okin

g af

ter

the

happ

ines

s uf

God

's c

reat

ed th

ings

, the

reby

atta

inin

g th

e ch

ild's

hap

pine

ss a

nd f

or h

imse

lf th

eC

row

nof

Lif

e.

Edu

catio

nal.

Fina

lly, n

atur

e st

udy

has

per

se e

du-

catio

nal v

alue

of

utm

ost i

mpo

rtan

ce.

The

nat

ural

istic

tend

ency

in e

duca

tion

has

been

the

slow

gro

wth

of

cen-

turi

es.

Rou

ssea

u, a

s its

firs

t adv

ocat

e, h

eld

" th

at th

eed

ucat

iona

l mat

eria

l sho

uld

be th

e fa

cts

and

phen

omen

aof

nat

ure,

that

it s

houl

d co

nsis

t chi

efly

inan

inqu

iry

into

la,

NA

TU

RE

ST

UD

Y; S

CH

OO

L G

RO

UN

DS

161

natu

re's

law

s, a

nd s

houl

d be

thro

ugh

an in

timat

e, f

ear-

less

, and

con

stan

t ass

ocia

tion

with

nat

ure

rath

erth

anm

an."

Pest

aloz

zi s

aw c

lear

ly th

at "

nat

ure

deve

lops

all

the

forc

es o

f hu

man

ity b

y ex

erci

sing

them

.""

The

ex-

erci

se o

f m

an's

fac

ultie

s an

d ta

lent

s, to

be

prof

itabl

e,m

ust

follo

w th

e co

urse

laid

dow

n by

nat

ure

for

the

educ

atio

nof

hum

anity

."T

he f

irst

fru

its o

f th

e ne

w c

entu

ry h

ave

been

to r

ealiz

e m

uch

that

was

adv

ocat

ed b

y th

e ea

rly

educ

atio

nal s

eers

.T

he d

ispr

opor

tion

betw

een

the

form

alan

d th

e pr

actic

al in

teac

hing

is s

till

very

gre

at a

nd p

re-

sum

ably

will

rem

ain

so f

ora

long

tim

e to

com

e.B

utbe

ginn

ings

are

mad

e in

man

y sc

hool

s w

hich

will

eve

ntua

llyen

d in

a s

atis

fact

ory

equi

libri

um b

eing

str

uck.

Just

wha

t top

ics

shou

ld b

e in

clud

ed in

the

natu

re-s

tudy

cour

se in

rur

al s

choo

ls a

nd w

hat l

eft o

ut w

ill b

e de

ter-

min

ed b

y th

e es

sent

ial a

nd f

unda

men

tal t

hing

sin

rur

allif

e.T

hey

will

cen

ter

larg

ely

abou

t the

use

ful a

nd p

ract

i-ca

l in

the

loca

l env

iron

men

tin

a s

tudy

of

the

tree

s an

dfl

ower

s on

the

scho

ol g

roun

ds \o

r ou

t by

the

road

side

, of

'he

robi

n an

d th

e w

ren

build

ing

on th

e gr

ound

s in

tree

san

d bi

rd h

ouse

s,th

ese

and

sim

ilar

topi

cs m

ay b

e st

udie

dw

ith p

rofi

t.N

atur

e st

udy

will

fin

d co

ncre

te e

xpre

ssio

nin

pla

nnin

g, p

latti

ng, a

nd k

eepi

ng s

choo

lgr

ound

s, a

nd in

scho

ol-g

arde

n cu

lture

, and

will

eve

ntua

lly le

adto

stu

dies

in e

lem

enta

ry a

gric

ultu

re.

Sylla

bus

of N

atur

e St

udy

prep

ared

by

Com

mitt

eeof

Indu

stri

al E

duca

tion

in R

ural

Com

mun

ities

.It

is n

otIL

12';

Page 100: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

I 62

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

the

prov

ince

of

this

boo

k to

pre

sent

a c

ompl

ete

wor

king

sylla

bus

for

natu

re-s

tudy

cla

sses

;th

ough

,do

ubtle

ss,

rura

l tea

cher

s w

ould

be

glad

to h

ave

a br

icf

outli

ne o

f a

sugg

estiv

e na

ture

on

whi

ch to

bas

e th

eir

wor

k.N

othi

ngbe

tter

has

been

pub

lishe

d re

cent

ly in

this

line

than

the

outli

nepr

inte

d in

the

appe

ndix

of

the

book

.It

is

take

n fr

om th

e re

port

of

the

Com

mitt

ee o

f Fi

ve, N

.E.A

.,on

Ind

ustr

ial E

duca

tion

in S

choo

ls f

or R

ural

Com

mun

ities

.

The

sch

eme

cove

rs th

e fi

rst f

ive

year

s in

sch

ool,

and

is to

be f

ollo

wed

in y

ears

6, 7

, and

8 w

ith a

cou

rse

in e

lem

enta

ry

agri

cultu

re.

Itw

ill b

e cl

earl

y un

ders

tood

that

this

isno

t a c

ompl

ete

wor

king

sch

eme,

but

, in

the

wor

ds o

f'th

e co

mm

ittee

, mer

ely

" an

out

line

or f

ram

ewor

k w

hich

will

ser

ve to

def

ine

natu

re-s

tudy

wor

k, a

nd to

sug

gest

the

kind

s of

sub

ject

s th

at m

ay b

e pr

ofita

bly

unde

r-ta

ken.

"W

ith a

rea

lizat

ion

of th

e ru

ral s

choo

l's e

nlar

ged

mis

sion

natu

rally

fol

low

s a

dem

and

for

grea

tly e

nlar

ged

grou

nds.

The

sch

ool i

s no

long

er a

pla

ce f

or th

e m

ere

assi

gnin

g an

dhe

arin

g of

less

ons

it ne

eds

an o

utdo

or la

bora

tory

whe

rech

ildre

n an

d te

ache

r m

ay la

bor

ide

by s

ide.

A c

oupl

eof

acr

es m

ay a

nsw

er th

e pu

rpos

e, b

ut th

ree

or e

ven

four

wou

ld b

e m

uch

bette

r.T

he lo

catio

n m

ust b

e si

ghtly

and

wel

l dra

ined

.It

sho

uld,

inde

ed, b

e th

e ve

ry b

est s

iteto

be

secu

red

in th

e co

mm

unity

(see

Cha

pter

VII

).A

bout

two

thir

ds o

f th

e en

tire

trac

t may

be

used

for

the

mai

n gr

ound

s, a

nd w

hat i

s le

ft f

or th

e sc

hool

gar

den.

r

Page 101: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

Chi

ldre

n at

wor

k in

the

scho

ol g

arde

n of

the

Sher

idan

Sch

ool,

Ann

a L

.Fo

rce,

Pri

ncip

al, D

enve

r.

Irri

gate

d ru

ral s

choo

l gar

den

at G

ilpin

, Col

orad

o.Se

e el

sew

here

in th

isch

apte

r fo

r w

orki

ng p

lan

of th

e ga

rden

.

NA

TU

RE

ST

UD

Y; S

CH

OO

L G

RO

UN

DS

X 6

3

Idea

l Sch

ool G

roun

ds.

Such

idea

l gro

unds

sho

uld

pres

ent a

vis

ion

plea

sing

to th

e ey

eth

e sc

hool

hous

e',

set i

n th

e m

idst

of

a ca

rpet

of

velv

ety

gree

n, b

roke

n he

rean

d th

ere

by f

low

er b

eds,

bri

ght w

ith b

eaut

y an

d co

lor

beds

of

scar

let a

nd y

ello

w c

anna

s, o

ld-f

ashi

oned

ger

aniu

ms,

and,

in th

e fe

nce

corn

ers,

man

y-co

lore

d ho

llyho

cks;

win

ding

wal

ks a

nd r

ustic

sea

ts; c

limbi

ng v

ines

on

latti

cean

d w

all,

and

rust

ic b

aske

ts p

ende

nt f

rom

-pos

t and

trip

od;

grou

ps o

f ev

ergr

eens

and

sha

de tr

ees;

at t

he r

ear

sepa

rate

play

grou

nds

for

the

boys

and

gir

ls; o

utbu

ildin

gsw

here

thes

e ha

ve to

be

outd

oors

set w

ell b

ack

in o

ppos

iteco

rner

s ne

ar th

e sc

hool

gar

den

whi

ch o

ccup

ies

the

extr

eme

rear

, and

scr

eene

d w

ith v

ines

and

shr

ubs;

all

this

, fin

ally

,in

clos

ed w

ith f

ence

or

livin

g he

dge.

Prep

arin

g th

e So

il.T

he f

irst

ste

p is

to e

stab

lish

the

prop

er g

rade

;th

is d

one,

the

soil

mus

t be

prep

ared

.T

hesc

hool

hous

e sh

ould

be

set b

ack

at le

ast o

ne h

undr

ed f

eet

from

the

fron

t ent

ranc

e to

the

grou

nds.

I I

n ca

se th

e si

teis

nea

rly

on a

dea

d le

vel i

t is

impe

rativ

e th

at th

e fo

unda

tion

shou

ld b

e bu

ilt h

igh

and

the

soil

grad

ed u

p to

it, t

o gi

veth

e pr

oper

dra

inag

e.T

he s

choo

l gar

den

wou

ld g

ive

best

resu

lts if

leve

l or

near

ly s

o.T

he p

layg

roun

d, e

spec

ially

if it

con

tain

s a

base

ball

diam

ond,

mus

t be

entir

ely

leve

l.T

he g

roun

d w

here

the

build

ing

stan

ds w

ould

be

idea

l if

slop

ing

gent

ly f

orw

ard

and

to th

e tw

o si

des.

For

satis

-fa

ctor

y re

sults

it is

nec

essa

ry to

plo

w th

e en

tire

trac

t bef

ore

plan

ting.

If v

irgi

npr

airi

e,it

mus

t be

" br

oke

" an

d

2I

Page 102: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

164

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

" ba

ck-s

et "

bef

ore

the

next

ste

p ca

n be

take

n.It

ises

sent

ial,

too,

that

the

soil

shou

ld b

e w

ell p

repa

red.

Let

it

be g

rade

d an

d w

ell h

arro

wed

,and

then

, by

way

of

putti

ng

on th

e fi

nish

ing

touc

hes,

care

fully

rak

ed.

Plan

ning

and

Pla

tting

.Now

we

are

read

y to

pla

n an

d

plat

the

grou

nd.

Som

e sc

hool

off

icer

s m

ay le

ave

this

im-

port

ant w

ork

alto

geth

erin

the

hand

s of

the

teac

her

and

the

child

ren;

but

'oth

ers

will

wan

t aha

nd in

for

them

-

selv

es.

If o

ur f

arm

ers

coul

d re

aliz

e th

etr

ansc

ende

nt im

-

port

ance

of

the

plan

ting,

the

entir

e co

untr

ysid

ew

ould

turn

out

and

hel

p!A

car

eful

ly s

cale

d pl

at s

houl

d no

w b

ela

id o

ff o

n pa

per.

It m

ust b

e ex

act i

n de

tail

and

indi

cate

by

nam

e or

num

ber

r th

e va

riet

y of

tree

s an

d sh

rubs

to b

e pl

ante

d,an

d ju

stw

here

to p

lant

, how

to c

urve

the

wal

ks,

etc.

Thi

s w

ill

assu

re s

yste

m a

nd h

arm

ony

whe

n th

e w

ork

is a

t len

gth

com

plet

ed.

Wal

ks a

nd D

rive

s.G

race

fully

cur

ving

pat

hsan

d

driv

es a

re p

refe

rabl

e to

the

stif

f an

d lif

eles

s st

raig

htw

ay

styl

e.O

ther

wis

e, h

ow th

ey s

hall

run,

thei

r w

idth

, etc

.,

mus

t be

gove

rned

by

the

loca

tion

of th

e sc

hool

hous

e,

the

size

and

sha

pe o

f th

e gr

ound

s,an

d si

mila

r ci

rcum

-

stan

ces.

If th

e gr

ound

s ar

e ve

ry la

rge,

a w

indi

ngdr

ive

may

run

to th

e bu

ildin

g, w

henc

e it

may

cont

inue

to th

e

rear

of

the

grou

nds

toth

e ho

rse

shed

s, if

suc

h ar

e us

ed.

Ano

ther

way

is to

con

stru

ct tw

o dr

ives

,bo

th s

hort

,

one

runn

ing

to th

e si

de e

ntra

nce

of th

e bu

ildin

g, m

akin

g

NA

TU

RE

ST

UD

Y; S

CH

OO

LG

RO

UN

DS

16g

a gr

acef

ul c

urve

arou

nd th

e fl

ag-s

taff

, run

ning

back

out

by th

e sa

me

trac

kit

ente

red;

the

othe

r be

ing

a si

ngle

appr

oach

to th

efu

el h

ouse

and

hor

se s

heds

.T

he d

rive

s

shou

ld h

ardl

y be

less

than

six

feet

wid

e.T

he m

ain

wal

k

lead

ing

to th

e fr

ont e

ntra

nce

shou

ld b

e fi

ve f

eet w

ide;

thos

e le

adin

g to

the

wel

l and

out

build

ings

may

be a

s

narr

ow a

s th

ree

feet

.A

ll w

alks

and

dri

ves

shou

ldbe

grav

eled

or

cove

red

with

cin

ders

.If

sto

nes

are

plen

tiful

it w

ould

be

wel

l to

add

a co

ping

or

edgi

ngof

rou

gh s

tone

s.

Thi

s w

ould

incr

ease

the

pict

ures

quen

ess

of th

e gr

ound

s

and

at th

e sa

me

time

prot

ect t

he e

dges

of th

e la

wn.

Play

grou

nds.

if it

is a

t all

poss

ible

, thr

ee s

epar

ate

play

grou

nds

shou

ld b

e pr

ovid

ed.

One

for

the

olde

r bo

ys,

whe

re th

ey m

ay e

njoy

the

spor

ts s

ode

ar to

the

boyi

sh

hear

tba

seba

ll,ju

mpi

ng,

wre

stlin

g,an

dpl

ayin

g

" ca

tch.

" A

turn

ing

pole

and

a c

oupl

e of

hea

vy c

limbi

ng

rope

sw

ould

add

mat

eria

lly to

the

boys

' ple

asur

e,no

t to

men

tion

thei

r ga

in in

mus

cula

r ag

ility

and

stra

ight

ened

back

s.T

he o

lder

gir

ls m

ight

hav

e th

eir

play

grou

ndat

one

side

of

the

hous

e,in

som

uch

as it

will

par

take

muc

h

of th

e na

ture

of

a la

wn,

incl

oed

bysh

rubs

and

tree

s.

The

-sm

alle

r ch

ildre

n do

bes

t if

'eft

to th

emse

lves

.T

heir

play

grou

nd s

houl

d lie

bet

wee

nth

ose

of th

e la

rger

boy

s an

d

girl

s.D

istin

ct r

ows

of s

hrub

s an

d tr

ees

shou

ld s

epar

ate

the

play

grou

nds

from

eac

h ot

her.

Plan

ting.

Gre

at c

are

mus

t be

used

in p

lant

ing

tree

s

and

shru

bs.

Unl

ess

thL

teac

her

or s

ome

one

of th

esc

hool

Page 103: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

166

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

offi

cers

is e

xper

ienc

e0 in

this

wor

k, it

wou

ld b

e w

ell t

o ge

ta

skill

ed h

ortic

ultu

rist

to d

o th

e fi

rst p

lant

ing,

whe

n so

muc

h is

at s

take

.L

ater

the

teac

her

shou

ld ta

ke c

harg

eof

the

wor

k ; h

is a

ssis

tant

s sh

ould

be

chos

en f

rom

the

olde

rbo

ys a

nd g

irls

; the

ent

ire

scho

ol s

houl

d be

per

mitt

ed to

give

suc

h as

sist

ance

as

they

are

abl

e; a

nd, w

hate

ver

else

they

may

do

or n

ot d

o, th

ey s

houl

d ke

ep th

eir

eyes

and

ears

ope

n.W

hile

lack

of

spac

e pr

eclu

des

a le

ngth

y di

s-cu

ssio

n of

the

actu

al p

lant

ing

proc

ess,

we

vent

ure

to g

ive

the

follo

win

g br

ief

cultu

ral d

irec

tions

, tak

en f

rom

L, C

.C

orbe

tt's

" T

he S

choo

l Gar

den

" (F

arm

ers'

Bul

letin

, No.

218)

:

The

bea

uty

of a

sha

de tr

ee d

tpen

ds u

pon

its n

orm

al a

nd s

ymm

et-

rica

l gro

wth

.In

ord

er to

insu

re th

is, b

efor

e pl

antin

g cu

t off

the

ends

of

all b

roke

n or

mut

ilate

d ro

ots;

rem

ove

all s

ide

bran

ches

,sa

ve u

pon

ever

gree

ns, s

o th

at a

str

aigh

t whi

p-lik

e st

alk

alon

e re

-m

ains

.D

ig h

oles

at l

east

2 fe

et in

dia

met

er a

nd i

foot

dee

p in

good

soi

l, an

d m

ake

them

4 f

eet a

cros

s in

poo

r so

il.T

he s

ides

of h

oles

sho

uld

be p

erpe

ndic

ular

and

the

botto

m f

iat.

Bre

ak u

pso

il in

the

botto

m o

f th

e ho

le to

the

dept

h of

the

leng

th o

f a

spad

ebl

ade.

Plac

e 2

or 3

inch

es o

f fi

ne to

p so

il, f

ree

from

sod

s or

oth

erde

com

posi

ng o

rgan

ic m

atte

r, in

the

botto

m o

f th

e ho

le.

On

top

ofth

is p

lace

the

root

s of

the

tree

, spr

ead

them

as

even

ly a

s po

ssib

leov

er th

e bo

ttom

of

the

h, le

, and

cov

er w

ith 2

or

3 in

ches

of

fine

top

soil

as b

efor

e.T

ram

p fi

rmly

with

the

feet

and

fill

the

hole

with

goo

dea

rth,

leav

ing

the

surf

ace

loos

e an

d a

little

hig

her

than

the

surf

ace

of th

e su

rrou

ndin

g so

il.W

hen

the

wor

k of

pla

ntin

g is

com

plet

e,th

e tr

ee s

houl

d st

and

abou

t 2 in

ches

dee

per

than

it s

tood

in th

enu

rser

y.In

ord

er to

insu

re s

ymm

etry

of

grow

th, t

rees

mus

t be

allo

wed

un-

2 C

NA

TU

RE

ST

UD

Y ;

SCH

OO

L G

RO

UN

DS

167

rest

rict

ed a

rea

for

deve

lopm

ent.

At l

east

40

feet

sho

uld

be a

llow

edbe

twee

n tr

ees

inte

nded

to o

ccup

y th

e gr

e nd

per

man

ently

.Q

uick

-gr

owin

g nu

rse

or te

mpo

rary

tree

s m

ay b

e pl

ante

d be

twee

n th

e lo

ng-

lived

one

s to

pro

duce

imm

edia

te r

esul

ts, b

ut th

ese

shou

ld b

e re

mov

edas

soo

n as

they

inte

rfer

e w

ith th

e de

velo

pmen

t of

the

perm

anen

tpl

anta

tions

.

Tre

es.

The

bes

t res

ults

in tr

ee p

lant

ing

are

usua

llyse

cure

d by

pla

ntin

g on

ly s

uch

tree

s as

are

nat

ive

to th

epa

rtic

ular

sec

tion,

sin

ce th

ey a

re a

lrea

dy in

ured

to th

e cl

i-m

ate,

soi

l, an

d ot

her

cond

ition

s.Se

vera

l var

ietie

s of

elm

,th

e ha

rd a

nd s

oft m

aple

s, a

sh, b

assw

ood,

and

box

eld

erm

ay b

e pl

ante

d to

goo

d ad

vant

age.

A f

ew e

xotic

s m

ight

be s

prin

kled

ove

r th

e gr

ound

s fc

k th

e sa

ke o

f va

riet

y an

dor

nam

ent.

The

cut

-lea

f bi

rch

isP.

ver

y fi

ne, a

s ar

e al

soho

rse

ches

tnut

s an

d N

orw

ay m

aple

s.A

few

eve

rgre

ens

mus

t not

be

left

out

.T

hey

are

wel

l bel

oved

by

all f

orth

eir

dist

inct

ive

form

s an

d m

any

othe

r ch

arac

teri

stic

s.C

erta

in v

arie

ties

grow

ver

y la

rge

and

are

rath

er c

oars

e in

thei

r fo

liage

; the

se m

ust n

ot b

e pl

ante

d to

o cl

ose

to th

ebu

ildin

g.T

he N

orw

ay s

pruc

e, th

e w

hite

pin

e, a

nd th

ebl

u.e

spru

ce a

re th

e be

st v

arie

ties

for

this

purp

ose;

they

are

note

d fo

r th

eir

beau

tiful

for

m a

nd d

eep

gree

n co

lor,

even

in m

idw

inte

r.H

edge

s.T

he g

roun

ds m

ust b

e in

clos

ed f

rom

the

firs

t by

a su

bsta

ntia

l fen

ce, s

uppl

ied

with

all

nece

ssar

ytu

rnst

yles

, and

sw

ingi

ng g

ates

for

team

s.In

tim

e a

livin

ghe

dge

shou

ld s

uppl

ant i

t.N

othi

ng is

mor

e be

autif

ul to

the

eye

than

wel

l-ke

pt s

choo

l gro

unds

sur

roun

ded

bya

2

Page 104: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

168

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

LSC

HO

OL

wel

l-tr

imrn

ed h

edge

of

ever

gree

ns o

rde

cidu

ous

grow

th.

If th

e fo

rmer

is d

esir

ed, a

rbor

vitx

,dw

arf

hem

lock

, and

Cal

ifor

nia

priv

et a

re a

ll ex

celle

nt.

The

Citr

us tr

ifol

iata

is e

spec

ially

wel

l ada

pted

toth

e So

uthe

rn s

tate

s.Fo

r

hedg

es o

f de

cidu

ous

grow

thth

e m

ost c

omm

on s

peci

es a

re

the

Eur

opea

n th

orn

appl

e, th

ebu

ckth

orn,

and

the

osag

e

oran

ge.

Shru

bber

y.A

gre

at m

any

good

shr

ubs

grow

wild

in

the

woo

ds a

nd b

y th

e ro

adsi

de.

Whe

n pr

oper

ly m

asse

d,

they

add

rn,

Lte

rial

ly to

the

beau

ty a

nd u

tility

of

the

grou

nds.

Sing

le s

peci

men

s ar

ebe

autif

ul in

them

selv

es, b

ut th

eir

utili

ty li

es m

ainl

yin

scr

eeni

ng u

nsig

htly

pla

ces,

suc

h as

outd

oor

clos

ets,

fill

ing

fenc

e co

rner

sw

ith a

mas

s of

bea

uty,

whi

ch a

re o

ther

wis

e pr

one

to b

ecom

eca

tch-

alls

for

all

kind

s

of tr

ash.

Mas

sed

agai

nst a

hig

h fo

unda

tion,

they

relie

ve

the

hard

ang

ular

line

s be

twee

n th

e bu

ildin

gan

d th

e gr

ound

and

give

a m

ost p

leas

ing

effe

ct.

Tw

o or

mor

e bo

ld g

roup

-

ings

on

the

larg

efr

ont l

awn

wou

ld a

dd s

urpr

isin

gly

toits

pict

oria

l eff

ect.

The

larg

er g

row

ing

and

coar

ser

shru

bs

shou

ld c

onst

itute

the

body

of

the

grou

p, a

nd b

e ed

ged

abou

t with

sm

alle

r sp

ecim

ens

culti

vate

d fo

r th

eir

flow

ers

or s

trik

ing

folia

ge.

Som

e ho

rtic

ultu

rist

s ha

ve p

refe

rred

to p

lant

an

irre

gula

r m

ass

of tr

ees

and

shru

bs o

n th

e sk

ies

of th

e gr

ound

s aw

ay f

rom

the

publ

ic h

ighw

ay,

inst

ead

of

the

hedg

e fe

nce.

In th

e sy

stem

of

plan

ting

sugg

este

din

thes

e pa

ges

such

an

arra

ngem

ent

wou

ld d

o ni

cely

for

one

of th

e tw

o si

des

oppo

site

the

road

,as

sum

ing

that

the

2 C

BE

ST

CO

PY

NA

TU

RE

ST

UD

Y ;

SCH

OO

L G

RO

UN

DS

169

grou

nds

lie a

t the

inte

rsec

tion

of tw

o ro

ads,

as it

wou

ldgi

ve it

the

appe

aran

ce o

f th

e br

oken

edg

e of

our

nat

ive

woo

ds; b

ut w

here

ther

e is

a s

choo

l gar

den

to th

e re

ar o

fth

e m

ain

grou

nds

a de

nse

grow

th o

f tr

ees

and

shru

bs b

e-tw

een

thek

wou

ld b

e in

juri

ous

both

to th

e lig

ht a

nd s

oil

of th

e ga

rden

.So

her

e, th

en, a

sin

gle

hedg

e fe

nce

will

hav

eto

suf

fice

.(S

ee A

ppen

dix.

)V

ines

.T

he c

hief

use

of

vine

s on

sch

ool

prem

ises

shou

ld b

e to

scr

een

and

cove

r un

sigh

tlyou

tbui

ldin

gs a

ndsh

eds.

Pilla

r de

cora

tions

on

the

law

n ar

e al

so a

ttrac

tive.

If th

e sc

hool

str

uctu

re is

fra

me,

it is

not

adv

isab

le to

cove

rit

with

a g

row

th o

f vi

nes

as th

ey a

reve

ry h

ard

on p

aint

and

wea

ther

boar

ding

.B

ut a

bri

ck o

r st

one

build

ing

shou

ld b

y al

l mea

ns h

ave

its b

are

wal

ls c

over

edov

er w

itha

soft

enin

g m

antle

of

ivy

or w

oodb

ine.

Non

e bu

t the

mos

tha

rdy

vine

s sh

ould

be

used

.A

mon

g th

e be

st o

f th

ese

are

the

rapi

d-gr

owin

g V

irgi

nia

cree

per;

the

Act

inid

ia p

oly-

gam

a an

d th

e A

kebi

a qu

inat

a, tw

o ex

celle

nt tw

iner

s re

cent

ly

intr

oduc

ed f

rom

Jap

an; a

nd, f

inal

ly, t

hem

any

wel

l-kn

own

vari

etie

s of

cle

mat

is, h

oney

suck

les,

woo

dbin

e,iv

y, a

ndw

ista

ria.

Flow

ers.

It is

alm

ost t

rite

tosa

y an

ythi

ng f

urth

er o

nfl

ower

s.T

hey

are

esse

ntia

l and

giv

e th

e cr

owni

ng to

uch

of b

eaut

y to

the

grou

nds.

End

less

var

ietie

sm

ay b

e pr

o-cu

red

at th

e gr

eenh

ouse

, the

flo

rist

's,

or f

rom

the

hom

ega

rden

:, of

the

com

mun

ity.

For

earl

y sp

ring

bed

ding

such

bul

bous

pla

nts

as tu

lips,

hya

cint

hs, a

ndcr

ocus

es a

re

VA

ILA

BLE

4r`

I

Page 105: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

170

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

uneq

uale

d.If

des

irab

le, t

he s

ame

beds

may

be

used

late

x

in th

e se

ason

for

har

dy a

nnua

ls g

row

n fr

omse

eds

scat

tere

d

amon

g th

e bl

oom

ing

bulb

s.A

bed

of

cann

as a

nd c

ala-

dium

s w

ill a

dd s

omew

hat o

f a

sem

itrop

ical

touc

h.V

io-

lets

and

pan

sies

thri

ve b

est w

hen

plan

ted

on th

e co

ol,

shad

y si

de o

f th

e ho

use.

Fina

lly, b

est o

f al

l are

the

hard

y

pere

nnia

lspe

onie

s, r

oses

, lili

es, a

nd ir

ises

.

Bef

ore

we

clos

e th

e di

scus

sion

of

grou

nds

beau

tiful

aw

ord

mus

t be

said

in

beha

lf o

f th

e sm

all

feat

here

d gu

ardi

ans

whi

chsp

end

such

busy

live

s in

an

en-

deav

or to

dest

roy

the

inse

ct p

ests

prey

ing

on tr

ee a

ndfl

ower

, and

of

the

FIG

.6.

Sich

bir

d-bo

xes

as th

e ab

ove

are

sim

ple

and

ever

y bo

yab

ility

can

mak

e th

em.

with

som

e na

tive

harm

less

toad

whi

ch d

oes

its w

ork

sow

ell,

sile

ntly

hopp

ing

abou

t des

troy

ing

mill

ions

of

inse

cts

and

thei

r

Bir

ds a

nd B

ird

Hou

ses.

Chi

ldre

n sh

ould

be

earl

yta

ught

that

thes

e an

imal

s ar

e no

t onl

y ha

rmle

ss,

but t

hat

they

are

thei

r fr

iend

s; th

at w

ithou

t the

m in

sect

pes

tsw

ould

soon

mak

e fr

uit g

row

ing

and

agri

cultu

re a

pra

ctic

al im

-

poss

ibili

ty.

The

y m

ust l

earn

to lo

ve th

eir

bird

fri

ends

and

prot

e t t

hem

aga

inst

thei

r fo

es.

Des

troy

ing

eggs

and

youn

g bi

rds

shou

ld b

ehe

ld u

p as

a c

rim

e ag

ains

t nat

ure.

(2

NA

TU

RE

ST

UD

Y; S

CH

OO

L G

RO

UN

DS

17/

Seve

re p

unis

hmen

t oug

ht to

fol

low

ever

y in

frac

tion

of th

esc

hool

rul

es g

over

ning

the

subj

ect.

Mor

eove

r, th

e te

ache

rca

n in

so

man

y w

ays

enco

urag

e th

e ch

ildre

n to

pro

vide

nest

ing

plac

es f

or th

e bi

rds

by tr

imm

ing

dow

n cr

otch

esin

the

tree

s, a

rran

ging

den

se s

hrub

beri

es, a

nd b

y bu

ildin

gbi

rd h

ouse

s ou

t of

boar

ds a

nd b

oxes

.It

is r

eally

su_

pris

ing

how

qui

ck b

irds

are

to d

isce

rnth

ese

smal

l act

s of

kin

dnes

s.B

uild

a f

ew b

ird

hous

es in

suita

ble

plac

es a

bout

the

grou

nds,

and

ina

few

day

s w

rens

and

blue

bird

s, c

hick

adee

s an

d nu

that

ches

will

seek

tobe

com

e ou

r te

nant

s.B

irds

are

cle

anly

and

cra

ve th

eir

daily

bat

ha

larg

e w

oode

n bo

wl f

aste

ned

at th

e en

d of

apo

le a

few

fee

t fro

m th

e gr

ound

can

be m

ade

to a

nsw

er th

edo

uble

pur

pose

of

drin

king

fou

nt a

nd b

athi

ngpo

ol.

Cru

mbs

fro

m th

e di

nner

bas

kets

will

be

very

wel

com

e,sc

atte

red

near

the

bath

ing

pool

.A

bea

utif

ul c

usto

mth

roug

hout

nor

ther

n E

urop

ean

d w

orth

y of

em

ulat

ion

amon

g A

mer

ican

sch

ool c

hild

ren

is to

fas

ten

shea

ves

of g

rain

fro

m p

oles

on

outb

uild

ings

or tr

ees

tL. f

eed

the

bird

s du

ring

win

ter

or o

ther

sea

sons

whe

n th

ere

is a

dea

rth

of f

ood.

Toa

ds a

nd T

oad

Aqu

aria

.It

is e

stim

ated

ithat

the

com

-m

on to

ad is

wor

th $

19.8

8 ea

ch s

easo

n al

one

for

dest

royi

ng

cutw

orm

s (K

irkl

and'

s es

timat

e, "

The

Com

mon

Toa

d,"

Bul

letin

No.

46,

Hat

a E

xper

imen

t Sta

tion,

Am

hers

t,M

as-

sach

uset

ts).

Und

er s

uch

circ

umst

ance

s it

isno

t sur

pris

-in

g to

hea

r th

at m

any

larg

e ga

rden

ers

and

hort

icul

turi

sts,

r r t

Page 106: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

172

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

espe

cial

ly in

Eur

ope,

rai

se th

eir

own

supp

ly o

f to

ads

by

mea

ns o

f ar

tific

ial a

quar

ia.

Toa

ds c

an b

e ra

ised

suc

-ce

ssfu

lly o

n th

e av

erag

e sc

hool

gro

unds

, and

the

child

ren

will

be

mad

e th

e be

tter

and

wis

er f

or it

.T

here

is n

o da

n-

ger

of a

n ov

erpr

oduc

tion,

as

the

toad

s' e

nem

ies

are

man

y;be

side

s, "

its

natu

ral f

ood

supp

ly, c

onsi

stin

g w

holly

of

inse

cts,

wor

ms,

slu

gs, a

nd th

e lik

e, w

ould

inev

itabl

y se

ta

natu

ral l

imit

to it

s in

crea

se."

The

fol

low

ing

inte

rest

ing

desc

ript

ion

of s

uch

aqua

ria

is q

uote

d fr

om H

odge

's N

atur

e St

udy

and

Lif

e an

d m

aybe

trie

d w

ith p

rofi

t in

all r

ural

sch

ools

:

Enc

oura

ge a

s m

any

child

ren

as p

ossi

ble

to p

rovi

de li

ttle

pool

s in

thei

r ga

rden

s, s

tock

them

wel

l with

wat

er li

lies,

pic

kere

l wee

d, c

at-

tails

, iri

s, a

nd o

ther

of

our

inte

rest

ing

aqua

tic p

lant

s an

d pu

t in

asm

any

toad

s' e

ggs

or ta

dpol

es a

s th

e po

ol w

ill s

uppo

rt.

For

this

pur

-po

se a

wat

er-t

ight

box

or

tub

may

be

set i

n th

e gr

ound

, or

a m

ore

natu

ral p

ool m

ay b

e m

ade

by a

rran

ging

larg

e fl

at s

tone

s ar

ound

aho

le in

the

grou

nd a

nd p

last

erin

g up

the

crac

ks b

etw

een

them

with

wat

er-l

ime

cem

ent.

The

top

of a

ny s

uch

rece

ptac

le s

houl

d be

two

or th

ree

inch

es b

elow

the

surf

ace,

and

the

eart

h w

ell p

acke

d ar

ound

the

edge

s to

pre

vent

rai

ns f

rom

spl

ashi

ng o

ut it

s oc

cupa

nts.

Ifna

tura

l foo

d be

not

abu

ndan

t, its

pla

ce m

ay b

e su

pplie

d by

bits

of

dog

bisc

uit,

fres

h m

eat,

fish

, or

even

bre

ad, b

ut c

are

shou

ld b

e ta

ken

to p

ut in

no

mor

e th

anis

eate

n cl

ean

or to

rem

ove

unea

ten

piec

es b

efor

e th

ey f

oul t

he w

ater

.In

this

way

, with

out a

ppre

ciab

leex

pens

e, a

ny c

hild

can

rai

se to

ads

by th

ousa

nds,

unt

il m

any

of o

urm

ost i

njur

ious

inse

ct p

ests

bec

ome

curi

ositi

es.

The

two

grea

t obs

tacl

es m

ost l

ikel

y to

be

enco

unte

red

ina

mov

emen

t to

impr

ove

the

scho

ol g

roun

ds a

re: (

1) p

ublic

2

NA

TU

RE

ST

UD

Y; S

CH

OO

L G

RO

UN

DS

173

indi

ffer

ence

and

(2)

untr

aine

dte

ache

rs.

The

late

xob

stac

le w

ill b

e ob

viat

ed a

sso

on a

s th

e ru

ral t

each

er g

ets

the

agri

cultu

ral t

rain

ing

disc

usse

d el

sew

here

;m

eanw

hile

the

solu

tion

of o

ur d

iffi

culti

esm

ay b

e so

ught

in a

cam

-pa

ign

of e

duca

tion.

A C

ampa

ign

of E

duca

tion.

The

cou

nty

supe

rint

ende

ntor

, in

the

Eas

t, th

e to

wn

or to

wn

dist

rict

sup

ervi

sor

is th

e

FIG

. 7. N

at o

f sc

hool

gro

unds

pre

pare

d by

Uni

ted

Stat

esD

epar

tmen

t of

Agr

icul

ture

,Fa

rmer

s' B

ulle

tin, N

o, 2

18, g

ives

com

plet

e pl

antin

g di

rec-

tions

.Se

nd f

or it

.It

is f

ree.

prop

er o

ffic

ial t

o ta

ke h

old

of th

e m

atte

r.In

the

sect

ions

of th

e co

untr

y w

here

the

mov

emen

t has

met

with

gre

ates

tsu

cces

s th

ey h

ave

been

at i

ts h

ead.

As

a fi

rst s

tep

the

supe

rint

ende

nt s

houl

d m

ake

ita

poin

t to

see

that

all

his

2 "A A

Page 107: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

'174

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

teac

hers

and

off

icer

s of

the

dist

rict

boa

rds

are

supp

liea

with

the

man

y ex

celle

nt b

ulle

tins

onsc

hool

-gro

und

im-

prov

emen

t iss

ued

by th

e U

nite

d St

ates

Dep

artm

ent o

f

Agr

icul

ture

.T

he d

epar

tmen

t will

be

glad

to s

end

the

bul-

letin

s to

suc

h ad

dres

ses

as th

e su

peri

nten

dent

may

supp

ly.

The

list

fou

nd a

t the

end

of

this

cha

pter

con

tain

s so

me

very

good

title

s.T

he f

ollo

win

g ar

e es

peci

ally

goo

d an

d sh

ould

be p

lace

d in

the

hand

s of

eve

ry te

ache

ran

d sc

hool

off

icer

:

" T

ree

Plan

ting

on R

ural

Sch

ool

Gro

unds

" (

Farm

ers'

Bul

letin

, No.

134

); "

Thc

Sch

ool G

arde

n "

(Far

mer

s' B

ul-

letin

, No.

218

);"

Ann

ual F

low

erin

g Pl

ants

" (

Farm

ers'

Bul

letin

, No.

195

); "

The

Law

n "

(Far

mer

s' B

ulle

tin,

No.

248)

; and

" B

eaut

ifyi

ng th

e H

ome

Gro

unds

" (

Farm

ers'

Bul

letin

, No.

185

).T

he a

gita

tion

once

beg

un m

ust b

e co

ntin

ued

thro

ugh

circ

ular

lette

rs, a

t the

mon

thly

mee

tings

of

teac

hers

and

scho

ol o

ffic

ers,

and

at s

peci

al lo

cal m

eetin

gsca

lled

by th

e

supe

rint

ende

nt to

inte

rest

and

org

aniz

e th

e pa

rent

s of

the

dist

rict

.O

nly

whe

n th

e di

stri

ct a

dopt

s a

polic

y of

sys

-te

mat

ic p

lant

ing

as a

res

ult o

f su

ch m

eetin

gs m

ay th

een

d

soug

ht a

fter

be

atta

ined

.L

et a

spe

cial

day

be

set a

side

for

the

firs

t pla

ntin

g w

hen

the

firs

t ste

pssh

all b

e ta

ken

to c

arry

out

a c

aref

ully

arr

ange

dpl

an.

Arb

or D

ay a

n A

ppro

pria

te T

ime

for

Plan

ting.

Arb

or D

ay is

an a

ppro

pria

te ti

me

tobe

gin.

Let

it

be m

ade

a ga

la d

ay f

or th

e en

tire

dist

rict

, to

be c

ele-

brat

ed w

ith s

peec

h an

d so

ng a

nd tr

ee p

lant

ing.

It s

houl

d

NA

TU

RE

ST

UD

Y; S

CH

OO

L G

RO

UN

DS

175

be c

eleb

rate

d th

ough

tful

ly;

for

itis

hig

h tim

e th

at th

ech

ildre

n sh

ould

kno

w th

at th

e pr

odig

al a

buse

of o

ur

DIS

TI2

ICT

120

5cl

ioga

. ezo

ttrip

sw

itiem

zum

e co

* oLT

00

0

FIG

. 8. P

lant

ing

plan

of

Shir

ley

Scho

ol, C

herr

y V

alle

y T

owns

hip,

Win

ne-

bago

Cou

nty,

Ill.

Six

tree

s w

ere

plan

tyd

the

firs

t yea

r; o

ther

s w

ill b

e se

tou

t gra

dual

ly u

ntil

the

plan

is c

ompi

eted

. Fro

m 0

. J. K

ern'

s A

nnua

lR

epor

t.

tri.a

v*

DO

1r

Elm

Suga

r M

4ple

3 L

inde

n4

Cat

alpa

S A

sh6

Syca

mor

e7

Hac

kber

ry

PLA

NT

ING

PL

AN

8 Sp

irea

Van

Hou

ndo

Snow

ball

to J

apan

ese

Bar

berr

yri

Muc

k O

rang

e:a

Dw

arf

Moc

k O

rang

e13

Wei

gel&

14 F

orsy

thia

is B

ush

Hon

eysu

ckle

26 C

ranb

erry

Tre

e17

Red

Bra

nche

d D

ogw

ood

18 C

omm

on E

lder

to W

oodb

ine

ao B

itter

Sw

eet

2 1

Woo

dbin

e or

Bitt

er S

wee

tat

eac

h fe

nce

post

natio

nal f

ores

ts h

as le

ft o

ur c

ount

ry w

ell-

nigh

den

uded

of it

s on

e-tim

e sp

lend

id ti

mbe

r w

ealth

, and

that

kno

win

g,

Page 108: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

176

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

they

will

ear

ly le

arn

to d

o be

tter

than

thei

r fa

ther

s in

the

mat

ter

of c

onse

rvin

g ou

r fo

rest

s by

plan

ting

at

hom

e, o

n th

e sc

hool

gro

unds

, on

the

natio

nal f

ores

t

rese

rve.

Preb

iden

t Roo

seve

lt's

lette

r to

the

Am

eric

ansc

hool

child

ren

is to

the

poin

t:

To

the

Scho

ol C

hild

ren

of th

e U

nite

d St

ates

:A

rbor

Day

(w

hich

mea

ns s

impl

y "T

ree

Day

") is

now

obse

rved

in e

very

sta

te in

our

Uni

on a

nd m

ainl

y in

the

scho

ols.

At v

ario

us

times

fro

m J

anua

ry to

Dec

embe

r, b

ut c

hief

ly in

this

mon

th o

f A

pril,

you

give

a d

ay o

r pa

rt o

f a

day

tosp

ecia

l exe

rcis

es a

nd p

erha

ps to

actu

al tr

ee p

lant

ing,

in r

ecog

nitio

n of

the

impo

rtan

ce o

f tr

ees

to u

sas

a n

atio

n, a

nd o

f w

hat t

hey

yiel

d in

ado

rnm

ent,

com

fort

, and

use

-

ful p

rodu

cts

to th

e co

mm

uniti

es in

whi

ch y

ou li

ve.

It is

wel

l tha

t you

sho

uld

cele

brat

e yo

ur A

rbor

Day

thou

ghtf

ully

,fo

r w

ithin

you

r lif

etim

e th

e na

tion'

s ne

ed o

f tr

ees

will

bec

ome

seri

ous.

We

of a

n ol

der

gene

ratio

n ca

n ge

t alo

ng w

ith w

hat w

eha

ve, t

houg

h

with

gro

win

g ha

rdsh

ip; b

ut in

you

r fu

ll m

anho

od a

ndw

oman

hood

you

will

wan

t wha

t nat

ure

once

so

boun

tiful

ly s

uppl

ied

and

man

so

thou

ghtle

ssly

des

troy

ed; a

nd b

ecau

se o

f th

at w

ant y

ou w

ill r

epro

ach

us, n

ot f

or w

hat w

e ha

ve u

sed,

but

for

wha

t we

have

was

ted.

For

the

natio

n, a

s fo

r th

e m

an o

r w

oman

and

the

boy

or g

irl,

the

road

to s

ucce

ss is

the

righ

t use

of

wha

t we

have

and

the

impr

ovem

nt

of p

rese

nt o

ppor

tuni

ty.

If y

ou n

egle

ct to

pre

pare

you

rsel

ves

now

for

the

dutie

s an

d re

spon

sibi

,ie

s w

hich

will

fal

l upo

n yo

u la

ter,

if y

ou d

o no

t lea

rn th

e th

ings

whi

ch y

ou w

ill n

eed

to k

now

whe

n

your

sch

ool d

ays

are

over

, you

will

suff

er th

e co

nseq

uenc

es.

So a

ny

natio

n w

hich

in it

s yo

uth

lives

onl

y fo

r th

e da

y, r

eaps

with

out s

owin

g,an

d co

nsum

es w

ithou

t hus

band

ing,

mus

t exp

ect t

he p

enal

ty o

fth

e

prod

igal

, who

se la

bor

coul

d w

ith d

iffi

culty

fin

d hi

m th

e ba

re m

eans

of li

fe.

A p

eopl

e w

ithou

t chi

ldre

n w

ould

fac

e a

hope

less

fut

ure;

a c

ount

ry

NA

TU

RE

ST

UD

Y ;

SCH

OO

L G

RO

UN

DS

I 77

with

out t

rees

is a

lmos

t as

hope

less

; for

ests

whi

ch a

re s

o us

ed th

atth

ey c

anno

t ren

ew th

emse

lves

will

soo

n va

nish

, and

with

them

all

thei

r be

nefi

ts.

A tr

ue f

ores

t is

not m

erel

y a

stor

ehou

se f

ull o

f w

ood,

but,

as it

wer

e, a

fac

tory

of

woo

d, a

nd a

t the

sam

e tim

e a

rese

rvoi

r of

wat

er. W

hen

you

help

to p

rese

rve

our

fore

sts

or to

pla

nt n

ew o

nes,

you

are

actin

g th

e pa

rt o

f go

od c

itize

ns.

The

val

ue o

f fo

rest

ry d

e-se

rves

, the

refo

re, t

o be

taug

ht in

the

scho

ols,

whi

ch a

im to

mak

ego

od c

itize

ns o

f yo

u.If

you

r A

rbor

Day

exe

rcis

es h

elp

you

tore

aliz

e w

hat b

enef

its e

ach

one

of y

ou r

ecei

ves

from

the

fore

sts,

and

how

by

your

ass

ista

nce

thes

e be

nefi

ts m

ay c

ontin

ue, t

hey

will

ser

vea

good

end

.T

HE

OD

OR

E R

OO

SEV

EL

T.

TH

E W

HIT

E H

OU

SE,

Apr

il 15

, 190

7.

A S

EL

EC

TE

DL

IST

OF

BO

OK

S D

EA

LIN

G W

ITH

NA

TU

RE

ST

UD

Y A

ND

SC

HO

OL

GR

OU

ND

S

z. B

AIL

EY

, L. H

.N

atur

e St

udy

Idea

.T

hird

edi

tion,

rev

ised

.T

he M

acm

illan

Com

pany

, New

Yor

k, 1

909.

pp. 2

55.

2. C

OO

N, C

HA

RL

ES

L.

Geo

grap

hy, N

atur

e St

udy,

and

Agr

icul

ture

in th

eE

lem

enta

rySc

hool

s.St

ate

Supe

rint

ende

ntPu

blic

Inst

ruct

ion,

Ral

eigh

, N.C

., /9

05.

pp. 3

2.

3. C

OR

BE

TT

, L. C

.T

he S

choo

l iG

arde

n.Fa

rmer

s' B

ulle

tin, N

o.21

8, D

epar

tmen

t of

Agr

icki

lture

, Was

hing

ton,

D.C

., 19

05.

pp. 4

0.4.

Ann

ual F

low

erin

g Pl

ants

.Fa

rmer

s' B

ulle

tin, N

o. 1

95, D

epar

t-m

ent o

f A

gric

ultu

re, W

ashi

ngto

n, D

.C.,

1904

.pp

. 48.

The

Law

n.Fa

rmer

s' B

ulle

tin, N

o. 2

48, D

epar

tmen

t of

Agr

i-cu

lture

, Was

hing

ton,

D.C

., 19

06. p

p. 2

0.6.

HA

LL

, WIL

LIA

M L

.T

ree

Plan

ting

on R

ural

Sch

ool G

roun

ds.

Farm

ers'

Bul

letin

, No,

134

, Dep

artm

ent o

f A

gric

ultu

re, W

ash.

ingt

on, D

.C.,

1907

.pp

. 32.

7. H

ampt

on N

atur

e St

udy

Lea

flet

s (e

spec

ially

No.

is),

Ham

pton

Pres

s, H

ampt

on, V

a.

5.

Page 109: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

178

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

8. H

OD

GE

, C. G

.N

atur

e St

udy

and

Lif

e.G

inn

and

Co.

, Bos

ton,

1902

.pp

. 514

.9.

JE

WE

LL

,J.

R. A

gric

ultu

ral

Edu

catio

n,in

clud

ing

Nat

ure

Stud

y an

d Sc

hool

Gar

dens

.B

ulle

tin, N

o. 2

, Dep

artm

ent o

fth

e In

teri

or, W

ashi

ngto

n, D

.C.,

x 90

7.pp

. 148

.IO

. LO

CB

RE

AD

, WIL

LIA

M.

Out

lines

of

Nat

ure

Stud

ies.

Bul

letin

,N

o. 1

42, O

ntar

io A

gric

ultu

ral C

olle

ge, G

uelp

h.pp

. 48.

It. S

TE

VE

NS,

F. L

. A C

ours

e of

Nat

ure

Stud

y fo

r th

e T

each

er.

Stat

e Su

peri

nten

dent

Pub

lic I

nstr

uctio

n, R

alei

gh, N

.C.,

1905

.PP

. 32*

12. W

ET

HA

lf, C

. D. a

nd W

. C. D

.St

udie

s in

Nat

ure

and

Cou

ntry

Lif

e.C

ambr

idge

, Eng

land

, 190

3.pp

. 125

.

2

CH

APT

ER

X

SCH

OO

L G

AR

DE

NS

Ear

ly S

choo

l Gar

dens

.It

is w

rong

to s

uppo

se th

atth

e sc

hool

gar

den

isa

rece

nt in

nova

tion.

Seve

ral n

a-tio

ns o

f an

tiqui

ty m

aint

aine

d su

ch g

oard

ens

in w

hich

the

sons

of

nobl

emen

wer

e ta

ught

fir

st it

eps

in h

ortic

ultu

re.

The

Gre

eks

held

them

in h

igh

este

em b

y re

ason

of

the

Ees

thet

ic in

flue

nce

that

they

ass

erte

d.Pl

ato

the

broa

d-br

owed

taug

ht h

is d

isci

ples

inth

e fa

mou

s A

cade

mic

Gar

den

near

Ath

ens;

whi

le th

e im

mor

tal A

rist

otle

, in

imita

tion

of th

e m

aste

r, ta

ught

the

eage

r lis

tene

rs u

nder

the

shad

y oa

ks o

f th

e L

yceu

m G

arde

n.C

hris

tian

teac

hers

of th

e M

iddl

e A

ges

gave

gar

den

cultu

re a

pra

ctic

al tu

rn.

In th

eir

mon

aste

ry g

arde

ns th

ey ta

ught

the

igno

rant

pea

s-an

ts a

nd th

eir

child

ren

prac

tical

hor

ticul

ture

and

agri

-

cultu

re, s

o th

at th

ey k

nigh

t onc

e ag

ain

settl

e do

wn

to th

e

arts

of

peac

e an

d til

l the

war

-tra

mpl

edfi

elds

of

Eur

qpe.

All

the

grea

t edu

cato

rs f

rom

Com

eniu

s to

Fro

ebel

hav

e

emph

asiz

ed th

e im

port

ance

of

natu

re s

tudy

and

scho

ol

gard

ens.

Thu

s C

omen

ius

held

that

"a

gard

en s

houl

d be

conn

ecte

d w

ith e

very

sch

ool,

so th

at c

hild

ren

at ti

mes

can

leis

urel

y ga

ze o

n tr

ees,

flo

wer

s, a

nd h

erbs

,an

d be

taug

ht17

9

2 7

Page 110: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

I80

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

to e

njoy

them

."It

is n

o w

onde

r th

at th

is m

an's

nat

ive

coun

try,

Mor

avia

, sho

uld

dem

and

by la

w th

atev

ery

scho

olin

the

land

mai

ntai

n a

gard

en!

Froe

bel,

who

rej

oice

d in

the

teac

hing

that

"G

od's

spi

rit l

ives

inna

ture

, bea

ring

,sh

ield

ing,

unf

oldi

ng,"

sou

ght t

o im

pres

sup

on h

is p

atro

nsth

at "

chi

ldre

nof

sch

ool a

gesh

ould

hav

e ga

rden

sto

cul

tivat

e..

..

If th

e bo

y ca

nnot

hav

ea

gard

en o

fhi

s ow

n, a

t lea

st a

few

pla

nts

in b

oxor

pot

s sh

ould

be

his.

"T

he w

ork

of th

ese

inno

vato

rs h

as b

orne

a re

mar

kabl

efr

uit,

and

to-d

ay in

con

sequ

ence

thou

sand

s of

flou

rish

ing

scho

ol g

arde

ns a

re in

ope

ratio

n al

lov

er E

urop

e.T

he G

2rm

an S

tate

s.T

he G

erm

an s

tate

s ha

ve o

ffer

edho

rtic

ultu

re in

thei

r cu

rric

ulum

inso

me

form

for

man

yye

ars.

In 1

814

Schl

esw

ig-H

olst

ein

(the

n m

embe

rs o

fth

e D

anis

h ki

ngdo

m)

pave

d th

ew

ay b

y re

quir

ing

rura

lsc

hool

s to

giv

e in

stru

ctio

n in

fru

it cu

lture

and

vege

tabl

egr

owin

g.T

he v

illag

e sc

hool

s of

Pru

ssia

intr

oduc

ed s

choo

lga

rden

s in

181

9, a

nd o

ther

sta

tes

follo

wed

the

exam

ple

in th

e co

urse

of

time.

It is

wor

thy

of e

mph

asis

that

inG

erm

any,

as,

inde

ed, i

n m

ost E

urop

ean

coun

trie

s,th

esc

hool

gar

den

mov

emen

t beg

an in

the

rura

l dis

tric

tsan

dno

t in

the

citie

s as

with

us

in th

e U

nite

d St

ates

.A

bout

1840

the

larg

er G

erm

an c

ities

beg

an to

man

ifes

tan

inte

rest

in s

choo

l gar

dens

.B

erlin

now

mai

ntai

ns la

rge

gard

ens

just

out

side

the

city

lim

its, i

n w

hich

ever

y ch

ild w

ho a

p-pl

ies

may

hav

e a

smal

l pla

t of

itsow

n. 'W

agon

load

s of

fluw

ers,

twig

s, a

nd le

aves

fro

m th

ese

gard

ens

are

daily

SCH

OO

L G

AR

DE

NS

I8r

furn

ishe

d th

e na

ture

-stu

dy c

lass

es th

roug

hout

the

capi

tal.

Oth

er c

ities

mai

ntai

n si

mila

r ga

rden

s an

d la

rge

bota

nica

lga

rden

s w

here

the

child

ren

may

stu

dy a

var

ied

flor

a un

der

expe

rt h

ortic

ultu

rist

s.A

ustr

ia.

Aus

tria

and

Sw

eden

sho

uld

have

cre

dit f

orbe

ing

the

firs

t to

esta

blis

h th

e ga

rden

mov

emen

t on

ana

tiona

l bas

is.

The

Aus

tria

n iT

peri

al s

choo

l law

of

1869

pres

crib

es th

at "

whe

re p

ract

icA

le a

gar

den

and

a pl

ace

for

agri

cultu

ral e

xper

imen

t sha

ll be

est

ablis

hed

in e

very

rura

l sch

ool."

At t

he p

rese

nt ti

me

ther

e ar

e 20

,000

sch

ool

gard

ens

in A

ustr

ia-H

unga

ry.

It is

sai

d th

at in

the

larg

epr

ovin

ce o

f St

yria

eve

ry s

choo

l has

a w

ell-

kept

gar

den.

Tha

nks

toth

e in

defa

tigab

le e

ffor

ts o

f D

r.E

rasm

usSc

hwab

, Vie

nna

can

boas

t sch

ool g

arde

ns e

xcel

led

by n

one

in th

e w

hole

wor

ld.

Hun

gary

has

mad

e ga

rden

ing

and

elem

enta

ry a

gric

ultu

re o

blig

ator

y in

all

scho

ols

from

the

sixt

h to

the

fift

eent

h ye

ar.

Swed

en.

In S

wed

en th

e ro

yal p

rom

ulga

tion

of O

cto-

ber

15, 1

869,

req

uire

d th

at a

t " e

very

sch

ool a

gar

den

offr

om s

even

ty to

eig

hty

squa

re r

ods

mus

t be

laid

out

."A

s a

resu

lt, in

189

4 th

ere

wer

e 46

70 f

lour

ishi

ng s

choo

lga

rden

s in

the

king

dom

; but

, lat

ely,

slo

yd a

nd O

ther

for

ms

of m

anua

l tra

inin

g ha

ve u

surp

ed th

is a

ttent

ion

whi

ch w

asfo

rmer

ly b

esto

wed

upo

n ga

rden

cul

ture

, res

ultin

g in

aco

nsid

erab

le f

allin

g of

f in

the

num

ber

of g

arde

ns.

Fran

ce.

The

Fre

nch

gove

rnm

ent b

egan

the

mov

e-m

ent r

ight

by

firs

t tra

inin

g te

ache

rs to

" c

arry

to th

e el

e-

2 i b

Page 111: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

182

TH

E A

1LE

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

men

tary

sch

ools

an

exac

t kno

wle

dge

of th

e so

il, th

e m

eans

of im

prov

ing

it, th

e be

st m

etho

ds o

f cu

ltiva

tion,

the

man

-ag

emen

t of

a fa

rm g

arde

n,"

etc.

Thi

s w

as in

188

0.N

owm

ore

than

one

hun

dred

nor

mal

sch

ools

are

pre

pari

ngte

ache

rs to

go

into

the

rura

l dis

tric

ts to

dem

onst

rate

the

econ

omic

val

ue o

f el

emen

tary

agr

icul

ture

.In

the

neig

h-bo

rhoo

d of

45,

000

Fren

ch r

ural

sch

ools

are

at t

he p

rese

nttim

e eq

uipp

ed w

ith s

choo

l gar

dens

;al

thou

gh s

ome

ofth

ese

are

not u

sed

for

scho

ol d

emon

stra

tion,

but

wer

ees

tabl

ishe

d so

lely

to s

uppl

emen

t the

teac

her's

inco

me.

Rus

sia.

Rus

sian

sch

ool

gard

ens

orig

inat

edim

me-

diat

ely

afte

r A

lexa

nder

II

had

eman

cipa

ted

his

fort

y-si

xm

illio

n se

rfs

in 1

86i.

Publ

ic g

arde

ns w

ere

esta

blis

hed

whe

rein

the

igno

rant

fre

edm

en w

ere

taug

ht to

rai

seve

ge-

tabl

es, t

o ca

re f

or f

ruit

tree

s, s

ilkw

orm

s, a

nd b

t.es

.A

fter

1887

itin

eran

t gar

dene

rs w

ere

sent

out

by

the

Cro

wn,

who

inst

ruct

ed r

ural

teac

hers

in a

gric

ultu

re a

nd o

rgan

ized

man

y sc

hool

gar

dens

.In

190

5 th

e sc

hool

gar

dens

num

-be

red

8400

, of

whi

ch a

con

side

rabl

e nu

mbe

rw

ere

supp

lied

with

silk

wor

m h

atch

erie

s an

d ap

iari

es.

Oth

er E

urop

ean

Cou

ntri

es.

Switz

erla

nd m

akes

gar

den

cultu

re o

blig

ator

y fo

r gr

adua

tion

from

all

norm

al s

choo

ls.

The

gov

ernm

ent p

ursu

es s

ucce

ssfu

llya

plan

of

subs

idiz

ing

gard

ens

in c

onne

ctio

n w

ith th

e el

emen

tary

sch

ool,

and

offe

rs p

rize

s to

bot

h pu

pils

and

teac

hers

for

pra

ctic

alth

emes

on

gard

en c

ultu

re.

As

a re

sult,

hor

ticul

ture

in th

ere

publ

ic h

as r

ecei

ved

a re

mar

kabl

e im

petu

s.B

ohem

ia

,

.11"

,stio stau

rta

At*

"Il

tow

th1A

4,0

CA

1,,,A

s s

SCH

OO

L G

AR

DE

NS

.111

IMM

O/

t7e.

Atx

%td

skt

vtu

lt.

Cox

iq.a

ts

cry"

\ms

Wt' etic

erw

At

1440

44

Itoo

kvt.S

A

00A

aN

%

wyt

vivi

vtvi

vse

183

Size

abo

ut o

ne q

uart

er a

cre

(gro

unds

did

not

adm

it of

usu

alsi

ze),

sur

roun

ded

by h

edge

of

priv

et.

A,B

,C,D

, see

dlin

gs o

f fr

uit

tree

s. L, b

erri

es, s

tone

fru

its, b

or-

ders

of

min

t.'1

+7,

bor

ders

of

cher

ries

,go

oseb

erri

es, s

age.

OR

CH

AR

D

Pota

toes

plan

ted

betw

een

tree

s. S, b

orde

rs o

f ra

spbe

rrie

s.U

, plu

m tr

ees.

N, n

uts,

mou

ntai

n as

h bo

x-th

orn.

A,P

, app

le a

nd p

ear

tree

s.0,

bee

hive

s.

f. I

C. 9

. A p

lan

of R

ussi

an s

choo

l gro

unds

of

the

elem

enta

ry s

choo

ls, e

xhib

i-tio

n gr

ound

s at

Niz

hni-

Nov

goro

d, 1

896.

has

fully

s00

0 sc

hool

gar

dens

, and

her

mar

velo

us f

ruit

crop

is g

ener

ally

asc

ribe

d to

exp

ert s

choo

l ins

truc

tion.

Bel

gium

mak

es h

ortic

ultu

re c

ompu

lsor

y; th

e la

w r

equi

res

ever

ysc

hool

in th

e ki

ngdo

m to

mai

ntai

n a

gard

en o

f at

leas

t

221

Page 112: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

N.

184

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

thir

ty-n

ine

and

one

half

squ

are

rods

.T

he g

over

nmen

the

re, t

oo, g

rant

s an

nual

app

ropr

iatio

ns f

or th

e su

ppor

t of

scho

ol g

arde

ns a

nd o

ffer

s pr

izes

for

exc

elle

nce

in h

orti-

cultu

ral s

tudy

.V

q.et

able

gar

deni

ng s

sas

been

red

uced

toa

scie

ntif

ic s

yste

m s

n th

is m

ost d

ense

ly p

opul

ated

of

coun

trie

s, w

hich

is s

carc

ely

equa

led

else

whe

reth

anks

to p

erfe

ctio

n in

sch

ool g

arde

ning

.T

he B

ritis

h E

mpi

re.

Eng

land

alo

ne o

f pr

omin

ent

Eur

opea

n na

tions

has

bee

n sl

ow to

take

adv

anta

ge o

f th

ega

rden

mov

emen

t.It

isfa

ir to

sta

te, h

owev

er, t

hat

mar

ked

prog

ress

has

bee

n sh

own

sinc

e th

e ad

optio

n, in

1904

, of

a ne

w c

ours

e of

stu

dy f

or a

ll el

emen

tary

sch

ools

,

a co

urse

in w

hich

nat

ure

stud

y ho

lds

firs

t pla

ce,

and

gran

tq a

re m

ade

to a

ll sc

hool

s m

aint

aini

ng s

choo

l gar

dens

.B

utge

as

it ap

pear

s un

der

the

circ

umst

ance

s, th

eB

ritis

'sa

ve b

een

quic

k en

ough

to s

ee th

e va

lue

of s

choo

lga

rde

igin

thei

rco

loni

alsy

stem

s.T

hus

Jam

aica

,C

eylo

n, N

atal

, Tas

man

ia, a

nd th

e se

vera

l sta

tes

cons

titut

-in

g th

e co

mm

onw

ealth

of

Aus

tral

ia h

ave

scho

ol g

arde

nsin

som

e fo

rm o

r ot

her,

not

to m

entio

n C

anad

a, w

hich

can

boas

t the

mos

t com

plet

e sy

stem

of

scho

ol g

arde

ns in

the

Wes

tern

Hem

isph

ere.

It m

ay n

ow b

e tim

e to

ask

why

we

take

spac

e to

ent

erin

to th

is s

omew

hat l

engt

hy p

ortr

ayal

of

Eur

opea

n sc

hool

gard

ens.

Wha

t is

the

purp

ose

?W

hat d

oes

it pr

ove

?In

the

firs

t pla

ce it

dem

onst

rate

s th

at s

choo

l gar

deni

ngis

not

hing

new

, as

thou

ghtf

ul e

duca

tors

of

all

ages

hav

e

SCH

OO

L G

AR

DE

NS

I85

real

ized

its

valu

e.T

hen

it m

akes

cle

ar th

at s

choo

l gar

-de

ning

is n

ot a

fad

sei

zed

upon

by

any

one

clas

s of

educ

ator

s an

d ho

rtic

ultu

ral e

nthu

sias

ts, b

ut is

rat

her

in-

tern

atio

nal i

nits

sco

pe a

nd is

mad

e us

e of

and

very

succ

essf

ully

, too

in m

any

and

vari

ed w

ays.

Purp

oses

of

Eur

opea

n Sc

hool

Gar

dens

.Sw

eden

or-

gani

zed

a sy

stem

of

scho

ol g

arde

ns a

t a ti

me

whe

n Sw

edis

h

agri

cultu

re w

as s

adly

in n

eed

of g

over

nmen

tal i

nspi

ratio

n,te

achi

ng th

e pe

asan

try

scie

ntif

ic m

etho

ds in

hez

ticul

ture

and

elem

enta

ry a

gric

ultu

re.

Prus

sia

and

Boh

emia

mad

eth

e ga

rden

s ex

trem

ely

utili

tari

an, s

triv

ing

to p

rom

ote

a be

tter

know

ledg

e of

pom

olog

y.T

he s

ame

is tr

ue o

fFr

ance

, Bel

gium

, and

the

Net

herl

ands

;th

e pr

actic

alen

ds s

ough

t wer

e to

teac

h m

ore

prof

itabl

e m

etho

ds in

the

cultu

re o

f ve

geta

bles

, flo

wer

s, a

nd f

ruit.

Aus

tria

and,

of

late

, Den

mar

k an

d E

ngla

nd, h

ave

laid

em

phas

ison

the

pure

ly e

duca

tiona

l val

ue, t

he tr

aini

ng o

f he

art

and

hand

, mak

ing

the

utili

tari

an o

f se

cond

ary

impo

r-ta

nce.

Her

eto

shou

ld b

e ad

ded

that

som

e co

untr

ies,

par

-tic

ular

ly F

ranc

e, G

erm

any,

and

Den

mar

k, h

ave

mad

e us

eof

sch

ool g

arde

ns a

s a

spec

ial m

eans

to a

ugm

ent t

hete

ache

r's in

com

e.E

urop

ean

Em

igra

nt F

arm

ers

in C

ompe

titio

n w

ith N

ativ

eFa

rmer

s.T

he E

urop

ean

peas

ants

who

com

e to

our

shor

es b

y hu

ndre

ds o

f th

ousa

nds

have

bee

n tr

aine

d fr

omch

ildho

od in

thes

e sc

hool

s.T

heir

thri

ft a

nd a

bilit

y to

surm

ount

dif

ficu

lties

whi

ch h

ave

nonp

luss

ed a

nd d

isco

ur-

s

Page 113: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

186

THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL

aged

the

nativ

e A

mer

ican

far

mer

go

far

to p

rove

the

valu

e

of e

arly

trai

ning

in s

choo

l gar

deni

ng.

The

Eur

opea

nfa

rmer

inva

riab

ly o

utst

rips

the

nativ

e be

caus

e he

has

an

alm

ost i

nnat

e(i

r -b

red)

gift

for

farm

ing

righ

t.H

ekn

ows

how

and

whe

n to

fer

tiliz

e th

e so

il; h

ow a

nd w

hen

fall

plow

ing

shou

ld 1

. don

e; h

ow to

look

aft

er th

e de

tails

and

little

thin

gs.

It is

indi

sput

able

that

far

mer

s fr

omG

erm

any,

Den

mar

k, H

olla

nd, B

ohem

ia, a

nd F

ranc

e ha

veco

nver

ted

into

thri

ving

, wel

l-bu

ilt, a

nd w

ell-

stoc

ked

farm

s,

land

s up

on w

hich

the

aver

age

Am

eric

an c

ould

not

hav

esu

bsis

ted.

The

y ar

e ev

en n

ow b

egin

ning

to r

ecla

im th

ede

sert

ed N

ew E

ngla

nd f

arm

stea

ds, a

nd w

ill o

nce

mor

em

ake

them

blo

ssom

as

the

rose

.N

or s

houl

d th

is s

ucce

ssbe

attr

ibut

edas

it s

o of

ten

isto

a lo

wer

sca

le o

f liv

ing

on th

e pa

rt o

f th

e fo

reig

n-bo

rn f

arm

er.

The

rea

l sec

ret

of th

eir

succ

ess

is th

rift

and

kno

wle

dge

of th

e es

sent

ials

of s

cien

tific

far

min

g.A

mer

ican

s sh

ould

take

the

less

onto

hea

rt, f

or in

this

res

pect

Eur

opea

ns c

an y

et te

ach

usim

port

ant e

duca

tiona

l fac

ts.

His

tory

of

Scho

ol G

arde

ns in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es.

Mea

n-

whi

le, w

hat a

re w

e ac

com

plis

hing

for

the

scho

ol g

arde

n in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es ?

With

us

the

scho

ol g

arde

n is

not

yet

an in

tegr

al p

art o

f th

e ed

ucat

iona

l sys

tem

, alth

ough

som

epr

ogre

ss is

bei

ng m

ade

thro

ugh

indi

vidu

al in

itiat

ive.

The

citie

s w

ere

the

firs

t to

take

an

inte

rest

in th

e w

ork.

The

firs

t sch

ool g

arde

n w

as e

stab

lishe

d, in

189

1, a

t the

Geo

rge

Putn

am S

choo

l, R

oxbu

ry, M

assa

chus

etts

, by

Hen

ry L

in-

2 C

'11

,A

SCHOOL GARDENS

187

coln

Cla

pp, i

ts m

aste

r."

From

189

1 to

Iw

o on

ly w

ildfl

ower

s w

ere

culti

vate

d he

re, b

ut b

y th

e la

tter

date

Med

ford

,

Fram

ingh

am, H

yann

is, a

nd o

ther

Mas

sach

uset

ts to

wns

had

mad

e su

ch a

suc

cess

of

vege

tabl

e ga

rden

ing

in c

onne

c-

tion

with

sch

ool w

ork

that

the

Putn

am S

choo

l put

in a

kitc

hen

gard

en w

ith 8

4 be

ds."

Phila

nthr

opic

org

aniz

atio

ns o

f di

ffer

ent k

inds

hav

ebe

en b

ack

of th

is e

duca

tiona

l mov

emen

t in

the

citie

s.In

1901

the

Tw

entie

th C

entu

ry C

lub

of B

osto

n es

tabl

ishe

da

scho

ol g

arde

n at

the

Eng

lish

Hig

h Sc

hool

of

that

city

;

and

the

follo

win

g ye

ar: t

he M

assa

chus

etts

Civ

ic L

eagu

epr

ovid

ed 3

50 s

mal

l gar

dens

for

sch

ool c

hild

ren

thro

ugho

ut

the

stat

e.T

he C

ivic

Im

prov

emen

t Lea

gue

of S

t. L

ouis

,T

he C

hica

go C

omm

ittee

on

Vac

atio

n Sc

hool

s, T

he H

ome

Gar

deni

ng A

ssoc

iatio

n of

Cle

vela

nd, a

nd m

any

orga

niza

-

tions

of

a si

mila

r na

ture

hav

e ac

com

plis

hed

muc

h fo

r sc

hool

gard

enin

g an

d pa

rk c

onst

ruct

ion

in th

eir

resp

ectiv

e ci

ties.

Prob

ably

som

e fi

fty

of th

e la

rger

citi

es in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es

are

equi

pped

with

sch

ool g

arde

ns; a

mon

g th

ese

may

be

men

tione

dB

osto

n,St

.L

ouis

,C

hica

go, W

ashi

ngto

n,W

orce

ster

, Cle

vela

nd, N

ew Y

ork

City

, Bro

oklin

e (M

as-

sach

uset

ts),

Yon

kers

, Phi

lade

lphi

a, a

nd H

ampt

on (

Vir

-gi

nia)

.V

ery

few

sch

ool g

arde

ns r

ecei

ve d

irec

t fin

anci

alsu

ppor

t fro

m th

e lo

cal b

oard

s of

edu

catio

n or

may

be

cons

ider

ed a

s a

part

of

the

loca

l edu

catio

nal s

yste

m.

Phila

delp

hia,

Cle

vela

nd, R

oche

ster

, and

Eas

t Ora

nge

(New

Jers

ey),

are

mar

ked

exce

ptio

ns, a

s th

e bo

ard

of e

duca

tion

r.

.

404

ti

Page 114: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

188

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

in e

ach

of th

ese

citie

s ha

s m

ade

scho

ol g

arde

ning

a p

art

of th

e ed

ucat

iona

l sys

tem

.Pr

actic

al V

alue

of

City

Sch

ool G

arde

ning

.T

he f

ollo

w-

ing

para

grap

h is

fro

m th

e pe

n of

Sup

erin

tend

ent 0

. J.

Ker

n.It

poi

nts

out t

he v

alue

of

scho

ol g

arde

ning

in th

eci

ty s

yste

m a

nd g

ives

per

tinen

t rea

sons

why

suc

h sc

hool

sar

e co

mpa

rativ

ely

easi

er to

mai

ntai

n he

re th

an in

rur

aldi

stri

cts:

It w

ould

see

m th

at th

e sc

hool

gar

den

in c

ities

sho

uld,

of

cour

se,

be a

ver

y ra

tiona

l mea

ns o

f su

pple

men

ting

the

stud

y of

boo

ks, t

osa

y no

thin

g of

its

esth

etic

val

ue in

bea

utif

ying

gro

unds

.A

lso,

man

y of

the

cond

ition

s th

ere

mak

e it

muc

h ea

sier

to h

ave

succ

essf

ulsc

hool

gar

dens

.T

he s

choo

l yea

r is

long

er, a

nd th

ere

are

trai

ned

teac

hers

with

bet

ter

sala

ries

, tea

cher

s w

ho h

ave

a hi

gh a

ppre

cia-

tion

of b

eaut

y an

d th

e va

lue

of n

atur

e st

udy

from

nat

ure.

Thi

ssy

mpa

thet

ic a

ttitu

de is

the

resu

lt of

thei

r no

rmal

trai

ning

, whe

re,

in a

cou

rse

cove

ring

two

or th

ree

year

s, th

ey a

re to

ld h

ow, i

n th

em

ost e

ffec

tive

man

ner

and

with

a m

inim

um o

f "e

cono

mic

was

te,"

they

are

to c

ultiv

ate

the

child

's "

ever

y in

cipi

ent p

ower

." T

he c

itych

ild d

oes

not c

ome

in c

onta

ct w

ith n

atur

e as

doe

s th

e co

untr

y ch

ild;

henc

e it

is m

uch

easi

er to

inte

rest

him

.A

lso,

ther

e is

a m

uch

mor

een

light

ened

pub

lic s

entim

ent i

n th

e ci

ties,

with

thei

r pu

blic

libr

arie

san

d ar

t gal

leri

es. P

ublic

-spi

rite

d m

en a

nd w

omen

giv

e tim

e an

d m

oney

to e

ncou

rage

the

retu

rn to

nat

ure.

Perh

aps

ther

e is

a g

reat

er n

eed

of th

is in

the

artif

icia

l lif

e of

citi

es.

The

sch

ool g

arde

n is

not

like

lyto

suf

fer

duri

ng d

ry s

umm

er v

acat

ions

, for

ther

e ar

e th

e ja

nito

r an

dth

e hy

dran

t.A

nd it

is n

ot s

urpr

isin

g th

at s

uch

citie

s as

Bos

ton,

Yon

kers

, Cle

vela

nd,

Phila

delp

hia,

St.

Lou

is, a

nd o

ther

s sh

ould

achi

eve

such

gre

at r

esul

ts w

hen

ther

e ar

e sa

lari

ed e

xper

t sup

ervi

sors

who

dir

ect t

he w

ork

even

in v

acat

ion

time.

And

this

wor

k is

of

the

high

est e

duca

tive

valu

e.In

stea

d of

citi

es b

uild

ing

larg

er ja

iLs

0k)

BE

V C

O

SCH

OO

L G

AR

DE

NS

189

and

poin

ting

with

pri

de to

suc

h st

ruct

ures

as th

e so

lutio

n of

the

bad

boy

prob

lem

, let

mor

e m

oney

be

spen

t in

farm

sch

ools

, whe

re th

e bo

yca

n ge

t aw

ay f

rom

the

slum

bac

k to

the

brow

n ea

rth.

Gar

den

wor

k is

bet

ter

than

" b

umm

in'."

Thi

s is

goo

d,ga

rden

wor

k is

bet

ter

than

" b

umm

in'."

Wha

t is

mor

e, th

ere

isan

abu

ndan

ce o

f pr

oof

on r

ecor

d to

dem

onst

rate

its

prac

tical

val

ue in

str

ictly

scho

ol w

ork.

Jam

es R

alph

Jew

ell e

mph

asiz

es th

ispo

int i

n hi

s ex

celle

ntpu

blic

atio

non

" A

gric

ultu

ral

Edu

catio

n,"

Bur

eau

ofE

duca

tion,

Bul

letin

No.

2, 1

907)

, whi

ch h

e fu

rthe

r su

b-st

antia

tes

with

abu

ndan

t quo

tatio

ns.

He

says

in p

art:

In th

e fi

rst p

lace

, in

prac

tical

lyev

ery

scho

ol h

eard

fro

m d

irec

tlyth

ey h

ave

give

n an

inte

rest

toso

me

scho

lars

, pro

babl

y to

thos

e of

a pr

edom

inan

tly m

otor

type

, to

who

m in

the

past

the

less

ons

in th

ebo

oks

had

mea

nt li

ttle.

A w

hole

som

e in

tere

st o

nce

arou

sed,

the

scho

ol w

ork

was

mor

e ea

sily

don

e.W

ere

ther

e no

oth

er a

dvan

tage

in th

is s

ubje

ct, i

t wou

ld b

e ju

stif

ied

byth

is r

esul

t in

a co

untr

y w

here

we

have

few

spe

cial

sch

ools

for

thos

e a

little

slo

wor

bac

kwar

d in

thei

r st

udie

s.B

ut th

is is

not

all.

Prof

esso

r J.

D. H

emen

way

, of

Har

tfor

d, C

onne

ctic

ut, s

ays:

"It

has

bee

n fo

und

that

sch

ool g

arde

n-in

g te

nds

to in

spir

e on

e to

do

bette

rw

ork

in o

ther

bra

nche

s.In

Day

-to

n, O

hio,

whe

re s

choo

l gar

dens

hav

e be

en c

ondu

cted

for

six

or s

even

year

s, b

oys

taki

ng g

arde

ning

mak

e30

per

cen

t mor

e ra

pid

prog

ress

in th

eir

stud

ies

than

thos

e w

ithou

tga

rden

s."

The

incr

ease

d ef

fi-

cien

cy in

oth

er s

choo

l wor

k ha

s be

enno

ted

in P

hila

delp

hia,

Cle

ve-

land

, Ham

pton

, and

the

Ric

e Sc

hool

in B

osto

n.In

the

anno

unce

-m

ent o

f th

e de

part

men

t of

child

ren'

s ga

rden

s of

the

Am

eric

an C

ivic

Ass

ocia

tion

is th

e st

atem

ent b

y M

r. D

ick

J. C

rosb

y, o

f th

e of

fice

of E

xper

imen

t Sta

tion,

of

Was

hing

ton,

that

"ex

peri

ence

has

sho

wn

that

dev

otin

g fo

ur o

r fi

ve h

ours

a w

eek,

or

even

two

hour

s a

day,

to n

atur

e st

udy

and

gard

enin

g, if

pro

perl

yco

nduc

ted,

ena

bles

the

AV

AIL

AB

LE

Page 115: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

190

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

LI

SCH

OO

L G

AR

DE

NS

191

pupi

ls to

acc

ompl

ish

mor

e in

the

rem

aini

ng ti

me

than

they

for

mer

lyac

com

plis

hed

in th

e w

hole

tim

e sp

ent i

n sc

hool

."

Eve

n m

ore

to th

e po

int i

s th

e te

stim

ony

of M

r. G

eorg

e

Iles

in d

iscu

ssin

gth

e su

cces

sful

ope

ratio

n of

sch

ool

gard

ens

in C

anad

a.H

e w

rite

s:

Uni

form

exa

min

atio

ns f

or e

ntra

nce

to h

igh

scho

ols

are

held

thro

ugho

ut O

ntar

io in

Jul

y.In

190

6 in

Car

leto

n co

unty

fro

msc

hool

s w

ithou

t gar

dens

49

per

cent

of

the

cand

idat

es w

ere

succ

ess-

ful;

from

fiv

e M

acdo

nald

sch

ools

, whe

re a

ll ca

ndid

ates

had

bee

nsc

hool

gar

dene

rs f

or th

ree

cons

ecut

ive

year

s, 7

1 pe

r ce

nt w

ere

ad-

mitt

ed, m

ostly

with

hig

h st

andi

ng.

As

in a

ll su

ch e

duca

tion

it w

assh

own

that

whe

n pa

rt o

f a

scho

ol d

ay is

giv

en to

toil

with

the

hand

s,at

the

benc

h, a

nd o

ut o

f do

ors,

the

book

wor

k at

the

desk

take

s on

a fr

esh

mea

ning

, and

insp

ires

a n

ew z

est.

Soci

al-e

thic

alV

alue

ofC

itySc

hool

Gar

deni

ng.

Gar

den

cultu

re h

as w

orke

d qu

ite a

mir

acle

in th

e liv

es o

fch

ildre

n liv

ing

in th

e sl

um q

uart

ers

of o

ur c

ities

.T

hein

flue

nce

of tr

ees

and

flow

ers

in a

soc

ial-

ethi

cal w

ay is

very

rem

arka

ble.

The

re is

an

old

sayi

ng th

at in

Whi

te-

chap

elL

ondo

n's

mos

tvi

ciou

s,sq

ualid

quar

ter

flow

ers

cann

ot li

ve a

nd tr

ees

will

not

thri

ve.

Or,

to r

e-ve

rse

the

stat

emen

t: cr

ime

cann

ot th

rive

whe

re s

wee

t na-

ture

sm

iles.

So in

our

citi

es s

choo

l gar

dens

hav

e be

en a

pote

nt in

flue

nce

at w

ork

for

civi

c ri

ghte

ousn

ess.

As

the

scho

ol g

arde

n in

vade

s th

e sl

ums

vice

and

squ

alor

rec

ede

befo

re it

.O

n th

is p

oint

we

have

the

test

imon

y of

Dir

ec-

tor

Mar

tin o

f th

e Ph

ilade

lphi

a B

urea

u of

Hea

lth, w

how

rite

s:

Lw

In th

e sl

ums

of P

hila

delp

hia

I ha

ve f

ound

that

in th

e ho

uses

whe

re th

ere

are

flow

ers

a re

sult

of o

ur s

choo

l gar

dens

ther

e is

neat

cle

anlin

ess,

alth

ough

all

arou

nd is

squ

alor

.

And

in r

egar

d to

incr

ease

d re

spec

t for

pro

pert

y ri

ghts

,to

quo

te M

r. J

ewel

l onc

e m

ore:

In P

hila

delp

hia

the

resi

dent

s of

Wec

cano

e Sq

uare

them

selv

esho

oted

at t

he id

ea o

f pr

oper

ty r

ight

s be

ing

resp

ecte

d, y

et o

nly

one

hoe

was

sto

len.

The

re w

as n

o ot

her

loss

dur

ing

the

seas

on, a

nd th

epo

lice

reco

rds

show

that

cri

me

dim

inis

hed

mat

eria

lly in

the

neig

h-bo

rhoo

d."T

he c

hild

ren

of th

e vi

cini

ty w

ere

take

n of

f th

e st

reet

s,ev

en th

e bi

g bo

ys, a

t tha

t for

mat

ive

peri

od o

f 12

tO 1

6, w

hen

so m

any

begi

n to

go

to th

e ba

d."

The

chi

ldre

n be

gan

to a

sk f

or b

ooks

on

gard

enin

g; th

is le

d to

the

form

atio

n of

qui

te a

littl

e ci

rcul

atin

g lib

rary

by th

e te

ache

rs, a

nd n

ot a

boo

k or

mag

azin

e di

sapp

eare

d.

Lac

k of

spa

ce f

orbi

ds f

urth

er d

etai

ls o

n th

e va

lue

ofci

ty s

choo

l gar

dens

.B

ut e

noug

h ha

s al

read

y be

en s

aid

tode

term

ine

its g

reat

impo

rtan

ce a

s an

edu

catio

nal a

genc

yin

the

city

sys

tem

.

The

res

t of

this

cha

pter

mus

t now

be

devo

ted

to s

choo

lga

rden

s in

rur

al d

istr

icts

.R

ural

Sch

ool G

arde

ns.

It w

as m

entio

ned

else

whe

re in

this

cha

pter

that

in E

urop

e sc

hool

gar

dens

ori

gina

ted

inco

nnec

tion

with

rur

al s

choo

ls, c

hief

ly f

or th

e pr

actic

al e

ndof

mak

ing

te

peas

ants

bet

ter

farm

ers.

Som

ehow

, with

us, t

he s

choo

l gar

den

has

com

e to

be

the

natu

ral a

djun

ct o

fth

e ci

ty s

choo

l.T

here

is a

fee

ling

that

city

chi

ldre

n ne

edth

e ou

tdoo

r ex

erci

se a

nd c

onta

ct w

ith n

atur

e w

hich

gar

-de

ning

afr

o ds

muc

h m

ore

than

do

coun

try

child

ren;

and

2

Page 116: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

192

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

that

the

latte

r w

ill le

arn

gard

enin

g an

d th

e ru

dim

ents

of

agri

cultu

re a

t hom

e, a

nyw

ay, a

s w

ell o

r be

tter

than

they

can

be ta

ught

in s

choo

l.T

his

is a

ll ve

ry w

ell,

but i

s it

born

e ou

t

by f

act?

Doe

s th

e av

erag

e fa

rm c

hild

lear

n en

ough

toke

ep u

p w

ith th

e pr

oces

sion

in th

is c

ount

ry o

f in

crea

sing

land

val

ues?

Farm

land

s ar

e ge

tting

too

valu

able

for

chea

p fa

rmin

g.C

an th

e av

erag

e fa

rmer

teac

h hi

s bo

y th

e

best

ther

e is

?L

et th

e an

swer

com

e fr

om c

omm

uniti

esw

hich

pra

ctic

e sc

hool

gar

deni

ng.

Con

cret

e ill

ustr

atio

npr

oves

bey

ond

a sh

adow

of

doub

t tha

t " w

here

a b

oy h

asle

arne

d at

s, h

( ol

to m

ix h

is a

gric

ultu

re w

ith b

rain

s "

he is

abl

e as

a m

an to

rai

se m

ore

farm

pro

duce

, acr

e fo

rac

re, t

han

his

fath

er e

ver

did

befo

re h

im.

Mr.

Jew

ell

excl

aim

s ve

ry p

ertin

ently

:

How

man

y a

farm

er b

oy, w

ho w

ill p

ract

ice

farm

ing

all h

is li

fe,

goes

thro

ugh

his

life

in th

e sc

hool

and

at h

ome

with

out k

now

ing

how

the

root

s of

cor

n sp

read

out

, or

how

to c

ultiv

ate

the

corn

pro

perl

yto

insu

re th

e la

rges

t yie

ld, e

xcep

t as

he f

ollo

ws

wha

t he

sees

oth

ers

do a

nd w

ithou

t kno

win

g a

hund

red

thin

gs o

f th

e ki

nd w

hich

sci

ence

is w

aitin

g :o

r hi

m to

lear

n an

d ut

ilize

?H

ow m

any

coun

try

beys

have

bee

n gi

ven

anyt

hing

to th

ink

of a

s th

ey h

oe p

otat

oes

exce

ptth

at th

eir

city

cou

sins

are

not

blis

teri

ng th

eir

hand

s so

?

Can

ada

coul

d fu

rnis

h m

any

illus

trat

ions

of

wha

t sch

ool

gard

ens

are

actu

ally

acc

ompl

ishi

ng f

or th

e fa

rmer

.Fo

rin

stan

ce, i

n 19

03, a

fter

thre

e ye

ars

of w

ork

in s

eed

sele

ctio

n

and

care

ful c

ultiv

atio

n in

plo

ts o

f gr

ound

at h

ome

and

insc

hool

, " th

e yi

eld

of w

heat

thus

sow

n an

d re

aped

was

28 p

er c

ent h

eavi

er th

an th

at o

f th

ree

year

s be

fore

fro

m2

3 1

Page 117: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

Thi

s re

mar

kabl

e pi

ctur

e ill

ustr

ates

sch

ool g

arde

n w

ork

at th

e M

acdo

nald

Con

solid

ated

Sch

ool,

Gue

lph,

Can

ada,

E. A

. How

es, P

rinc

ipal

.T

he ti

me

is J

une.

The

sam

e ga

rden

at h

arve

st ti

me,

in S

epte

mbe

r.

4, 4

.;

SCH

OO

L G

AR

DE

NS

193

unse

lect

ed s

eed;

in o

ats

the

incr

ease

was

27

per

cent

,ar

ea f

or a

rea.

"

Flo.

to. P

lan

of M

acdo

nald

con

s.'id

ated

scho

ol g

roun

ds a

nd g

arde

ns,

Bow

esvi

lle, O

ntar

io, C

anad

a.

The

pro

vinc

e of

Nov

a Sc

otia

head

s th

e lis

t with

103

scho

ol g

arde

ns in

1905

.O

ther

Eas

tern

pro

vinc

es e

stab

-lis

hed

25 g

arde

ns, 5

in e

ach

prov

ince

, vri

th th

e co

min

g of

the

0

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

4JLA

BLE

Page 118: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

Pie

;Van

**D

a.e.

r# P

ose.

tahf

t.

Rad

ishr

Lettu

ce

(194

)

flit

Flaw

enr 6N

.

Rirs

Ity

ners

niiit

"ft

Bee

tsX

1T

ntt.

Oni

on 'l

ets

et."

)44

01tIl

aP27

1!&

910/

eDV

II30

oft

'as

Fto,

1.Ir

riga

ted

scho

ol g

arde

n at

Gilp

in, C

olor

ado.

I.

SCH

OO

L G

AR

DE

NS

195

Mac

dona

ld m

ovem

ent.

Eve

n th

e N

orth

wes

t ter

rito

ries

have

est

ablis

hed

flou

rish

ing

gard

ens

in m

any

com

mun

ities

.

In th

e U

nite

d St

ates

som

e ve

ry e

xcel

lent

gar

dens

are

mai

n-ta

ined

as

adju

ncts

of

the

sam

e cl

ass

of s

choo

ls, a

lthou

ghSu

peri

nten

dent

Ker

n, o

fW

inne

bago

cou

nty,

Illin

ois,

Supe

rint

ende

nt M

iller

, of

Keo

kuk

coun

ty, I

owa,

and

man

yot

her

enth

usia

stic

wor

kers

who

se a

im is

to b

ette

r th

eco

nditi

ons

of th

e co

untr

y ch

ild h

ave

dem

onst

rate

d co

n-cl

usiv

ely

that

ver

y su

cces

sful

sch

ool g

arde

ns m

ay a

lso

bem

aint

aine

d in

con

nect

ion

with

the

smal

l one

-roo

m s

choo

l.T

he U

nite

d St

ates

Dep

artm

ent o

f A

gric

ultu

re p

lace

sth

e nu

mbe

r of

gar

dens

in o

pera

tion

in o

ur c

ount

ry (

1906

)

at 7

5,00

0.T

he M

iddl

e W

est,

nota

bly

Illin

ois,

Iow

a, M

in-

neso

ta, a

nd W

isco

nsin

, hav

e th

e la

rges

t num

ber

of r

ural

gard

ens.

Man

y ot

her

stat

es, a

mon

g th

em M

ichi

gan,

Indi

ana,

Ohi

o, a

nd P

enns

ylva

nia,

hav

e co

mpr

ehen

sive

syst

ems

of s

choo

l gar

dens

.E

ven

Col

orad

o, in

the

hear

tof

the

Roc

kies

, sup

port

s hu

ndre

ds o

f su

cces

sful

gar

dens

.T

wo

Dif

ficu

lties

whi

ch m

ust b

e M

et.

Tw

o di

ffic

ul-

ties

mus

t be

met

bef

ore

scho

ol g

arde

ning

can

bec

ome

an in

tegr

al p

art o

f ou

r ed

ucat

iona

l sys

tem

.T

hey

are

:

(t)

gene

ral p

opul

ar a

ppre

ciat

ion

of th

eir

real

val

ue, a

nd(2

) tr

aine

d te

ache

rs a

ble

to f

ace

and

surm

ount

any

obs

ta-

cles

thro

wn

in th

e w

ay o

f th

eir

succ

essf

ul e

stab

lishm

ent.

Popu

lar

appr

ecia

tion

is a

lrea

dy o

n th

e in

crea

se.

Man

y

stat

e no

rmal

sch

ools

and

sta

te a

gric

ultu

ral c

olle

ges

have

lent

will

ing

hand

s an

d ar

e do

ing

muc

h th

roug

h bu

lletin

s

2 3

Page 119: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

196

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

and

othe

rwis

e to

cal

l the

far

mer

s' a

ttent

ion

to th

e im

por-

tanc

e of

the

scho

ol g

arde

n in

the

rura

l sch

ool s

yste

m.

Farm

ers'

inst

itute

s in

sev

eral

sta

tes

have

pla

ced

thei

r of

fici

al

indo

rsem

ent u

pon

the

mov

emen

t.Fa

rmer

boy

s' c

orn

club

s an

d si

mila

r or

gani

zatio

ns (

see

Cha

pter

XI)

are

all

doin

g m

uch

to r

ouse

pub

lic in

tere

st.

Tra

inin

g T

each

ers

in E

lem

enta

ry A

gric

ultu

re.

The

secr

et o

f m

uch

of th

e im

med

iate

suc

cess

and

sol

idity

at-

tain

ed b

y th

e sc

hool

gar

den

mov

emen

t in

Can

ada

is e

asily

expl

aine

d.It

s or

igin

ator

s be

gan

in th

e ri

ght w

ay b

y fi

rst

trai

ning

thei

r te

ache

rs f

or th

e w

ork

to b

e ac

com

plis

hed.

Anu

mbe

r of

pro

vinc

ial n

orm

al s

choo

ls a

nd M

acdo

nald

in-

stitu

tes

are

enga

ged

in tr

aini

ng te

ache

rs f

or th

e in

crea

sing

num

ber

of s

choo

ls m

akin

g pr

ovis

ion

for

natu

re s

tudy

and

scho

ol-g

arde

n ex

peri

men

ts. T

he M

acdo

nald

Ins

titut

e,as

soci

ated

with

the

Ont

ario

Agr

icul

tura

l Col

lege

at G

uelp

h,

has

the

fine

st e

quip

men

t in

the

wor

ld f

or g

arde

n ex

peri

-m

ents

and

nat

ure

stud

y.T

he s

choo

l off

ers

elec

tive

cour

ses

in th

ese

subj

ects

fre

e to

all

teac

hers

.Fo

ur p

rovi

ncia

lgo

vern

men

ts h

ave

gran

ted

scho

lars

hips

to th

is s

choo

l,w

hich

hav

e al

read

y en

able

d 20

0 te

ache

rs to

take

inst

ruc-

tion

in tn

e el

ectiv

e su

bjec

ts.

In th

e U

nite

d St

ates

we

are

not s

o fo

rtun

atel

y si

tuat

ed,

sinc

e ou

r m

illio

nair

es h

ave

not y

et c

ome

forw

ard

inim

itatio

n of

Sir

Will

iam

Mac

dona

ld.

In s

pite

of

this

we

are

mak

ing

a go

od b

egin

ning

.T

each

ers

who

are

alr

eady

in th

e se

rvic

e ha

ve a

mpl

e ai

ds a

t the

ir d

ispo

sal f

or s

elf-

r.r-

SCH

OO

L G

AR

DE

NS

197

inst

ruct

ion,

if th

ey c

hoos

e to

take

adv

anta

ge o

f th

em; a

ndfu

ture

teac

hers

sho

uld

have

no

diff

icul

ty to

fin

d a

suita

ble

inst

itutio

n w

here

to r

ecei

ve th

eir

trai

ning

.Se

vera

l typ

esof

inst

itutio

ns w

hich

off

er s

uch

trai

ning

hav

e be

en d

is-

cuss

ed in

the

chap

ter

on "

The

Rur

al T

each

er :

His

Tra

in-

ing

" an

d ne

ed n

ot b

e re

peat

ed h

ere.

Dea

n L

. H. B

aile

ycl

assi

fies

thes

e in

stitu

tions

(B

urea

u of

Edu

catio

n, B

ulle

tinN

o. 1

, 190

8) u

nder

sev

en h

eads

as

follo

ws:

(1)

sta

te n

or-

mal

sch

ools

;(2

) lo

cal n

orm

al s

choo

ls;

(3)

high

sch

ools

and

trai

ning

cla

sses

;(4

) se

para

te a

gric

ultu

ral s

choo

ls;

(5)

spec

ial d

etac

hed

foun

datio

ns f

or in

dust

rial

wor

k;(6

) ed

ucat

ion

depa

rtm

ents

of

colle

ges

and

univ

ersi

ties

and

teac

hers

' col

lege

s; a

nd (

7) a

gric

ultu

ral c

olle

ges.

Step

s Pr

epar

ator

y to

mak

ing

the

Gar

den.

Unl

ess

the

teac

her

has

take

n in

stru

ctio

n in

the

actu

al m

anag

emen

tof

sch

ool g

arde

ns h

is s

ucce

ss o

r fa

ilure

will

dep

end

alto

-ge

ther

on

his

own

inge

nuity

in s

elf-

prep

arat

ion.

The

firs

t ste

p w

ould

mos

t lik

ely

be to

rea

d so

me

good

boo

kor

boo

ks o

n sc

hool

gar

dens

deal

ing

with

thei

r va

lue,

how

to m

ake

them

, cou

rse

of in

stru

ctio

n, e

tc.

The

n le

thi

m s

end

to th

e B

urea

u of

Edu

catio

n fo

ra

free

list

of

bul-

letin

s on

the

subj

ect,

glea

ning

fro

m th

em s

uch

sugg

estiv

em

ater

ials

as

they

may

con

tain

.It

is a

n ex

celle

nt id

eato

get

into

touc

h, th

roug

h co

rres

pond

ence

usu

ally

, with

phila

nthr

opic

org

aniz

atio

ns e

ngag

ed in

fur

ther

ing

this

mov

emen

t thr

ough

out o

ur c

ount

ry; t

hey

wou

ld g

ive

valu

-ab

le s

ugge

stio

ns a

nd m

ight

eve

n fu

rnis

h se

eds

and

othe

r

LI

I

Page 120: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

198

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

mat

eria

l hel

p.St

ate

hort

icul

tura

l soc

ietie

s, s

tate

nor

mal

scho

ols,

and

sta

te a

gric

ultu

ral c

olle

ges

will

ingl

yse

nd th

eir

bulle

tins,

man

uals

, and

cou

rses

of

stud

y.T

hese

will

all

be o

f va

lue.

Bet

ter

still

are

exc

ursi

ons

to s

choo

l gar

dens

alre

ady

in o

pera

tion;

her

e th

e te

ache

r m

ay s

eew

ith h

is

own

eyes

wha

t he

has

hith

erto

know

n in

theo

ry o

nly.

He

shou

ld f

inal

ly s

tudy

the

plan

of

som

e w

ell-

know

n sc

hool

-ga

rden

sys

tem

and

ada

pt it

to h

is o

wn

need

s.H

. D.

Hem

enw

ay h

as p

ublis

hed

a bo

ok o

n"

How

to m

ake

Scho

ol

Gar

dens

" (s

ee s

ugge

stiv

e lis

t at e

nd o

f ch

apte

r), w

hich

con

-

tain

s an

out

line

plan

of

the

Oak

dale

Sch

ool,

of D

edha

m,

Mas

sach

uset

ts.

R. H

. Cow

ley,

Ins

pect

or o

f Sc

hool

s, h

asw

ritte

n in

stru

ctiv

ely

on th

e M

acdo

nald

Sch

ool G

arde

nsin

the

Que

en's

Qua

rter

ly f

or 1

905.

The

se s

choo

l gar

dens

are

too

com

plex

for

the

ordi

nary

one

-roo

m s

choo

l,bu

t are

so

full

of h

ints

whi

ch c

an b

e m

ade

use

of th

at a

ll te

ache

rssh

ould

rea

d th

e ar

ticle

s. W

e qu

ote

belo

w s

uch

port

ions

of C

owle

y's

outli

ne p

lan

of th

e sc

hool

gar

dens

and

gro

unds

of th

e B

owes

ville

Con

solid

ated

Sch

ool,

of B

owes

ville

,O

ntar

io, a

s ar

e de

emed

of

espe

cial

valu

e to

beg

inne

rs in

scho

ol g

arde

ning

:

Bow

esvi

lle, O

ntar

io, S

choo

l Gar

dens

: Gen

eral

Plan

s.W

hile

the

plan

of

layi

ng o

ut th

e ga

rden

s va

ries

acc

ordi

ng to

soi

l, su

rfac

e,an

d lo

catio

n, th

e ou

tline

of

the

Bow

esvi

lle g

arde

n on

pag

e 19

3su

gges

ts th

e ge

nera

l fea

ture

sth

at h

ave

been

kep

t in

view

.T

hese

incl

ude

a be

lt of

orn

amen

tal n

ativ

e tr

ees

arid

shr

ubs

surr

ound

ing

the

grou

nds;

two

wal

ks, e

ach

abou

t one

hun

dred

yar

ds lo

ng, b

e .

twee

n ro

ws

of tr

ees

; a p

layg

roun

a or

abo

ut h

alf

an a

cre

for

the

girl

s,

SCH

OO

L G

AR

DE

NS

199

bord

ered

with

som

e lig

ht a

nd g

race

ful s

hade

, suc

h as

cut-

leaf

bir

ch;

a sm

all o

rcha

rd, i

n w

hich

are

gro

wn

afe

w v

arie

ties

of th

e fr

uit t

rees

mos

t pro

fita

ble

toT

HR

EE

roa

r. W

AL

K...

.th

e di

stri

ct; a

for

est

-I

plot

, in

whi

ch th

e:

mos

t im

port

ant C

a-i

nadi

an tr

ees

will

be

.

grow

nfr

omse

ed. i

and

by tr

ansp

lant

-i .

:in

g; a

plo

t for

cul

-t

..

.

tivat

ing

the

wild

i...

PO

TA

TO

E S

.. . .

. ;

herb

s,vi

nes,

and

l-I

1

shru

bs o

f th

e di

s-1 I s

X P

EA

S-

0:

tric

t; sp

ace

for

in-

.4.

spec

ial

expe

rim

en-

4B

EE

TS.

divi

dual

plo

ts a

nd1

:o

:i t+

B E

ET

S....

.-0

.

tal

plot

s; a

nd a

t-0

I

trac

tive

appr

oach

to0 th

.-.

CU

CU

MB

ER

S....

4 Nth

e sc

hool

, inc

lud-

LE

TT

UC

E. >r

ing

open

law

n, la

rge

0

flow

erin

g pl

ants

,.

L E

TT

uC E

....,-

X

0i.

....

EL

AD

ISH

ES

folia

ge, r

ocke

ry, o

r-i

.t

nam

enta

lsh

rubs

,:

....

.RA

DIS

HE

S.!

1

etc.

1

.. .F

LO

WE

R.S

. i4.

04e,

e

:a o

:e

'I

: a1.

N42

1

...0

0 R

N...

.

....

BE

AN

SB

EA

NS

--...

ME

LO

NS.

..

1,4..6040

Dr.

Rob

ert-

son,

the

dire

ctor

of th

e M

ac-

dona

ld m

ove-

men

t, la

ys g

reat

stre

ss o

n"

spe-

cial

exp

erim

enta

l plo

ts"

whe

rein

exp

erim

ents

of

a hi

ghly

inst

ruct

ive

char

acte

r ar

e ca

rrie

d on

, cov

erin

g m

any

sim

ple

N9

RN

93FI

G. 1

2.Pl

antin

g pl

an o

f an

indi

vidu

al s

choo

lga

rden

.

r r- t'J

Page 121: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

200

THE AMERICAN RURAL SCHOOL

less

ons

in w

hat h

e pl

ease

s to

cal

l the

trip

od o

f go

od f

arm

-in

g: "

(1)

sow

ing

sele

cted

see

d on

pre

pare

d so

il;(2)

pro-

tect

ing

crop

s ag

ains

t ins

ects

and

fun

gous

dis

ease

s;(3

) a

rota

tion

of c

rops

ada

pted

to th

e so

il an

d to

the

mar

kets

."In

his

rep

ort M

r. C

owle

y co

ntin

ues:

Exp

erim

enta

l Plo

ts a

nd I

ndiv

idua

l Plo

ts.

The

spe

cial

exp

eri-

men

tal p

lots

are

, as

a ru

le, l

arge

r th

an th

e in

divi

dual

plo

ts.

The

yar

e us

ed f

or s

uch

purp

oses

as

the

stud

y of

rot

atio

n of

cro

ps, v

alue

sof

fer

tiliz

ers,

eff

ects

of

spra

ying

, sel

ectio

n of

see

ds, m

erits

of

soils

,pr

oduc

tiven

ess

and

qual

ity o

f di

ffer

ent v

arie

ties

ofcr

ops,

and

inan

yot

her

sim

ilar

subj

ects

.A

t one

sch

ool a

spe

cial

stu

dy w

as m

ade

of c

orn,

clo

ver,

tom

atoe

s, a

nd c

abba

ge;

at a

noth

er b

eans

, pea

s,be

ets,

and

pot

atoe

s oc

cupi

ed th

e ex

peri

men

tal p

lots

;at

stil

l an'

othe

r so

me

extr

a at

tent

ion

was

giv

en to

plo

ts o

f pu

mpk

ins,

squ

ash,

cabb

age,

and

cau

liflo

wer

.A

t all

the

gard

ens

spec

ial p

lots

will

be

devo

ted

to s

mal

l fru

its, s

uch

as s

traw

berr

ies,

ras

pber

ries

,go

ose-

berr

ies,

cur

rant

s.T

he e

xper

imen

tal p

lots

var

y in

area

fro

m tw

ohu

ndre

d to

two

thou

sand

squ

are

feet

, but

whe

re th

e qu

antit

yof

grou

nd is

res

tric

ted,

the

expe

rim

ents

may

be

succ

essf

ully

car

ried

out o

n pl

ots

of m

uch

smal

ler

aver

age

size

.

A la

st q

uota

tion

from

Mr.

Cow

ley'

sre

port

she

ds n

ewlig

ht o

n th

e pe

rple

xing

que

stio

n of

wha

tto

do

with

the

scho

ol g

arde

ns d

urin

g th

e su

mm

er v

acat

ion:

The

Scho

ol G

arde

n du

ring

Vac

atio

n.T

here

isno

insu

r-m

ount

able

diff

icul

ty o

r ve

ryse

riou

spr

oble

min

keep

ing

the

scho

ol g

arde

n de

cent

dur

ing

the

long

sum

mer

vac

atio

n.E

ven

ifth

e ga

rden

wer

e to

det

erio

rate

fro

m n

egle

ct d

urin

g ho

liday

s,th

e fa

ctw

ould

be

of a

ltoge

ther

min

orco

nseq

uenc

e ag

ains

t sch

ool g

arde

ns,

sinc

e a

wel

l-or

dere

d pu

pil r

athe

r th

ana

wel

l-or

dere

d ga

rden

is th

esu

prem

e en

d of

ital

l.If

the

pupi

ls d

o no

t pro

vide

for

thei

r pl

ots

SCHOOL GARDENS

20/

duri

ng v

acat

ion,

by

all m

eans

let t

he w

eeds

gro

w. T

he w

orst

poss

ible

mis

take

in s

uch

a ca

se w

ould

be

to p

ay a

jani

tor

or s

ome

othe

rpe

rson

to ta

ke c

are

of th

e pl

ots

for

indi

ffer

ent a

nd u

nmin

dful

pup

ils.

At s

ome

scho

ol g

arde

ns in

Car

leto

n co

unty

last

sum

mer

som

e pu

pils

retu

rned

aft

er v

acat

ion

to w

eed-

chok

ed p

lots

in w

hich

thei

r fl

ower

san

d ve

geta

bles

com

pare

d ve

ry u

nfav

orab

ly w

ith th

ose

of th

eir

mor

edi

ligen

t com

pani

ons.

The

ir s

ilent

obs

erva

tion

of th

is f

act a

ndth

eir

stre

nuou

s ef

fort

s to

red

eem

thei

r pl

ots

impr

esse

dup

on th

ema

less

on o

f m

oral

and

mat

eria

l val

ue.

How

to a

rran

ge th

e G

arde

n.T

he a

ccom

pany

ing

out-

line

repr

esen

ts th

e au

thor

's p

erso

nal i

deas

of

a pr

actic

alsc

hool

gar

den

and

grou

nds.

It is

a g

arde

n co

nnec

ted

with

such

a g

roun

d as

des

crib

ed in

the

prev

ious

cha

pter

.T

hega

rden

occ

upie

s th

e re

ar o

ne th

ird

of th

e en

tire

area

use

d fo

rsc

hool

pur

pose

s an

d is

incl

osed

by

livin

g he

dge

or s

tron

gfe

nce.

To

obvi

ate

any

obje

ctio

n th

atm

ay b

e ra

ised

to a

hedg

e fe

nce

whi

ch is

kno

wn

to d

raw

muc

h no

uris

hmen

tfr

om th

e so

il ad

jace

nt to

itfr

uit t

rees

and

suc

h bu

shgr

owth

s as

ras

pber

ries

and

bla

ckbe

rrie

soc

cupy

the

grou

ndne

xt to

the

hedg

e.T

he g

arde

n is

fur

nish

ed w

ith a

turn

stile

entr

ance

fro

m th

e sc

hool

gro

unds

and

with

a la

rge

gate

on

the

side

nex

t to

the

road

to a

dmit

the

plow

team

, if

such

is u

sed.

The

siz

e of

the

gard

en w

ill d

epen

dup

on th

e nu

mbe

r of

pupi

ls, t

he s

ize

of th

e sc

hool

gro

und

area

, and

oth

er lo

cal

cond

ition

s.If

the

grou

nds

are

ampl

e an

d th

e at

tend

ance

smal

l, th

e or

char

d an

d ex

peri

men

tal

plot

s m

ay b

e pr

opor

-tio

nate

ly in

crea

sed.

The

out

line

plan

con

tem

plat

esan

21

Page 122: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

Aar

c he

r-a

A

fftr

erite

isrb

f&L

Ptot

s.

I.1.

/3If

U.

Is/r

Ifit

44A

i

Ll£$

Iv£r

is47

41

owl M

ewl

.5

INN

E.1

111

z3. S

choo

l gar

den

occu

pyin

g re

ar o

ne th

ird

of e

ntir

e gr

ound

s.K

ey:

A, a

pple

; P, p

lum

; R, r

aspb

erry

; S, s

traw

berr

y; z

to z

4, g

irls

' gar

den:

is to

28,

boy

s' g

arde

n.(a

os)

SCH

OO

L G

AR

DE

NS

203

orch

ard

of a

pple

s, c

herr

ies,

plu

ms,

etc

., fl

anke

don

eith

ersi

de b

y be

rry

patc

hes.

The

exp

erim

enta

l plo

t con

tain

s a

patc

h de

vote

d to

the

cultu

re o

f se

edlin

gs w

here

exp

eri-

men

ts a

re c

arri

ed o

n in

bud

ding

, gra

ftin

g, e

tc.

The

othe

r pa

tche

s ar

e us

ed f

or e

xper

imen

tatio

n in

soi

ls a

ndfe

rtili

zers

, see

d se

lect

ion,

and

rot

atio

n of

crop

s.T

he m

ain

body

of

the

gard

en is

div

ided

into

as

man

y in

divi

dual

plo

tsas

ther

e ar

e pu

pils

, inc

ludi

ng o

ne f

or th

e te

ache

r w

hosh

ould

not

fai

l to

wor

k w

ith th

e ch

ildre

n.

The

gen

eral

man

agem

ent o

f th

e sc

hool

gar

den

mus

t res

tw

ith th

e te

ache

r, b

ut th

e sc

hool

boa

rd s

houl

d be

rea

dyto

advi

se h

im a

nd f

urni

sh te

ams

for

plow

ing,

hau

ling

tree

san

d sh

rubs

fro

m th

e w

oods

, and

in o

ther

way

s le

nd th

eir

assi

stan

ce.

A c

omm

ittee

com

pose

d of

old

er b

oys

and

girl

sm

ay b

e he

ld r

espo

nsib

le f

or th

e ga

rden

dur

ing

vaca

tion,

or M

r. C

owle

y's

sugg

estio

ns s

et f

orth

abo

ve m

ay b

efo

llow

ed.

A S

EL

EC

TE

DL

IST

OF

BO

OK

SD

EA

LIN

G W

ITH

SCH

OO

L G

AR

DE

NS

x. A

nnua

l Rep

orts

, Hom

e G

arde

ning

Ass

ocia

tion,

Cle

vela

nd, O

hio,

1903

-190

6.

a. B

AIL

EY

, L. H

. On

the

Tra

inin

g of

Per

sons

to te

ach

Agr

icul

ture

in th

e Pu

blic

Sch

ools

.B

ulle

tin, N

o. x

, Dep

artm

ent o

f th

eIn

teri

or; B

urea

u of

Edu

catio

n, W

ashi

ngto

n, D

.C.,

1908

,PP

. 53.

3. B

AL

DW

IN, W

. A.

Scho

ol G

arde

ns a

nd th

eir

Rel

atio

n to

Oth

erSc

hool

Wor

k.A

mer

ican

Civ

ic F

eder

atio

n, 1

905.

pp. x

s.4.

CO

RB

ET

T, L

. C.

The

Sch

ool G

arde

n.Fa

rmer

s' B

ulle

tin, N

o.

2L

Page 123: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

204

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

S.

ax8,

Dep

artm

ent o

f A

gric

ultu

re, W

ashi

ngto

n, D

.C.,

1905

.

PP. 4

0.C

OW

LE

Y, R

. H. T

he M

acdo

nald

Sch

ool G

arde

ns.

Que

en's

Qua

rter

ly (

Kin

gsto

n, C

anad

a), 1

905.

pp. 3

90-4

19.

6. C

RO

SBY

, D. J

.B

iblio

grap

hy o

n N

atur

e St

udy,

Sch

ool G

arde

n-in

g, a

nd E

lem

enta

ry A

gric

ultu

re f

or C

omm

on S

choo

ls.

Off

ice

of E

xper

imen

t Sta

tions

, Cir

cula

r N

o. 5

2, r

evis

ed, W

ashi

ng-

ton,

D.C

.pp

. 4.

7. H

EL

EN

WA

Y, H

. D. H

ow to

mak

e Sc

hool

Gar

dens

. Dou

bled

ay,

Page

and

Co.

, New

Yor

k, 1

903.

pp. 1

59.

8.In

dust

rial

Edu

catio

n in

Sch

ools

for

Rur

al C

omm

uniti

es.

Rep

ort

Com

mitt

ee o

f Fi

ve, N

.E.A

., 19

05.

pp. 9

7.9.

JA

CK

MA

N, W

. S.

Scho

ol G

arde

ns.

The

Ele

men

tary

Sch

ool-

teac

her

and

Cou

rse

of S

tudy

, Vol

. 2.

pp. 5

73-5

78.

JEW

EL

L, J

. R.

Agr

icul

tura

l Edu

catio

n, I

nclu

ding

Nat

ure

Sfud

yan

d Sc

hool

Gar

dens

.B

ulle

tin, N

o. 2

, Dep

artm

ent o

f th

eIn

teri

or; B

urea

u of

Edu

catio

n, W

ashi

ngto

n, D

.C.,

1907

.pp

.

148.

II. K

ER

N, 0

. J.

Am

ong

Cou

ntry

Sch

ools

(sp

ecia

lly c

hapt

er o

nsc

hool

gar

dens

).G

inn

and

Co.

, Bos

ton,

120

6.pp

. 366

.12

. Sch

ool G

arde

ns.

Off

ice

of E

xper

imen

t Sta

tions

, Bul

letin

, No.

16o,

Was

hing

ton,

D.C

., 19

05.

pp. 4

7.

1

CH

APT

ER

XI

EL

EM

EN

TA

RY

AG

RIC

UL

TU

RE

AN

D I

ND

UST

RIA

L C

LU

BS

NA

TU

RE

stu

dy a

nd s

choo

l gar

dens

hav

e pr

oved

the

open

sesa

me

in th

e re

latio

n of

scho

ol li

fe to

com

mun

ity li

fe.

The

y, a

s m

uch

as a

nyth

ing

else

, hav

e be

en in

stru

men

tal

in g

ettin

g ed

ucat

ors

to r

ecog

nize

the

esse

ntia

l rel

atio

n of

head

, hea

rt, a

nd h

and.

Now

it r

emai

ns f

or e

lem

enta

ryag

ricu

lture

so f

ar a

s th

e ru

ral s

choo

ls a

reco

ncer

ned

to m

ake

com

plet

e th

is g

row

ing

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

one

ness

in a

im b

etw

een

scho

ol a

nd h

ome.

Agr

icul

ture

the

Dom

inan

t Int

eres

t in

the

Rur

al C

om-

mun

ity.

Edu

catio

nal s

yste

ms

are

mad

e fo

r m

an, a

ndno

t man

for

edu

catio

nal s

yste

ms;

and

wha

t the

se s

yste

ms

shal

l em

brac

e m

ust n

eces

sari

ly b

e go

vern

ed b

y th

e do

mi-

nant

inte

rest

of

the

com

mun

ity.

Man

ual t

rain

ing

has

succ

essf

ully

fou

ght i

ts w

ay to

a p

rom

inen

t pla

ce in

the

city

cur

ricu

lum

bec

ause

a la

rge

prop

ortio

n of

our

urb

anpo

pula

tion

secs

in it

a v

ital i

nter

est f

or th

eir

child

ren,

inof

feri

ng th

em f

irst

-ste

p pr

epar

atio

n in

thei

r lif

e w

ork,

givi

ng th

em a

who

leso

me

resp

ect f

or it

.In

far

m c

om-

mun

ities

, whe

re a

maj

ority

of

rura

l chi

ldre

n ar

e bo

und

tore

mai

n al

l the

ir li

fe a

nd th

ere

wor

k ou

t the

ir d

estin

y, th

e

SOS

4. '

Page 124: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

206

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

mos

t vita

l int

eres

t is

unde

niab

ly a

gric

ultu

re.

Giv

e to

rur

al

educ

atio

n an

incr

easi

ng a

gric

ultu

ral t

rend

, and

we

shal

lso

on b

e in

a f

air

way

to s

olve

the

rura

l sch

oolp

robl

em.

Her

etof

ore

the

rura

l sch

ools

hav

e dr

awn

thei

r in

spir

a-tio

n fr

om th

e ci

ty s

choo

ls.

The

nce

cam

e th

eir

teac

hers

and

idea

ls, t

heir

cur

ricu

la a

nd te

xt-b

ooks

.T

hith

erw

ard

lay

all t

heir

asp

irat

ions

and

str

ivin

gs, t

o th

e be

little

men

tof

far

m li

fe a

nd a

ll th

at to

it b

elon

ged.

Let

, the

n, th

eru

ral s

choo

l of

to-d

ay f

ace

its p

upils

tow

ard

the

tow

nshi

pan

d co

unty

hig

h sc

hool

s w

ith th

eir

agri

cultu

ral i

nstr

uctio

n,th

e ev

entu

al a

im b

eing

to p

repa

re th

em f

or e

ntra

nce

toth

e ag

ricu

ltura

l col

lege

or

imm

edia

tely

for

the

prac

tical

task

s of

the

farm

.O

bjec

tions

to th

is A

gric

ultu

ral T

rend

not

Ins

uper

able

.

Nat

ural

ly e

noug

h su

ch a

n in

nova

tion

we

mig

ht a

lmos

t

have

sai

d re

volu

tion

has

its o

ppon

ents

who

fin

dit

visi

onar

y an

d im

prac

tical

.T

hey

argu

e th

at s

uch

sche

mes

of e

duca

ting

for

the

farm

hav

e be

en tr

ied

in o

ther

cou

n-tr

ies

and

faile

d; th

at th

e ru

ral c

urri

culu

m is

cro

wde

dw

ith e

ssen

tials

as

it is

; and

that

, mor

eove

r, w

e la

ck te

ach-

ers

prop

erly

equ

ippe

d to

cop

ew

ith th

e di

ffic

ultie

s of

the

situ

atio

n.Su

ch o

bjec

tions

, whi

le in

par

t wel

l tak

en, a

reno

t ins

uper

able

; and

, if

all t

he f

acts

wer

e to

ld, h

ave

been

succ

essf

ully

sur

mou

nted

in m

any

inst

ance

s bo

th a

broa

dan

d in

sec

tions

of

our

own

coun

try.

Ele

men

tary

Agr

icul

ture

in E

urop

ean

Scho

ols.

The

Eur

opea

n co

untr

ies

whi

ch h

ave

take

n a

lead

in n

atur

e st

udy

EL

EM

EN

TA

RY

AG

RIC

UL

TU

RE

AN

D I

ND

UST

RIA

L C

LU

BS

207

and

scho

ol g

arde

ns h

ave,

gen

eral

ly s

peak

ing,

con

tinue

dth

is w

ork

in a

mor

e ad

vanc

ed f

orm

und

er th

e na

me

ofel

emen

tary

agr

icul

ture

.T

hat s

uch

inno

vatio

ns h

ave

not

alw

ays

been

suc

cess

ful p

rove

s no

thin

g.T

he c

ause

s of

failu

re a

re e

asily

poi

nted

out

and

may

in f

utur

e be

avo

ided

.T

he la

ck o

f tr

aine

d te

ache

rs is

, as

befo

re s

tate

d, th

e ch

ief

caus

e of

fai

lure

; but

this

is a

lrea

dy b

eing

rem

edie

d by

offe

ring

, and

inde

ed v

ery

ofte

n m

akin

g ob

ligat

ory,

agr

icul

-

tura

l cou

rses

in th

e st

ate

norm

al s

choo

ls, a

nd o

ther

trai

n-in

g sc

hool

s fo

r te

ache

rs.

Past

fai

lure

s ca

n on

ly p

oint

the

way

to e

vent

ual s

ucce

ss.

Fran

ce.

Fran

ce h

as o

ffer

ed o

ptio

nal c

ours

es in

agr

icul

-tu

re in

its

prim

ary

scho

ols

ever

sin

ce 1

879.

The

Fre

nch

farm

boy

beg

ins

with

obj

ect l

esso

ns a

t sev

en y

ears

of a

ge, a

ndat

nin

e ta

kes

up th

e "

firs

t ide

as"

of a

gric

ultu

re.

The

re-

afte

r he

con

tinue

s gr

adat

im s

tudy

of

the

hygi

ene

of m

anan

d an

imal

s, o

f ve

geta

ble

phys

iolo

gy, a

nd p

lant

che

mis

try.

In s

hort

, he

purs

ues

a ra

tiona

l cou

rse

" re

quir

ing

the

exer

-

cise

of

the

inte

llect

ual f

acul

ties

as w

ell a

s la

bor

with

the

hand

s."

The

gir

ls le

arn

dom

estic

eco

nom

y, h

ygie

ne,

and

hort

icul

ture

, and

get

suc

h tr

aini

ng a

s sh

all m

ake

them

adep

ts in

dai

ryin

g, g

arde

n cu

lture

, and

pou

ltry

rais

ing.

Thi

s tr

aini

ng h

as a

lrea

dy h

ad a

mar

ked

infl

uenc

eup

onth

is g

reat

agr

icul

tura

l nat

ion

so s

trik

ing

inde

ed h

as it

been

that

to d

eny

its e

ffic

ienc

y w

ould

be

absu

rd.

Bel

gium

and

Hol

land

.B

ut F

ranc

e do

es n

ot s

tand

alon

e in

this

fie

ld.

Bel

gium

has

with

in th

e la

st f

ifte

en

2 .1

Pi

Page 125: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

go8

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

year

s de

velo

ged

a sy

stem

of a

gric

ultu

ral e

duca

tion

unex

-

celle

d an

ywhe

re.

Agr

icul

tura

l the

ory

and

prac

tice

are

taug

ht a

s a

part

of

the

regu

lar

rura

l sch

ool c

urri

culu

m.

To

mee

t the

dem

and

for

effi

cien

tte

ache

rs a

ll th

e st

ate

norm

al s

choo

ls in

the

king

dom

off

er c

ours

esin

agr

icul

ture

.

The

gov

ernm

ent h

as b

een

rem

arka

bly

succ

essf

ul in

mee

t-

ing

loca

l nee

ds a

nd s

olvi

nglo

cal p

robl

ems.

For

prac

-

tical

app

licat

ion

of a

gric

ultu

ral

teac

hing

Bel

gium

sta

nds,

perh

aps,

fir

st a

mon

g E

urop

ean

natio

ns.

In H

olla

nd th

e w

ork

is g

iven

am

arke

d na

ture

-stu

dy

tren

d; h

owev

er, i

t inc

lude

s en

ough

of

thin

gs a

gric

ultu

ral

to p

erm

it gr

adua

tes

from

the

rura

l sch

ools

to e

nter

sec

ond-

ary

agri

cultu

ral s

choo

ls.

Den

mar

k.D

enm

ark

illus

trat

es in

a s

trik

ing

way

wha

t

elem

enta

ry a

gric

ultu

re in

the

rura

l sch

ool c

ando

for

a

peop

le.

As

a re

sult

of th

e di

sast

rous

war

with

Pru

ssia

and

Aus

tria

, in

1864

, the

sm

all k

ingd

omlo

st tw

o of

its

mos

t pro

sper

ous

prov

ince

s.D

anis

h ho

pes

of p

oliti

cal

prom

inen

ce w

ere

then

cefo

rth

blas

ted;

but w

ith a

zea

lbo

rn o

f de

spai

r th

e pe

ople

set

to w

ork

tom

ake

amen

ds f

or

lost

terr

itory

by

deve

lopi

ng to

the

utm

ost

wha

t was

left

.

Won

ders

hav

e be

en w

roug

ht.

Swam

ps h

ave

been

dra

ined

,

and

sand

y he

aths

pla

nted

and

red

eem

ed.

Agr

icul

ture

and

hort

icul

ture

hav

e be

com

e sc

ient

ific

and

inte

nsiv

e.

Dan

ish

farm

pro

duct

sbu

tter,

che

ese,

fru

it, v

eget

able

s,

and

mea

tsre

ceiv

e th

e to

p pr

ices

in th

e w

orld

mar

kets

on a

ccou

nt o

f un

equa

led

qual

ity.

And

this

sto

ry b

egin

s in

0.

EL

EM

EN

TA

RY

AG

RIC

UL

TU

RE

AN

D I

ND

UST

RIA

L C

LU

BS

209

the

rura

l sch

ools

.E

lem

enta

ry a

gric

ultu

re, u

nder

var

ious

nam

es, i

s ta

uglt

in e

very

rur

al d

istr

ict.

Her

e th

e yo

ung

Dan

es g

et th

eir

love

for

the

soil,

and

thus

insp

ired

, con

-tin

ue th

eir

high

er a

gric

ultu

ral e

duca

tion

in th

e se

vera

lki

nds

of L

andb

osko

ler

(agr

icul

tura

l sch

ools

).O

ther

Cou

ntri

a.O

ther

Eur

opea

n co

untr

ies,

as

Ger

-m

any,

Aus

tria

, and

Sw

itzer

land

, tea

ch e

lem

enta

ry a

gri-

cultu

re c

hief

ly in

sep

arat

e sc

hool

s es

tabl

ishe

d fo

r th

ispu

rpos

e, a

nd th

eref

ore

need

not

be

men

tione

d in

our

disc

ussi

on.

Nor

way

, Sw

eden

, and

Fin

land

off

er p

rac-

tical

cou

rses

in a

num

ber

of e

lem

enta

ry s

choo

ls; S

ervi

a an

d

Port

ugal

, too

, are

acc

ompl

ishi

ng ta

ngib

le r

esul

ts.

Eve

n

Japa

n is

aliv

e to

the

poss

ibili

ties

to c

ome

from

pra

ctic

alst

udy

of a

gric

ultu

re.

Thi

s pr

ogre

ssiv

e na

tion

has

alre

ady

over

500

sch

ools

for

the

teac

hing

of

agri

cultu

re.

The

Bri

tish

Em

pire

.T

he U

nite

d K

ingd

om h

as b

een

just

as

back

war

d in

the

mat

ter

of in

trod

ucin

g ag

ricu

lture

into

the

scho

ols

of th

e is

land

s as

she

was

abo

ut n

atur

est

udy

and

scho

ol g

arde

ns.

Prio

r to

the

adop

tion

of th

eN

ew C

ode

of 1

904

noth

ing

wor

th th

e m

entio

n w

as a

c-co

mpl

ishe

d.U

nder

the

new

pro

visi

ons

the

outlo

ok is

deci

dedl

y br

ight

er.

But

Eng

land

has

pur

sued

a w

iser

pol

icy

with

her

colo

nies

.In

the

Bri

tish

Wes

t Ind

ies,

for

inst

ance

, ele

-m

enta

ry a

gric

ultu

re is

taug

ht in

the

low

er s

choo

ls, t

hesy

stem

bei

ng s

imila

r to

that

use

d in

the

Fren

ch r

ural

scho

ols.

The

Str

aits

Set

tlem

ents

, Cey

lon,

Mal

ta, e

tc.,

Page 126: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

210

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

mak

e us

e of

agr

icul

tura

l pri

mer

s in

the

scho

ols.

Sout

hA

fric

a an

d th

e A

ustr

alia

n co

mm

onw

ealth

are

mak

ing

tem

arka

ble

prog

ress

.In

the

latte

r V

icto

ria

offe

rs n

atur

e-st

udy

cour

ses

of a

dec

ided

ly a

gric

ultu

ral t

rend

;So

uth

Aus

tral

ia te

ache

s ag

ricu

lture

as

asp

ecif

ic s

tudy

in th

eco

untr

y sc

hool

s"; a

nd a

gric

ultu

ral b

ulle

tins

are

publ

ishe

din

all

the

colo

nies

fre

e (s

ave

post

age)

to a

ll w

hoca

re f

orth

em.

The

Uni

ted

Stat

es.

In tu

rnin

g to

our

ow

n he

mis

pher

ean

d th

e U

nite

d St

ates

it is

rea

lly u

nnec

essa

ry to

rep

eat

wha

t Can

ada

is d

oing

in e

lem

enta

ry a

gric

ultu

re.

Eno

ugh

has

alre

ady

been

sai

d un

der

the

head

of

scho

ol g

arde

ns.

Let

it s

uffi

ce h

ere

that

the

exam

ple

set b

y th

e C

anad

ian

gove

rnm

ent a

nd th

e M

acdo

nald

mov

emen

t in

thei

r un

-pr

eced

ente

d su

cces

s in

bet

teri

ng a

nd in

crea

sing

the

yiel

dof

far

m c

rops

and

dai

ry p

rodu

cts,

thro

ugh

firs

t les

sons

inth

e ru

ral s

choo

ls, s

houl

d be

em

ulat

ed a

nd im

itate

d in

our

own

coun

try;

for

we

as a

nat

ion

have

not

yet

acc

ompl

ishe

dm

uch

" so

far

as

form

al a

gric

ultu

ral i

nstr

uctio

n in

rur

alsc

hool

s is

con

cern

ed."

Yet

Mr.

Jew

ell

in h

is tr

eatis

e on

" A

gric

ultu

ral

Edu

catio

n "

sees

cau

se f

or m

uch

enco

urag

emen

t in

wha

t has

alr

eady

bee

n do

ne.

He

poin

ts o

ut "

that

suc

han

agr

icul

tura

l inn

ovat

ion

in o

ur ic

hool

sys

tem

mus

tne

cess

arily

wor

kits

way

slo

wly

, sin

ce w

ith u

s it

is n

otpu

t in

prac

tice

the

coun

try

over

by

the

gove

rnm

ent,

as is

the

case

in E

urop

e."

It is

wel

l to

rem

embe

r al

so

2(,

)

EL

EM

EN

TA

RY

AG

RIC

UL

TU

RE

AN

D I

ND

UST

RIA

L C

LU

BS

211

that

agi

tatio

n, a

t lea

st in

the

rura

l sch

ools

, is

of v

ery

rece

ntor

igin

; it b

egan

in e

arne

st n

ot m

ore

than

eig

ht o

r te

n ye

ars

ago!

And

it is

not

pht

ting

fact

s to

o st

rong

ly to

say

that

no o

ne p

robl

em o

f an

edu

catio

nal n

atur

e no

w b

efor

e th

epu

blic

inte

rest

ed in

the

wel

fare

of

our

rura

l pop

ulat

ion

rece

ives

mor

e co

nsid

erat

ion

than

doe

s th

is v

ery

agri

cultu

ral

educ

atio

n.

Rap

id S

prea

d of

Mov

emen

tN

orth

and

Sou

th.

The

grea

t Mid

dle

Wes

t and

Nor

thw

est w

ere

firs

t in

the

fiel

d,an

d th

ey, t

here

fore

, car

ry o

ff th

e pa

lm f

or r

eal a

ccom

-pl

ishm

ent,

thou

gh th

e So

uthe

rn s

tate

s do

not

lag

far

be-

hind

.In

one

res

pect

the

Sout

h ta

kes

the

lead

i.e. i

nm

akin

g ag

ricu

ltura

l ins

truc

tion

in r

ural

sch

ools

obl

igat

ory

unde

r la

w.

Seve

n st

ates

Ala

bam

a, G

eorg

ia, L

ouis

iana

,M

issi

ssip

pi, N

orth

Car

olin

a, S

outh

Car

olin

a, a

nd T

exas

have

suc

h re

quir

emen

ts.

Oth

er s

tate

s el

sew

here

hav

ing

sim

ilar

law

s ar

e M

aine

, Mar

ylan

d, S

outh

Dak

ota,

and

Wis

cons

in.

But

mos

t pro

mis

ing

is th

e em

phas

is b

eing

laid

on p

repa

ratio

nto

teac

hag

ricu

lture

.A

laba

ma.

Geo

rgia

, Mis

siss

ippi

, Mis

sour

i, N

ebra

ska,

New

Yor

k,N

orth

Car

olin

a, S

outh

Dak

ota,

Vir

gini

a, a

nd W

isco

nsin

,be

fore

gra

ntin

g ce

rtif

icat

es to

teac

h, r

equi

re te

ache

rs to

pass

an

exam

inat

ion

in a

gric

ultu

re.

Mor

e th

an s

ixty

stat

e no

rmal

sch

ools

thro

ugho

ut th

e co

untr

y of

fer

prep

a-ra

tion

for

such

exa

min

atio

ns.

Num

erou

s co

unty

trai

n-in

g sc

hool

s an

d co

unty

trai

ning

clas

ses,

and

spe

cial

norm

al a

nd a

gric

ultu

ral h

igh

scho

ols,

as

show

n in

the

2u

Page 127: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

212

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

LI

EL

EM

EN

TA

RY

AG

RIC

UL

TU

RE

AN

D I

ND

UST

RIA

L C

LU

BS

213

chap

ter

on "

The

Rur

al T

each

er :

His

Tra

inin

g,"

are

pre.

pari

ng a

hos

t of

teac

hers

for

loca

l nee

ds.

Geo

rgia

has

just

orga

nize

d el

even

suc

h ag

ricu

ltura

l hig

h sc

hool

s, o

ne f

orea

ch c

ongr

essi

onal

dis

tric

t, th

e so

le a

im o

f w

hich

sha

llbe

to p

repa

re a

gric

ultu

rally

trai

ned

teac

hers

for

rur

alsc

hool

s.(S

ee A

ppen

dix.

)In

tere

st o

f th

e A

gric

ultu

ral C

olle

ges

in th

e M

ovem

ent.

The

agr

icul

tura

l col

lege

s ar

e ta

king

a m

arke

d in

tere

stin

the

intr

oduc

tion

of a

gric

ultu

re in

to o

ur p

ublic

sch

ools

.T

he in

tere

st, w

hich

, of

cour

se, i

s ve

ry n

atur

al in

sch

ools

of

this

cla

ss, i

s on

the

rapi

d in

crea

se.

Just

how

com

pre-

hens

ive

it is

can

bes

t be

real

ized

by

a st

udy

of th

e fo

llow

ing

succ

inct

out

line

from

the

pen

of P

rofe

ssor

E. E

. Bal

com

b,D

epar

tmen

t of

Agr

icul

ture

and

Phy

sica

l Sci

ence

, Wea

ther

-fo

rd, O

klah

oma.

(See

N. E

. A. R

epor

t, 19

07, p

p. 1

069

1075

) :

New

Ham

pshi

re is

coo

pera

ting

with

the

stat

e su

peri

nten

dent

;in

trod

ucin

g ag

ricu

lture

into

the

com

mon

and

sec

onda

ry s

choo

ls.

Kan

sas,

Pen

nsyl

vani

a, F

lori

da, a

nd N

ew M

exic

o ar

e le

ctur

ing

to c

reat

e a

sent

imen

t for

it; K

ansa

s ha

s an

ass

ista

nt to

the

dire

ctor

deta

iled

to th

is w

ork.

Pres

iden

t Sco

tt, o

f O

klah

oma,

urg

es c

onso

lidat

ion

of s

choo

ls a

sth

e be

st m

eans

of

popu

lari

zing

agr

icul

ture

.M

assa

chus

etts

and

Iow

a ha

ve ju

st e

lect

ed m

en f

or o

rgan

iz-

ing

and

dire

ctin

g an

d in

spir

ing

supe

rint

ende

nts,

pri

ncip

als,

and

teac

hers

.C

olor

ado

is p

lann

ing

to g

et a

bill

two

year

s he

nce

requ

irin

gel

emen

tary

agr

icul

ture

for

pub

lic s

choo

ls a

nd m

ore

adva

nced

for

high

sch

ools

.Fi

ve c

ount

y hi

gh s

choo

ls h

ave

cour

ses.

r1(

o 1,

7: 1

..

Mar

ylan

d is

tryi

ng to

com

eIt

o cl

ose

cont

act w

ith th

e co

untr

ysc

hool

boa

rds

and

teac

hers

, and

is s

eeki

ng to

obt

ain

appr

opri

atio

nsfo

r in

trod

ucin

g ag

ricu

lture

into

hig

h sc

hool

s.Pr

esid

ent B

ryan

, of

Was

hing

ton,

des

ires

to s

ee a

gric

ultu

re p

er-

mea

te c

omm

on s

choo

ls, n

ot s

epar

ate

agri

cultu

ral h

igh

scho

ols,

but

agri

cultu

re in

all

the

high

sch

ools

.In

dian

a is

inte

rest

ing

the

stat

e bo

ard

in a

gric

ultu

re f

or th

e pu

blic

scho

ols.

New

Jer

sey

is c

oOpe

ratin

g w

ith th

e st

ate

boar

d in

pla

nnin

g a

curr

icul

um f

or a

gric

ultu

ral c

ours

es in

hig

h sc

hool

s an

d al

so in

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of

sum

mer

cou

rses

for

teac

hers

.Il

linoi

s ha

s be

en d

evel

opin

g an

d pl

anni

ng c

ours

es in

agr

icul

ture

for

seco

ndar

y sc

hool

wor

k an

d fo

r th

e co

untr

y sc

hool

s.Pr

ofes

sor

Bar

-

tow

: "I

belie

ve a

gric

ultu

re in

pub

lic s

choo

lsw

ill b

e su

pple

men

ted

and

supe

rvis

ed b

y ag

ricu

ltura

l col

lege

s th

roug

h su

perv

isor

s w

ho v

isit

the

scho

ols.

"M

aine

hel

ps w

ith g

arde

ns in

som

e se

ctio

ns.

She

has

a m

anen

gage

d fo

r ne

xt y

ear

who

will

spe

nd h

is ti

me

help

ing

teac

hers

inth

eir

scho

ols.

Mon

tana

is c

oOpe

ratin

g in

est

ablis

hing

cou

rses

in h

igh

scho

ols.

Tw

o ha

ve s

uch

cour

ses,

and

oth

ers

are

inve

stig

atin

g.O

hio

is g

ivin

g he

r at

tent

ion

to th

e pu

blic

sch

ool w

ork.

She

has

a su

peri

nten

dent

of

agri

cultu

re in

ele

men

tary

grad

es.

One

fif

th

of th

e hi

gh s

choo

ls a

re g

ivin

g it

in s

cien

ce c

ours

es.

In M

isso

uri P

rofe

ssor

Wat

ers

says

, "W

e co

nsid

er th

e in

trod

uctio

nof

agr

icul

ture

in th

e pr

imar

y an

d se

cond

ary

scho

ols

the

mos

t im

-po

rtan

t ext

ensi

on w

ork

in a

gric

ultu

re th

at c

an b

eun

dert

aken

.T

o re

ach

the

coun

try

scho

ol w

e ar

e ar

rang

ing

to h

old

a se

ries

of

one-

day

mee

tings

in e

very

sch

ool o

f se

vera

l cou

ntie

s, d

emon

stra

ting

and

lect

urin

g to

pup

ils, t

each

ers,

and

pat

rons

."C

alif

orni

a en

cour

ages

agr

icul

ture

inth

e sc

hool

s.Sh

e ha

s in

.fl

uenc

ed th

e es

tabl

ishm

ent o

f a

seco

ndar

y sc

hool

of

agri

cultu

re.

New

Yor

k, a

s ea

rly

as 1

902,

was

act

ivel

y en

gage

d in

sev

eral

line

sof

act

ivity

, all

bear

ing

dire

ctly

on

agri

cultu

ral e

duca

tion.

253

Page 128: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

214

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

It m

ay n

ow b

e tim

e to

rai

se th

e qu

estio

n : J

ust w

hat w

ork

in a

gric

ultu

re m

ay th

e sm

all r

ural

sch

ool r

easo

nabl

y be

expe

cted

to te

ach

?W

hat m

ay r

easo

nabl

y be

exp

ecte

d of

the

One

-roo

mSc

hool

. The

Com

mitt

ee o

n In

dust

rial

Edu

catio

n in

Scho

ols

for

Rur

al C

omm

uniti

es, i

nits

rep

ort t

o th

eN

. E. A

., co

mes

to th

e co

nclu

sion

Tha

t in

exis

ting

one-

room

dis

tric

t sch

ools

a li

mite

d am

ount

of

natu

re s

tudy

and

wor

k in

the

elem

ents

of

agri

cultu

re, a

nd h

and

wor

k fo

r bo

th b

oys

and

girl

s m

ay b

e un

dert

aken

; tha

t in

view

of

the

qual

ity o

f th

e te

achi

ng f

orce

ava

ilabl

e fo

r th

ese

scho

ols,

the

im-

mat

urity

of

the

grea

ter

num

ber

of th

e pu

pils

, the

cro

wde

d co

nditi

onof

the

prog

ram

me,

and

the

lack

of

adeq

uate

stip

ervi

sion

, but

littl

e ca

nbe

exp

ecte

d in

the

way

of

indu

stri

al e

duca

tion

in th

is c

lass

of

scho

ols;

but w

here

ent

husi

astic

teac

hers

qua

l:fie

d fo

r th

e w

ork

and

pupi

lsof

suf

fici

ent m

atur

ity a

re b

roug

ht to

geth

er in

the

sam

e sc

hool

, som

e-th

ing

wor

th w

hile

may

be

acco

mpl

ishe

d, a

nd th

at th

e ef

fort

for

suc

hac

com

plis

hmen

t sho

uld

cert

ainl

y be

mad

e.

And

fur

ther

, on

page

25:

It is

evi

dent

that

bef

ore

this

pha

se o

f in

dust

rial

edu

catio

n ca

n be

mad

e a

succ

ess

in th

e on

e-ro

om d

istr

ict s

choo

ls, s

ever

al th

ings

mus

tbe

acc

ompl

ishe

d:th

ere

mus

t De

a bo

dy o

f te

ache

rs w

ith s

peci

altr

aini

ng f

or th

is w

ork;

sec

ond,

pup

ils m

ust r

emai

n lo

nger

in s

choo

l;th

ird,

ther

e m

ust b

e a

kind

of

wor

k un

dert

aken

whi

ch s

hall

bead

apte

d to

loca

l con

ditio

ns a

nd li

mite

d to

the

capa

city

of

pupi

lsw

ho a

re to

take

it; t

his

invo

lves

a w

ise

dete

rmin

atio

n of

wha

t sho

uld

be u

nder

take

n in

any

loca

lity,

bot

h as

to th

e sc

ope

and

met

hod.

Som

e O

bjec

tions

Ans

wer

ed.

The

com

mitt

ee r

epor

t is

now

thre

e ye

ars

old.

Sinc

e19

05 m

any

faci

litie

s ha

ve

EL

EM

EN

TA

RY

AG

RIC

UL

TU

RE

AN

D I

ND

UST

RIA

L C

LU

BS

215

been

add

ed w

hich

will

prov

ide

the

nece

ssar

y tr

aine

dte

ache

rs.

Thi

s sh

ould

dis

pose

of

the

firs

t obj

ectio

n.A

s to

the

seco

nd p

oint

, the

way

to m

ake

the

pupi

lsre

mai

n lo

nger

in s

choo

l is

to o

ffer

them

a c

ours

e of

stu

dy"

whi

ch,"

to u

se th

e co

mm

ittee

's o

wn

wor

ds, "

app

eals

to h

is o

wn

inte

rest

s or

to th

e in

tere

sts

of th

ose

with

who

mhe

is c

once

rned

."T

his

natu

re s

tudy

and

ele

men

tary

agri

cultu

re w

ill d

o if

pro

perl

y ta

ught

. A c

aref

ul s

tudy

of s

tatis

tics

show

s "

that

the

intr

oduc

tion

of a

gric

ultu

rein

to th

e ru

ral s

choo

ls o

f Fr

ance

and

Bel

gium

has

cau

sed

pare

nts

to k

eep

thei

r ch

ildre

n in

sch

ool f

rom

one

to th

ree

year

s lo

nger

."A

nd w

hy s

houl

d no

t the

sam

e re

sults

obta

in in

our

cou

ntry

?A

s to

the

thir

d ob

ject

ion;

this

wou

ld, i

t see

ms

to m

e, h

old

good

in a

ny k

ind

of a

sch

ool,

larg

e or

sm

all.

The

cha

ract

er a

nd s

cope

of

the

wor

km

ust n

eces

sari

ly b

e w

ithin

the

rang

e of

the

pupi

l'spo

wer

s, o

r fa

ilure

will

fol

low

.T

he o

bjec

tions

see

m th

us in

gre

at m

easu

re to

take

car

eof

them

selv

es.

In A

ppen

dix

C is

out

lined

the

com

mitt

ee's

sch

eme

for

natu

re-s

tudy

wor

k, c

over

ing

the

firs

t fiv

e ye

ars

in s

choo

l.T

henc

efor

war

d th

e w

ork

mus

t be

in th

e na

ture

of

ele-

men

tary

agr

icul

ture

, muc

h as

sug

gest

ed b

y th

e sa

me

com

-

mitt

ee, p

age

45:

Aft

er th

e ex

plic

it na

ture

stu

dy c

ease

s w

ith th

e fi

fth

grad

e, th

epu

pil i

n th

e ru

ral s

choo

l may

.then

be

take

n th

roug

h th

e el

emen

tsof

agr

icul

ture

in th

e si

xth,

sev

enth

, and

eig

hth

grad

es.

The

wor

k

2 5

Page 129: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

216

TIL

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

in th

ese

thre

e gr

ades

sho

uld

real

ly b

e na

ture

stu

dy, b

ut a

gric

ultu

ral

subj

ects

are

the

mea

ns.

Som

e w

ill p

refe

r to

cal

l it n

atur

e st

udy

rath

er th

an a

gric

ultu

re.

Its

purp

ose

is n

ot s

o m

uch

to te

ach

defi

nite

scie

nce

as to

bri

ng th

e pu

pil i

nto

rela

tion

with

the

obje

cts

and

affa

irs

that

are

con

cern

ed w

ith th

e ag

ricu

lture

of

his

regi

on.

Whe

n th

epu

pil h

as c

ompl

eted

his

nat

ure

stud

y in

the

fift

h gr

ade,

he

shou

ldha

ve a

goo

d kn

owle

dge

of th

e ph

ysio

grap

hy o

f hi

s re

gion

, and

of

the

com

mon

ani

mal

s an

d pl

ants

.H

e w

ill th

en b

e ab

le to

car

ry h

isin

quir

ies

into

the

mor

e sp

ecif

ic f

ield

of

the

agri

cultu

ral p

ract

ice

and

oper

atio

ns.

Whe

n he

has

com

plet

ed h

is e

ight

h ye

ar, L

sho

uld

have

a w

ell-

deve

lope

d sy

mpa

thy

with

agr

icul

tura

l aff

airs

, and

Ile

shou

ld h

ave

a br

oad,

gen

eral

vie

w o

f th

em.

Ent

erin

g th

e hi

gh s

choo

l,

he w

ill th

en b

e ab

le to

take

up

som

e of

the

subj

ects

in th

eir

dist

inct

lysc

ient

ific

pha

ses.

(See

App

endi

x.)

Wha

t is

actu

ally

acc

ompl

ishe

d in

One

-roo

m S

choo

ls.

But

are

thes

e th

ings

act

ually

acc

ompl

ishe

d in

the

one-

room

sch

ool ?

Ass

ured

ly.

Con

cret

e ex

ampl

es a

re n

otw

antin

g.V

ery

man

y of

the

75,0

00 o

r m

ore

scho

ol g

arde

ns

in th

e U

nite

d St

ates

are

mai

ntai

ned

in c

onne

ctio

n w

ithon

v-ro

om s

choo

ls, a

maj

ority

of

whi

ch d

o so

me

stud

y al

ong

agri

cultu

ral l

ines

.T

hey

are

foun

d in

eve

ry p

art.

of th

eco

untr

y, f

rom

the

Atla

ntic

to th

e cr

est o

f th

e R

ocki

es,

and

beyo

nd to

the

Paci

fic.

In L

as A

nim

as c

ount

y, C

olo-

rado

, the

re a

re, a

ccor

ding

to la

test

rep

orts

, one

hun

dred

and

fift

y sc

hool

gar

dens

, man

y be

ing

used

as

a ba

sis

for

ag-

ricu

ltura

l stu

dy.

Thr

ough

out t

he e

ntir

e M

iddl

e W

est a

nd

sect

ions

of

the

Sout

h th

e sm

all s

choo

ls h

ave

take

n ho

ld o

f

the

wor

k, th

anks

to th

e K

erns

and

Mill

ers,

the

Port

ses

and

Fitc

hes

who

labo

r so

zea

lous

ly to

bet

ter

rura

l con

ditio

ns.

EL

EM

EN

TA

RY

AG

RIC

UL

TU

RE

AN

D I

ND

UST

RIA

L C

LU

BS

217

Spac

e fo

rbid

s an

y le

ngth

y de

tails

her

e.Y

et w

e ca

nnot

fore

go th

e pl

easu

re o

f br

ingi

ngan

illu

stra

tion

from

New

Yor

k St

ate.

It i:

quo

ted

by D

ean

Bai

ley

in h

is p

amph

let

on "

Tra

inin

g fo

r T

each

ers

in A

gric

ultu

re."

The

teac

her

in q

uest

ion

is H

. H. L

yon.

Says

Mr.

Bai

ley:

The

teac

her

has

been

suc

cess

ful i

n in

tere

stin

g hi

s pu

pils

in v

ario

usex

peri

men

ts a

nd te

sts

that

hav

e re

latio

n to

far

min

g.H

e gi

ves

all

the

pupi

ls n

atur

e-st

udy

wor

k, in

clud

ing

the

youn

ger

ones

.Su

g-ge

stio

ns a

re h

ad f

rom

boo

ks, f

rom

the

stat

e sy

llabu

s,an

d pe

rhap

squ

ite a

s fr

eque

ntly

fro

m s

omet

hing

that

hap

pens

for

the

time

tobe

inte

rest

ing

the

scho

ol o

r th

e co

mm

unity

.H

e is

intr

oduc

ing

prac

tical

loca

l pro

blem

s in

to th

e ar

ithm

etic

wor

k.H

e su

gges

tsth

at if

ten

or tw

enty

-fiv

e sc

hool

s co

uld

wor

k to

geth

erin

ari

thm

etic

,ge

ogra

phy,

and

oth

er s

ubje

cts,

ther

eby

mak

ing

itw

orth

whi

le f

orex

amin

atio

n qu

estio

ns to

be

aske

don

thes

e ne

w li

nes

of w

ork,

the

resu

lts w

ould

be

very

mar

ked.

(For

pro

blem

s m

ade

use

of b

yM

r. L

yon

see

App

endi

x.)

Susi

e M

iller

, an

Indi

ana

Rur

al S

choo

l Pup

il,on

Agr

i-cu

lture

.H

ere

is a

lette

r w

ritte

n by

a pu

pil i

n th

e ei

ghth

grad

e of

the

Cen

ter

Scho

ol, T

aylo

r to

wns

hip,

How

ard

coun

ty, I

ndia

na.

It s

how

s th

e ch

ildre

n at

wor

k an

d th

eir

inte

rest

in th

e ne

w s

ubje

ct:

We

star

ted

our

labo

rato

ry th

e se

cond

wee

k of

sch

ool.

We

have

neve

r ta

ken

part

in th

is w

ork

befo

re.

Our

sch

oolr

oom

see

ms

mor

elik

e ho

me

with

our

labo

rato

ry.

It is

in th

e no

rthw

est c

orne

r of

the

room

and

con

sist

s of

flo

wer

s an

d ve

geta

bles

.W

e ha

ve s

ever

al k

inds

of

soil.

The

y ar

e :

clay

, hum

us, a

n or

-ga

nic

mat

ter,

the

sand

y, th

e ri

ch g

arde

n so

il an

d st

able

gard

en s

oil,

and

the

mul

ched

cla

y.T

he m

ulch

was

got

ten

from

an o

ld f

ence

row

.

n r:

4

Page 130: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

218

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

The

gir

ls b

roug

ht s

cver

al k

inds

of

flow

ers:

ver

bena

s, g

eran

ium

s,ca

ctus

, sca

rlet

sag

e, a

nd m

any

othe

rs.

The

re a

re a

num

ber

ofve

geta

ble

plan

ts; s

uch

as, m

ango

, rad

ish,

cor

n, to

mat

o, w

heat

, and

bean

s.

We

take

eac

h pl

ant s

epar

atel

y as

we

perf

orm

our

exp

erim

ents

.So

me

of o

ur e

xper

imen

ts a

re a

s fo

llow

s: w

e pl

ante

d a

grai

n of

whe

at a

nd s

aw th

at th

e ro

ots

star

ted

firs

t, th

en th

e sp

rout

and

bot

hgr

ew to

geth

er.

The

sam

e w

as d

isco

vere

d w

ith c

orn

and

bean

s.T

hen

we

put a

sw

eet p

otat

o in

a g

lass

and

fill

ed it

abo

ut tw

o th

irds

full

of w

ater

so

it w

ould

spr

out a

nd r

aise

new

pla

nts.

The

re w

asal

so a

sw

eet p

otat

o pu

t in

the

grou

nd a

nd s

prou

ted.

Som

e on

e w

as r

eque

sted

to g

et a

rad

ish

from

a g

arde

n th

at w

asju

st r

eady

to g

o to

see

d.W

hen

we

set i

t out

, the

rad

ish

was

har

d an

dfu

ll of

foo

d fo

r th

e st

alk,

but

as

it gr

ew it

bec

ame

pith

y, f

or th

e st

alk

had

used

all

this

foo

d du

ring

its

grow

th.

The

teac

her

then

ask

edan

othe

r pu

pil t

o ge

t a b

lack

berr

y sp

rout

.H

e cu

t the

top

of it

off

and

set i

t out

.It

imm

edia

tely

took

new

roo

t and

is n

ow th

rivi

ngin

its

new

soi

l.T

he e

xper

imen

t is

one

for

the

form

atio

n of

new

shoo

ts o

r bu

ds.

One

of

the

pupi

ls tr

ied

an e

lect

rica

l exp

erim

ent b

y br

ingi

ng a

tom

ato

plan

t in

cont

act w

ith a

n el

ectr

ical

cur

rent

.It

was

app

lied

to th

e ro

ot a

nd o

ne b

ranc

h of

the

plan

t.T

he a

pplic

atio

n of

ele

c-tr

icity

to a

pla

nt in

spir

es n

ew li

fe in

the

plan

t and

cau

ses

a m

ore

vigo

rous

gro

wth

.O

ur w

ork

has

only

beg

un, a

nd w

e ho

pe to

get

gre

ater

res

ults

fro

mit.

It is

a v

ery

inte

rest

ing

and

prof

itabl

e st

udy.

We

have

quo

ted

New

Yor

k an

d In

dian

a; n

ow f

or a

leap

to a

dis

tric

t sch

ool i

n so

uthe

aste

rn N

ebra

ska.

Thi

sir

stan

ce o

f in

form

al w

ork

in a

gric

ultu

re a

nd d

omes

ticsc

ienc

e is

quo

ted

from

E. C

. Bis

hop'

s pa

per

on A

gric

ul-

'ura

l Edu

catio

n w

ithou

t Equ

ipm

ent (

N. E

. A. R

epor

t,19

o7):

EL

EM

EN

TA

RY

AG

RIC

UL

TU

RE

AN

D I

ND

UST

RIA

L C

LU

BS

219

Dis

tric

t No.

29,

Paw

nee

Cou

nty,

Neb

rask

a.D

istr

ict N

o. 2

9,th

e L

ower

Wes

t Bra

nch

Scho

ol, i

s a

rura

l sch

ool i

n Pa

wne

e co

unty

eigh

t mile

s so

uthw

est o

f Pa

wne

e C

ity.

From

twen

ty to

twen

ty-f

ive

pupi

ls a

re e

nrol

led,

and

a c

lass

of

from

one

to f

our

pupi

ls g

radu

ate

from

the

eigh

th g

rade

eac

h ye

ar. T

he s

choo

l bui

ldin

g is

the

ordi

nary

box-

car

form

, but

kep

t in

good

rep

air.

The

sch

ool c

hild

ren

colle

cted

ston

es a

nd m

ade

bord

ers

for

flow

er b

eds

in f

ront

and

at o

ne s

ide

ofth

e bu

ildin

g.T

hey

also

trai

ned

vine

s ov

er th

e ou

tbui

ldin

gs a

ndm

aint

aine

d a

smal

l exp

erim

enta

l gar

den.

At i

nter

mis

sion

per

iods

the

teac

hers

and

pup

ils ta

lked

ove

r pl

ans

by w

hich

they

mig

ht le

arn

to c

ook

and

to s

ew, t

o m

ake

vari

ous

artic

les,

and

to c

ultiv

ate

cert

ain

plan

ts.

Rec

ipes

wer

e so

ught

and

dis

trib

uted

, eac

h gi

rl le

arne

d to

mak

e br

ead

and

othe

r co

mm

on a

rtic

les

of d

iet,

toca

n fr

uit,

to s

ew,

and

to c

ultiv

ate

flow

ers

and

vege

tabl

es.

The

boy

s to

ok in

tere

stin

cor

n an

d po

tato

-gro

win

g an

d ot

her

lines

that

esp

ecia

lly a

ppea

led

to th

e in

divi

dual

.A

t the

cou

nty

corn

con

test

s an

d at

the

stat

eco

ntes

ts th

is s

choo

l is

alw

ays

repr

esen

ted

by c

redi

tabl

e ex

hibi

tsin

the

vari

ous

lines

of

wor

k an

d by

del

egat

es s

ent b

y th

e sc

hool

toat

tend

the

mee

ting.

The

teac

her,

Mis

s L

ulu

Wol

ford

, was

re-

empl

oyed

eac

h ye

ar a

t an

adva

nced

sal

ary.

Her

sch

ool r

anks

am

ong

the

very

bes

t in

the

coun

ty a

nd in

the

stat

e in

the

qual

ity o

f w

ork

done

in th

e re

gula

r br

anch

es.

The

com

mun

ity h

as b

een

muc

hbe

nefi

ted

in th

e in

tere

st ta

ken

by th

e yo

ung

peop

le in

the

wor

k of

the

hom

e. T

he s

choo

l has

bee

n m

uch

bene

fite

d by

the

inte

rest

awak

ened

am

ong

the

patr

ons

of th

e sc

hool

.

Wor

king

Aid

s: B

ooks

, Bul

letin

s,et

c.T

he te

ache

rsh

ould

not

fai

l in

h's

wor

k fo

r w

ant o

f bo

oks

and

othe

r ai

dson

agr

icul

ture

.L

ie m

ay h

ave

the

abili

ty a

nd in

genu

ityto

ada

pt h

is c

:Jur

se to

loca

l nee

ds, a

s do

es M

r. L

yon.

Ifhe

is le

ss s

elf-

relia

nt, h

e ca

n fi

nd a

mpl

e as

sist

ance

inth

em

any

real

ly p

ract

ical

text

-boo

ks o

n th

e su

bjec

t (se

esu

g-ge

stiv

e lis

t at e

nd o

f ch

apte

r).

The

n th

e st

ates

mak

ing

25tj

Page 131: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

220

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

the

stud

y of

agr

icul

ture

in th

e sc

hool

s ob

ligat

ory,

as

wel

l

as o

ther

s no

t yet

mak

ing

it a

requ

irem

ent,

publ

ish

mor

e or

less

com

plet

e w

-rki

ng o

utlin

es to

be

used

by

pupi

ls a

nd

Fiel

d B

e A

1906

Oat

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307C

love

r19

08 C

oyn

C,n

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09 O

ats

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love

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1908

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love

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Fiel

d I

8 h

1906

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n)19

07 g

ats

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love

rC

n

F're

ld C

-14

AIr

.Cle

mr.

taltu

nI

el-r

datr

- C

OT

4.O

rr41

.74

pel

Fiel

d B

o -I

AA

1101

.4"1

:11:

Tne

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0T

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fiel

d E

rtoi

...A

smas

nlie

l.pet

alos

tre

11/4

3-1)

.ast

noa

F-It

APe

rman

evit

Ove

llare

l

Flo.

14.

A f

orty

acr

e fa

rm. T

he d

raw

ing

illus

trat

es s

peci

fic

rota

tion

of c

rops

The

sci

entif

ic a

pplic

atio

n of

rot

atio

n to

cro

ps h

as b

egun

to p

lay

an im

-po

rtan

t rol

e in

mod

ern

farm

ing.

(Aft

er M

inne

sota

Sch

ool A

gric

ultu

re )

teac

hers

.N

ewY

orl.,

Illin

ois,

Indi

ana,

Min

neso

ta,

Neb

rask

a an

d m

any

othe

r st

ates

pre

pare

suc

h co

urse

s.In

man

y sc

hool

s w

here

sch

ool g

arde

ning

and

agr

icul

tura

l

expe

rim

enta

tion

coul

d no

t be

purs

ued

for

suff

icie

nt r

easo

ns,

!(

,

EL

EM

EN

TA

RY

AG

RIC

UL

TU

RE

AN

D I

ND

UST

RIA

L C

LU

BS

221

teac

hers

and

cou

nty

supe

rint

ende

nts

have

enc

oura

ged

hom

e ga

rden

ing

and

expe

rim

enta

tion

with

fie

ld c

rops

.Su

peri

nten

dent

Lau

ra F

itch,

of

Luc

as c

ount

y, I

owa,

has

long

bee

n an

ard

ent a

dvoc

ate

of th

is p

lan

for

draw

ing

the

farm

hom

e cl

oser

to th

e sc

hool

.H

er e

ffor

ts h

ave

been

crow

ned

with

suc

cess

.H

undr

eds

of r

ural

sch

ool c

hild

ren

have

bee

n en

cour

aged

to m

ake

hom

e ga

rden

s in

con

nect

ion

with

thei

r sc

hool

wor

k.In

fac

t, it

has

mad

e th

em m

ore

inte

rest

ed in

thei

r sc

hool

wor

k th

an e

ver

befo

re.

The

seho

me

gard

ens

have

the

adva

ntag

e of

get

ting

good

car

edu

ring

the

vaca

tion

mon

ths.

In th

e fa

ll of

the

year

ath

ree

days

' sch

ool f

air

is h

eld

at th

e co

unty

sea

t, at

whi

chtim

e th

e ga

rden

pro

duct

s ar

e ex

hibi

ted

and

judg

ed b

yre

pres

enta

tives

fro

m th

e st

ate

colle

ge a

t Am

es.

Lec

ture

sar

e al

so g

iven

of

espe

cial

inte

rest

to th

e gi

rls

and

thei

rm

othe

rs o

n ho

useh

old

econ

omy,

hor

ticul

ture

, flo

ricu

lture

,an

d ki

ndre

d th

emes

.

Ori

gin

of B

oys'

and

Gir

ls' I

ndus

tria

l Clu

bs. T

he a

bove

is o

ne o

f th

e m

any

way

s in

whi

ch b

oys'

agr

icul

tura

l clu

bsan

d gi

rls'

hou

seho

ld e

cono

my

club

s ha

veco

me

into

exi

st-

ence

.In

Mac

oupi

n co

unty

, Illi

nois

, the

clu

bs o

rigi

nate

din

qui

te a

noth

er w

ay.

Inte

rest

in th

e an

nual

far

mer

s'in

stitu

te h

ad b

een

lagg

ing.

The

far

mer

s so

meh

ow to

okno

rea

l int

eres

t in

the

orga

niza

tion.

At t

his

junc

ture

its

pres

iden

t int

rodu

ced

a ha

ppy

inno

vatio

n:

He

adve

rtis

ed th

at h

e w

ould

sen

d fr

ee to

any

,arm

er b

oy w

hoap

plie

d as

muc

h of

the

fine

st s

eed

corn

pro

cura

bse

in th

e st

ate

as

BE

ST C

OPY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

261

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222

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

a on

e-ce

nt s

tam

p w

ould

car

ry; t

he b

oys

toex

hibi

t the

ir p

rodu

ct a

tth

e an

nual

mee

ting

of th

e fa

rmer

s' in

stitu

te a

nd r

ecei

ve s

mal

l pri

zes

for

the

best

cor

n ra

ised

.Fi

ve h

undr

ed b

oys

resp

onde

d. W

hen

the

time

for

the

mee

ting

cam

e, th

e fa

rmer

s w

ere

told

they

mig

ht s

tay

away

if th

ey c

ared

to.

Thi

s m

eetin

g w

as f

or th

e bo

ys, w

ho w

ere

ther

e by

sco

res

with

thei

rco

rn.

It w

as ju

dged

by

an e

xper

t fro

m th

e st

ate

agri

cultu

ral

colle

gean

dpr

onou

nced

as

"fin

e a

dis-

play

of

corn

as

he e

ver

had

seen

."B

ut th

e fa

rmer

sth

emse

lves

wer

e th

ere,

too,

over

500

of

them

,an

dth

epr

oble

m h

adbe

en s

olve

d.

FIG

. 5. T

he c

orn

plan

t.tr

ates

pro

per

root

ing.

Scho

ol A

gric

ultu

re.)

The

dra

win

g ill

us-

(Aft

er M

inne

sota

Thi

s w

asin

1901

.

Supe

rint

ende

nts

and

othe

rs o

rgan

ized

sim

i-la

r cl

ubs.

The

sch

ools

took

up

the

scie

ntif

icst

udy

of c

orn;

sch

ool

gard

ens

and

expe

ri-

men

tal p

lots

mul

tiplie

d, a

nd b

efor

e lo

ng th

e m

ovem

ent

had

spre

ad to

oth

er s

tate

s.In

flue

nce

of S

uch

Org

aniz

atio

ns u

pon

Edu

catio

n.N

o ex

pedi

ent m

ade

usc

of in

rec

ent y

ears

by

educ

ator

s,in

thei

ref

fort

s to

sol

ve th

e fa

rm p

robl

em, h

as m

etw

ith s

o un

iver

sal a

ppro

val

as h

as th

e in

dust

rial

clu

b.It

app

eals

to th

e av

erag

e fa

rmer

's s

elf-

inte

rest

.H

e is

EL

EM

EN

TA

RY

AG

RIC

UL

TU

RE

AN

D I

ND

UST

RIA

L C

LU

BS

223

quic

k to

rec

ogni

ze it

s va

lue

by ta

ngib

le r

esul

ts.

Lik

ely

enou

gh, h

e m

ay e

xper

ienc

e de

feat

in th

e co

rn c

onte

st a

tth

e ha

nds

of h

is o

wn

sons

, who

se c

orn

com

man

ds $

2 pe

rbu

shel

, whi

le h

is o

wn

brin

gs th

e cu

stom

ary

75 c

ents

.B

utth

en it

giv

es a

cer

tain

sat

isfa

ctio

n to

be

defe

ated

by o

ne's

own

offs

prin

g!Su

ch f

arm

ers

will

bec

ome

the

stan

chsu

ppor

ters

of

the

new

sch

ools

, and

"pu

ll"

for

a be

tter

coäp

erat

ion

betw

een

farm

and

sch

ool.

The

infl

uenc

e of

the

indu

stri

al c

lubs

on

the

educ

atio

n of

the

farm

yout

hca

n ha

rdly

be

over

estim

ated

.T

hey

are

rear

ing

the

na-

tion

a ne

w g

ener

atio

n of

sci

entif

ic f

arm

ers.

" T

hebo

ys,"

acco

rdin

g to

Mr.

Dic

k J.

Cro

sby,

of

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es D

e-

part

men

t of

Agr

icul

ture

,"

have

lear

ned

to o

bser

ve m

ore

clos

ely

the

crop

s an

d th

ings

aff

ectin

g th

ecr

ops;

they

hav

em

et a

nd le

arne

d to

sol

ve s

ome

of th

e pr

oble

ms

in th

eim

prov

emen

t of

crop

s;th

ey h

ave

lear

ned

to k

eep

sim

-pl

e ac

coun

ts, t

o re

ad g

ood

liter

atur

e, a

nd to

kno

w th

eso

urce

s of

agr

icul

tura

l lite

ratu

re; t

heir

vie

ws

have

bro

ad-

ened

by

cont

act w

ith o

ther

s an

d by

visi

ting

inst

itu-

tions

of

lear

ning

, and

fin

ally

the

pow

er o

f ta

king

the

initi

ativ

e ha

s in

man

y ca

ses

been

str

ongl

y de

velo

ped

inth

em."

Thi

s ed

ucat

iona

l inf

luen

ce h

as s

prea

d fr

om M

inne

sota

to T

exas

, fro

m P

enns

ylva

nia

to C

olor

ado.

Stat

e an

dlo

cal b

oard

s of

edu

catio

n, s

tate

uni

vers

ities

and

othe

rin

stitu

tions

, and

indi

vidu

al s

uper

inte

nden

ts v

ie w

ith e

ach

othe

r in

fos

teri

ng th

e m

ovem

ent.

Page 133: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

224

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

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RA

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CH

OO

L

Gen

eral

Pla

n of

Boy

s' C

orn

Clu

bs il

lust

rate

din

the

Ham

ilton

Cou

nty,

Ind

iana

, Clu

b. I

ndia

naha

s a

wel

l-'d

evel

oped

sys

tem

of

agri

cultu

ral e

duca

tion

in th

e sc

hool

s.

Its

coun

ty s

uper

inte

nden

ts r

epor

t aw

ell-

sust

aine

d in

tere

st

in lo

cal c

orn

club

s an

d ed

ucat

iona

l exc

ursi

ons,

the

latte

r

form

ing

an e

xcel

lent

mea

ns o

f ac

quai

ntan

cesh

ipbe

twee

n

the

rura

l sch

ools

and

hig

her

agri

cultu

ral

inst

itutio

ns.

Stat

e Su

peri

nten

dent

Fas

sett

A. C

otto

n's

annu

al r

epor

tfo

r

1936

con

tain

s m

any

stri

king

det

ails

of

wha

t boy

s' c

orn

club

s an

d gi

rls'

indu

stri

al c

lubs

are

acco

mpl

ishi

ng in

twen

ty

coun

ties

of th

at s

tate

.T

he r

epor

t is

prof

usel

y ill

us-

trat

ed a

nd h

ighl

y in

tere

stin

g.T

here

is m

uch

sim

ilari

ty in

the

plan

purs

ued

in th

e

man

agem

ent o

fsu

ch c

orn

club

s.T

hey

hold

one

or

poss

ibly

two

mee

tings

a y

ear,

the

spri

ngse

eddi

s-

trib

utio

n an

d th

e w

inte

r sc

orin

g an

d pr

ize

cont

est,

and

very

gen

eral

ly a

n an

nual

exc

ursi

on to

the

stat

eag

ricu

ltura

l col

lege

or

stat

e un

iver

sity

.A

s re

ader

s ar

e

no d

oubt

inte

rest

edin

just

how

the

club

s do

thei

r w

ork,

we

repr

oduc

e at

this

poi

nt a

port

ion

of th

e re

port

of

the

Ham

ilton

Cou

nty

Boy

s' C

orn

Clu

b, a

s it

appe

ars

in S

uper

-

inte

nden

t Cot

ton'

s re

port

:

Obj

ect.

The

Ham

ilton

Cou

nty

Boy

s' C

orn

Clu

b is

not

ath

eory

.

It ha

s be

en w

orke

d ou

t fro

m th

e ve

ry b

egin

ning

.Its

obj

ect i

s an

d

has

been

to te

ach

the

boys

to k

now

goo

d co

rnan

d to

rai

se g

ood

corn

by

actu

ally

han

dlin

g, ju

dgin

g,an

d pr

oduc

ing

it; a

nd th

at th

eob

ject

is b

eing

acc

ompl

ishe

d ca

n be

pro

ven

by a

clo

ud o

fw

itnes

ses,

at le

ast s

so b

oys

and

perh

aps

an e

qual

num

ber

of m

en w

ho a

re th

e

An

aver

age

corn

exh

ibit

at th

e an

nual

con

test

of t

he H

amilt

on C

ount

y, In

dian

a, B

oys'

Cor

n C

lub.

(Cou

rtes

y of

Sup

erin

tend

ent J

. F. H

aine

s.)

14.1

11 4

14,1

01gr

.

avow

Ims

Mom

gm

..w

w s

ow .

Mls

11.1

.41

11 0

E1.

4...N

EM

1011

1111

1,O

ra

Sec

tiona

l vie

w o

f Paw

nee

Cou

nty,

Neb

rask

a, c

orn

grow

ing

and

cook

ing

con.

test

, t9o

8.(C

ourt

esy

of S

tate

Sup

erin

tend

ent E

. C. B

isho

p.)

BE

ST

CO

PY

AIU

BLE

2 6

Page 134: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

EL

EM

EN

TA

RY

AG

RIC

UL

TU

RE

AN

D I

ND

UST

RIA

L C

LU

BS

225

pare

nts

and

frie

nds

of th

ese

boys

.T

he w

atch

wor

d of

the

club

is,

"gro

w c

orn.

"M

eetin

gs.

Thi

s cl

ub h

as b

een

orga

nize

d th

ree

year

s.T

here

is n

o m

achi

nery

abo

ut th

e or

gani

zatio

n.E

ach

boy

who

bec

omes

a m

embe

r si

gns

his

nam

e to

the

list o

f m

embe

rs, t

akes

two

ears

of

corn

, pla

nts

abou

t 400

hill

s, c

ultiv

ates

the

corn

duri

ng th

e su

mm

er,

at th

e pr

oper

tim

e se

lect

s te

n ea

rs a

nd e

nter

s th

em in

the

cont

estf

or

a pr

emiu

m. T

wo

mee

tings

are

hel

d ea

ch y

ear

one

in A

pril,

whe

nth

e se

ed is

dis

trib

uted

, and

one

in D

ecem

ber,

whe

n th

e pr

emiu

ms

are

awar

ded.

We

have

had

goo

d sp

eake

rs a

nd c

orn

expe

rts

at e

ach

of th

ese

mee

tings

.T

he b

oys

have

bee

n th

orou

ghly

inst

ruct

ed in

the

sele

ctio

n an

d te

stin

g of

the

seed

, in

the

prep

arat

ion

of th

e se

ed b

ed,

in th

e cu

ltiva

tion

of th

e co

rn p

lant

, and

in th

e se

lect

ion

of e

ars

ofco

rn f

or e

xhib

ition

.M

any

of th

ese

boys

who

hav

e be

en m

embe

rsfr

om th

e be

ginn

ing

are

beco

min

g ex

pert

in th

eir

know

ledg

e of

cor

n.T

hey

are

able

to s

core

an

ear

pret

ty a

ccur

atel

y.Q

uite

a n

umbe

rof

them

are

mor

e ex

pert

than

thei

r fa

ther

s in

the

sele

ctio

n of

sho

wC

OM

. "Cor

n B

oys"

in S

cori

ng C

onte

sts.

At a

sto

ck s

how

in th

isco

unty

an

impl

emen

t fir

m o

ffer

ed$z

o fo

r th

e be

st te

n ea

rs o

fco

rn b

roug

ht to

the

room

whe

re it

was

exh

ibite

d.A

num

ber

of th

efa

rmer

s br

ough

t in

thei

r te

n ea

rs to

com

pete

for

the

prem

ium

.I

visi

ted

this

exhi

bitio

n w

ith o

ne o

fth

e "

corn

boy

s."

We

look

ed a

t the

pac

kage

s, a

nd th

en I

ask

ed h

im f

or h

is o

pini

on.

He

imm

edia

tely

sai

d th

at th

ere

was

but

one

pac

kage

of

good

cor

nth

ere,

mea

ning

ther

e w

as b

ut o

ne p

acka

ge o

f go

od s

how

cor

n.W

hen

the

corn

was

sco

red,

this

pac

kage

sel

ecte

d by

the

boy

took

the

priz

e.A

com

pari

son

of th

e sa

mpl

es s

ubm

itted

by

thc

farm

ers

and

thos

esu

bmitt

ed b

y th

e bo

ys s

how

ed th

at th

e m

en h

ad s

elec

ted

thei

r la

rges

tea

rs w

ith li

ttle

rega

rd to

per

fect

ion

or c

onfo

rmin

g to

the

type

of

vari

ety

of c

orn

repr

esen

ted,

whi

le th

e bo

ys h

a !

in m

ind

a ty

pica

l ear

and

sele

cted

ear

s as

nea

rly

like

this

mod

el a

s th

ey c

ould

fin

d.It

was

adi

ffer

ence

in tr

aini

ng, t

hat w

as a

ll.So

me

of th

ese

farm

ers

know

corn

so

wel

l tha

t the

y ca

n be

taug

ht n

othi

ng m

ore

abou

t it.

'C

Page 135: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

226

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

Nam

e of

sco

rer

Dat

ePl

ace

Sam

ple

No

Tab

le

s. T

ruen

eu to

type

or

bree

dch

arac

teris

tics

101

23

4s

67

89

o

a.S

hape

of e

ar30

3.P

urity

of c

olor

a. G

rain

5

b. C

ob5

4.V

italit

y or

see

d co

nditi

on s

o

s.T

ips

5

6.B

utts

5

7.K

erne

ls, a

. uni

form

ity o

f so

....-

-.

J.S

hape

of

$

I.Le

ngth

of e

arSO

.9.

Circ

umfe

renc

e of

ear

7

so.

Spa

cea.

Fur

row

s be

-tw

een

row

s.5

6.S

pace

bet

wee

n ke

r-ne

ls a

t cob

3

il.P

ropo

rtio

n of

cor

n to

cob

t ,

Tot

al ..

..sc

o

RE

ASO

NS

FOR

CU

TS

no. I

n.A

n of

ficia

lcor

n sc

ore

card

.

BE

ELE

ME

NT

AR

Y A

GR

ICU

LTU

RE

AN

D IN

DU

ST

RIA

L C

LUB

S 2

27

" C

orn

Boy

" v

s. F

arm

er.

At f

irst

man

y w

ere

very

ske

ptic

alab

out t

he s

ucce

ss o

f th

e cl

ub.

Wha

t did

the

coun

ty s

uper

inte

nden

t

know

abo

ut c

orn?

But

mos

t of

that

fee

ling

has

been

ove

rcom

e.T

he c

ount

y su

peri

nten

dent

did

not

giv

e th

e in

stru

ctio

n; th

at w

asgi

ven

by c

orn

expe

rts.

Not

long

sin

ce a

far

mer

ent

ered

a c

onte

stin

whi

ch h

is s

on, a

"co

rn b

oy,"

was

als

o a

cont

esta

nt.

Whe

n th

e

corn

was

judg

ed, t

he s

on r

ecei

ved

the

priz

e, h

avin

g be

aten

the

fath

er

man

y po

ints

.T

his

sam

e fa

ther

was

ske

ptic

al w

hen

the

club

was

orga

nize

d, b

ut n

ow a

dmits

that

his

son

kno

ws

mor

e ab

out c

orn

than

he d

oes.

The

yea

r th

e cl

ub w

as o

rgan

ized

it h

ad a

mem

bers

hip

of 9

3.O

f th

is n

umbe

r 53

ent

ered

the

cont

est.

The

sec

ond

year

the

num

ber

had

incr

ease

d to

150

, and

102

ent

ered

the

cont

est.

Thi

s ye

ar th

ere

are

250

mem

bers

, and

at l

east

zoo

will

be

cont

esta

nts.

Goo

d Se

ed C

orn.

Las

t yea

r th

e co

rn b

roug

ht in

by

the

boys

was

sold

for

see

d, a

nd th

e pr

ocee

ds d

ivid

ed e

qual

ly a

mon

g th

e bo

ys w

hodi

d no

t rec

eive

pre

miu

ms.

The

pri

ze p

acka

ge o

f te

n ea

rs o

fye

llow

corn

was

sol

d fo

r $2

, and

man

y of

the

pack

ages

wer

e so

ld f

or $

1

each

.N

one

of th

e co

rn w

as s

old

for

less

than

$2

per

bush

el.

Itha

d al

l bee

n ca

refu

lly s

elec

ted

and

care

d fo

r, a

nd it

mad

e ex

celle

nt

seed

.T

his

year

eac

h bo

y w

ho e

nter

s th

e co

ntes

t will

be

give

n a

ticke

tto

a c

orn

lunc

h.T

his

lunc

h w

ill c

onsi

st o

f th

e fo

llow

ing:

ME

NU

Cor

n R

elis

hH

ot C

orn

Tam

ale,

a la

Hom

ana

Cor

ned

Bee

f"

Snow

flak

e" H

ot C

orn

Bre

ad, w

ith "

Gol

dmin

e" B

utte

!C

ream

of

Cor

n, e

n Su

rpri

seM

olde

d C

orn

Gla

dPo

p-co

rn B

onbo

ns, a

d L

ibitu

mIn

spir

atio

n of

Cor

n

CO

PY A

VA

ILA

RL

F

Page 136: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

0

228

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

Exc

ursi

ons

to P

urdu

e U

nive

rsity

.T

he c

lub

has

take

n tw

oex

curs

ions

to P

urdu

e.T

hese

exc

ursi

ons

have

bee

n gr

eat t

reat

s,no

t onl

y to

the

boys

but

to th

eir

sist

ers

E n

d pa

rent

s.T

he L

. E. &

W. R

. R. C

o. h

as b

een

very

obl

igin

g, a

nd b

oth

trip

s ha

ve b

een

plea

sant

.A

t Laf

ayet

te w

e w

ere

met

by

mem

bers

of

the

facu

lty o

fth

e ag

ricu

ltura

l dep

artm

ent,

who

con

duct

ed u

s to

the

univ

ersi

ty a

ndsh

owed

us

ever

y at

tent

ion.

We

picn

icke

d on

the

cam

pus,

wen

tth

roug

h th

e co

llege

bui

ldin

gs, w

ere

show

n th

e cr

eam

ery,

soi

l lab

ora-

tory

, vis

ited

the

crop

exp

erim

ents

, bar

ns, s

tock

and

sto

ck p

avili

on,

wer

e bo

untif

ully

sup

plie

d w

ith a

pple

s to

eat

, and

had

our

pic

ture

sta

ken.

Eve

ryth

ing

was

exp

lain

ed in

det

ail,

and

all q

uest

ions

an-

swer

ed.

At o

ne o

'clo

ck a

mee

ting

was

hel

d in

Fow

ler

Hal

l, w

here

the

follo

win

g pr

ogra

mm

e w

as g

iven

:

Mus

icPi

pe O

rgan

Add

ress

of

Wel

com

e

Res

pons

eE

xper

imen

t Sta

tion

Wor

k

Mis

s E

va L

. Lin

nPr

ofes

sor

W. C

. Lat

taJ.

F. H

aine

sG

I C

hris

tie

At f

our

o'cl

ock

alm

ost t

he e

ntir

epa

rty

wen

t on

spec

ial c

ars

tovi

sit t

he S

oldi

ers'

Hom

e, T

ecur

nseh

's T

rail,

and

Bat

tle G

roun

d.T

each

ing

the

Fath

ers

Scie

ntif

ic F

arm

ing

The

infl

uenc

e of

the

club

has

per

mea

ted

all

part

s of

the

coun

ty.

Farm

ers

are

pay-

ing

mor

e at

tent

ion

to th

e se

lect

ion

of s

eed

corn

than

eve

r be

fore

;th

ey a

re c

ultiv

atin

g th

eir

crop

s w

ith m

ore

care

; the

y kn

ow m

ore

abou

tco

rn, a

nd in

man

y in

stan

ces

the

boy

know

s m

ore

abou

t it t

han

the

fath

er, a

nd th

e fa

ther

is p

roud

of

it.It

is a

ple

asur

e to

vis

it th

e ho

mes

of th

e bo

ys ,,

,ho

are

mem

bers

of

the

club

.W

ith w

hat p

ride

they

take

you

to th

eir

patc

h of

corn

, and

exp

lain

how

they

hav

e ca

red

for

it.T

hey

know

all

the

caus

es o

f th

eir

succ

ess

or f

ailu

re.

The

ydo

not

fig

ure

awhi

le a

nd th

en lo

ok a

t the

bac

k of

the

book

for

the

answ

er.

And

the

fath

er a

nd m

othe

rbe

par

done

d fo

r sa

ying

,w

ith a

gla

d lo

ok in

thei

rey

es,

"W

illie

has

som

e fi

ne c

orn.

" O

ne d

ayI

visi

ted

Paul

Sum

ner,

who

has

twic

e ta

ken

the

prem

ium

for

the

best

yello

w c

orn.

He

took

me

over

a p

ortio

n of

his

fat

her's

fin

e fa

rm.

EL

EM

EN

TA

RY

AG

RIC

UL

TU

RE

AN

DIN

DU

STR

IAL

CL

UB

S 22

9

He

knew

abo

ut th

e st

ock,

the

bree

dsof

cat

tle a

nd h

ogs,

the

rota

tion

of c

rops

, the

yie

ld p

er a

cre

of w

heat

and

corn

.

At l

ast h

e to

ok m

e to

his

pla

t of

goo

hills

of

corn

that

he

had

rais

ed f

or th

e co

rn c

lub.

It w

as h

is b

est e

ffor

t, an

d w

ell h

e m

ight

be p

roud

to p

rodu

ce s

uch

corn

.H

e ha

s si

nce

accu

rate

ly m

easu

red

the

grou

nd a

nd g

athe

red

and

wei

ghed

the

corn

.H

e is

in th

e ei

ghth

grad

e at

sch

ool.

He

gave

this

mea

sure

and

wei

ght t

ohi

s te

ache

r,

who

gav

e th

em to

the

clas

s as

a p

ract

ical

pro

blem

.It

was

fou

nd th

at

an a

cre

of s

uch

corn

wou

ld p

rodu

ce io

o bu

shel

s.

In s

ever

al s

tate

s th

e or

gani

zatio

nof

indu

stri

al c

lubs

ow

es

its o

rigi

n to

a s

tate

-wid

e m

ovem

ent,

initi

ated

by

the

stat

e

depa

rtm

ent o

f ed

ucat

ion

orth

e de

part

men

t of

agri

cultu

re

in th

e st

ate

univ

ersi

ty.

Stat

e-w

ide

Boy

s' a

nd G

irls

' Ass

ocia

tions

in N

ebra

ska.

Stat

e Su

peri

nten

dent

E. C

. Bis

hop,

whi

le h

e he

ld th

e of

fice

of d

eput

y su

peri

nten

dent

in h

is s

tate

,un

dert

ook

the

gi-

gant

ic ta

sk o

f or

gani

zing

the

scho

ol c

hild

ren

of N

ebra

ska

into

ass

ocia

tions

for

indu

stri

alad

vanc

emen

t at h

ome

and

in s

choo

l. T

he o

rgan

izat

ion

has

met

with

spl

endi

d su

cces

s,

as m

ay b

e ga

ther

edfr

om th

e fa

ct th

at n

ow, a

fter

an

,2xi

sten

ce o

f on

ly f

ive

year

s, th

eas

soci

atio

n in

clud

es c

lubs

for

girl

s as

wel

l as

for

boys

,an

d its

wor

k ha

s be

en e

x-

tend

ed th

roug

h su

bsid

iary

org

aniz

atio

nsto

eve

ry p

art o

f

the

stat

e.T

he U

nive

rsity

of

Neb

rask

a co

oper

ates

inth

is im

-

port

ant w

ork

thro

ugh

the

depa

rtm

ent o

f Fa

rmer

s'In

sti-

tute

s ;

it is

sues

val

uabl

e ill

ustr

ated

bul

letin

sfo

r th

e us

e

of c

lub

mem

bers

and

fur

nish

es s

peak

ers

for

the

stat

e an

d

loca

l mee

tings

.In

Neb

rask

a, a

s in

Illi

nois

, the

Farm

ers'

Page 137: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

230

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

Inst

itute

and

the

Stat

e B

oard

of

Agr

icul

ture

are

impo

r-ta

nt f

acto

rs in

the

succ

ess

of th

e m

ovem

ent.

Org

aniz

atio

n an

d G

row

th.

The

fir

st c

orn

club

was

orga

nize

d at

Lin

coln

in th

e sp

ring

of

1905

with

a m

em-

bers

hip

of f

ive

hund

red

boys

.T

he f

irst

sta

te c

orn

con-

test

was

hel

d at

the

capi

tal,

Dec

embe

r 14

-16,

190

5.T

he r

esul

ts w

ere

so g

ratif

ying

that

"co

rn-c

ooki

ng"

was

adde

d, a

nd f

ive

hund

red

girl

s im

med

iate

ly f

orm

ed a

nau

xilia

ry f

or th

at p

urpo

se.

By

1906

the

scop

e of

the

two

asso

ciat

ions

Neb

rask

a B

oys'

Agr

icul

tura

l Ass

ocia

tion

and

Neb

rask

a G

irls

'D

omes

tic S

cien

ce A

ssoc

iatio

nha

d be

com

e m

ater

ially

enl

arge

d an

d in

clud

ed "

corn

,w

heat

, pot

ato,

and

sug

ar-b

eet g

row

ing,

cor

n co

okin

g,ot

her

bran

ches

of

cook

ing,

fru

it pr

eser

ving

, flo

wer

cul

ture

,ha

nd s

ewin

g, a

nd m

anua

l tra

inin

g, w

ith w

ork

in c

ount

rycl

ubs

in o

ther

line

s of

agr

icul

ture

, dom

estic

sci

ence

, and

man

ual t

rain

ing.

"

Loc

al o

rgan

izat

ions

are

pro

vide

d fo

r by

the

stat

eor

gani

zatio

ns.

The

se a

re th

e co

unty

and

the

scho

ol-

dist

rict

org

aniz

atio

ns.

The

deg

ree

of g

row

th a

nd e

ffi-

cien

cy o

f th

e m

othe

r st

ate

orga

niza

tion

very

mat

eria

llyde

pend

s on

the

viri

lity

and

effi

cien

t man

agem

ent o

f th

ese

loca

l uni

ts.

The

cou

nt).

sup

erin

tend

ent i

n th

e co

unty

and

the

teac

her

in th

e sc

hool

dis

tric

t is

ex-o

ffic

iom

anag

erin

his

resp

ectiv

eun

it.T

he b

est

loca

lex

hibi

ts a

rcga

ther

ed f

or th

e an

nual

sta

te m

eetin

gs, a

t whi

ch p

rize

san

d ot

her

awz

rds

are

mad

e.

EL

EM

EN

TA

RY

AG

RIC

UL

TU

RE

AN

D I

ND

UST

RIA

L C

LU

BS

231

The

tota

l mem

bers

hip

of N

ebra

ska

club

s is

now

(19

09)

incr

ease

d to

ove

r 20

,000

boy

s an

d gi

rls

activ

e in

the

wor

k

thro

ugh

the

coun

ty a

nd s

tate

org

aniz

atio

ns.

Dur

ing

the

year

for

ty-f

our

coun

ty c

onte

sts

wer

e he

ld, e

ach

bein

g in

sess

ion

from

one

day

to o

ne w

eek.

The

atte

ndan

ce h

asva

ried

fro

m a

few

hun

dred

to tw

o th

ousa

nd a

t eac

h po

int

duri

ng a

ny o

ne d

ay.

A n

ew f

eatu

re th

is y

ear

is s

hort

one-

wee

k co

urse

s in

agr

icul

ture

for

the

boys

and

dom

estic

scie

nce

for

the

girl

s.E

ach

scho

ol d

istr

ict i

n th

e co

unty

is e

xhib

ited

to tw

o de

lega

tes

one

boy

and

one

girl

to th

ese

shor

t-co

urse

mee

tings

.St

ate

Supe

rint

ende

nt E

. C. B

isho

p on

the

Obj

ect o

fth

e O

rgan

izat

ion.

Mr.

Bis

hop

stri

kes

the

keyn

ote

ofth

e pu

rpos

e fo

r w

hich

all

such

org

aniz

atio

ns a

re f

orm

ed,

whe

n he

say

s:

The

obj

ect o

f ou

r or

gani

zatio

n is

to p

rovi

de s

ugge

stio

n an

d di

rec-

tion

rath

er th

an in

stru

ctio

n.T

he b

oy w

ho c

aref

ully

cul

tivat

es a

ndst

udie

s th

e gr

owth

of

a pa

tch

of c

orn,

sug

ar b

eets

, pot

atoe

s, w

heat

,or

oth

er p

lant

s w

ill g

ain

a ne

w in

tere

st a

nd a

bet

ter

appr

ecia

tion

of th

e va

lue

cif

care

ful t

houg

ht a

pplie

d in

the

stud

y an

d th

e ad

apta

-tio

n of

see

d se

lect

ion,

soi

l fer

tility

, and

the

inte

llige

nt c

ultu

re o

f pl

ants

.Fu

rthe

r, h

e w

ill b

ecom

e in

tere

sted

in th

e be

st m

etho

ds o

f m

arke

ting,

and

of th

e us

e of

thes

e pl

ants

as

food

for

man

and

ani

mal

.T

his

will

dir

ect h

im to

stu

dy, t

o di

scus

sion

, and

to in

vest

igat

ion,

lead

ing

to a

kno

wle

dge

of s

yste

mat

ic f

eedi

ng a

nd c

arin

g fo

r liv

e st

ock,

toa

stud

y of

ani

mal

ada

ptat

ion

and

need

s, a

nd to

a c

aref

ul c

onsi

dera

-tio

n of

the

fina

ncia

l pro

blem

s in

volv

ed.

Thi

s is

edu

catio

n.T

he g

irl w

ho le

arns

by

actu

al e

xper

ienc

e to

suc

cess

fully

culti

-

vate

one

flo

wer

, one

veg

etab

le, o

r an

y pl

ant i

n w

hich

she

bec

omes

Page 138: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

232

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

inte

rest

ed; w

ho le

arns

to b

ake

a lo

af o

f br

ead,

to p

repa

re a

ned

ible

dish

for

the

tabl

e, to

can

a ja

r of

fru

it, to

mak

e an

apr

onfo

r

the

use

of h

erse

lf o

r a

mem

ber

of th

e fa

mily

, to

neat

lyda

rn o

rpa

tch

a ga

rmen

t; if

she

see

ks to

know

and

to p

erfo

rm th

ese

sim

ple

yet i

mpo

rtan

t dut

ies

the

best

way

; if

she

com

bine

s w

ith h

er w

ork,

chee

rful

ness

, car

eful

thou

ght,

and

inte

llige

nt s

tudy

,she

will

ere

-

long

bec

ome

expe

rt in

hom

e du

ties,

and

will

bec

ome

such

a s

tude

ntof

nat

ure,

of

the

hom

e an

d of

the

foun

datio

n of

soci

al li

fe, t

hat s

he

will

be

led

to a

pro

per

grow

th a

nd d

evel

opm

ent,

into

the

stud

ent,

the

busi

ness

wom

an, t

he h

ome

mak

er, a

nd th

e ho

me

keep

er,

the

high

est o

f al

l wom

anly

cal

lings

.

Ann

ual I

ndus

tria

l Con

test

for

Min

neso

ta B

oys

and

Gir

ls. T

he U

nive

rsity

of

Min

neso

ta is

sues

am

anua

l (se

e

list a

t end

of

chap

ter)

for

the

use

of r

ural

scho

ols.

The

1907

issu

eof

the

book

con

tain

s th

is in

tere

stin

g lis

tof

topi

cs: t

he s

eed,

whe

at, o

ats,

bar

ley,

cor

n, c

rop

rota

tion,

and

fiel

d m

anag

emen

t; su

gges

tions

for

pra

ctic

al e

xerc

ises

;

cook

ing

cont

est;

sew

ing

cont

est;

frui

t con

test

; veg

etab

le

cont

est.

Tie

boo

k is

use

d as

a te

xt f

or te

ache

rs a

nd p

upils

.

Bes

ides

fur

nish

ing

the

nece

ssar

y su

bjec

t-m

atte

rin

ele-

men

tary

agr

icul

ture

it gi

ves

defi

nite

rul

es f

or s

core

car

ds

and

judg

ing,

and

thus

bec

omes

the

mou

thpi

ece

of "

The

Farm

ers'

Clu

b,"

tinde

r w

hose

aus

pice

s th

ean

nual

in-

dust

rial

con

test

for

Min

neso

ta b

oys

and

girl

s is

held

.

Thc

wor

k is

sim

ilar

to th

at o

f th

eN

ebra

ska

asso

ci-

atio

ns d

escr

ibed

abo

ve.

Itis

espe

cial

ly s

ucce

ssfu

l in

orga

nizi

ng lo

cal

coun

tycl

ubs.

The

con

test

s ar

e he

'd

in D

ecem

ber,

at S

t.Pa

ul.

Las

t yea

r th

e M

inne

apol

isC

ham

ber

of C

omm

erce

off

ered

$ m

oo 'o

r pr

izes

on

whe

at,

EL

EM

EN

TA

RY

AG

RIC

UL

TU

RE

AN

D I

ND

UST

RIA

L C

LU

BS

233

oats

, and

cor

n.T

he B

usin

ess

Lea

gue

of S

t. Pa

ulga

ve$2

oo to

the

win

ners

in th

e co

okin

g an

d se

win

g co

ntes

t.L

iber

al p

rize

s w

ere

also

giv

en in

the

othe

r co

ntes

ts.

Thi

s C

hapt

er a

ddre

ssed

to T

each

ers

of O

ne-r

oom

Sch

ools

.

Thi

s ch

apte

r ha

s be

en w

ritte

n es

peci

ally

for

the

teac

her

of th

e on

e-ro

om r

ural

sch

ool.

It in

clud

es b

ut li

ttle

that

a te

ache

r of

ave

rage

abi

lity,

ene

rgy,

and

zea

l can

not a

c-co

mpl

ish

in s

uch

scho

ols.

We

may

all

be w

illin

g, p

erha

ps,

to c

once

de th

at id

eal c

ondi

tions

for

agr

icul

ture

teac

hing

will

nev

er b

e at

tain

ed in

the

one-

room

sch

ool,

but w

ece

rtai

nly

cann

ot a

ffor

d to

pos

tpon

e th

is s

ubje

ct ti

ll co

n-so

lidat

ion

of s

choo

ls s

hall

over

take

us.

Con

solid

atio

nm

ay n

ot r

each

our

sec

tion

for

a qu

arte

r ce

ntur

y ye

t.M

eanw

hile

, we

mus

t do,

wha

t we

can,

alb

eit i

n a

smal

lw

ay, t

o ut

ilize

this

sch

ool i

n th

e ed

ucat

iona

l evo

lutio

n no

wsw

eepi

ng r

ural

com

mun

ities

.T

he te

ache

r ha

sev

ery

reas

on to

fee

l enc

oura

ged

in th

ekn

owle

dge

that

the

little

info

rmal

wor

k no

w b

eing

don

efo

r th

e sm

all s

choo

l in

natu

re s

tudy

and

in b

eaut

ifyi

ng o

f

prem

ises

, in

digg

ing

and

plan

ting

in th

e ex

peri

n en

tal p

atch

that

the

wor

k to

enco

urag

e th

e bo

ys to

stu

dy a

nd to

rai

seco

rn a

nd v

eget

able

s; th

at th

e w

ork

to te

ach

the

girl

s th

eru

dim

ents

of

hom

e ec

onom

ics,

sew

ing,

etc

.,th

atal

l

thes

e ar

e as

eff

ectiv

e in

cre

atin

g a

love

for

the

soil

and

life

on th

e fa

rm, f

or in

dust

rial

eff

icie

ncy

and

rura

l org

aniz

a-f;

,,ri a

nd d

evel

opm

ent a

sm

any

of th

e m

ore

dign

ifie

dm

etho

ds u

sed

in la

rger

and

bet

ter

equi

pped

sch

ools

.

2

Page 139: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

234

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

A S

EL

EC

TE

D L

IST

OF

BO

OK

S D

EA

LIN

G W

ITH

EL

EM

EN

TA

RY

AG

RIC

UL

TU

RE

AN

D I

ND

UST

RIA

LC

LU

BS

x. B

AIL

EY

, L. H

.Pr

inci

ples

of

Agr

icul

ture

.T

he M

acm

illan

Co.

,

New

Yor

k.$1

.23.

2. B

ESS

EY

, C. E

. et

al.

New

Ele

men

tary

Agr

icul

ture

(for

rur

al

scho

ols)

.U

nive

rsity

Pub

lishi

ng C

o., L

inco

ln.

3. C

AR

1UN

CT

ON

, W.

T.

Ele

men

ts o

f A

gric

ultu

re.

jeff

erso

n C

ity,

Mo.

, 190

4.pp

. 36.

4. C

ours

eof

Stu

dy a

nd S

ylla

bus

for

Ele

men

tary

Sch

ools

.N

ew

Yor

k St

ate

Edu

catio

n D

epar

tmen

t,A

lban

y, N

.Y.,

1906

.

5. C

RO

SBY

, D. H

.A

gric

ultu

re in

Neg

ro S

choo

ls.

1903

repo

rt,

Off

ice

of E

xper

imen

t Sta

tions

.pp. 719 el seq.

6. -

. Boy

s' A

gric

ultu

ral

Clu

bs.

Yea

r-bo

ok, D

epar

tmen

t of

Agr

icul

ture

,1904,

Was

hing

ton,

D.C

.pp

.489-496.

7. DAVIS, C. W.

Rur

al S

choo

l Agr

icul

ture

.O

rang

e Ju

dd C

o.

New

Yor

k,1907.

pp. 263.

St.

8. E

tta, A

. CA

SWE

LL

.T

he T

each

ing

of A

gric

ultu

re in

the

Publ

ic

Scho

ols.

Bul

letin

of

the

Uni

vers

ity o

f T

exas

,N

o. 8

5, D

ecem

-

ber

rs,

9. I

LE

S, G

EO

RG

E.

Dr.

Rob

erts

on's

Wor

k in

the

Tra

inin

gof

Can

adia

n Fa

rmv,

..evi

ew o

f R

evie

ws,

Nov

embe

r, 1

907.

PP. 5

76-5

84.

to. I

llino

is C

ours

eof

Stu

d,:.

C. M

. Par

ker,

Tay

lorv

ille,

Ill.

pp. 2

08.

x. N

ebra

ska

Cor

nB

ook,

E. C

. Bis

hop,

Lin

coln

, Neb

.pp

. 78.

12. J

EW

EL

L, F

. R.

Agr

icul

tura

l Edu

catio

n (e

spec

ially

cha

pter

on

elem

enta

ry a

gric

ultu

re).

U. S

. Edu

catio

n B

urea

u, B

ulle

tin

No.

2, 1

907.

pp. 1

40.

13. R

epor

t, 19

05,

Illin

ois

Farm

ers'

Ins

titut

e,Sp

ring

fiel

d, 1

11.,

1905

,

PP. 4

62.

14. R

oosv

vEL

T,T

m00

0RE

.T

he M

an w

ho w

orks

with

his

Han

ds.

An

addr

ess,

Lan

sing

, Mic

h.,

May

31,

190

7.D

epar

tmen

t of

Agr

icul

ture

, Was

hing

ton,

D.C

.,C

ircu

lar

No.

24.

pp. 1

4.

EL

EM

EN

TA

RY

AG

RIC

UL

TU

RE

AN

D I

ND

UST

RIA

L C

LU

BS

235

x5. R

ural

Sch

ool

Agr

icul

ture

.T

he U

nive

rsity

of M

inne

sota

.D

epar

tmen

t of

Agr

icul

ture

, Bul

letin

No.

2 (

revi

sed)

.St

.

Ant

hony

Par

k, M

inn.

,1907.

pp. 116.

16.

Wm

:ma,

E. B

.Fi

rst P

rinc

iple

s of

Agr

icul

ture

.Si

lver

, Bur

-

dett

and

Co.

, Chi

cago

.$0.75.

17.WINSLOW, I. 0.

Prin

cipl

es o

f A

gric

ultu

re f

or C

omm

on S

choo

ls.

Am

eric

an B

ook

Co.

, Chi

cago

.So.6o.

The

fol

low

ing

Farm

ers'

Bul

letin

s an

d m

ary

othe

rs o

n ki

ndre

dsu

bjec

ts m

ay b

e ob

tain

ed b

y w

ritin

g to

the

Secr

etar

y of

Agr

icul

ture

,W

ashi

ngto

n, D

.C.:

-

No.

35.

Pota

to C

ultu

re.

Oni

on C

ultu

re.

NoN

o. 3

991.

Pota

to D

isea

ses

and

thei

r T

reat

men

t.N

o. r

13.

The

App

le a

nd h

ow to

gro

w I

t.N

o.148.

Cel

ery

Cul

ture

.N

o. 1

54.

The

Hom

e Fr

uit G

arde

n.N

o x6

.T

he H

ome

Vin

eyar

d.N

o. 1

61.

Sugg

estio

ns to

Fru

it G

row

ers.

No.

171.

Con

trol

of

the

Cod

ling

Mot

h.N

o. 1

81.

Prun

ing.

No.

183

.M

eat o

n th

e Fa

rm.

No.

199.

Cor

n G

row

ing.

No.

229.

The

Pro

duct

ion

of G

ood

Seed

Cor

n.

Page 140: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

CH

APT

ER

XII

MA

NU

AL

TR

AIN

ING

IN

ON

E-R

OO

M S

Hoo

ts

Man

ual T

rain

ing

Def

ined

.T

he te

rm m

anua

l tra

in-

ing,

as

we

shal

l use

it in

this

cha

pter

, app

lies

to a

ll co

n-

stru

ctiv

e ha

ndw

ork

in th

e sc

hool

s.It

incl

udes

the

wor

k

of b

oth

boys

and

gir

lsof

the

boys

with

the

use

of to

ols

on w

ood,

iron

, lea

ther

, etc

.;of

the

girl

s in

acq

uiri

ng a

know

ledg

e of

the

unde

rlyi

ng p

rinc

iple

ses

sent

ial i

n ho

use-

hold

eco

nom

y an

d m

anag

emen

t.N

ot u

ncom

mon

ly n

owa-

.

days

, how

ever

, the

term

is e

xpan

ded

to e

mbr

ace

vast

ly

mor

e th

an th

e w

ork

of th

eha

nd m

uscl

es.

Bro

adly

spe

ak-

ing,

it m

ay b

e m

ade

to :n

clud

eal

l of

thos

e ex

erci

ses

of

the

hum

an b

ody

"by

whi

ch is

sec

ured

the

coor

dina

tion

of b

rain

, ner

ve, a

nd m

uscl

e, th

us p

rodu

cing

mus

cula

r co

n-tr

ol a

nd a

ccur

acy

of th

e se

nses

."N

atur

e st

udy,

sch

ool

gard

enin

g, a

nd e

lem

enta

ry a

gric

ultu

rew

ould

ver

y na

tu-

rally

com

e un

der

this

cate

gory

, sin

ce th

eyal

lha

ve

the

coor

dina

tion

of v

alue

s se

t for

th a

bove

.B

ut th

ese

have

bee

n co

nsid

ered

els

ewhe

re a

nd n

eed

nu r

epet

ition

here

.It

is,

then

, in

the

rest

rict

ed s

ense

of

hand

wor

k

for

boys

and

gir

ls th

at w

e sh

all u

se th

e te

rm.

Its

Ear

ly H

isto

ry.

Man

ual t

rain

ing

has

been

rec

og-

nizA

as

a le

gitim

ate

part

of

scho

ol w

ork

for

just

half

a

cent

ury.

We

hear

ofit

firs

t in

Finl

and,

whe

re o

ne U

no

-,.

236

MA

NU

AL

TR

AIN

ING

IN

ON

E-R

OO

M S

CH

OO

LS

237

Cyg

nxus

org

aniz

ed a

com

plet

e sy

stem

of

man

ual

trai

ning

for

the

elem

enta

ry s

choo

ls in

1858

.E

ight

yea

rs la

ter

itbe

cam

e co

mpu

lsor

y in

som

e fo

rm in

all

norm

altr

aini

ngsc

hool

s, a

nd f

or b

oys

in a

ll ru

ral s

choo

ls.

But

itis

to S

wed

en, a

fter

all,

that

we

mus

t loo

k fo

rth

e gr

eate

st c

ontr

ibut

ions

toth

e ea

rly

deve

lopm

ent o

fsy

stem

atic

man

ual t

rain

ing.

The

kin

gdom

in 1

872

face

dth

e sa

me

diff

icul

ties

in it

s ru

ral c

omm

uniti

esth

at w

e of

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es a

re e

xper

ienc

ing

to-d

ay; v

iz. t

he c

on-

cent

ratio

n of

rur

al p

opul

atio

n in

the

larg

e ci

ties.

To

coun

tera

ct th

is e

vil a

nd a

t the

sam

e tim

e to

ree

stab

lish

the

one-

time

popu

lar

hom

e in

dust

ries

now

on

a ra

nid

decl

ine,

the

gove

rnm

ent d

eter

min

ed to

est

ablis

hSl

oyd

scho

ols

thro

ugho

ut r

ural

com

mun

ities

.T

he s

choo

ls w

ere

inte

nded

, as

the

wor

d Sl

oyd

sign

ifie

s,to

mak

e th

eir

pupi

ls h

andy

, ade

pt, s

killf

ul, a

nd w

ere

natu

rally

of

a'de

cide

d ec

onom

ic b

ent,

prep

arin

g th

eyo

uth

for

the

vari

ous

trad

es.

The

rea

l edu

catio

nal

aspe

cts

of m

anuC

trai

ning

did

not c

ome

until

late

r w

hen

the

mov

emen

t had

rou

nded

into

for

m.

A c

ompl

ete

cour

se o

f to

ol w

ork

for

boys

was

form

ulat

ed a

nd b

y 18

77 e

xten

ded

to th

e en

tire

syst

em o

ffo

lk s

choo

ls, o

r pu

blic

sch

ools

.Sl

oyd

is n

ow ta

ught

infu

lly z

000

scho

ols

in th

e ki

ngdo

m. T

he f

amou

sSl

oyd

Sem

inar

iun

at N

ab, e

stab

lishe

d in

1874

, has

bee

n th

eba

ckbo

ne o

f th

e Sw

ediQ

lsy

stem

, and

at t

he s

ame

time

has

been

of

ines

timab

leim

port

ance

in s

hapi

ng th

e w

ork

in o

ther

cou

ntri

es.

Page 141: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

238

TH

E A

IIIE

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

Fran

ce h

as m

ade

man

ual

trai

ning

obl

igat

ory

in a

ll its

prim

ary

scho

ols.

Han

dwor

k in

stru

ctio

n is

giv

enin

all

elem

enta

ry g

rade

s.T

he v

ario

us p

arts

of

the

Ger

man

Em

pire

, Sw

itzer

land

, Hol

land

,B

elgi

um, R

ussi

a, a

nd th

e

Bri

tish

Isle

s ar

e pr

etty

thor

ough

ly a

live

to th

e gr

eat a

d-

vant

ages

to b

e de

rive

dfr

om m

anua

l tra

inin

g an

d ar

eal

l

offe

ring

the

wor

k in

som

efo

rm o

r ot

her.

Man

ual T

rain

ing

in th

eU

nite

d St

ates

.In

Eur

opea

n

coun

trie

s th

e in

trod

uctio

n an

dsp

read

of

man

ual t

rain

ing

has

been

con

fine

d to

the

elem

enta

ry s

choo

ls.

But

with

us th

e m

ovem

ent

bega

n, li

tera

lly s

peak

ing,

at t

he to

pof

the

educ

atio

nal s

yste

man

d th

ence

spr

ead

dow

nwar

d.

It is

gen

eral

ly c

once

ded

that

the

exce

llent

Eur

opea

n m

anua

l

trai

ning

exh

ibits

at t

he C

ente

nnia

lE

xpos

ition

in P

hila

-

delp

hia,

in 1

876,

gav

edi

rect

ion

to th

e m

anua

l tra

inin

g

idea

in th

e U

nite

d St

ates

.T

he E

thic

al C

ultu

re S

ocie

ty

of N

ew Y

ork

esta

blis

hed

the

Wor

king

man

's S

choo

l in

1878

, an

inst

itutio

n w

here

inm

anua

l tra

inin

g fo

rmed

the

vita

l par

t of

ins+

auct

ion.

The

fir

st d

istin

ctiv

e m

anua

l

trai

ning

sch

ool i

n ou

r co

untr

y %

% a

s,ho

wev

er, f

ound

ed a

t

St. L

ouis

, in

188o

, thr

ough

the

effo

rts

of D

r. C

alvi

n A

.

Woo

dwar

d. T

he S

t. L

ouis

Man

ual

Tra

inin

g Sc

hool

was

succ

essf

ul f

rom

the

outs

et, w

hich

led

to th

e es

tabl

ish-

men

t of

sim

ilar

scho

ols

in o

ther

larg

e ci

ties:

Chi

cago

,

li al

timor

e, E

au C

lair

e, T

ohdo

, Phi

lade

lphi

a, C

leve

land

,

Cin

cinn

ati,

Den

ver,

and

Om

aha.

The

se s

choo

ls a

ll sp

rang

up b

etw

een

188o

and

1886

.Fr

om th

at ti

me

to th

e pr

esen

t

MA

NU

AL

1R

AIN

ING

IN

ON

E-R

OO

M S

CH

OO

LS

239

the

grow

th h

as b

een

rem

arka

bly

rapi

d in

all

scho

ols

asid

c

from

the

rura

l.T

he r

epor

t of

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es c

omm

is-

sion

er o

fed

ucat

ion

for

1907

con

tain

sth

e fo

llow

ing

tabl

e of

citi

es o

f 40

00po

pula

tion

and

over

in w

hich

man

ual

trai

ning

was

giv

en in

the

year

sin

dica

ted

STR

SR O

R T

WIT

OR

Y.

Uni

ted

Stat

es.

.37

9512

114

616

923

227

032

241

142

051

064

4

Nor

th A

tlant

ic D

ivis

ion

.23

5272

SC94

112

125

129

158

156

175

217

Sout

h A

tlant

ic D

ivis

ion

.3

36

5IC

1622

2836

2922

34

Sout

h C

entr

al D

ivis

ion

.I

22

53

1212

1926

3142

52

Nor

th C

entr

ai D

ivis

ion

.to

3031

4548

7389

119

Or

174

236

293

Wes

tern

Div

isio

n.

..

8to

II14

1922

2730

3035

48

The

tabl

e sp

eaks

a v

olum

efo

r th

e re

mar

kabl

e gr

owth

of th

e sy

stem

.In

189

0 on

ly 3

7 ci

ties

of th

ecl

ass

give

n

in th

e ta

ble

mai

ntai

ned

man

ual

trai

ning

sch

ools

; in

1905

,

420

citie

s; a

ndin

190

7, 6

44, w

hich

last

was

aga

in o

f 13

4

over

the

prec

edin

g ye

ar.

Thi

s de

mon

stra

tes

pret

ty c

lear

ly

that

peo

ple

in th

e ci

ties

are

dete

rmin

ed to

giv

e th

eir

chil-

dren

a p

ract

ical

pre

para

tion

for

indu

stri

al p

ursu

its.

Gro

wth

ofM

anua

lT

rain

ing

Idea

s.E

duca

tiona

l

theo

rist

s ha

ve b

een

relu

ctan

t to

own

that

all

hum

an k

now

l-

edge

is n

ot c

onta

ined

in p

rint

edbo

oks.

The

re is

a g

ener

al

drea

d in

thei

r ca

mp

that

the

prac

tical

in e

duca

tion,

whi

ch

child

ren

may

live

and

exp

erie

nce

and

mak

e im

med

iate

ly

ap li

cabl

e to

thei

r ow

nliv

es, h

as a

tend

ency

to lo

wer

educ

atio

nal s

tand

ards

, to

chea

pen

and

deba

se a

rcep

ted

2 c.

A

Page 142: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

240

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

cour

ses.

Be

this

as

it m

ay, j

ust n

ow th

ere

is w

ith u

s in

the

citie

s a

rapi

dly

incr

easi

ng d

eman

d fo

rin

dust

rial

effi

cien

cy w

hich

not

hing

sho

rt o

f th

orou

ghgo

ing

man

ual

trai

ning

cou

rses

can

sat

isfy

.In

rur

al d

istr

icts

the

dem

and

is n

ot s

o m

arke

d be

caus

e pe

ople

ther

e ha

rdly

yet

und

er-

stan

d th

eir

own

need

s.O

nce

they

bec

ome

awak

e to

wha

t

man

ual t

rain

ing

can

do f

or th

e fa

rm, t

hey

will

do

wha

t the

Swed

es d

idin

trod

uce

itin

to e

very

rur

al s

choo

l in

the

land

.

Philo

soph

yof

Man

ual T

rain

ing.

The

phi

loso

phy

unde

rlyi

ngth

e m

ovem

ent

is"

sim

ple,

for

cibl

e, a

ndso

und,

" as

Dr.

G. S

tanl

ey H

all p

uts

it,"

in th

atit

less

ens

the

inte

rval

bet

wee

n th

inki

ng a

nd d

oing

;he

lps

to g

ive

cont

rol,

dext

erity

, and

ski

ll an

indu

stri

al tr

end

to ta

ste;

inte

rest

s m

any

not s

ucce

ssfu

l in

ordi

nary

sch

ool;

tend

s to

an

appr

ecia

tion

of g

ood,

hon

est w

ork;

impa

rts

new

zes

t for

som

e st

udie

s; a

dds

som

ewha

t to

the

aver

age

leng

th o

f th

e sc

hool

per

iod;

giv

es a

sen

se o

f ca

paci

ty a

ndef

fect

iven

ess,

and

is a

use

ful p

repa

ratio

n fo

r a

num

ber

of

voca

tions

."T

he p

sych

olog

ical

rel

atio

n be

twee

n m

anua

l act

ivity

and

men

tal g

row

th is

ver

y m

arke

d.T

rain

ing

in m

uscu

lar

activ

ity h

as a

pow

erfu

l inf

luen

ce o

n in

telle

ctua

l gro

wth

.N

o ph

ysic

al m

anip

ulat

ions

can

be

acco

mpl

ishe

d w

ithou

tm

ind

conc

entr

atio

n, a

nd m

ind

conc

entr

atio

n is

ess

entia

lin

the

thin

king

pro

cess

and

hen

ce to

min

d de

velo

pmen

t.T

here

can

be

no r

eally

ski

lled

artis

an w

ithou

t str

ong

Page 143: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

Gir

ls a

t wor

k in

Dom

estic

Eco

nom

y ro

oms,

Mac

dona

ld C

onso

lidat

ed S

choo

l,G

uelp

h, C

anad

a.

tikto

it*

f

Boy

s in

Man

ual T

rain

ing

depa

rtm

ent,

Mac

dona

ld C

onso

lidat

ed S

choo

l,G

uelp

h, C

anad

a.

Man

ual t

rain

ing

in a

sm

all r

ural

sch

ool,

Edg

ar C

ount

y, I

llino

is.

MA

NU

AL

TR

AIN

ING

IN

ON

E-R

OO

M S

CH

OO

LS

241

men

talit

y.O

n th

e ot

her

hand

, wea

k m

enta

lity

has

neve

r

yet p

rodu

ced

skill

ed d

exte

rity

.W

e m

ake

bold

to c

laim

that

ther

e ca

n be

no

rea/

edu

ca-

tion

with

out t

he p

rope

r co

ordi

natio

n of

min

d, h

eart

,an

d

hand

.T

he w

orld

is f

ull o

f in

divi

dual

s w

ho h

ave

spen

tye

ars

in m

aste

ry o

f "

the

prin

ted

page

," b

ut w

ho a

rest

rang

ers

to th

e si

mpl

est f

orm

s of

man

ual e

xerc

ise.

Suc

h

peop

le la

ck m

uch

that

is e

ssen

tially

pra

ctic

al in

edu

catio

n.B

roug

ht f

ace

to f

ace

with

rea

l lif

e th

ey a

re h

elpl

ess,

lack

initi

ativ

e an

d ex

ecut

ive

abili

ty.

A k

now

ledg

e of

man

ual

trai

ning

wou

ld h

ave

brou

ght t

hem

muc

h m

ore

of r

eal l

ife

by f

illin

g th

e ya

wni

ng g

ap b

etw

een

the

theo

retic

al a

nd th

epr

actic

al; t

here

by, i

n th

e en

d, s

afeg

uard

ing

the

aatio

n's

soci

al li

fe.

Aim

s of

Man

ual T

rain

ing

in R

ural

Com

mun

ities

.In

our

rur

al c

omm

uniti

es m

anua

l tra

inin

g m

ust s

tand

for

two

thin

gs:

(.1)

ada

ptat

ion

of m

anua

l or

mus

cula

r en

ergy

to th

e en

d th

at f

arm

pur

suits

may

beco

me

mor

e sk

illed

and

scie

ntif

ic;

(2)

reco

gniti

on o

f th

e be

autif

ul a

s w

ell

as th

e pr

actic

al in

mat

eria

lcr

eatio

n, to

the

end

that

far

m

life

may

bec

ome

mor

e at

trac

tive

and

mor

e be

autif

ul, a

nd

bette

r w

orth

livi

ng.

Man

y is

the

youn

g m

an w

ho h

as le

ft th

e fa

rm b

ecau

selif

e th

em s

eem

ed to

him

but

one

mon

oton

ous

roun

d of

man

ual l

abor

, dev

oid,

yes

, str

ippe

d, o

f ev

ery

ince

ntiv

e to

men

tal g

row

th.

Itis

an

unde

niab

le tr

uism

that

the

aver

age

Am

eric

an f

arm

you

th h

as n

ever

lear

ned

the

dis-

2

Page 144: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

242

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

LSC

HO

OL

tinct

ion

betw

een

man

ual l

abor

and

man

ual t

rait:

ing.

Says

Cal

vin

Milt

onW

oodw

ard

in th

e O

utlo

okof

Dec

embe

r

16, 1

905,

spe

akin

gof

his

exp

erie

nce

onth

e fa

rm:

I le

arne

d to

use

cor

rect

lyth

e ho

e, th

e sh

ovel

, the

plow

, the

scy

the,

the

crad

le, a

nd th

e ax

;bu

t I n

ever

lear

ned

the

prop

er u

se o

f be

nch

tool

s, n

or h

ad w

e a

mac

hine

tool

of

any

kind

till

the

mow

ing

mac

hine

and

the

reap

er c

ame.

I kn

ew n

othi

ng o

fdr

awin

g, n

othi

ng c

f th

e

mec

hani

c ar

ts, p

rope

rly

soca

lled.

Nin

etee

n tw

entie

ths

of m

ytim

e

was

spe

nt s

impf

yin

har

d la

bor,

whi

chha

d no

edu

catio

nbe

yond

an

inci

dent

al a

nd im

perf

ectk

now

ledg

e of

cro

ps a

ndso

ils a

nd th

e m

arke

t.

Man

ual t

rain

ing

wou

ld h

ave

been

of

grea

t val

ue,

and

a fe

w le

sson

s

wou

ld h

ave

save

d m

em

uch

time

and

mon

ey.

Or

we

may

take

the

verd

ict o

f Pr

ofes

sor

L. D

. Har

vey,

of M

enom

onie

,W

isco

nsin

, him

self

onc

e a

farm

boy

, but

now

an

educ

ator

of

natio

nal

repu

tatio

n.H

e ex

clai

ms:

I le

ft th

e fa

rm, a

nd I

left

it b

ecau

se I

did

not

like

it.W

hy?

Wel

l, it

was

not

bec

amie

of th

e ha

rd w

ork.

The

re w

as e

noug

h of

that

!It

beg

an w

hile

the

star

s w

ere

yet s

hini

ng in

the

mor

ning

, and

it di

d no

t end

till

they

shon

e ag

ain

at n

ight

.I

knc

w w

hat l

ong

days

and

hard

wor

k m

ean.

But

that

was

not

why

Ile

ft th

e fa

rm.

I le

ft

it be

caus

e ha

rd w

ork

was

all t

here

was

on

the

farm

.B

ecau

se th

ere

was

not

at t

hat

time,

so

man

y ye

ars

ago,

the

thou

sand

and

one

thin

gs

that

are

ava

ilabl

e to

the

farm

er to

-day

, and

som

eof

whi

ch a

re s

eale

d

book

s to

him

bec

ause

he

has

not h

ad th

e tr

aini

ngw

hich

mak

es it

poss

ible

for

him

to r

ealiz

ew

hat i

s in

them

.I

left

bec

ause

non

eof

thes

e th

ings

wer

e th

ere

b,

The

re h

ad th

enal

read

y be

en m

uch

impr

ovem

ent i

n

farm

con

ditio

ns.

But

man

y of

the

thin

gsw

hich

ate

ava

il-

able

rem

ain

clos

ed s

ecre

tsfo

r w

ant o

f tr

aini

ng.

To

dis-

clos

e th

e co

nten

ts o

fth

ese

seal

ed b

ooks

is o

ur ta

sk.

Let

MA

NU

AL

TR

AIN

ING

IN

ON

E-R

OO

MSC

HO

OL

S24

3

the

farm

you

th o

nce

beco

me

skill

ed a

nd s

cien

tific

in f

arm

purs

uits

, and

all

that

is d

eade

ning

and

sord

id in

far

m li

fe

will

dis

appe

ar b

efor

e th

e ne

w-b

orn

inte

rest

spr

ung

from

a

unio

n of

hea

d an

d ha

nd!

Com

bina

tion

of A

rt a

nd M

anua

l Tra

inin

gT

hen

SS to

the

beau

tiful

in m

ater

ial

crea

tion.

We

have

spo

ken

of

the

corr

elat

ion

of b

rain

and

hand

.B

ut w

e ne

ed m

ore.

The

com

mer

cial

spi

rit i

s so

str

ong

in u

s th

at th

e ar

tistic

phas

e is

but

little

asso

ciat

ed w

ith th

e m

ater

ial.

The

prac

tical

take

s pr

eced

ence

ove

r th

ebe

autif

ul, a

s is

so

wel

l

illus

trat

ed in

the

grot

esqu

e an

d of

ten

mon

stro

usst

ruct

wes

rear

ed in

our

larg

e ci

ties,

and

inla

ck o

f ta

ste

in th

e co

n-

stru

ctio

n an

d ar

rang

emen

t of

our

farm

hom

es, i

n pl

anni

ng

and

plan

ting

the

grou

nds,

etc

.T

he s

choo

ls m

ust c

ome

to

the

resc

ue h

ere,

als

o.T

hey

mus

t tea

ch o

ur r

ural

pop

u-

latio

n ho

w a

rt, t

he e

ssen

ce o

f th

exs

thet

ic a

nd s

piri

tual

wor

ld, m

ay b

e co

mbi

ned

with

man

ual

trai

ning

, the

ess

ence

of th

e pr

actic

al a

nd c

onst

ruct

ive.

An

arde

nt a

dvoc

ate

ofth

is c

oord

inat

ion

of a

rt a

nd

man

ual t

rain

ing

in r

ural

sch

ools

isPr

ofes

sor

Elb

ert H

.

Eas

tmon

d, I

nstr

ucto

r in

Ind

ustr

ial

Art

s, B

righ

am Y

oung

Uni

vers

ity, P

rovo

, Uta

h. A

rec

ent p

aper

of h

is o

n th

is

subj

ect (

Rat

iona

l Art

and

Man

ual T

rain

ing

in R

ural

Scho

ols,

N. E

. A.,

Los

Ang

eles

, 190

7)co

ntai

ns s

o m

any

adm

irab

le s

tigge

stio

rfo

r th

e te

ache

r th

at th

e au

thor

has

secu

red

his

perm

issi

on to

mak

e us

e of

suc

h po

rtio

ns a

s

may

see

m o

f m

ost

dire

ct b

enef

it: 2

Page 145: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

244

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

Sugg

estiv

e C

ours

e fo

r R

ural

Sch

ools

.I

am o

f th

e op

inio

n th

at

an im

petu

s in

art

wor

k is

hel

pful

to th

ein

trod

uctio

n of

art

and

man

ual

trai

ning

cor

rela

tion

or c

onst

ruct

ive

art e

xpre

ssio

n.T

he e

mph

asis

of th

is c

once

ptiv

e ge

nera

ting

subj

ect n

eed

not b

e fe

lt by

any

othe

rs

than

the

supe

rvis

ors,

teac

hers

, and

gen

eral

sch

ool m

anag

emen

t.A

rt s

tudy

is v

ery

poss

ible

und

er a

teac

her

who

kno

ws

his

busi

ness

.

It is

a s

ubje

ct th

at w

ill r

epor

t the

act

iviti

es o

f a

child

in a

man

ner

that

is g

ratif

ying

to m

ost p

aren

ts.

Use

ful,

prac

tical

exe

rcis

es p

osse

ss e

duca

tiona

l val

ue.

I be

lieve

that

a m

anua

l tra

inin

g pr

oduc

t tha

t has

indu

stri

al b

enef

it fo

r bo

yor

gir

l sho

uld

have

thre

e fa

ctor

sin

oi,f

- ni

zatio

n:fi

rst,

the

thin

gsh

ould

be

sugg

estiv

e by

the

call

of u

tility

; sec

ondl

y, it

sho

uld

have

geom

etri

c ba

sis;

thir

dly,

it s

houl

d be

bea

utif

ul a

s to

pro

port

ion

and

cons

iste

r.:y

of

purp

ose.

To

beau

tify

does

not

mea

n to

dec

orat

ein

this

inst

ance

;it

mea

ns to

use

art

pri

ncip

les

and

agen

cies

to th

eex

tent

onl

y th

at th

e pr

oduc

t is

brou

ght i

nto

harm

ony

with

the

idea

of it

s be

ing,

and

bec

omes

ple

asin

g to

ref

ined

tast

e be

caus

e of

the

orna

men

tatio

n or

fin

ish.

The

art

of

a pr

oduc

t of

wor

k sh

ould

be

in th

e w

ork

expr

esse

d, in

the

form

and

in th

e in

divi

dual

ity o

f th

esk

ill d

ispl

ayed

.A

ll ar

t, es

peci

ally

as

a m

ediu

m o

f cu

lture

in r

ural

scho

ols

and

publ

ic s

choo

ls a

nyw

here

, is

sim

piy

crea

tive

expr

essi

on,

and

soul

exp

ress

ion.

Dra

win

gis

the

delin

eativ

e pa

rt o

f th

edi

visi

on o

f ex

pres

sion

that

dea

ls w

ith m

ater

ials

and

med

ium

sin

a

grap

hic

man

ner.

Firs

t in

art w

ork,

I r

ecom

men

d cl

ay a

s a

med

ium

for

gene

ral

repr

esen

tatio

n an

d cr

eativ

e ex

pres

sion

, esp

ecia

lly in

the

prim

ary

grad

es.

Thi

s in

t Hum

is p

ossi

ble

of s

uppl

y in

all

loca

litie

s an

d in

-

expe

nsiv

e.M

ost c

lays

arc

sel

f-di

sinf

ectin

g.W

ith c

aref

ul th

ough

t

and

met

hod

this

med

ium

can

be

easi

ly s

uppl

ied

and

besu

cces

sful

ly

hand

led

in c

lass

es.

Thi

s m

ediu

m m

ay b

e us

ed a

gain

and

aga

in.

Just

at t

his

poin

t, al

low

me

to s

ugge

st th

at c

are

shou

ldbe

take

n

as to

the

dest

ruct

ion

of p

rodu

cts

befo

re th

e lit

tle m

aker

s.M

any

times

teac

hers

unc

onsc

ious

ly b

ring

dis

cour

agem

ent t

o th

ech

ild, a

nd

sugg

est n

egat

ive

habi

ts b

y de

stro

ying

the

wor

kin

the

child

's p

rese

nce.

() t:

(..

,

MA

NU

AL

TR

AIN

ING

IN

ON

E-R

OO

M S

CH

OO

LS

245

Follo

win

g cl

ay le

sson

s, s

ubje

ctiv

e an

d re

pres

enta

tive

wor

k in

pap

ercu

tting

sho

uld

be g

iven

.T

hen

the

cont

inua

tion

of d

elin

eatio

n is

pres

ente

d by

the

child

wor

king

with

som

e la

rge

med

ium

, app

lied

with

bru

sh p

erha

psm

ass

expr

essi

on.

As

soon

as

you

feel

that

the

child

is p

repa

red

and

anxi

ous,

intr

oduc

e co

lor.

It is

not

nec

essa

ry th

at c

hild

ren

have

a m

ediu

m in

'hei

r ha

nds

for

all a

rt le

sson

s.C

ol.,.

and

bea

uty

may

be

talk

ed o

f to

the

child

, and

an e

njoy

men

t rea

ched

.T

he a

ppre

ciat

ion

of th

e w

orld

bea

utif

ulan

d th

e w

orld

bea

utif

ied

is th

e gr

eate

st a

im in

the

art e

duca

tion

ofch

ildre

n.(F

or s

ugge

stiv

e ou

tline

of

wor

k se

e A

ppen

dix.

)K

inds

of

Wor

k Po

ssib

le o

f In

trod

uctio

n.A

rt a

nd m

anua

ltr

aini

ng in

the

rura

l sch

ool a

re e

stab

lishe

d ed

ucat

iona

lly th

at it

may

aid

in th

e al

l-ro

und

deve

lopm

ent o

f tr

ue, c

lean

indi

vidu

ality

in e

ach

boy

and

girl

.It

sho

uld

not b

e in

trod

uced

with

util

izat

ion

aim

s to

any

gre

at e

xten

t in

the

elem

enta

ry s

choo

l.Fo

r th

e sa

keof

em

phas

is, I

rep

eat t

hat a

ll pr

oble

ms

shou

ld h

ave

thre

e ge

nera

lre

quis

ites:

con

sist

ency

as

to u

se, g

eom

etri

c ba

sis,

and

an

elem

ent

of b

eaut

y.

N. E

. A. C

omm

ittee

on

Indu

stri

al E

duca

tion

in R

ural

Com

mun

ities

.T

he N

. E. A

. Com

mitt

ee o

n In

dust

rial

Edu

catio

n in

Rur

al C

omm

uniti

es m

akes

the

follo

win

g ge

n-

eral

sta

tem

ents

con

cern

ing

the

lines

of

hand

wor

k w

hich

may

be

unde

rtak

en in

rur

al s

choo

ls, w

ith a

ll re

ason

able

allo

wan

ce d

epen

ding

on

char

acte

r of

the

part

icul

ar s

choo

l,

its lo

catio

n, e

nvir

onm

ent,

equi

pmen

t, et

c.:

DO

ME

STIC

AR

T, E

CO

NO

MY

, AN

D S

CIE

NC

E

Gen

eral

Sta

tem

ent.

With

in th

is f

ield

the

scop

e of

the

wor

k m

ayem

brac

e th

e ac

quir

ing

of a

kno

wle

dge

of s

cien

tific

pri

ncip

les

and

trut

hs e

ssen

tial a

s a

basi

s fo

r th

e pr

oper

org

aniz

atio

n an

d ad

min

istr

a-tio

n of

the

activ

ities

of

the

hous

ehol

d up

on a

sci

entif

ic b

asis

; of

a

9

Page 146: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

246

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

know

ledg

e of

the

fact

s no

n-sc

ient

ific

in c

hara

cter

, but

nec

essa

ryfo

t

the

prop

er e

xerc

ise

of a

ctiv

ities

with

in th

e ho

useh

old

upon

an

eco-

nom

ic b

asis

; pra

ctic

e in

the

appl

icat

ion

and

use

of th

iskn

owle

dge.

MA

NU

AL

TR

AIN

ING

Gen

eral

Sta

tem

ent.

In th

e fi

eld

of m

anua

l tra

inin

g co

nsid

ered

apar

t fro

m th

e w

ork

in d

omes

tic a

rt, e

cono

my,

and

scie

nce,

the

follo

win

g en

ds a

re s

ough

t:th

e tr

aini

ng o

f ph

ysic

al, i

ntel

lect

ual,

and

mor

al a

ctiv

ities

thro

ugh

the

use

of to

ols

and

mat

eria

lsan

d th

eir

uses

, as

shal

l ena

ble

the

boy

todo

ver

y m

any

thin

gs in

line

of

con-

stru

ctio

n an

d re

pair

wor

k ne

cess

ary

upon

the

farm

whi

chw

ould

othe

rwis

e ha

ve to

be

done

by

hire

d la

bor

at c

onsi

dera

ble

expe

nse.

The

One

-roo

mSc

hool

and

Man

ual

Tra

inin

g.

The

gen

eral

sta

tem

ents

abo

ve a

re in

tend

edpa

rtic

ular

ly

for

the

grad

ed o

r se

mig

rade

d co

nsol

idat

ed s

choo

ls.

In

thes

e la

rger

inst

itutio

ns a

lone

doe

s th

e co

mm

ittee

hol

dou

t hop

es f

or a

fin

al s

olut

ion

of th

eha

nd-c

raft

pro

blem

.

It d

oes

not b

elie

ve th

at m

uch

can

be a

ccom

plis

hed

in th

e

one-

room

sch

ools

.T

he w

ell-

equi

pped

teac

hers

here

,

it ar

gues

, are

too

few

and

fac

ilitie

s fo

r su

ch w

ork

alto

-ge

ther

too

limite

d.A

t the

sam

e tim

e th

e co

mm

ittee

doe

s

conc

ede

that

som

e m

anua

l tra

inin

g w

ork

may

be

done

eve

n

in th

ese

scho

ols.

It s

ays

in p

art:

The

sch

ool c

arpe

ntry

sho

uld

keep

in v

iew

the

tool

s, th

e bo

y w

illm

ost p

roba

bly

have

at h

ome,

and

may

wel

l be

dire

cted

to th

e m

akin

gof

art

icle

s w

hich

can

be

put t

o so

me

imm

edia

te u

se a

t hom

e or

in th

esc

hool

.If

In

the

scho

ol th

ere

are

a nu

mbe

r of

larg

e bo

ys, t

he c

arpe

ntry

may

wel

l exp

and

with

in a

yea

r or

two,

so

as to

take

in th

e en

ter-

.1!

MA

NU

AL

TR

AIN

ING

IN

ON

E-R

OO

MSC

HO

OL

S24

7

pris

e of

bui

ldin

g a

smal

l sho

p on

the

grou

nds

and

fitti

ng it

up

for

wor

king

pur

pose

s.U

nder

spe

cial

ly f

avor

able

cir

cum

stan

ces

it

will

not

be

diff

icul

t to

exte

nd it

to th

em

akin

g of

pla

ns f

or th

e co

n-

stru

ctio

n of

far

m b

uild

ings

of

the

sim

pler

sor

t.W

ith th

e ri

ght k

ind

of a

teac

her

exer

cise

s m

aybe

giv

en in

the

sew

ing

of le

athe

r an

d in

the

splic

ing

of r

opes

,fi

ndin

g pr

actic

al a

ppli-

catio

n in

the

men

ding

of

harn

ess,

mak

ing

ofha

lters

, etc

., as

the

nece

s-

sitie

s of

the

farm

may

req

uire

.So

me

p-ac

tical

less

ons

in p

aint

ing

and

glaz

ing

may

be g

iven

,

and

oppo

rtun

ities

are

not

lack

ing

for

appl

ying

the

know

ledg

e th

us

gain

ed o

n th

e sc

hool

or

farm

bui

ldin

gs.

In d

omes

tic a

rt, w

ith te

ache

rs p

rope

rly

trai

ned

(and

they

may

perh

aps

secu

re tr

aini

ng in

som

e lin

es o

f th

is w

ork

mor

ere

adily

than

in th

e fi

elds

of

indu

stri

al e

duca

tion,

esp

ecia

llyin

sew

ing)

, som

ethi

ng

mig

ht b

e do

ne in

alm

ost e

very

cou

ntry

sch

ool

with

the

girl

s, p

ro-

vide

d w

isdo

m is

use

d in

the

way

the

wor

k is

orga

nize

d an

d ca

rrie

d

on. W

hen

we

know

that

to th

ese

conc

essi

ons

can

be a

dded

the

test

imon

y of

man

y su

cces

sful

rura

l tea

cher

s w

ho a

re

actu

ally

teac

hing

man

ual t

rain

ing

and

dom

estic

art

in

this

cla

ss o

f sc

hool

s an

d w

ho a

rege

tting

goo

d re

sults

, the

case

doe

s no

t loo

k so

bad

afte

r al

l.Pe

rhap

s it

is o

nly

fair

to a

dd th

at c

ondi

tions

hav

ech

ange

d m

ater

ially

for

the

bette

r si

nce

the

com

mitt

ee (

1905

) w

rote

its r

epor

t.T

he

wri

ter

thus

has

bef

ore

him

at t

his

time

the

reco

rds

of

seve

ral s

core

s of

one

-roo

m s

choo

ls w

hich

have

add

ed th

e

wor

k, a

nd w

hose

teac

hers

wou

ld n

ot g

oba

ck to

the

old

syst

em if

they

cou

ld.

The

Gre

at M

ista

ke o

f W

aitin

g fo

rC

onso

lidat

ion.

We

mak

e a

grea

t mis

take

if w

e ne

glec

t the

mea

nsw

hich

are

ri 1

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248

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

at h

and

for

rura

l sch

ool i

mpr

ovem

ent,

whi

le w

aitin

g fo

rco

nsol

idat

ion.

Gra

nted

that

this

is th

e pa

nace

a fo

r al

lth

e ill

s to

whi

ch o

ur r

ural

sch

ools

are

sub

ject

,it

may

neve

rthe

less

be

a lo

ng, l

ong

time

befo

re c

onso

lidat

ion

reac

hes

our

part

icul

ar s

ectio

n of

the

coun

try.

It w

ill c

ome

slow

ly, v

ery

slow

ly, p

erha

ps: a

nd m

eanw

hile

sha

ll w

ene

glec

t to

do w

hat w

e ca

n to

am

elio

rate

con

ditio

ns?

Let

us r

emem

ber

that

the

cons

olid

ated

sch

ools

are

,.er

yfe

w

in n

umbe

r w

hen

com

pare

d w

:th th

e w

hole

num

ber

of r

ural

scho

ols.

For

each

suc

h sc

hool

ther

e ar

e hu

ndre

ds o

f sm

all

scho

ols

whe

re m

anua

l tra

inin

g is

not

atte

mpt

ed f

or w

ant

of p

rope

r en

cour

agem

ent.

If o

ur e

duca

tiona

l ass

ocia

tions

and

thei

r in

vest

igat

ing

com

mitt

ees

wou

ld b

e as

eag

er to

mak

e th

e m

ost o

f th

e op

port

uniti

es a

t han

d, a

s th

ey a

re in

antic

ipat

ing

idea

l con

ditio

ns, m

uch

of th

e em

barr

assm

ent

unde

r w

hich

we

now

hav

e to

labo

r co

uld

be e

limin

ated

.

Cas

e of

Dis

tric

tN

o. 4

, Mon

roe

Tow

nshi

p, H

owar

dC

ount

y, I

ndia

na.

The

wri

ter

has

in h

is p

osse

ssio

n a

pict

ure

of a

one

-roo

m s

choo

l in

Indi

ana

whe

re th

ey d

idno

t wai

t for

idea

l con

ditio

ns.

In it

app

ears

Mr.

Ord

Fort

ner,

the

teac

her,

inst

ruct

ing

his

boys

in b

ench

wor

k.H

e be

gan

with

out a

ny e

quip

men

t wha

tsoe

ver.

Yet

hc

isac

com

plis

hing

vas

tly m

ore

for

his

boys

than

are

man

yhi

ghly

paid

man

ual

trai

ning

teac

hers

inel

abor

atel

y

equi

pped

bui

ldin

gs.

He

teac

hes

them

to b

e re

sour

cefu

l,to

get

alo

ng w

ith li

ttle

and

mak

e th

e m

ost o

f w

hat t

hey

have

at t

heir

dis

posa

l.H

e w

rite

s:

6

MA

NU

AL

TR

AIM

NG

IN

ON

E-R

OO

M S

CH

OO

LS

249

I be

gan

with

the

boys

mak

ing

thei

row

n be

nch.

Aft

er th

at w

em

ade

the

shel

f yo

u se

e in

the

win

dow

. We

are

at p

rese

nt w

orki

ngon

a li

ttle

spic

e ca

bine

t.I

do a

ll th

e la

ying

off

for

them

unt

il th

eybe

com

e ac

cust

omed

to th

eus

e of

the

tool

s.L

ater

I a

m g

oing

toha

ve th

em m

ake

one

by th

emse

lves

.T

he w

ork

I ha

ve p

lann

edfo

r th

e w

inte

r w

ill b

e al

ong

the

sam

e lin

e as

I h

ave

desc

ribe

d.T

hebo

ys a

re m

uch

plea

sed

with

the

wor

k an

d ta

ke m

uch

inte

rest

in it

.

Mr.

For

tner

's c

ase,

we

rejo

ice

to s

ay, i

s no

t an

isol

ated

one.

Man

y ot

hers

hav

e do

ne e

qual

ly w

ell;

for

inst

ance

,M

iss

Lul

u W

olfo

rd, i

n D

istr

ict N

o.29

, Paw

nee

coun

ty,

Neb

rask

a, q

uote

d in

the

chap

ter

on a

gric

ultu

ral e

duca

tion.

We

read

:A

t int

erm

issi

on p

erio

ds th

e te

ache

r an

d pu

pils

talk

ed o

ver

plan

sby

whi

ch th

ey m

ight

lear

n to

coo

k an

dto

sew

, to

mak

e va

riou

sar

ticle

s, a

nd to

cul

tivat

e ce

rtai

n pl

ants

.R

ecip

es w

ere

soug

ht a

nddi

stri

bute

d, e

ach

girl

exp

erim

entin

g in

her

own

hom

e.R

esul

tsw

ere

repo

rted

at t

heir

littl

e in

form

al m

eetin

gs, a

nd w

hen

desi

red,

sam

ples

wer

e su

bmitt

ed.

In th

is w

ay th

e gi

rls

lear

ned

to m

ake

brea

d an

d ot

her

com

mon

art

icle

s of

die

t,to

can

fru

it, to

sew

, and

tocu

ltiva

te f

low

ers

and

vege

tabl

es.

Res

ults

fro

m s

uch

Info

rmal

Wor

k.T

he w

ork

inth

ese

scho

ols

is n

eces

sari

ly in

a hi

gh d

egre

e in

form

al.

Itis

ada

pted

to th

e ne

eds

of th

e in

divi

dual

pupi

ls a

nd ta

kes

up th

e ne

glec

ted

wor

k of

the

hom

e, th

us b

road

enin

g th

ech

ildre

n, le

adin

g th

em to

a ke

ener

app

reci

atio

n of

hom

elif

e an

d ho

me

inte

rest

s.It

may

be

trul

y sa

id th

atev

ery

boy

who

is h

avin

g ac

tual

exp

erie

nce

in b

uild

ing

a "

spic

eca

bine

t," in

pla

ning

a pe

rfec

t edg

e, in

mak

ing

a tig

htjo

int,

is d

oing

mor

e to

dra

w h

ome

and

scho

ol in

to c

lose

r

Page 148: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

250

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

rela

tions

than

is th

e bo

y pl

uggi

ng a

way

at t

he b

est a

rran

ged

cour

se c

once

ivab

le in

the

thre

e R

's.

And

this

with

out

any

disr

espe

ct f

or th

e th

ree

R's

, whi

ch a

re v

ery

exce

llent

in th

eir

plac

e.Ju

st a

s tr

ue is

it th

at th

e gi

rl w

ho f

rom

cons

ulta

tion

with

teac

her

and

expe

rim

enta

tion

at h

ome

lear

ns to

pre

pare

a n

ew d

ish,

to b

ake

a lo

af o

f go

od b

read

,to

mak

e he

r ow

n su

nbon

net a

nd a

pron

, who

lear

ns s

ome-

thin

g ab

out h

ome

sani

tatio

n an

d ho

me

emer

genc

ies

whi

ch

her

mot

her

does

not

kno

wsu

ch a

gir

l is

doin

g ev

ery

whi

t as

muc

h, if

not

mor

e, f

or r

ural

upl

ift t

han

is th

e gi

rlw

ho h

as c

lung

to th

e tr

aditi

onal

cou

rse

of s

tudy

.

How

to B

egin

.Ju

st w

hat l

ine

of m

anua

l wor

k th

ete

ache

r sh

ould

beg

in w

ith w

ill d

epen

d on

loca

l con

ditio

ns,

as w

ell a

s on

the

teac

her's

sex

and

prep

arat

ion.

A m

ante

ache

r ca

n do

mor

e fo

r th

e bo

ys th

an c

an a

wom

an te

ache

r.

With

the

girl

s th

e re

vers

e is

true

.V

ery

muc

h of

the

wor

k ou

tline

d ab

ove,

fro

m th

e pe

n of

Pro

fess

or E

astm

ond,

can

be d

one

equa

lly w

ell

by b

oth.

The

teac

her

may

be w

ithou

t exp

rien

ce in

suc

h w

ork.

Goo

d an

d w

ell.

Let

him

sen

d fo

r so

me

of th

e bo

oks

sugg

este

d in

the

list

at th

e en

d of

this

cha

pter

,ri

d ha

ve h

im s

tudy

them

in-

dust

riou

sly.

Leg

in w

ith a

rt w

ork

or th

e si

mpl

est f

orm

s

of m

echa

nism

Let

him

stu

dy, a

nd p

ract

ice

wha

t he

stud

ies,

fir

st it

hom

e an

d, w

hen

wel

l mas

tere

d, a

tsq

hool

.

If th

e te

ache

r is

the

firs

t to

intr

oduc

e su

ch w

ork

in a

part

icul

ar I

choo

l, he

will

of

cour

se h

ave

to b

egin

with

bare

han

ds, f

or o

f eq

uipm

ent t

here

is n

one.

The

fir

st

MA

NU

AL

TR

AIN

ING

IN

ON

E-R

OO

M S

CH

OO

LS

251

step

s w

hich

now

hav

e to

be

face

d ar

e th

e m

ost d

iffi

cult

and

mos

t dis

cour

agin

g.B

ut o

nce

they

are

take

n, th

eba

ttle

is h

alf

won

. The

teac

her

may

hav

e to

wri

ng to

ols

from

a s

choo

l boa

rd o

f do

ubtin

g T

hom

ases

; or

may

hav

eto

bui

ld h

is o

wn

wor

k be

nch,

as

abov

e; o

r he

may

hav

eto

con

stru

ct th

e ve

ry s

hop

in w

hich

the

wor

k is

car

ried

on!

How

to w

in: a

Cas

e to

the

Poin

t.E

x-st

ate

Supe

rin-

tend

ent B

aylis

s, o

f Il

linoi

s, te

lls a

sto

ry o

f ho

w a

n ag

gres

sive

youn

g m

an w

on a

glo

riou

s vi

ctor

y fo

r ru

ral u

plif

t and

for

self

at t

he o

ne-r

com

sch

ool o

f C

otta

ge H

ill, n

ear

Spri

ng-

fiel

d, I

llino

is.

The

teac

her

was

det

erm

ined

to in

trod

uce

man

ual t

rain

ing.

The

sch

oolr

oom

was

too

smal

l to

perm

itof

use

for

this

pur

pose

.B

ut th

ere

wou

ld b

e am

ple

spac

eun

der

the

build

ing

if e

xcav

ated

! T

he te

ache

r an

d ol

der

boys

with

thei

r ow

n ha

nds

actu

ally

rem

oved

the

eart

h in

the

base

men

t nex

t the

fur

nace

and

her

e pl

anne

d th

eir

man

ual t

rain

ing

room

.A

nd w

hat c

ame

out o

f th

ese

hero

ics

?A

tum

ble-

dow

n, p

oorl

y su

ppor

ted

scho

ol in

ash

ort t

ime

gave

way

to a

mod

ern

build

ing.

Inte

rest

ined

ucat

ion

grew

apa

ce.

The

teac

her

was

ret

aine

d fo

rsi

x ye

ars,

at a

n an

nual

ly in

crea

sed

sala

ry.

In c

onve

rsa-

tion

with

Mr.

Bay

liss

hc m

odes

tly s

ays:

Whe

n I

cam

e in

to th

is d

i.tri

ct s

ix y

ears

ago

, the

sch

oolh

ouse

had

noth

ing

in it

and

was

fal

ling

to p

iece

s.A

fter

the

new

hou

se w

as b

uilt

the

scho

ol g

rew

, and

I ju

st c

ould

n't k

eep

thos

e lit

tle f

ello

ws

stud

ying

book

all d

ay, a

nd s

o ha

d to

do

som

ethi

ng to

kee

p th

em b

usy.

The

old

er c

hild

ren

just

nat

ural

ly "

got b

usy"

bec

ause

they

wan

ted

to.

20'

Page 149: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

252

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

In C

oncl

usio

n.T

he s

um a

nd s

ubst

ance

of

our

plea

is th

at w

e al

l do

wha

t we

can

for

the

one-

room

scho

ol n

ow,

whi

le w

aitin

g fo

r im

prov

ed c

ondi

tions

.L

et u

s re

mem

ber

that

rur

al c

omm

uniti

es in

our

cou

ntry

sup

port

seve

ral

hund

red

one-

room

sch

ools

for

eve

ry c

onso

lidat

ed s

choo

l,

so th

at it

is e

asy

to s

eeth

at th

e sm

alle

r sc

hool

mus

t con

-

tinue

for

man

y ye

ars

to c

ome

as th

e ra

llyin

g pl

ace

for

a

maj

ority

of

our

farm

you

th.

Unl

ess

we

use

all t

he in

-

genu

ity a

nd e

nerg

y w

ithw

hich

we

are

bles

sed,

the

smal

l

dist

rict

sch

ool m

ust c

ontin

ue to

lang

uish

.U

nles

s w

e

" be

up a

nd d

oing

,"th

ere

can

be li

ttle

hope

of

spee

dily

real

izin

g th

e sp

lend

id r

ural

upl

ift

for

whi

ch a

ll go

od

Am

eric

ans

are

hopi

ng.

A S

EL

EC

TE

D L

IST

OF

BO

OK

S, P

AM

PHL

ET

S,A

ND

SPE

CIA

L A

RT

ICL

ES

ON

MA

NU

AL

TR

AIN

ING

x. A

dvan

ced

Kni

fe W

ork.

B. F

. Joh

nson

and

Co.

, Ric

hmon

d,V

a.

2. K

ER

N. A

mon

g C

ount

ry S

choo

ls (

espe

cial

ly c

hapt

eron

man

ual

trai

ning

).G

inn

and

Co.

, 190

5.

3.H

arru

s.B

egin

ning

sof

Indu

stri

alE

duca

tion.

Hou

ghto

n,

Mif

flin

Co.

, Bos

ton,

190

8.4.

KE

LL

OG

G.

Bus

y W

ork.

E. L

. Kel

logg

, New

Yor

k C

ity.

5. T

RY

BO

N.

Car

dboa

rd C

onst

ruct

ion.

Bra

dley

and

Co.

, Chi

cago

.6.

WH

ITE

. How

to m

ake

Bas

kets

.D

oubl

eday

, Pag

e an

d C

o.,

New

Yor

k C

ity.

7. I

ndus

tria

lE

duca

tion

in S

choo

ls f

or R

ural

Com

mun

ities

.R

epor

t

of C

omm

ittee

, N.E

.A.,

19o5

.(S

end

to c

ents

to s

ecre

tary

,

Win

ona,

Min

n.)

MA

NU

AL

TR

AIN

ING

IN

ON

ER

OO

M S

CH

OO

LS

253

8. W

EA

VE

R.

Pape

r an

d Sc

isso

rs in

the

Scho

olro

om.

Tho

mas

Cha

rles

and

Co.

, Chi

cago

.

9. P

roce

edin

gsof

the

N.E

.A. f

or 1

907,

as

follo

ws:

Indu

stri

al W

ork

in R

ural

Sch

ools

in N

ew E

ngla

nd, N

ewJe

rsey

, Pen

nsyl

vani

a, a

nd N

ew Y

ork.

Man

ual T

rain

ing

in R

ural

Sch

ools

, and

Rat

iona

l Art

.H

APG

OO

D.

Scho

ol N

eedl

ewor

k.G

inn

and

Co.

, Chi

cago

.Su

gges

tions

and

Exe

rcis

es f

or M

anua

l Tra

inin

g.St

ate

Supe

rin-

tend

ent,

Lan

sing

, Mic

h.12

. GIL

mA

N A

ND

, WIL

LIA

MS.

Seat

Wor

k an

d In

dust

rial

Occ

upa-

tions

.T

he M

acm

illan

Com

pany

, New

Yor

k C

ity, 1

908.

13. P

AR

KS.

Edu

catio

nal W

ood-

wor

king

for

Hom

e an

d Sc

hool

.T

he M

acm

illan

Com

pany

, New

Yor

k C

ity, 1

908.

Page 150: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

CH

APT

ER

XII

I

Tim

LIB

RA

RY

AN

DR

UR

AL

CO

MM

UN

ITIE

S

Gen

eral

Sta

tem

ent :

Intim

ate

Rel

atio

n of

Sch

oolt

o R

ead-

ing.

Lib

rari

es a

nd w

ell-

plan

ned

read

ing

cour

ses

play

an e

ver

wid

enin

g ro

le in

sys

tem

atic

educ

atio

n.T

here

was

a tim

e w

hen

alib

rary

was

look

ed o

n as

a m

ere

repo

sito

ry

for

book

s to

be

hand

ed d

own

to s

ucce

edin

gge

nera

tions

.

Boo

ks w

ere

stor

ed to

be

kept

, not

to b

e re

ad.

But

now

it is

dif

fere

nt.

Thi

s is

the

day

of th

e op

ensh

elf,

the

cir-

cula

ting

libra

ry, a

nd th

e m

any

othe

r m

oder

n ac

cess

orie

s

of th

e im

port

ant m

ovem

ent

to e

duca

te b

yen

cour

agin

g al

l

in s

choo

l and

out

of

itto

read

the

bcst

inlit

erat

ure.

Edu

catio

n do

es n

ot e

ndw

ith th

e sc

hool

car

eer.

It c

on-

tinue

s as

long

as

life

last

s.T

he s

choo

l's m

ain

func

tion

is to

sta

rt th

e ch

ildar

ight

; to

aid

the

yout

h to

thin

k in

-

depe

nden

tly; t

o in

culc

ate

in h

im a

love

for

lear

ning

and

read

ing

exte

ndin

g fa

rbe

yond

the

cove

rs o

fte

xt-b

ooks

, sup

-

plem

entin

g an

d br

oade

ning

the

gene

ral n

otio

nsco

ntai

ned

in th

e bo

oks.

Pres

iden

t Elio

t onc

e sa

idth

at "

the

uplif

ting

of th

e

dem

ocra

tic m

asse

s de

pend

s on

the

impl

antin

g at

sch

ool

of a

tast

e fo

r go

odre

adin

g."

Goo

d bo

oks

act a

s a

leav

en,

quic

keni

ng th

e ra

nk a

ndfi

le o

f th

e na

tion

to u

tmos

tact

ivity

and

atta

inm

ent ;

and

min

d th

at w

ord

good

,fo

r an

evi

l

254

TH

E L

IBR

AR

Y A

ND

RU

RA

LC

OM

MU

NIT

IES

255

book

will

do

mor

e ha

rm to

the

indi

vidu

alan

d, if

rea

d by

man

y, to

the

com

mun

ityan

d co

untr

y at

larg

e th

an c

anbe

cou

nter

acte

d by

the

mos

t pot

enti

nflu

ence

wor

king

for

the

good

. To

impl

ant a

tast

e fo

r go

odre

adin

g is

one

of

the

teac

her's

mos

t im

port

ant d

utie

s.T

he T

rue

Tea

cher

see

s E

duca

tion

in it

sE

ntir

ety.

The

child

com

es to

sch

ool f

or th

e fi

rst t

ime

with

hea

rtan

d m

ind

open

and

rec

eptiv

e to

the

stra

nge

new

thin

gs in

sto

re f

or

him

.H

ither

to h

is e

duca

tion

has

been

lim

ited

toob

serv

a-

tion

of s

impl

e ph

enom

ena

falli

ngw

ithin

the

narr

owho

rizo

n ot

the

hom

e ci

rcle

, and

to o

ccas

iona

l pee

psin

to

the

mys

teri

ous

real

m o

f th

e pr

inte

d pa

ge.

Her

eaft

er th

e

teac

her

is th

e ar

bite

r of

his

fut

ure.

On

the

teac

her

will

depe

nd in

gre

at m

easu

re w

heth

er th

e ch

ild g

row

sin

men

tal

pow

er a

nd lo

ve f

or th

e ne

ww

orld

upo

n w

hich

he

has

ente

red,

or

narr

ows

dow

n in

spi

rit,

embi

ttere

dag

ains

t

this

ens

lave

ry o

f bo

oks,

whi

ch, h

e th

inks

, is

keep

ing

him

from

the

free

life

of

the

out-

of-d

oors

! A

true

teac

her

is

able

to s

ee e

duca

tion

in it

s en

tiret

y.H

e kn

ows

and

ac-

know

ledg

es th

at th

e sc

hool

room

is o

nly

a sm

all p

art

of

life.

In th

e m

atur

ity o

f hi

s ow

n m

ind

he k

now

s th

atth

e

narr

ow c

ovur

s of

the

text

-boo

k ca

nnot

teac

h th

e bo

y an

d

girl

all

that

they

req

uire

for

life

.T

he s

olut

ion

of li

fe's

prob

lem

s is

not

fou

nd in

boo

ks.

It m

ust c

ome

from

per

-

sona

l obs

erva

tion,

fro

m in

divi

dual

rea

soni

ng a

nd r

e-fl

ectio

n.B

ut to

atta

in th

ese

ends

, the

teac

her

mus

tfo

ster

a lo

ve f

or g

ood

read

ing,

whi

ch a

lone

for

ms

an a

venu

e

Page 151: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

256

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

of e

scap

e fr

om th

e to

o na

rrow

scho

olro

om p

roce

sses

to th

e

wor

ld o

f re

al li

ving

thin

gs.

Such

rea

ding

may

be

coun

ted

on to

fur

nish

the

pow

erto

dis

cern

bet

wee

n w

hat

is g

ood

and

wha

t is

bad

in th

is w

orld

.T

ext-

book

s ar

e M

ere

Com

pend

ium

s of

Fac

tsA

nd G

ener

al

Not

ions

. Tex

t-bo

oks,

be

they

eve

r so

good

, are

littl

e m

ore

than

mer

e co

mpe

ndiu

ms

of f

acts

and

outli

nes

of f

unda

-

men

tal p

rinc

iple

s.So

vas

t and

var

ied

is th

e m

ass

ofin

-

form

atio

n al

ong

any

one

line

of h

uman

ende

avor

as

to b

e

beyo

nd th

e po

ssib

ilitie

s of

a s

ingl

e bo

ok.

It is

impo

ssib

le

to c

ompr

ess

with

in th

e co

vers

of

asi

ngle

boo

k al

l the

mat

e-

rial

nec

essa

ry to

giv

e th

e st

uden

t a s

uffi

cien

tlybr

oad

gras

p

of a

ny o

ne s

ubje

ct.

Thu

s, f

or in

stan

ce, o

ur te

xt-b

ooks

on

geog

raph

y co

ntai

n on

ly ju

st e

noug

h m

ater

ials

bear

ing

on

the

phys

ical

, soc

ial,

and

indu

stri

al c

hara

cter

istic

sof

giv

en

land

s an

d pe

ople

s to

fur

nish

a le

adin

gth

read

, and

, per

-

haps

, to

crea

te a

tast

e fo

r m

ore.

The

rea

l bro

aden

ing

fact

s in

tend

ed to

cre

ate

last

ing

men

tal

pict

ures

of

the

phen

omen

a ou

tline

d in

the

text

s m

ust c

ome

from

wel

l-

chos

en p

aral

lel r

eadi

ngs.

Tha

t is

to s

ay, e

very

sch

ool

mus

t hav

e ac

cess

to a

wel

l-eq

uipp

ed li

brar

y, a

nd m

ust

have

a te

ache

r w

ho lo

ves

and

know

s bo

oks

and

who

has

som

e kn

owle

dge

of li

brar

y ec

onom

y,if

the

best

edu

catio

nal

resu

lts a

re to

be

atta

ined

.W

hat t

he L

ibra

ry w

ill d

o fo

r th

e C

hild

.T

he li

brar

y

can

no lo

nger

be

cons

ider

ed a

sse

para

te a

nd d

istin

ct f

rom

the

scho

ol.

It m

ust i

ndee

d be

look

ed u

pon

as a

nin

tegr

al

TH

E L

IBR

AR

Y A

ND

RU

RA

L C

OM

MU

NIT

IES

257

part

of

the

scho

ol s

yste

m.

Som

e ed

ucat

ors

even

go

so

far

as to

ass

ert t

hat t

he li

brar

y is

the

mos

t im

port

ant p

art

of th

e w

hole

sch

ool.

Let

this

be

asm

ay, t

he f

act r

e-

mai

ns th

at it

s va

lue

as a

n ed

ucat

iona

lfa

ctor

is h

ard

to

over

rate

.T

he f

ollo

win

g is

a b

rief

sum

mar

y of

wha

tit

will

do

for

the

child

: it i

s ce

rtai

n to

insp

ire

him

to e

xten

d

his

sear

ch f

or k

now

ledg

e fa

r be

yond

the

narr

owco

nfin

es

of th

e fo

ur w

alls

of

the

scho

ol;

it be

com

es a

life

pro

cess

with

him

, to

be p

ursu

ed th

roug

hout

life

;it

adds

new

life

and

brea

dth

to th

e sc

hool

, bri

ngin

g it

into

touc

h w

ith

real

, thr

obbi

ng h

uman

ity; i

t bro

aden

s th

ech

ild's

out

look

,

sinc

e he

is n

ow n

o lo

nger

dep

ende

nt o

nth

e on

e-m

an

auth

ority

of

the

one

teac

her

or th

e on

e te

xt-b

ook

wri

ter;

it st

reng

then

s hi

s ju

dgm

ent,

mak

ing

him

reso

urce

ful a

nd

an in

depe

nden

t thi

nker

;fi

nally

, it b

ecom

es th

e fo

unta

in

from

whi

ch s

prin

g hi

s hi

ghes

t ide

als

of li

fe, l

eadi

nghi

m

on to

the

nobl

est i

nhu

man

end

eavo

r.

Ear

ly H

isto

ry o

f th

e L

ibra

ry.

To

brin

g th

e sa

nest

and

best

lite

ratu

re w

ithin

rea

ch o

f al

l the

peo

ple

is n

o sm

all

unde

rtak

ing.

Such

a m

ovem

ent r

equi

res

liber

al m

oney

ed

aid,

exp

ert g

uida

nce,

and

, in

a m

easu

re,

publ

ic c

ontr

ol.

The

libr

ary

did

not b

ecom

e a

fact

or in

the

educ

atio

nal

syst

em o

f ou

r co

untr

y be

fore

thc

mid

dle

of th

e ni

nete

enth

cent

ury,

whe

n its

per

man

ent e

xist

ence

was

assu

red

thro

ugh

publ

ic ta

xatio

n. N

ew Y

ork

Stat

e en

acte

d a

law

auth

oriz

ing

dire

ct ta

xes

for

" sc

hool

libr

arie

s "

in 1

834,

and

follo

wed

up th

is a

ct, i

n 18

38, w

ithpr

ovis

ions

for

ann

ual s

tate

ap-

3U1

Page 152: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

258

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

prop

riat

ions

to s

uch

libra

ries

, whi

ch c

ontin

ue e

ven

to th

epr

esen

t day

.T

wen

ty-o

ne o

ther

sta

tes

have

sin

ce f

ollo

wed

the

exam

ple

of th

e E

mpi

re s

tate

and

pla

ced

like

tax

law

son

thei

r st

atut

e bo

oks.

Scho

ol L

ibra

ries

.T

he te

rm s

choo

l lib

rari

esis

in

real

ity a

mis

nom

er; f

or th

e lib

rari

es w

ere

not l

imite

dto

sch

ool u

se n

or e

ven

chos

en w

ith r

efer

ence

to s

choo

lne

eds.

The

y w

ere

in f

act o

pen

to th

e fr

ee u

se o

f al

l the

peop

le.

The

y an

swer

ed th

e ne

eds

of b

oth

publ

ic a

ndsc

hool

, bei

ng a

dmin

iste

red

thro

ugh

the

scho

ol m

erel

y fo

r

conv

enie

nce.

Such

libr

arie

s be

cam

e w

idel

y di

stri

bute

dan

d w

orke

d m

uch

good

in th

eir

day.

But

in ti

me

they

eith

er o

utgr

ew th

e bo

unds

of

scho

ol a

dmin

istr

atio

n or

the

mon

eys

vote

d w

ere

dive

rted

fro

m th

eir

inte

nded

use

s to

illeg

al e

nds.

Thi

s br

ough

t abo

ut m

uch

conf

usio

n.A

bout

this

tim

e so

me

com

mun

ities

beg

an to

est

ablis

h lib

rari

esth

roug

h pr

ivat

e m

unif

icen

ce.

Thi

s re

sulte

d in

a g

ener

alse

para

tion

of th

e sc

hool

libr

ary

and

the

publ

ic li

brar

y.T

own

libra

ries

wer

e of

fici

ally

rec

ogni

zed

in N

ew H

amp-

shir

e un

der

the

Act

of

1849

.Si

nce

then

thir

ty-s

even

stat

es, a

ll to

ld, h

ave

pass

ed p

erm

issi

ve la

ws

prov

idin

g fo

rth

e es

tabl

ishm

ent a

nd m

aint

enan

ce o

f pu

b.lic

libr

arie

s.L

ibra

ry A

dvan

tage

s at

the

Dis

posa

l of

the

City

Chi

ld.

Thi

s gr

owth

of

scho

ol a

nd p

ublic

libr

arie

s in

our

citi

es a

nd

villa

ges

in r

ecen

t yea

rs h

as b

een

a m

arke

d tr

ium

ph f

orth

e ca

use

of e

duca

tion.

Mos

t rem

arka

ble,

per

haps

, is

the

rapi

dly

incr

easi

ng in

timac

y an

d co

oper

atio

n be

twee

n

TH

E L

IBR

AR

Y A

ND

RU

RA

L C

OM

MU

NIT

IES

259

the

scho

ol a

nd th

e pu

blic

libr

ary.

Thu

s sp

lend

idly

equ

ippe

dre

fere

nce

sect

ions

and

lend

ing

sect

ions

are

ope

n to

the

scho

ol c

hild

ren

of u

rban

pla

ces,

ext

endi

ng to

them

eve

ryas

sist

ance

in s

uppl

emen

ting

the

wor

k of

the

mor

e lim

ited

scho

ol li

brar

y.T

he b

est o

f th

e pe

riod

ical

s an

d m

agaz

ines

are

at th

eir

disp

osal

.Se

para

te r

oom

s ar

e se

t asi

de f

orth

e yo

unge

r ch

ildre

n.O

ften

times

lect

ures

are

giv

en f

orad

ults

and

old

er c

hild

ren,

whi

le th

e lit

tle o

nes

have

thei

r

stor

y ho

ur."

Such

won

derf

ul p

rivi

lege

s, w

hich

now

, in

the

mai

n, b

elon

g to

the

city

chi

ldre

n, m

ust s

oon

be o

ff e

rtd

our

rura

l boy

s an

d gi

rls

as w

ell.

A d

istin

ct a

dvan

ce in

the

libra

ry m

ovem

ent h

as c

ome

-abo

ut th

roug

h th

e es

tabl

ishm

ent i

n tw

enty

-sev

en s

tate

sof

sta

te li

brar

y bo

ards

or

com

mis

sion

s. T

he f

irst

of

thes

ebo

ards

was

the

Mas

sach

uset

ts F

ree

Publ

ic L

ibra

ry C

om-

mis

sion

, est

ablis

hed

in 1

890.

Sinc

e th

en s

imila

r bo

ards

have

com

e in

to e

xist

ence

in e

very

sec

tion

of th

e co

untr

y.T

heir

act

iviti

es in

volv

e ev

ery

phas

e of

libr

ary

adm

inis

-tr

atio

n an

d ec

onom

y.W

hat i

s of

esp

ecia

l int

eres

t, th

eir

wor

k re

ache

s ou

t bey

ond

the

citie

s to

the

rura

l sch

ool a

nd

farm

fir

esid

e.Fr

eque

ntly

the

libra

ry b

oard

s m

ake

gift

sof

boo

ks a

nd m

oney

to n

eedy

com

mun

ities

.T

hey

aid

in c

reat

ing

new

libr

arie

s, s

end

out t

rave

ling

libra

ries

,m

ake

loan

s of

pic

ture

s an

d la

nter

n sl

ides

, and

in o

ther

way

s en

cour

age

good

rea

ding

.T

his

usef

ulne

ss is

sum

-

mar

ized

by

the

New

Yor

k St

ate

Edu

catio

n D

epar

tmen

tin

the

follo

win

g ou

tline

:

Page 153: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

260

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

Dir

ect A

id :

Gif

ts o

f bo

oks

or m

oney

fro

m s

tate

.In

som

e ca

ses

to n

ew li

brar

ies

only

; in

othe

r ca

ses

year

ly g

rant

son

bas

is o

f ci

rcul

atio

n or

app

rova

l of

book

s pu

rcha

sed.

Tra

velin

g L

ibra

ries

:G

ener

al li

brar

ies

in e

ither

fix

ed o

r fl

exib

le c

olle

ctio

ns.

Spec

ial l

ibra

ries

, Ger

man

, agr

icul

tura

l, et

c.St

udy

club

libr

arie

s.B

ooks

for

the

blin

d.

Oth

er L

oans

:Pi

ctur

es.

Lan

tern

s.

Slid

es.

Inst

ruct

ion:

Lib

rary

sch

ools

.Su

mm

er c

ours

es.

Inst

itute

s.

Boo

k Se

lect

ion

:

Dis

trib

utio

n of

pri

nted

list

s, b

oth

gene

ral a

nd s

peci

al.

Insp

ectio

n of

buy

ing

lists

sen

t in

for

appr

oval

.

Publ

icat

ions

:B

est b

ook

lists

.T

rave

ling

libra

ry c

atal

ogue

s.B

iblio

grap

hies

on

curr

ent q

uest

ions

, etc

.L

ibra

ry n

ews

and

com

mis

sion

info

rmat

ion.

Han

dboo

ks, b

ulle

tins,

and

info

rmat

ion

on li

brar

y ec

onon

v.

Ref

eren

ce W

ork:

Stud

y cl

ub li

sts

and

ques

tions

.L

egis

lativ

e re

fere

nce.

Bui

ldin

g Pl

ans:

Ref

eren

ce c

olle

ctio

n of

flo

or p

lans

and

pho

togr

aphs

of

libra

rybu

ildin

gs.

TH

E L

IBR

AR

Y A

ND

RU

RA

L C

OM

MU

NIT

IES

261

Cle

arin

g H

ouse

for

Exc

hang

es a

nd D

uplic

ates

:

Vis

iting

and

Org

aniz

ing:

Lib

rary

insp

ecto

r, v

isito

r, o

rgan

izer

.E

duca

ting

publ

ic s

entim

ent i

n de

sire

for

libr

ary

priv

ilege

s.A

id in

cre

atin

g ne

w li

brar

ies.

Reg

istr

atio

n of

libr

arie

s.C

ompu

lsor

y re

port

s to

com

mis

sion

.E

ncou

ragi

ng tr

avel

ing

libra

ry w

ork.

The

Lib

rary

and

the

Rur

al S

choo

l. N

ow, i

fth

e lib

rary

is, a

s m

aint

aine

d, o

neof

our

gre

ates

t edu

catio

nal i

nflu

ence

s,it

mus

t be

help

ed to

flo

uris

h ev

eryw

here

.R

ural

com

-m

uniti

es, t

he h

omes

of

mor

e th

an o

ne h

alf

of o

ur p

opul

a-tio

n, m

ust c

ome

in f

or th

eir

shar

e in

the

libra

ryup

lift.

Rea

sona

ble

prog

ress

has

bee

n m

ade

alre

ady

in th

isre

spec

tin

som

e st

ates

;in

oth

ers

it is

who

lly ig

nore

d.N

owhe

rear

e co

nditi

ons

alto

geth

er s

atis

fact

ory.

Eve

n N

ew Y

ork

Stat

e, w

hich

boa

sts

" th

at th

ere

is p

roba

bly

no la

rge

syst

emof

sch

ools

in th

e w

orld

so w

ell p

rovi

ded

with

rea

dy r

ef-

eren

ce li

brar

ies

as o

ur N

ew Y

ork

syst

em,"

rep

orts

that

" w

hile

in th

e ci

ties

each

inha

bita

nt h

astw

o bo

ol-s

, in

the

coun

try

each

has

less

than

one

."T

he s

ever

al s

ourc

es th

roug

h w

hich

goo

d 1;

tera

ture

isdi

ssem

inat

ed in

rur

al d

istr

icts

are:

(r)

rur

al s

choo

l lib

ra-

ries

, (2)

you

ng p

eopl

e's

read

ing

circ

les,

and

(3)

trav

elin

glib

rari

es.

Rur

al S

choo

l Litm

aies

.It

is s

elf-

evid

ent t

hat e

very

rura

l dis

tric

t sho

uld

own

a ca

refu

lly s

elec

ted

libra

ry.

Iffa

rmer

s ta

ke n

o in

tere

st in

rea

ding

or r

ead

only

the

light

30`0

Page 154: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

262

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

nove

ls in

stea

d of

wor

ks o

n ag

ricu

lture

and

farm

eco

nom

y,

it is

nat

ural

ly e

noug

h be

caus

e th

ey h

ave

not

been

oth

er-

wis

e tr

aine

d.T

hey

peru

se th

e lig

ht s

tuff

bec

ause

in r

ead-

ing,

as

with

eve

ryth

ing

else

in th

isw

orld

, the

atta

ck is

easi

est a

long

the

lines

of

leas

t res

ista

nce.

Let

the

teac

her

crea

te in

the

boys

and

gir

ls a

tast

efo

r th

at g

ood,

who

le-

FIG

. 17.

- M

ap s

how

ing

448

libra

ry s

tatio

ns in

Kan

sas.

At t

he p

rese

nt ti

me

(190

9) th

e nu

mbe

r of

sta

tions

has

. inc

reas

ed to

550

.

som

e lit

erat

ure

whi

ch e

nnob

les

the

hear

t and

eng

ages

the

hand

s, a

nd h

e w

ill s

oon

have

the

coun

trys

ide

wea

ned

of it

s

bad

read

ing

habi

ts.

Man

y st

ates

hav

e pe

rmis

sive

law

s on

thei

r st

atut

e

book

s pr

ovid

ing

for

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of

such

libr

arie

s

and

thei

r m

aint

enan

ce th

roug

hdi

rect

taxa

tion.

Oth

er

stat

es, a

gain

, hav

e en

acte

dw

hat w

e m

ay c

all c

ondi

-

tiona

l law

sla

ws

whi

ch p

rovi

de f

or p

ublic

assi

stan

ce

cond

ition

ed o

n th

e ra

isin

g of

agi

ven

sum

by

priv

ate

(),

TH

E L

IBR

AR

Y A

ND

RU

RA

L C

OM

MU

NIT

IES

263

subs

crip

tion

in th

e di

stri

ct d

esir

ing

the

libra

ry.

Nei

ther

syst

em is

ver

y sa

tisfa

ctor

y in

actu

al p

ract

ice.

Unl

ess

a di

stri

ctis

wid

e-aw

ake

to th

e im

port

ance

of

the

li-

brar

y, a

per

mis

sive

or

cond

ition

al la

w is

not

likel

y to

do

muc

h go

od.

In o

rder

to a

wak

en th

e fi

rst i

nter

est i

tis

ofte

n ne

cess

ary

to h

ave

reco

urse

to c

ompu

lsio

n.In

Kan

sas

we

have

had

a p

erm

issi

vela

w f

or s

ome

time.

A c

erta

insm

all t

ax le

vy m

ay b

e m

ade

for

the

esta

blis

hmen

t and

supp

ort o

f su

ch s

choo

l lib

rari

es.

Yet

, so

unsa

tisfa

ctor

y

are

the

resu

lts f

rom

the

law

that

the

Kan

sas

Edu

catio

nal

Com

mis

sion

is n

ow (

1909

) ur

ging

the

stat

ele

gisl

atur

e to

mak

e th

e la

w c

ompu

lsor

y.T

he c

omm

issi

on w

oLld

hav

e

that

a s

mal

l lev

y sh

all b

e m

ade

from

yea

r to

yea

run

til e

ach

libra

ry h

olds

at l

east

fif

ty v

olum

es.

The

Neb

rask

a lib

rary

law

is to

the

poin

tan

d co

uld

wel

l ser

ve a

s a

mod

el f

or o

ther

sta

tes.

It r

eads

:T

he s

choo

l boa

rd o

f ev

ery

publ

ic s

choo

l dis

lrkl

isre

quir

ed to

set

asid

e an

nual

ly f

rom

the

gene

ral f

unds

of

the

scho

ol d

istr

ict t

he s

um

of te

n ce

nts

for

ever

y pu

pil e

num

erat

ed in

the

dist

rict

at t

he la

stan

nual

sch

ool c

ensu

s, w

hich

am

ount

sha

ll be

annu

ally

inve

sted

in

book

s ot

her

than

reg

ular

text

-boo

ks, w

hich

boo

kssh

all b

e su

itabl

e

for

the

scho

ol li

brar

y.B

y vo

te o

f th

e sc

hool

boa

rd o

f an

y di

stri

ctin

whi

ch a

fre

e pu

blic

libr

ary

is m

aint

aine

dan

d to

the

supp

ort o

fw

hich

at l

east

S30

0 is

exp

ende

d an

nual

ly, t

his

law

is in

oper

ativ

e.

Wis

cons

in, I

owa,

and

sev

eral

oth

er s

tate

sha

ve la

ws

equa

lly b

indi

ng, a

nd a

s a

resu

lt th

eybo

lst g

ood

libra

ries

of w

ell-

chos

en b

ooks

in p

ract

ical

ly e

very

rura

l dis

tric

t.

Wis

cons

in h

as a

n ag

greg

ate

of m

ore

than

r,0

00,0

00bo

oks

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

IS

Page 155: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

264

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

in s

uch

libra

ries

, pur

chas

ed b

y a

tax

of te

n ce

nts

per

capi

ta.

Iow

a ha

s rr

,00o

sch

ool l

ibra

ries

, rep

rese

ntin

g go

o,00

0bo

oks.

The

sta

te s

uper

inte

nden

t's r

epor

t for

the

year

endi

ng J

une

30, 1

906,

giv

es th

e bo

oks

purc

hase

d th

at y

ear

as 6

7,38

6, a

t a c

ost o

f $3

9,39

4.24

.

Wha

t Som

e St

ates

are

Acc

ompl

ishi

ng.

Min

neso

tam

akes

the

annu

al p

urch

ase

of li

brar

y bo

oks

one

of th

eco

nditi

ons

for

rece

ivin

g th

e sp

ecia

l sta

te a

id w

hich

isdo

ing

so m

uch

for

Min

neso

ta s

choo

ls.

The

larg

e an

nual

appr

opri

atio

n ha

s la

tely

bee

n en

tirel

y un

equa

l to

the

de-

man

ds m

ade

upon

it, r

epor

ts th

e st

ate

supe

rint

ende

nt,

who

fur

ther

dec

lare

s th

at

The

ben

efits

acc

ruin

g fr

om th

e po

sses

sion

of

thes

e sm

all r

ural

and

civi

c lib

rari

es h

ave

been

so

palp

able

that

it s

eem

s sa

fe to

say

alre

ady

libra

ry a

cqui

sitio

n is

mak

ing

its a

ppea

l to

the

thri

fty

min

dno

t sim

ply

as s

o m

uch

mat

eria

l gai

n fo

r.th

e pr

esen

t, bu

t as

an in

-es

timab

ly v

alua

ble

men

tal a

nd m

oral

inve

stm

ent f

or th

e fu

ture

.T

he r

emot

est a

nd m

ost u

nset

tled

coun

ties

of th

e st

ate

have

bee

npe

netr

ated

by

an in

tere

st in

the

mov

emen

t and

are

res

pond

ing

toan

une

xpe.

cted

and

gra

tifyi

ng e

xten

t.

Mis

sour

i ena

cted

a li

brar

y la

w in

190

0 w

hich

pro

vide

sth

at n

ot le

ss th

an f

ive

cent

s pe

r ch

ild e

num

erat

ed s

hall

beex

pend

ed a

nnua

lly f

or li

brar

y pu

rpos

es.

At t

he ti

me

the

law

wen

t int

o ef

fect

the

valu

e of

all

scho

ol li

brar

ies

in th

est

ate

was

abo

ut S

t 18,

000,

and

thes

e w

ere

loca

ted

mai

nly

in c

ities

and

tow

ns.

Six

year

s la

ter

fully

one

hal

f m

illio

ndo

llars

had

bee

n ex

pend

ed f

or li

brar

y bo

oks,

and

chi

efly

in r

ural

dis

tric

ts!

,

TH

E L

IBR

AR

Y A

ND

RU

RA

L C

OM

MU

NIT

IES

265

New

Yor

k is

ano

ther

sta

te w

hich

dev

otes

a la

rge

annu

alap

prop

riat

ion

from

the

scho

ol f

und

to th

e su

ppor

t of

dis-

tric

t sch

ool l

ibra

ries

.So

rap

id h

as b

een

the

incr

ease

of

such

libr

arie

s si

nce

the

revo

lutio

nary

libr

ary

act o

f 18

92w

ent i

nto

effe

ct th

at li

brar

ies

are

now

est

ablis

hed

in 8

6pe

r ce

nt o

f th

e sc

hool

dis

tric

ts in

the

stat

e.In

190

6 th

ela

rge

sum

of

$251

,936

.10

was

exp

ende

d fo

r bo

oks

and

othe

r eq

uipm

ent.

The

tota

l num

ber

of b

ooks

then

on

the

shel

ves

aggr

egat

ed 2

,499

,328

vol

umes

, div

ided

amon

g91

73 s

choo

l dis

tric

ts o

utsi

de o

f th

e ci

ties

in th

e fo

llow

ing

man

ner:

339

0 ha

d le

ss th

an 5

o bo

oks;

294

5 ha

d be

twee

nso

and

ioo

book

s; 1

696

had

betw

een

ioo

and

200

book

s;61

1 ha

d be

twee

n zo

o an

d so

o bo

oks;

287

had

bet

wee

nso

o an

d i0

00 b

ooks

; and

244

had

mor

e ti:

an m

oo b

ooks

.T

hese

are

illu

stra

tions

of

stat

es w

here

in th

e la

ws

are

toal

l pra

ctic

al p

urpo

ses

com

puls

ory.

Inde

ed, M

inne

sota

isth

e on

ly s

tate

in th

e lis

t whi

ch h

as th

e co

nditi

onal

ele

men

tin

its

law

, but

eve

n th

is is

of

a de

cide

dly

com

pelli

ng n

atur

e.

With

out a

dou

bt s

tate

s of

this

cla

ss h

ave

the

best

and

larg

est l

ibra

ries

of

any

in th

e co

untr

y.St

ates

wor

king

und

erC

ondi

tiona

lL

ibra

ry L

aws.

Mar

ylai

ld. N

orth

Car

olin

a, a

nd S

outh

Car

olin

aar

e a

few

of th

e st

ates

wor

king

und

er c

ondi

tiona

l law

s.T

hese

,w

hile

less

sat

isfa

ctor

y th

an c

ompu

lsor

y la

ws

hone

stly

enfo

rced

, are

vas

tly b

ette

r th

an n

o la

ws

at a

ll.A

ll th

ree

of th

e st

ates

her

e m

entio

ned

repo

rt s

atis

fact

ory

prog

ress

.T

he la

w is

pra

ctic

ally

the

sam

e in

all

of th

em.

The

3 0

Page 156: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

266

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

Mar

ylan

d co

de m

ay b

e ta

ken

as a

nill

ustr

atio

n of

all.

It

read

s:

For

the

furt

her

enco

urag

emen

t of

educ

atio

n,di

stri

ct s

choo

l lib

rari

es

ough

t to

be e

stab

lishe

d in

eac

h sc

hool

hous

edi

stri

ct, u

nder

the

care

of th

e te

ache

r as

libr

aria

n.Fo

r th

is p

urpo

se th

e su

m o

f $r

o pe

r

annu

m is

ord

ered

to b

e pa

idby

the

Boa

rd o

f C

ount

y Sc

hool

Com

-

mis

sion

ers

out o

f th

e St

ate

Scho

ol F

und

to a

nysc

hool

hous

e di

stri

ct

as li

brar

y m

oney

, as

long

as

the

peop

le o

f th

e di

stri

ct r

aise

the

sam

e

amou

nt a

nnua

lly.

The

boo

ks m

ust b

e se

lect

ed b

y th

e B

oard

of

Dis

tric

t Sch

ool T

rust

ees

and

teac

her

from

alis

tto

be

appr

oved

by th

e C

ount

y Sc

hool

Boa

rd.

Nin

etee

n co

untie

s in

Mar

ylan

d re

port

849

scho

ol li

bra-

ries

con

tain

ing

90,2

15 v

olum

es a

nd 1

4te

ache

rs' l

ibra

ries

with

269

8 vo

lum

es.

In o

ne y

ear

afte

r th

e pa

ssag

e of

the

act i

n N

orth

Car

olin

a 35

5lib

rari

es w

ere

esta

blis

hed

in 7

8

of th

e 96

cou

ntie

s of

the

stat

e.St

ate

Supe

rint

ende

nt

0. B

. Mar

tin, o

f So

uth

Car

olin

a,de

clar

es th

at w

ithin

two

and

one

half

yea

rs a

fter

the

enac

tmen

tof

the

law

in h

is

stat

e "

near

ly e

ight

hun

dred

libra

ries

hav

e be

en e

stab

-

lishe

d in

pla

ces

whe

re n

one

had

exis

ted

befo

re."

Stat

es h

avin

g no

Lib

rary

Pro

visi

ons.

The

fac

t tha

t a

stat

e ha

s no

lega

l pro

visi

ons

for

libra

ry m

aint

enan

ce f

or-

tuna

tely

sho

uld

no p

reve

nt it

fro

m f

oste

ring

suc

hlib

rari

es.

Seve

ral s

tate

s w

hich

are

in th

is c

ateg

ory

are

acco

mpl

ishi

ng

real

ly p

rais

ewor

thy

resu

lts.

In W

est V

irgi

nia,

for

inst

ance

,

a st

ate

whi

ch is

obl

iged

tode

pend

for

res

ults

sol

ely

on th

e

volu

ntar

y ef

fort

s of

teac

hers

, pup

ils, a

nd p

atro

ns, t

hein

tere

st in

the

mov

emen

t is

so w

ell s

usta

ined

" a

s to

war

-

TH

E L

IBR

AR

Y A

ND

RU

RA

L C

OM

MU

NIT

IES

267

rant

the

hope

," s

ays

Stat

e Su

peri

nten

dent

Tho

mas

C.

Mill

er, "

that

with

in a

ver

y fe

w y

ears

a g

ood

libra

ry c

anbe

rep

orte

d in

eve

ry s

choo

l in

th s

tate

."T

he s

uper

inte

nden

t's b

ienn

ial r

epor

t con

tain

s so

me

very

inte

rest

ing

mat

eria

l on

just

how

fun

ds a

re r

aise

d fo

r th

ese

libra

ries

. We

rope

at b

elow

suc

h pa

ragr

aphs

as

are

ofpa

rtic

ular

inte

rest

to th

e on

e-ro

om s

choo

l-te

ache

r w

ho is

look

ing

for

way

s an

d m

eans

to s

ecur

e bo

oks

for

his

own

libra

ry:

Lib

rary

Day

in W

est V

irgi

nia.

Tea

cher

s an

d pu

pils

hav

e ta

ken

up th

e lib

rary

idea

with

ent

husi

asm

, and

thro

ugh

thei

r ef

fort

s m

any

new

libr

arie

s ha

ve b

een

esta

blis

hed

and

man

y ot

hers

enl

arge

d.T

oai

d in

this

wor

k th

e st

ate

supe

rint

ende

nt h

as d

esig

nate

d th

e fi

rst

Frid

ay in

Dec

embe

r as

L:1

: ary

Day

, for

the

obse

rvan

ce o

f w

hich

apr

ogra

mm

e is

pre

pare

d an

d di

stri

bute

d ea

ch y

ear

by th

e de

part

men

t.T

his

is in

the

shap

e of

a n

eatly

pri

nted

pam

phle

t con

tain

ing

liter

ary

mat

eria

l and

sug

gest

ions

for

the

obse

rvan

ce o

f th

e da

y, a

nd d

irec

tions

for

the

sele

ctio

n an

d pu

rcha

se o

f bo

oks

suita

ble

for

the

vari

ous

grad

esof

a c

ount

ry s

choo

l.T

he li

sts

of b

ooks

giv

en in

this

pro

gram

me

are

not s

ugge

sted

exc

lusi

vely

but

as

a ty

pe o

f bo

oks

best

ada

pted

toth

e ne

eds

of a

sm

all g

rade

d sc

hool

.L

ibra

ry D

ay is

gen

eral

ly o

bser

ved

by th

e sc

hool

s th

roug

hout

the

stat

e.It

is c

usto

mar

y to

cha

rge

an a

dmis

sion

fee

to th

e ex

erci

ses

held

on

this

occ

asio

n an

d to

sol

icit

cont

ribu

tions

to th

e lib

rary

fund

.A

s m

uch

as $

py, h

as b

een

real

ized

fro

m a

sin

gle

ente

rtai

nsm

ent o

f th

is k

ind.

In s

ome

inst

ance

s bo

ards

of

educ

atio

n ha

vele

nt th

eir

assi

stan

ce to

this

wor

k, e

ither

by

cont

ribu

ting

to th

elib

rary

fun

d or

by

prov

idin

g ne

at a

nd s

ubst

antia

l cas

es f

or th

eca

re o

f bo

oks

accu

mul

ated

.T

his

is n

ot o

ften

don

e, h

owev

er, a

sbo

ards

are

not

spe

cifi

cally

aut

hori

zed

by la

w to

app

ropr

iate

mon

eyfr

om s

choo

l fun

ds f

or th

is p

urpo

se.

For

the

mos

t par

t the

suc

.

Page 157: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

268

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

cess

of

the

libra

ry m

ovem

ent

has

been

due

to th

e ef

fort

sof

the

teac

hers

and

pup

ils th

emse

lves

.

Her

e fo

llow

s on

e of

the

sim

ple

Lib

rary

Day

pro

gram

mes

sugg

este

d by

Mr.

Mill

er:

1. S

ingi

ng"

Cor

onat

ion.

"2.

Res

pons

ive

Scri

ptur

e R

eadi

ng.

3. I

ntro

duct

ory

Rem

arks

--

Prin

cipa

l or

Tea

cher

.4.

Son

g: "

Gre

etin

gSo

ng "

Scho

ol o

r C

lass

.5.

Rec

itatio

n"

The

Bar

efoo

t Boy

."6.

Rrc

itatio

n"

God

will

spr

inkL

e Su

nshi

ne."

7. S

olo

" T

he B

ridg

e."

8. R

oll C

all

Eac

h Pu

pil t

o gi

ve a

Quo

tatio

n.9.

Rec

itatio

n"

A G

ood

Mot

to."

10. R

eadi

ng"

Bac

on's

Ess

ay o

n R

eadi

ng."

1. S

ingi

ng"

Bat

tle H

ymn

of th

eR

epub

lic."

12. E

ssay

" T

he V

alue

of

Boo

ks."

13. S

peci

al A

ddre

ss o

nB

ooks

and

Lib

rari

es.

14. D

onat

ion

of B

ooks

and

col

lect

jng

Mon

ey.

15. C

losi

ng E

xerc

ises

.

And

her

e ar

e th

e co

ncre

te r

esul

ts:

in 1

904

book

s re

-

port

ed 4

9,96

6 vo

lum

es; i

n 19

05in

crea

sed

to 7

4,09

2 vo

l-

umes

; and

in 1

906

incr

ease

d to

126

,503

vol

umes

.Si

nce

then

ver

y la

rge

incr

ease

.T

he W

inne

bago

Cou

nty

Tw

entie

th-c

entu

ryFo

rwar

d L

i-

brar

y M

ovem

ent.

Cou

nty

Supe

rint

ende

nt 0

. J. K

ern,

of

1Vin

neba

go c

ount

y, I

llino

is, h

as c

lear

lyde

mon

stra

ted

wha

t

may

be

acco

mpl

ishe

d by

indi

vidu

als

in a

sta

te w

hich

has

no s

tate

sch

ool

libra

ry la

w o

r w

here

thes

e ar

e am

bitio

us to

incr

ease

and

impr

ove

the

cont

ents

of s

uch

libra

ries

as

they

may

alr

eady

hav

e.Il

linoi

s is

one

of

the

stat

es w

ithou

t a

TfI

E L

IBR

AR

Y A

ND

RU

RA

L C

OM

MU

NIT

IES

269

scho

ol li

brar

y la

w.

Mr.

Ker

n w

as a

nxio

us to

impr

ove

cond

ition

s in

his

cou

nty,

56

dist

rict

s ou

t of

118

wer

ew

ithou

t lib

rari

es, a

nd a

ccor

ding

ly in

augu

rate

d w

hat h

eca

lls th

e T

wen

tieth

-cen

tury

For

war

d L

ibra

ry M

ovem

ent.

Tea

cher

s, p

upils

,pa

rent

s, a

nd c

ount

y su

peri

nten

dent

coop

erat

ed to

suc

h go

od e

ffec

t tha

t bet

wee

n 18

99 a

nd 1

905

alm

ost 9

000

volu

mes

wer

e ad

ded

to th

e lo

cal d

istr

ict l

i-br

arie

s.D

urin

g th

e fi

ve y

ears

bet

wee

n 19

01 a

nd 1

905

soci

als

held

by

teac

hers

and

pup

ils th

roug

hout

the

coun

tyne

tted

the

neat

sum

of

$420

7.90

, som

e pa

rt o

f w

hich

was

used

for

boo

ks, w

hile

the

bala

nce

was

exp

ende

d fo

r su

ndry

scho

ol p

arap

hern

alia

and

equ

ipm

ent.

Alm

ost a

ny te

ache

r w

ho is

am

bitio

us to

incr

ease

his

scho

ol li

brar

y ca

n ar

rang

e fo

r a

soci

al a

nd p

rogr

amm

eby

mea

ns o

f w

hich

to n

et m

any

dolla

rs f

or th

e lib

rary

fund

.

Firs

t You

ng P

eopl

e's

Rea

ding

Cir

cle.

The

You

ngPe

ople

's R

eadi

ng C

ircl

e, n

ow s

o ra

pidl

y ga

inin

g re

cog-

nitio

n as

an

impo

rtan

t adj

unct

to s

choo

l edu

catio

n, w

asfi

rst s

ugge

sted

by

the

succ

ess

of th

e T

each

ers'

Rea

ding

Cir

cle.

The

latte

r ha

d al

read

y fo

r so

me

year

s m

ade

poss

ible

a m

ore

gezr

2ral

cul

ture

and

bro

ader

kno

wl-

edge

to te

ache

rs o

f lim

ited

oppo

rtun

ity.

It o

ccur

red

toed

ucat

ors

that

sim

ilar

circ

les

orga

nize

dfo

r ch

ildre

nha

mpe

red

by th

e sa

me

lack

of

oppo

rtun

ity m

ight

be

the

mea

ns o

f do

ing

for

them

pre

cise

ly w

hat w

as b

eing

acc

om-

plis

hed

for

the

teac

hers

.

Page 158: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

270

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

The

fir

st c

ircl

e w

as o

rgan

ized

in I

ndia

na in

188

7.It

has

done

a w

orld

of

good

for

the

child

ren

livin

g in

rur

aldi

s-tr

icts

and

vill

ages

whe

re o

ppor

tuni

ties

for

read

ing

good

book

s ar

e fe

w.

The

pla

n, w

hich

has

sin

ce th

en b

een

adop

ted

by o

ther

sta

tes

sout

h an

d w

est,

is b

rief

lyth

is:

the

circ

le w

as s

uper

vise

d by

a bo

ard

of d

irec

tors

com

-po

sed

of a

ble

educ

ator

s.T

his

boar

d de

cide

d, f

irst

of

all,

the

rela

tion

the

wor

k of

the

circ

le s

houl

dsu

stai

n to

the

wor

k of

the

scho

ol.

It w

as c

lear

ly r

ecog

nize

d th

atit

mus

t not

bec

ome

an a

dditi

onal

bur

den

on te

ache

rsan

d pu

pils

.It

s pu

rpos

e, th

en, s

houl

d be

to s

uppl

yat

the

grea

test

sav

ing

inex

pens

e th

e be

st b

ooks

ada

pted

to th

e ne

eds

of c

hild

ren

of v

aryi

ngag

es.

Cle

an, w

hole

-so

me

book

s of

the

best

aut

hors

onl

y w

ere

plac

edon

the

,an

nual

list

s.T

he s

ubje

cts

wer

e of

wid

era

nge,

ans

wer

-in

g th

e na

tura

l dem

ands

fro

m th

e fa

iry

stor

y, th

roug

hst

orie

s of

adv

entu

re a

nd h

eroi

c de

eds,

to h

isto

ry a

nd b

elle

s-le

ttres

.T

he b

ooks

wer

e pr

ocur

ed in

a nu

mbe

r of

way

s.So

met

imes

the

mon

eyw

as ta

ken

from

pub

lic f

unds

, tho

ugh

mor

e of

ten

it w

as r

aise

d th

roug

h th

e en

terp

rise

of

teac

hers

,pu

pils

, and

pat

rons

.In

eve

ry in

stan

ce th

ese

book

sw

ere

adde

d to

som

e sc

hool

libr

ary

alre

ady

inex

iste

nce,

or

they

beca

me

the

nucl

eus

ofa

new

libr

ary.

The

cir

cle

has

been

of

alm

ost i

nest

imab

leva

lue

to I

n-di

ana.

Alm

ost e

very

sch

ool i

n ci

ty, v

illag

e,to

wns

hip,

and

coun

ty h

asso

me

of th

e bo

oks.

In 1

906

the

You

ngPe

ople

's R

eadi

ng C

ircl

e in

the

stat

e nu

mbe

red

25,0

86

TH

E L

IBR

AR

Y A

ND

RU

RA

L C

OM

MU

NIT

IES

271

mem

bers

, with

alm

ost 8

000

libra

ries

cont

aini

ng 8

61,2

92vo

lum

es.

Dur

ing

the

year

91,

968

volu

mes

wer

e ad

ded

toth

e lib

rari

es.

Som

e st

ates

lim

it th

eir

wor

kto

out

linin

g pr

ofita

ble

cour

ses

of r

eadi

ng a

nd to

mak

ing

arra

ngem

ents

for

supp

ly-

ing

the

book

s to

the

circ

les

at lo

wes

t pri

ces.

Eve

n w

here

the

stat

e m

akes

no p

rovi

sion

for

how

to s

ecur

e th

e bo

oks

this

wor

k of

arr

angi

ng f

or th

esu

pply

of

best

boo

ks a

t low

-es

t rat

es is

in it

self

of

grea

t con

sequ

ence

, hav

ing

been

the

mea

ns o

f or

gani

zing

man

y go

od s

mal

llib

rari

es in

rur

aldi

stri

cts.

The

Pla

ce o

f th

e T

rave

ling

Lib

rary

.T

he la

st o

f th

ese

vera

l age

ncie

s fo

r th

e di

ssem

inat

ion

of g

ood

liter

atur

eto

be

disc

usse

d in

thes

epa

ges

is th

e tr

avel

ing

libra

ry.

Perh

aps

no o

ther

pha

se o

f lib

rary

exte

nsio

n ha

s be

en it

seq

ual i

n st

imul

atin

g th

e pu

blic

ever

ywhe

re to

gre

ater

in-

tere

st in

boo

ks.

Its

hist

ory

from

the

very

ince

ptio

n ha

sbe

en o

ne o

f un

inte

rrup

ted

grow

th.

Its

purp

ose

has

been

acco

mpl

ishe

d w

here

ver

it ha

s re

ceiv

edfa

ir tr

ial.

And

this

is in

trut

h in

man

y pl

aces

, for

not

alo

ne h

as it

bee

n ad

opte

das

a r

egul

ar f

orm

of

libra

ry w

ork

in a

lmos

tev

ery

stat

e in

the

Uni

on, b

ut it

is p

enet

ratin

gth

e re

mot

est

corn

ers

ofst

ates

whe

re h

ither

to li

brar

y pr

ivile

ges

wer

e pr

actic

ally

unkn

own.

The

obj

ects

for

whi

ch th

etr

avel

ing

libra

ryw

as c

alle

din

to e

xist

ence

are

bri

efly

sta

ted

by th

e O

hio

stat

e lib

rari

anth

us: (

r) to

fur

nish

goo

d lit

erat

ure

to th

e pu

blic

; (2)

to

3...

Page 159: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

272

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

stre

ngth

en s

mal

l lib

rari

es;

(3)

to c

reat

e an

inte

rest

in th

e

esta

blis

hmen

t of

new

libra

ries

.

To

furn

ish

Goo

dL

itera

ture

.T

he f

irst

obj

ect

to

furn

ish

good

lite

ratu

re to

the

publ

icis

bei

ng a

dmir

ably

wel

l don

e. N

o cl

asse

s ar

ene

glec

ted.

The

city

and

coun

-

try

alik

e re

apth

e be

nefi

ts o

ffer

ed.

The

boo

ks, n

eatly

boxe

d, f

ind

thei

r w

ay to

all k

inds

of

orga

niza

tions

seek

ing

self

-im

prov

emen

t, su

ch a

sw

omen

's c

lubs

, gra

nges

and

farm

ers'

alli

ance

s,w

orki

ngm

en's

club

s, S

unda

y-sc

hool

clas

ses,

and

, in

som

e st

ates

,ev

en p

enal

and

char

itabl

e

inst

itutio

ns.

To

stre

ngth

en S

mal

lL

ibra

ries

. --

A g

reat

man

ylib

rari

es,

both

cir

cula

ting

and

scho

ol, f

ind

the

trav

elin

g lib

rary

a

grea

t con

veni

ence

and

aid.

In to

wns

and

villa

ges

whe

re

libra

ry s

uppo

rt is

mea

ger

it is

no

smal

l thi

ngto

be

able

to f

all b

ack

onth

e bo

xes

ofbo

oks

whi

ch c

ome

regu

larl

y,

disp

ensi

ng n

ew, w

hole

som

ere

adin

g at

eve

ry tr

ip.

The

wor

k of

sm

all r

ural

scho

ol li

brar

ies

isen

hanc

ed in

a s

imila

r

man

ner.

Thi

s ca

n be

illu

stra

ted

in n

o be

tter

way

than

by

givi

ng th

e ex

peri

ence

of th

e sc

hool

s in

Spri

ngfi

eld

tow

n-

ship

, Cla

rk c

ount

y,O

hio,

as

told

by

Prof

esso

r A

. B. G

ra-

ham

, who

say

s in

par

t :

In I

wo

the

Boa

rd o

fE

duca

tion

of S

prin

gfie

ldto

wns

hip,

Cla

rk

coun

ty, b

ecam

ein

tere

sted

in li

brar

ies.

Fift

een

dolla

rs f

or e

ach

of

its tw

elve

sch

ools

wer

eap

prop

riat

ed.

But

no

book

publ

ishe

r's

prep

ared

list

was

pur

chas

ed.

Onl

y af

ter

seve

ral

wee

ks s

pent

in

exam

inin

g di

ffer

ent b

ooks

was

the

list c

ompl

eted

.

As

soon

as

they

wer

epl

aced

in th

e sc

hool

s, p

aren

ts a

sw

ell a

s

Q( ...

/Li

BE

ST C

TH

E L

IBR

AR

Y A

ND

RU

RA

L C

OM

MU

NIT

IES

273

child

ren

beca

me

read

ers

of th

e di

stri

ctsc

hool

libr

ary.

Eac

h gr

ade

from

the

seco

nd to

the

eigh

th in

clus

ive

had

som

ethi

ngad

apte

d to

it.

It w

as im

med

iate

lyfo

und

that

boo

ksin

sim

ple,

dig

nifi

edla

ngua

ge

for

the

uppe

rgr

ades

wer

e al

way

sw

elco

me

in th

e ho

mes

.W

hen

the

teac

her,

the

child

ren,

and

the

patr

ons

beco

me

inte

rest

edin

libra

ries

, the

re is

ade

man

d fo

r m

ore

wel

l-w

ritte

n bo

oks.

In th

e

case

men

tione

dth

e B

oard

i Edu

catio

n ha

d sp

ent

all,

and

mor

e th

an

the

law

at t

he ti

me

perm

itted

.N

o m

ore

coul

d be

spen

t tha

t sch

ool

year

. The

boa

rd d

ecid

ed to

appl

y to

the

stat

etr

avel

ing

libra

ry f

or a

box

of b

ooks

for

eac

hsu

bdis

tric

t.T

he e

xpre

ss c

harg

esbo

th w

ays

wer

e

will

ingl

y pa

id. E

ach

box

cont

aine

d fr

omth

irty

to f

orty

wel

l-se

lect

ed

book

s.T

here

was

som

ethi

ngfo

r th

e yo

unge

st a

tsch

ool w

ho c

ould

read

wel

l, an

dso

met

hing

for

the

olde

stat

hom

e.Q

uite

as

man

y

of th

em w

ere

used

in th

e ho

mes

as

in th

e sc

hool

s.W

hen

the

year

had

clos

ed, a

ll w

ere

plea

sed

with

the

new

libra

ries

.E

very

body

said

, "L

et a

noth

erap

prop

riat

ion

be m

ade

next

year

." T

he s

econ

d

appr

opri

atio

n w

as m

ade,

and

the

new

boo

ks w

ere

soon

in th

e sc

hool

s.

Cal

ls w

ere

mad

eal

so f

or th

e tr

avel

ing

libra

ry b

oxes

.T

his

time

a sp

ecia

l req

uest

was

mad

eth

at e

ach

box

shou

ldco

ntai

n tw

o or

thre

e

book

s on

agr

icul

tura

lsu

bjec

ts.

The

box

es w

ere

reta

ined

for

nea

rly

the

entir

e ye

ar.

Man

y w

ere

chan

ged

from

one

sch

ool t

oan

othe

r.

Eac

h ye

ar th

e to

wns

hip

has

been

abl

e to

use

abou

t fou

r hu

ndre

d

volu

mes

in a

dditi

on to

wha

t had

bee

npu

rcha

sed

by th

e B

oard

of

Edu

catio

n.A

hab

it of

rea

ding

the

best

lite

ratu

re w

asbe

ing

ac-

quir

ed b

y bo

th p

aren

tand

pup

il.It

has

bee

n ob

serv

edth

at in

ex-

amin

atio

ns o

r in

ord

inar

yco

nver

satio

n th

e ch

ildre

nof

thes

e sc

hool

s

give

evi

denc

e of

the

fact

that

the

book

s ha

ve b

een

used

to a

good

purp

ose.

The

thir

d ob

ject

of th

e tr

avel

ing

libra

ryto

cre

ate

an in

tere

stin

the

esta

blis

hmen

tof

new

libr

arie

sis

so

self

-ivi

dent

as

to n

eed

nodi

scus

sion

her

e.O

nce

let t

he

3

Page 160: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

274

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

tast

e fo

r go

od r

eadi

ng g

et a

hol

d up

on th

e pe

ople

of

a co

m-

mun

ity, a

nd th

ey w

ill in

all

likel

ihoo

d no

t res

t bef

ore

a pe

r-

man

ent l

ibra

ry is

est

ablis

hed.

Rap

id S

prea

d of

tl e

Tra

velin

g L

ibr-

y.N

ew Y

ork

sent

out

a f

ew li

brar

ie: a

s an

exp

erim

ent i

n 18

92. N

owth

e st

ate

has

a co

llect

ion

nf

85,0

00 b

ooks

ava

ilabl

e fo

r th

is

purp

ose.

The

libr

arie

s ar

e se

nt o

ut in

fix

ed g

roup

s of

25, 5

0, a

nd io

o vo

lum

es to

gro

wn

peop

le a

nd o

f 25

vol

umes

for

child

ren.

The

exp

erim

enta

l sta

ge h

as lo

ng a

go b

een

pass

ed, a

nd th

e m

ovem

ent i

n th

is s

tate

is e

nter

ing

upon

the

high

tide

of

succ

ess.

Acc

ordi

ng to

the

year

-boo

k fo

r19

07, i

ssue

d by

the

Lea

gue'

of

Lib

rary

Com

mis

sion

s, "

Ohi

o le

ads

all s

tate

sof

the

Uni

on in

the

num

ber

of tr

avel

ing

libra

ries

issu

edan

nual

,1

the

com

mun

ities

rea

ched

by

this

met

hod

ofbo

ok d

ibu

tion.

For

the

year

end

ing

Nov

embe

r 15

,19

06,

ilis

trib

uted

libr

arie

s as

fol

low

s:to

wom

en's

club

s, 1

87; t

o sc

hool

s, 5

26; t

o gr

ange

s, h

Io; t

o in

depe

nd-

ent s

tudy

clu

bs, 1

26; t

o re

ligio

us o

rgan

izat

ions

, 94;

tolib

rari

es, 2

7; to

men

's c

lubs

, 26.

Prog

ress

by

Stat

esgl

eane

d fr

om R

epor

ts o

f 19

07.

New

Jer

sey

is c

ircu

latin

g an

incr

easi

ngly

larg

e nu

mbe

r of

trav

elin

g lib

rari

es.

As

an e

xpre

ssio

n of

its

appr

ecia

tion

of

this

libr

ary

infl

uenc

e a

farm

ers'

gra

nge

up-s

tate

pas

sed

are

solu

tion

that

the

" tr

avel

ing

libra

ry la

w h

as w

orke

d th

em

ore

for

the

plea

sure

, cul

ture

, and

wel

fare

of

the

farm

ing

dist

rict

than

any

law

pas

sed

in y

ears

."

3

Page 161: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

One

of

the

Dov

er T

owns

hip

scho

ols,

Uni

on C

ount

y, O

hio.

J. B

. Bar

k,Su

peri

nten

dent

of

thes

esc

hool

s,ha

s fo

r so

me

time

been

usi

ng tr

avel

ing

libra

ries

fro

m th

e O

hio

Stat

e L

ibra

ry.

Hea

dqua

rter

s at

Top

eka

from

whi

ch m

any

hund

red

trav

elin

g lib

rarie

s ar

can

nual

ly s

ent t

u ev

ery

coun

ty in

Kan

sas.

3(

TH

E L

IBR

AR

Y A

ND

RU

RA

L C

OM

MU

NIT

IES

275

Indi

ana

repo

rts

that

" th

e tr

avel

ing

libra

ry s

yste

m o

p-er

ated

by

the

com

mis

sion

sho

ws

a re

mar

kabl

e gr

owth

in

it3.T

he a

bove

map

was

pre

pare

d by

the

Ohi

o St

ate

Lib

rary

Com

mis

-si

on. T

he d

ots

indi

cate

poi

nts

to w

hich

1,0

27 f

ree

trav

elin

g lib

rari

es(3

6,00

0 vo

lum

es)

wer

e se

nt in

190

5.In

1908

,th

c nu

mbe

r of

libr

arie

sis

sued

was

1,0

31, a

ggre

gatin

g 44

,005

vol

umes

.

circ

ulat

ion.

In 1

901,

8o

libra

ries

wer

e ci

rcul

ated

fro

mth

is s

yste

m;

in19

04, t

he n

umbe

r ha

d gr

own

to 2

58;

3 2

1

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

Page 162: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

276

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

duri

ng th

e la

st tw

o ye

ars,

113

2 tr

avel

ing

libra

ries

wer

e

dist

ribu

ted.

"N

ebra

ska

stat

es th

at "

a s

yste

m o

f tr

avel

ing

libra

ries

has

been

inau

gura

ted,

con

sist

ing

now

of

to6

libra

r'es,

whi

ch

last

yea

r re

ache

d 17

7 di

ffer

ent c

omm

uniti

es a

mha

d a

tota

l cir

cula

tion

of 3

2,78

0 vo

lum

es."

From

far

and

nea

r go

od r

epor

ts a

refl

owin

g in

.B

ut

the

abov

e w

ill s

uffi

ce to

giv

e an

idea

of th

e ge

nera

l spr

ead

of th

e m

ovem

ent.

Inde

ed, I

mig

ht a

dd th

at a

t the

tim

e

of th

is w

ritin

g I

have

bef

ore

me

on m

yta

ble

repo

rts

of

prog

ress

fro

m s

tate

s to

uchi

ng tw

o oc

eans

,C

anad

a.an

d th

e

Gul

f 1

Rur

al T

each

ers

shou

ld u

nder

stan

d L

ibra

ry E

cono

my.

It is

evi

dent

fro

m w

hat w

e ha

ve s

aid

abov

e th

at e

very

rura

l tea

cher

sho

uld

have

som

e tr

aini

ng in

libra

ry e

cono

my.

A g

reat

var

iety

of

scho

ols

now

off

er s

uch

cour

ses.

Col

-

lege

s, n

orm

al s

choo

ls, a

nd s

tate

libr

ary

asso

ciat

ions

are

all

inte

rest

ed in

lend

ing

thei

r as

sist

ance

.In

som

e se

ctio

ns

ente

rpri

sing

sup

erin

tend

ents

incl

ude

libra

ry in

stru

ctio

nin

the

wor

k of

thei

r su

mm

er in

stitu

tes.

All

teac

hers

of

to-d

ay

shou

ld b

e fa

mili

ar w

ith th

e D

ewey

sys

tem

of

libra

rycl

assi

-

fica

tion,

whe

ther

thei

r pa

rtic

ular

sch

ool l

ibra

rype

rmits

of it

s us

e or

not

.T

hey

shou

ld b

e fa

mili

ar w

ith a

nd a

p-pr

ecia

te th

e va

lue

of th

e w

onde

rful

sto

re o

f in

form

atio

nto

be

glea

ned

from

the

page

s of

the

dict

iona

ryan

d th

e en

-

cycl

oped

ia.

Fina

lly,

teac

hers

sho

uld

know

som

ethi

ngab

out t

he u

se o

f Po

ole'

s In

dex,

the

Ann

ual L

ibra

ry I

ndex

,

3 0

,

TH

E L

IBR

AR

Y A

ND

RU

RA

L C

OM

MU

NIT

IES

277

or s

imila

r lib

rary

hel

ps, w

ithou

t whi

ch th

e va

lue

of m

uch

of th

e in

disp

ensa

ble

liter

atur

e ev

er a

ppea

ring

in th

e pe

ri-

odic

als

mus

t be

lost

.A

Sum

mar

yB

y w

ay o

f su

mm

ary

: eve

ry r

ural

sch

ool

shou

ld h

ave

a w

orki

ng li

brar

y.If

it is

not

sec

ured

und

erpr

ovis

ions

of

stat

e la

w, o

blig

ator

y, c

ondi

tiona

l, or

per

mis

-si

ve, t

he te

ache

r, to

geth

er w

ith th

e bo

ard

and

patr

ons,

mus

t som

ehow

pro

vide

the

way

s an

d m

eans

. The

teac

h-er

s of

this

age

mus

t not

alo

ne k

now

how

to r

ead;

they

mus

t

know

wha

t to

read

.T

hey

mus

t hav

e a

larg

e ac

quai

ntan

ce-

ship

with

the

best

boo

ks a

nd b

e lo

vers

of

thes

e bo

oks.

The

n th

ey m

ust b

e ab

le to

tran

smit

this

kno

wle

dge

and

love

to th

e ch

ildre

n in

trus

ted

to th

eir

care

, in

orde

r th

atth

ese

enno

blin

g in

flue

nces

may

hav

e th

eir

shar

e in

mak

ing

the

farm

hom

e a

plac

e of

hap

pine

ss a

nd c

onte

ntm

ent.

FIR

ST O

NE

HU

ND

RE

D B

OO

KS

FOR

TH

E C

HIL

DR

EN

'SL

IBR

AR

Y

(Pre

pare

d by

Cla

ra W

. Hun

t, B

rook

lyn

Publ

ic L

ibra

ry)

POE

TR

Y

WH

EE

LE

R.

Mot

her

Goo

se's

Mel

odie

s.H

ough

ton.

STE

VE

NSO

N.

Chi

ld's

Gar

den

of V

erse

s.R

and,

McN

ally

.IN

GPE

N,

One

Tho

usan

d Po

ems

for

Chi

ldre

n.Ja

cobs

.W

IGG

IN A

ND

SM

ITH

.G

olde

n N

umbe

rs,

McC

lure

.R

EPP

LIE

R.

Boo

k of

Fam

ous

Ver

se.

Hou

ghto

n.

BIB

LE

ST

OR

IES

Bib

le f

or C

hild

ren.

Cen

tury

.M

OU

LT

ON

.B

ible

Sto

ries

: Old

Tes

tam

ent.

Mac

mill

an,

3 2

10

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278

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

MO

UL

TO

N.

Bib

le S

tori

es: N

ew T

esta

men

t.M

acm

illan

.H

OD

GE

S. W

hen

the

Kin

g C

ame.

Hou

ghto

n.G

ILL

IE.

The

Sto

ry o

f St

orie

s.B

lack

.

TA

PPA

N. T

he C

hris

t Sto

ry.

Hou

ghto

n.

MY

TH

S, F

AIR

Y T

AL

ES,

ET

C.

KIN

GSL

EY

. The

Her

oes;

or,

Gre

ek F

airy

Tal

es.

Mac

mill

an.

HA

WT

HO

RN

E. W

onde

r-bo

ok.

Hou

ghto

n..

Tan

glew

ood

Tal

es.

Hou

ghto

n.L

AM

B.

Adv

entu

res

of U

lyss

es.

BR

OW

N.

In th

e D

ays

of G

iant

s.H

ough

ton.

BA

LD

WIN

.St

ory

of S

iegf

ried

.Sc

ribn

er.

SCU

DD

ER

.C

hild

ren'

s B

ook.

Hou

ghto

n.A

SOP.

Fabl

es s

elec

ted

by J

acob

s.M

acm

illan

.A

rabi

an N

ight

s, e

d. b

y L

ang.

Lon

gman

s.G

RU

M F

airy

Tal

es.

Mac

mill

an.

HA

RR

IS.

Unc

le R

emus

: his

Son

gs a

nd h

is S

ayin

gs.

App

leto

n.

AN

DE

RSE

N,

Fair

y T

ales

.D

OD

GSO

N.

Alic

e's

Adv

entu

res

in W

onde

rlan

d.M

acm

illan

.

KIP

LIN

G.

Jung

le B

ook.

Cen

tury

.M

AC

DO

NA

LD

. At t

he B

ack

of th

e N

orth

Win

d.B

urt.

Rus

iaN

.K

ing

of th

e G

olde

n R

iver

.M

acm

illan

.T

HA

CK

ER

AY

. The

Ros

e an

d th

e R

ing.

Hea

th.

STO

RIE

S FO

R T

HE

YO

UN

GE

R C

HIL

DR

EN

DO

DG

E.

Bab

y D

ays.

Cen

tury

.H

AL

L P

eter

kin

Pape

rs.

Hou

ghto

n.H

OPK

INS.

The

San

dman

, his

Far

m S

tori

es.

Page

.JA

CK

SON

.N

elly

's S

ilver

Min

e.L

ittle

.R

AN

KIN

.D

ande

lion

Cot

tage

.H

olt.

Sanw

oom

Fai

rchi

ld F

amily

.St

okes

.

Slum

.Jo

lly G

ood

Tim

es.

Litt

le.

SPY

RI.

Hei

di.

Gin

n.W

HIT

E. W

hen

Mol

ly w

as S

ix.

Hou

ghto

n.

r) 1

7;A

TH

E L

IBR

AR

Y A

ND

RU

RA

L C

OM

MU

NIT

IES

279

SOM

E L

ITE

RA

RY

CL

ASS

ICS

AD

APT

ED

TO

CH

ILD

RE

N

BU

NY

AN

.Pi

lgri

m's

Pro

gres

s, il

lust

rate

d by

Rhe

ad.

Cen

tury

.C

ER

VA

NT

ES-

SAA

VE

DR

A.

Don

Qui

xote

of

the

Man

cha,

ret

old

byPa

rry.

Lan

e,C

HA

UC

ER

.T

ales

of

the

Can

terb

ury

Pilg

rim

s, r

etol

d by

Dar

ton.

Stok

es.

DE

FOE

.R

obin

son

Cru

soe,

illu

stra

ted

by R

head

.R

usse

ll.FR

OIS

SAR

T.

Boy

s' F

rois

sart

Lan

ier.

Scri

bner

.St

orie

sfr

omFr

oiss

art

New

bolt.

Mac

mill

an.

MA

LO

RY

.B

oys'

Kin

g A

rthu

rL

anie

r.Sc

ribn

er.

PYL

E.

Stor

y of

Kin

g A

rthu

r.Sc

ribn

er.

. Mer

ry A

dven

ture

s of

Rob

in H

ood.

Scri

bner

.SH

AK

ESP

EA

RE

.T

ales

fro

m S

hake

spea

reL

amb.

Dut

ton.

Shak

espe

are

Stor

y B

ook

Mac

leod

.G

ardn

er, D

arto

n an

d C

o.SP

EN

SER

.St

orie

s fr

om th

e Fa

erie

Que

ene

Mac

leod

.G

ardn

er,

Dar

ton

and

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SWIF

T.

Gul

liver

's T

rave

ls.

Cra

nfor

d ed

.M

acm

illan

.

STO

RIE

S FO

R G

IRL

S

AL

CO

TT

.L

ittle

Wom

en.

Litt

le.

BR

owx.

Tw

o C

olle

ge G

irls

.H

ough

ton.

EW

ING

.Si

x to

Six

teen

.L

ittle

.JE

WE

TT

.B

etty

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cest

er.

Hou

ghto

n.K

EA

RY

. A Y

ork

and

a L

anca

ster

Ros

e.M

acm

illan

.SM

ITH

.Jo

lly G

ood

Tim

es S

tori

es.

6 vo

ls.

Litt

le.

SHA

W.

Cas

tle B

lair

.H

eath

.T

AG

GA

RT

.L

ittle

Gra

y H

ouse

.M

cClu

re.

VA

ILE

. The

Orc

utt G

irls

.\V

ilde.

. Sue

( )

rcut

t.W

ilde.

WIG

GIN

.R

ebec

ca o

f Su

nnyb

rook

Far

m.

Hou

ghto

n.

STO

RIE

S FO

R B

OY

S

AL

DR

ICH

.St

ory

of a

Bad

Boy

.H

ough

ton.

BR

OO

KS.

B ,y

Em

igra

nts.

Scri

bner

.

Q1'

4 t.)

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280

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

BU

LL

EN

.Fr

ank

Bro

wn,

Sea

App

rent

ice.

Dut

ton.

EG

GL

EST

ON

.H

oosi

er S

choo

lboy

.Sc

ribn

er.

HU

GH

ES.

Tom

Bro

wn'

s Sc

hool

Day

s.C

ranf

ord

ed.

Mac

mill

an

HU

NT

ING

TO

N.

His

Maj

esty

's S

loop

Dia

mon

d R

ock.

Hou

ghto

n.

KIN

G.

Cad

et D

ays.

Har

per.

MO

RR

ISO

N.

Chi

lhow

ee B

oys.

Cro

wel

l.

PEN

DL

ET

ON

.K

ing

Tom

and

the

Run

away

s.A

pple

ton.

PYL

E. M

en o

f Ir

on.

Har

per.

STE

VE

NSO

N.

Tre

asur

e Is

land

.Sc

ribn

er.

Wau

dtai

s.A

dven

ture

s of

a F

resh

man

.Sc

ribn

er.

STO

RIE

S FO

R B

OY

S A

ND

GIR

LS

CL

EM

EN

S. T

he P

rinc

e an

d th

e Pa

uper

.H

arpe

r.D

ix.

Mer

r-lij

s.M

acm

illan

.

DO

DG

E.

Han

s B

rink

er.

New

Am

ster

dam

ed.

Scri

bner

.

EW

ING

.Ja

ckan

apes

.L

ittle

.. S

tory

of

a Sh

ort L

ife.

Litt

le.

SEA

WE

LL

.L

ittle

Jar

vis.

App

leto

r.W

YSS

.Sw

iSS

Fam

ily R

obin

son.

Dut

ton.

SCIE

NC

E, N

AT

UR

E B

oolis

CL

OD

D.

Chi

ldho

od o

f th

e W

orld

.K

egan

Pau

l, et

c.K

ING

SLE

Y. M

adam

How

and

Lad

y W

hy.

Mac

mill

an.

BE

AR

D.

Cur

ious

Hom

es a

nd th

eir

Ten

ants

.A

pple

ton.

CR

AG

IN.

Our

Ins

ect F

rien

ds a

nd F

oes;

how

to c

olle

ct, p

rese

rve,

and

stud

y T

hem

.Pu

tnam

.PA

rrE

itsoN

.T

he S

j)in

ner

Fam

ily.

McC

lurg

.W

OO

D. A

Nat

ural

His

tory

for

You

ng P

eopl

e.D

utto

n.

MIS

CE

LL

AN

EO

US

INFO

RM

AT

ION

BE

AR

D.

Jack

of

All

Tra

des.

Scri

bner

.

. Ind

oor

and

Out

door

Han

dicr

aft.

Scri

bner

.D

UN

CA

N.

Mar

y's

Gar

den

and

how

it G

rew

.C

entu

ry.

GO

OD

.M

agic

al E

xper

imen

ts.

McK

ay.

3 2

TH

E L

IBR

AR

Y A

ND

RU

RA

L C

OM

MU

NIT

IES

281

HIL

LFi

ghtin

g a

Fire

.C

entu

ry.

ING

ER

SOL

L.

Boo

k of

the

Oce

an.

Cen

tury

.W

HE

EL

ER

.W

oodw

orki

ng f

or B

egin

ners

.Pu

tnam

.'

HIS

TO

RY

YO

NG

E.

Boo

k of

Gol

den

Dee

ds,

Mac

mill

an.

GR

IFFI

S.B

rave

Litt

le H

olla

nd.

Hou

ghto

n.L

AR

NE

D.

His

tory

of

Eng

land

.H

ough

ton.

DO

LE

.T

he Y

oung

Citi

zen.

Hea

th.

CO

FFIN

.B

oys

of '7

6.H

arpe

r.. B

uild

ing

the

Nat

ion.

Har

per.

TR

AV

EL

HA

LE

.Fa

mily

Flig

ht th

roug

h Fr

ance

, Ger

man

y, N

orw

ay, a

ndSw

itzer

land

.L

othr

op.

Lir

mils

.So

me

Stra

nge

Cor

ners

of

our

Cou

ntry

.C

entu

ry.

MIL

LE

R.

Litt

le P

eopl

e of

Asi

a.D

unto

n.M

I r

rox.

Chi

ldre

n's

Boo

k of

Lon

don.

Mac

mill

an.

SCH

WA

TK

A.

Chi

ldre

n of

the

Col

d.E

d. P

ub. C

o.

BIO

GR

APH

Y

NIC

OL

AY

.B

oy's

Lif

e of

Abr

aham

Lin

coln

.C

entu

ry.

PAR

TO

N.

Cap

tain

s of

Ind

ustr

y.H

ough

ton.

SCU

DD

ER

.G

eorg

e W

ashi

ngto

n.H

ough

ton.

r)p

I

Page 165: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

CH

APT

ER

XIV

HY

GIE

NE

AN

D P

HY

SIC

AL

ED

UC

AT

ION

Mod

ern

Con

cept

ion

of E

duca

tion

emph

asiz

es C

are

of

the

Hum

an B

ody.

The

mar

ked

tend

ency

in o

urda

y to

broa

den

the

conc

eptio

n of

educ

atio

n is

wel

l illu

stra

ted

in

the

emph

asis

now

bei

ngla

id o

n th

e ca

re o

f th

e hu

man

body

.

Enl

ight

ened

man

kind

no

long

erho

lds

to th

e fa

llaci

es o

f th

e

earl

y as

cetic

s th

at th

e bo

dyis

a th

ing

of e

vil.,

whi

chsh

ould

be s

ubje

cted

to h

arsh

disc

iplin

e of

all

desi

res

and

affe

c-

tions

in o

rder

that

the

min

dan

d so

ul m

ight

thus

be

set

free

to a

ttend

upo

n th

ehi

gher

inte

rest

s of

life

.N

obod

y

any

long

erdo

ubts

the

trut

h of

the

old

clas

sic

phra

se,

nuns

san

a in

cor

pore

san

o.If

any

thin

g, w

e of

the

new

cent

ury

are

incl

ined

toen

larg

e on

Juv

enal

. We

belie

ve

in th

e do

ctri

ne o

f a

soun

dm

ind

in a

sou

nd b

ody.

But

the

body

is m

ore

than

the

hom

eof

the

min

d, is

mor

e th

anits

.

" co

ttage

of

clay

," a

sth

e po

et p

uts

it.Fo

r it

prov

ides

the

min

d w

ith s

helte

r an

dno

uris

hmen

t.T

he m

ind

grow

s,

inde

ed, i

n th

e bo

dy m

uch

the

sam

e w

ayas

a p

lant

inits

soil.

Let

the

soil

be s

hallo

w a

nd p

oor,

and

a st

unte

d gr

owth

resu

lts;

let i

t be

deep

and

ric

h,an

d a

sple

ndid

bur

st o

f

bloo

m r

esul

ts.

Tw

ofol

d E

mph

asis

of

Mod

ern

Phys

ical

Edu

catio

n.

Thi

s em

phas

is o

n ph

ysic

aled

ucat

ion

beco

mes

mar

ked

in

282

3L,

1: iG

IEN

E A

ND

PH

YSI

CA

L E

DU

CA

TIO

N28

3

two

dist

inct

way

s, w

hich

may

be

spok

en o

f as

, fir

st, t

hein

divi

dual

goo

d ;

seco

nd, t

he s

ocia

l goo

d.In

the

firs

tpl

ace,

it d

wel

ls u

pon

the

intim

ate

rela

tion

whi

ch e

xist

sbe

twee

n th

e ph

ysic

al c

ondi

tion

of th

e in

divi

dual

chi

ld a

nd

his

fitn

ess

at a

giv

en ti

me

for

scho

ol w

ork.

To

this

pha

seof

the

subj

ect t

he e

duca

tor's

wor

k is

mos

tly li

mite

d.In

the

seco

nd p

lace

, it m

anif

ests

itse

lf in

an

effo

rt to

impr

ove

the

phys

ical

con

ditio

n of

the

who

le h

uman

rac

e, w

ithou

t tak

ing

into

con

side

ratio

n th

e ef

fect

upo

n m

enta

l eff

icie

ncy.

Thi

sph

ase

of th

e w

ork

belo

ngs

to th

e so

cial

phi

loso

pher

, and

is w

ell i

llust

rate

d in

the

effo

rts

of P

resi

dent

Roo

seve

lt's

Cou

ntry

Lif

e C

omm

issi

on, w

orki

ng to

impr

ove

sani

tary

cond

ition

s in

rur

al c

omm

uniti

es.

It is

fur

ther

illu

stra

ted,

in th

e ci

ties,

in c

aref

ul m

edic

al in

spec

tion

of s

choo

ls, i

nm

ultip

lyin

g pl

aygr

ound

s, in

con

stru

ctin

g at

hlet

ic f

ield

s,in

bui

ldin

g gy

mna

sium

s, e

tc.

Def

ectiv

es a

nd L

ow S

tand

ards

of

Scho

ol W

ork.

Of

firs

t im

port

ance

to te

ache

rs is

a c

lear

und

erst

andi

ng o

f th

e

rela

tion

of th

e ch

ild's

phy

sica

l con

ditio

n to

sch

ool e

ffic

ienc

y.

It is

now

cle

arly

dem

onst

rate

d th

at f

ailu

re in

stu

dies

, gen

-

eral

apa

thy

and

dulln

ess,

ext

rem

e ne

rvou

snes

s, a

nd e

ven

vici

ousn

ess

on th

e pa

i t o

f m

any

child

ren

are

trac

eabl

e to

the

exis

tenc

e of

chi

onic

or to

min

or d

efec

ts o

f a

rem

edia

ble

natu

re.

A r

ecen

t med

ical

exa

min

atio

n in

New

Yor

k C

ity, i

nvol

ving

134

,00o

sch

ool c

hild

ren,

dis

clos

edth

e st

artli

ng f

act t

hat o

f 37

,190

fir

st-y

ear

pupi

ls 6

9 pe

r ce

nt

wer

e de

fect

ive;

of

97,5

43 u

ncla

ssif

ied

pupi

ls 6

6 pe

r ce

nt

Page 166: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

284

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

had

defe

cts;

and

of

169

aver

age

pupi

ls84

per

cen

t wer

e

ailin

g.In

the

scho

ol f

or b

ackw

ard

child

ren

the

per

cent

defe

ctiv

e w

as 9

can

d am

ong

the

trua

nts

it re

ache

d 95

.C

omm

entin

g on

this

sta

te o

f af

fair

s, D

r.L

insl

y R

. Will

iam

s,

chie

f of

the

clin

ic a

t Col

umbi

a U

nive

rsity

and

an

auth

ority

in th

is p

artic

ular

fie

ld, s

ays:

The

re a

re n

umer

ous

chro

nic

ailm

ents

of

child

hood

whi

chab

solu

tely

pre

vent

or

mili

tate

aga

inst

its

rece

ivin

gan

Y in

stru

ctio

n

The

mor

e im

port

ant o

f th

ese

are

seri

ous

cong

enita

l men

tal d

efec

tsan

d de

fect

s of

the

hear

t or

orga

ns o

f sp

eech

.T

here

exi

st, a

lso,

man

y m

inor

def

ects

, era

dica

ble,

pro

vide

d th

e pa

rent

s ar

ein

form

ed

that

suc

h de

fect

s ex

ist.

The

exi

sten

ce o

f th

ese

min

or d

efec

ts s

uch

as s

quin

t, ne

ar-s

ight

edne

ss, a

deno

ids,

enla

rged

tons

ils, b

ad te

eth,

nerv

ous

twitc

hing

s, a

nd s

o on

are

not

oft

endi

scov

ered

by

the

pare

nts,

nor

is th

eir

seri

ousn

ess

real

ized

unt

il th

e ch

ildha

s fu

r so

me

time

been

unde

r th

e in

flue

nce

of s

choo

l lif

e.

The

gre

at im

port

ance

of

syst

emat

ic e

xam

inat

ion

ofsc

hool

chi

ldre

n lie

s in

this

, tha

t with

out i

t the

def

ects

wou

ld

not b

e di

scov

ered

unt

il th

ey h

ad s

erio

usly

impa

ired

the

phys

ical

con

ditio

n of

the

child

.In

com

mun

ities

whe

resp

ecia

l atte

ntio

n is

pai

d to

phy

sica

l exa

min

atio

n sc

hool

wor

k is

unq

uest

iona

bly

of th

e hi

ghes

t sta

ndar

d, in

fect

ious

dise

ase

is r

educ

ed to

a m

inim

um, t

he g

ener

al c

ondi

tion

ofhe

alth

is g

reat

ly im

prov

ed, a

nd, w

ithal

, the

chi

ldre

n liv

eha

ppie

r, b

ette

r liv

es f

or it

.B

osto

n Sc

hool

Nur

ses.

Mas

sach

uset

ts r

equi

res

byla

w th

at a

ll sc

hool

chi

ldre

n sh

all b

e ex

amin

ed f

or d

efec

tive

eyes

ight

and

hea

ring

.B

osto

n ha

s go

ne s

till f

arth

er in

rjS

HY

GIE

NE

AN

D P

HY

SIC

AL

ED

UC

AT

ION

285

this

mat

ter.

Not

alo

ne d

oes

the

city

em

ploy

exp

ert m

edi.

cal i

nspe

ctor

s, b

ut it

s bo

ard

of e

duca

tion

empl

oys

a la

rge

corp

s of

reg

ular

ly e

xam

ined

and

cer

tifie

d nu

rses

, who

are

assi

gned

to s

peci

fic

dist

rict

s, w

orki

ng u

nder

the

dire

ctio

nof

the

dire

ctor

of

phys

ical

trai

ning

.So

me

rem

arka

ble

resu

lts h

ave

alre

ady

com

e fr

om th

eir

labo

rs.

The

y ar

eev

er v

igila

ntal

way

s on

the

wat

ch f

or f

irst

sig

ns o

f in

fec-

tious

dis

ease

s; th

ey lo

ok a

fter

the

clea

nlin

ess

of th

e ch

ildre

n

and

the

gene

ral w

hole

som

enes

s of

the

scho

olro

om; t

hey

relie

ve a

nxio

us a

nd o

verw

roug

ht te

ache

rs, a

nd a

ssis

t and

inst

ruct

igno

rant

par

ents

.O

ne c

an g

et a

goo

d id

ea o

fth

e sc

ope

and

valu

e of

the

wor

k of

thes

e B

osto

nnu

rses

thro

ugh

a st

udy

of th

e fi

gure

s be

low

, whi

ch r

epre

sent

the

conc

rete

res

ults

of

thei

r fi

rst f

ive

mon

ths'

wor

k:

Four

teen

hun

dred

nin

ety-

two

case

s of

dis

ease

of

the

ear

have

been

trea

ted;

607

8 ey

e ca

ses

and

1131

cas

es o

f de

fect

ive

visi

onco

rrec

ted;

dis

ease

of

the

nose

, 260

2 ca

ses

and

423

aden

oids

rem

oved

;di

seas

es o

f th

e m

outh

, 176

5ca

ses;

thro

at,

1695

;sk

in,

10,1

39;

ever

y ca

se b

eing

car

ed f

or a

nd f

ollo

wed

to th

e ho

me,

whe

re in

stru

c-tio

n w

as g

iven

for

the

care

of

the

patie

nt.

In a

dditi

on to

all

this

,91

44 d

ress

ings

wer

e m

ade

by th

e nu

rses

; 312

0 ex

clud

ed p

upils

wer

e ca

red

for

atth

eir

hom

es; 3

293

wer

e ta

ken

to th

eir

fam

ilyph

ysic

ian,

320

2 of

thes

e la

st r

etur

ning

to s

choo

l cur

ed a

fter

a m

ini-

mum

per

iod

of a

bsen

ce; 7

559

hom

e vi

sits

wer

e m

ade

for

the

purp

ose

of a

dvis

ing

or in

stru

ctin

g pa

rent

s co

ncer

ning

thei

r ch

ildre

n;47

72ch

ildre

n w

ere

take

n to

hos

pita

ls w

ith th

e co

nsen

t of

the

pare

nts,

and

man

y de

eds

of p

ure

char

ity w

ere

scat

tere

d al

ong

the

way

. Eac

hof

thes

e ca

ses

is c

aref

ully

dia

gnos

ed a

nd r

ecor

ded

so th

at th

e re

-m

oval

of

a ch

ild f

rom

one

dis

tric

t to

anot

her

does

not i

nter

fere

with

331

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TH

E A

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OO

LH

YG

IEN

E A

NL

PH

YSI

CA

L E

DU

CA

TIO

N28

7

his

med

ical

trea

tmen

t.("

Edu

catio

nal P

rogr

ess

for

1907

,"13

9

Cha

rles

R. A

llen,

inth

e M

ay, 1

908,

issu

eof

the

Sch

ool R

evie

w.)

All

thin

king

peo

ple

rejo

ice

tokn

ow o

f th

e in

tere

st

man

ifes

ted

in th

is p

hase

of e

duca

tion

in o

urci

ties.

Med

i-

cal i

nspe

ctio

n is

com

ing

to th

e as

sist

ance

of th

e sc

hool

s

from

coa

st to

coa

st.

Mor

eove

r, s

peci

alsc

hool

s ar

e be

ing

open

ed in

seve

ral p

lace

s fo

r ph

ysic

ally

defi

cien

t pup

ils.

Such

are

the

Fres

h A

ir S

choo

l, at

Prov

iden

ce, R

hode

Isla

nd, a

nd th

eG

rosz

man

n Sc

hool

for

atyp

ical

chi

ldre

n,

at P

lain

fiel

d,N

ew J

erse

y.R

elat

ion

of G

ener

alIn

telli

genc

e to

Phy

sica

lE

duca

tion.

I re

peat

: all

thin

king

men

and

wom

enre

joic

e in

this

mar

ked

prog

ress

mad

ein

phy

sica

led

ucat

ion.

For

it is

esta

blis

hed

on h

igh

auth

ority

" th

at h

alf

of a

ll hu

man

disa

bilit

y, s

uffe

ring

,and

ear

ly d

eath

resu

lts f

rom

igno

ranc

e

igno

ranc

eei

ther

upo

n th

e pa

rtof

the

suff

erer

sth

em-

selv

es o

r up

on th

atof

thos

e re

spon

sibl

efo

r th

eir

exis

tenc

e."

All

the

prog

ress

ive

natio

ns o

f th

e w

orld

have

pla

ced

grea

t

stre

ss o

n ph

ysic

aled

ucat

ion.

The

gen

eral

inte

llige

nce

and

soci

al s

tren

gth

ofna

tions

app

ear

in a

nal

mos

t wre

ct

ratio

to th

eir

appr

ecia

tion

of th

e la

ws

of h

ygie

neal

id

phys

ical

nat

ure.

The

Sca

ndin

avia

nco

untr

ies

are

pion

eers

in th

is f

ield

, and

in in

telli

genc

ean

d so

cial

pro

bity

, too

,

they

ran

k ve

ryhi

gh.

Ger

man

y pa

ysm

uch

atte

ntio

n to

phys

ical

insp

ectio

nan

d tr

aini

ng o

fch

ildre

n an

d te

ache

rs

in th

e la

ws

ofhe

alth

.T

he r

esul

ts o

nG

erm

an li

fe a

nd

infl

uenc

e ar

c to

o w

ellk

now

n to

nee

d m

entio

nhe

re.

" T

he

com

para

tivel

y sm

all l

oss

of li

fe o

n th

e pa

rt o

f th

e Ja

pane

se,

in th

eir

war

with

Rus

sia,

"sa

ys P

rofe

ssor

Har

ry M

. Sha

fer,

was

not

so

muc

h du

e to

the

inac

cura

te m

arks

man

ship

of th

e R

ussi

ans

as it

was

to th

e ri

gid

enfo

rcem

ent o

f la

ws

of h

ygie

nein

the

Japa

nese

arm

y. .

..

Perh

aps

anin

vest

igat

ion

wou

ld r

evea

l a c

ause

mor

e re

mot

e in

the

lives

of

thes

e pe

ople

; it m

ight

sho

w th

at th

e hi

ghly

orga

n-iz

ed s

ervi

ce o

f m

edic

al in

spec

tion

in th

e sc

hool

s, e

mpl

oyin

g

near

ly 9

000

spec

ialis

ts, w

as th

e re

al c

ause

of

Japa

nese

vict

ory.

"T

he T

each

er's

Res

pons

ibili

ty f

or h

is P

upils

' Phy

sica

lan

d M

enta

l Hea

lth.

Eve

ry te

ache

r sh

ould

hav

e a

com

-

preh

ensi

ve k

now

ledg

e of

pra

ctic

al h

ygie

ne a

nd o

fits

rela

tion

to s

choo

l eff

icie

ncy.

He

shou

ld b

e co

mpe

lled

byla

w, i

f ne

cess

ary,

to ta

ke e

very

pre

caut

ion

know

n to

med

ical

scie

nce

for

the

prot

ectio

n of

the

child

ren

unde

r hi

s ca

re.

But

he

shou

ld, i

n tu

rn, h

ave

the

back

ing

of la

w to

obl

ige

reca

lcitr

ant s

choo

l boa

rds

to le

nd h

im th

eir

ever

y as

sist

-an

ce.

To

begi

n w

ith, l

et th

e te

ache

r re

aliz

e th

at h

e m

ust

bc h

eld

resp

onsi

ble,

in a

mea

sure

, for

the

phys

ical

and

men

tal h

ealth

of

his

pupi

ls.

Nor

doe

s th

is r

espo

nsib

ility

end

with

the

clos

e of

the

scho

ol d

ay o

r at

the

scho

ol g

roun

dlim

its.

His

res

pons

ibili

tym

ay o

n oc

casi

on e

xten

d ev

enbe

yond

the

thre

shol

d of

the

hom

e.Fo

r, le

t eve

ry te

ache

rbe

ar w

ell i

n m

ind

that

his

is a

pro

fess

ion

of s

ervi

cean

dto

ren

der

serv

ice

mos

t eff

ectu

ally

is it

s ai

m.

If it

bec

omes

nece

ssar

y to

ent

er th

e ho

mes

of

pupi

ls to

con

vinc

e an

tago

-

3 3

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TH

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L

nist

ic p

aren

ts o

f th

e w

isdo

m o

f a

cert

ain

heal

th r

egul

atio

n

or to

teac

h th

e ig

nora

nt th

e si

mpl

e la

ws

of h

ealth

, the

teac

her

mus

t not

fal

ter

in h

is d

uty.

The

teac

her

shou

ld b

e ab

le to

rec

ogni

ze th

esy

mpt

oms

of d

isea

ses

com

mon

to c

hild

ren,

suc

has

dip

hthe

ria,

sca

rlet

feve

r, m

easl

es, w

hoop

ing

coug

h, to

nsili

tis, a

ndm

umps

;to

dis

infe

ct th

e sc

hool

bui

ldin

g an

d al

l sch

ool f

urni

ture

,an

d in

oth

erw

ays

mai

ntai

n pr

oper

san

itary

con

ditio

ns o

nth

e pr

emis

es.

He

shou

ld b

e on

the

aler

t to

disc

over

def

ects

in e

yesi

ght a

nd h

eari

ng, n

owad

ays

so c

omm

on in

sch

ool

child

ren,

and

rea

d th

e m

any

sign

s of

ade

noid

al c

ondi

tions

,

nerv

ous

irri

tabi

lity,

unu

sual

fat

igue

, and

oth

er a

ilmen

tsw

hich

mili

tate

aga

inst

hea

lth a

ndpr

olon

gatio

n of

life

.So

me

Sim

ple

Rul

es w

ith w

hich

Tea

cher

s sh

ould

be

Con

vers

ant.

It is

dif

ficu

lt, w

e ar

e to

ld b

y ph

ysic

ians

, to

lay

dow

n ha

rd-a

nd-f

ast r

ules

by

whi

ch to

rec

ogni

ze in

ever

yca

se th

e sy

mpt

oms

of e

ven

the

mos

t com

mon

dis

ease

s.So

met

imes

" s

ympt

oms

" de

ceiv

e th

e sk

illfu

lph

ysic

ian;

unde

r su

ch c

ircu

mst

ance

s th

e te

ache

rca

n be

par

done

d if

he d

oes

not a

lway

s di

agno

se th

eca

se c

orre

ctly

.H

owev

er,

with

the

know

ledg

e of

a f

ew s

impl

e fa

cts

abou

t the

vis

ible

deve

lopm

ent o

f ce

rtai

n di

seas

es, t

he te

ache

rm

ay a

t lea

stbe

led

to s

uspe

ct th

e na

ture

of

the

mal

ady,

and

so

send

the

child

hom

e fo

r th

e fa

mily

phy

sici

an to

pass

upo

n th

e ca

se.

Let

ever

y te

ache

r w

ho r

eads

thes

e pa

ges

stud

y w

ell t

hesi

mpl

e ru

les

prin

ted

in th

e ap

pend

ix o

f th

is b

ook.

The

yw

ere

prep

ared

by

L. M

. Hyd

e, M

.D.,

for

one

of th

e he

alth

33,1

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE33

5

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t,

HY

GIE

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D P

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SIC

AL

ED

UC

AT

ION

289

bulle

tins

sent

out

to h

is te

ache

rs b

y St

ate

Supe

rint

ende

ntJ.

W. O

lsen

, of

Min

neso

ta, a

ndm

ay b

e th

e ca

use

ofsp

arin

g so

meb

ody

both

suf

feri

ng a

ndso

rrow

.T

he T

each

er's

Pla

ce in

the

Stru

ggle

aga

inst

Dis

ease

.T

he te

ache

r sh

ould

mak

e a

care

ful s

tudy

of

all t

hedi

seas

esw

hich

are

kno

wn

to b

e ca

used

by

germ

s; v

iz, c

onsu

mpt

ion,

pneu

mon

ia, t

ypho

id f

ever

, la

grip

pe, c

hole

ra, e

rysi

pela

s,sc

arle

t fev

er, c

hick

en p

ox, a

nd s

mal

lpox

. He

shou

ldno

tal

one

know

the

dang

er f

rom

the

myr

iads

of

harm

ful g

erm

sw

hich

are

abo

ut u

s on

eve

ry h

and,

but

sho

uld

take

ever

ypr

ecau

tion

poss

ible

to m

inim

ize

the

dang

er o

fat

tack

by

keep

ing

the

scho

olro

om w

ell v

entil

ated

and

scru

pulo

usly

clea

n, d

isin

fect

ing

floo

rs, d

esks

, and

boo

ksfr

eque

ntly

.T

hen

he m

ust g

ive

the

child

ren

daily

less

ons

on th

ese

drea

den

emie

s of

life

, and

impr

ess

upon

them

whi

le y

oung

the

drea

dful

con

sequ

ence

s of

suc

hsc

ourg

es a

s th

e W

hite

Plag

ue.

Tea

ch th

em th

e ne

cess

ity o

f be

ing

part

icul

arab

out t

heir

dri

nkin

g w

ater

a gl

assf

ul o

f im

pure

wat

erm

ay c

onta

in e

noug

h ty

phoi

d ge

rms

to th

reat

en d

eath

.Im

pres

s up

on th

em th

e ex

trem

e da

nger

whi

ch c

omes

fro

mex

pect

orat

ing

on f

loor

s, s

idew

alks

,or

str

eets

.T

he c

on-

sum

ptiv

e sp

its o

n th

e fl

oor,

the

sput

um d

ries

, and

the

germ

sar

e ca

rrie

d up

on th

e du

st p

artic

les

to f

ind

lodg

ing

inso

me

conv

enie

nt m

outh

or

thro

ator

lung

s, th

ere

to a

bide

thei

rtim

e fo

r th

e at

tack

whe

n th

e vi

ctim

chan

ces

to b

e ru

n do

wn

phys

ical

ly, a

nd s

o is

una

ble

to r

esis

t the

poi

son

thro

wn

upon

the

syst

em b

y th

e in

dust

riou

sen

emy.

3 3

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CH

OO

L

How

Dis

ease

Ger

ms

are

Tra

nsm

itted

.Pr

ofes

sor

Wil.

liam

0. K

rohn

, of

Yal

e, g

ives

the

follo

win

g su

mm

ary

of

01\%

%.%

%1

fsvh %

DI

A 1

414

Dip

hthe

ria.

Lfs

is;i

1F0S

h

P. li

dr%

,A

siat

ic C

hole

ra.

kVA

.,V

AS:

4IN

A

liog

Cho

lera

.

Pg5k

i7.

1=E

rysi

pela

s.C

onsu

mpt

ion,

Pneu

mon

ia.

FIG

. 19.

Mic

rwL

opic

app

eara

nce

of s

ome

drea

ded

dise

ase

germ

s.(A

fter

Kro

hn.)

how

the

mos

t com

mon

con

tagi

ous

dise

ases

of

child

ren

spre

ad:

Chi

cken

Pox

.In

defi

nite

;pr

obab

ly b

y th

e br

eath

, dri

nkin

gcu

ps, a

nd s

imila

r m

eans

.M

easl

es.

By

excr

etio

ns f

rom

the

nose

;by

the

brea

th;

by

clot

hing

.W

hoop

ing

Cou

gh.

By

the

brea

th; b

y ex

pect

orat

ions

fro

m th

eth

roat

and

lung

s.Sc

arle

t Fe-

ver.

By

cont

act w

ith c

ast-

off

part

icle

s of

ski

n fr

om

the

patie

nt;

carr

ied

by c

loth

ing

or b

y an

y ar

ticle

con

tain

ing

the

3 (2

,,It

./a

Page 171: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

The

abo

ve il

lust

ratio

n sh

ows

a la

rge

mas

sof

ade

noid

s gr

owin

g in

the

naso

-pha

ryn-

geal

cav

ity o

f th

e th

roat

.

Pneu

mon

ia g

erm

s fr

om a

pub

lic s

choo

ldr

inki

ng c

up, m

agni

fied

t000

dia

m.

eter

s.

Mic

roph

otog

raph

of

deca

ying

hu-

man

cel

ls o

n a

drin

king

cup

The

dia

met

er o

f th

eci

rcul

alsp

ot o

n th

e gl

ass

was

one

-fif

-tu

enth

of

an in

ch.

HY

GIE

NE

AN

D P

HY

SIC

AL

ED

UC

AT

ION

291

pois

on; g

erm

per

sist

ent a

long

tim

e;ca

n be

des

troy

ed o

nly

by f

ire

or d

isin

fect

ion.

La

Gri

ppe.

By

a ge

rm c

onve

yed

by tr

avel

, bag

gage

,an

d in

clot

hing

; con

tagi

ous;

late

st a

utho

ritie

s is

olat

eca

ses

as r

igid

ly a

ssm

allp

ox, b

ecau

se o

f se

riou

s re

sults

;in

som

e ca

ses

even

cau

ses

insa

nity

.

Dip

hthe

ria.

By

the

brea

th; b

y ex

cret

ions

from

the

thro

atan

d no

se; g

erm

per

sist

ent;

sim

ilar

to s

carl

et f

ever

germ

.Po

ordr

aina

ge, b

ad s

ewer

age,

and

a w

et c

ella

r un

der

the

hous

e ar

e of

ten

cont

ribu

tory

cau

ses

of d

ipht

heri

a.

Dri

nkin

g C

ups,

Pen

cils

, Boo

ks,

etc.

Bef

ore

leav

ing

the

subj

ect o

f di

seas

e by

germ

s th

e au

thor

can

not r

efra

infr

om e

mph

asiz

ing

mor

e pa

rtic

ular

ly th

ew

ell-

know

n da

nger

from

the

prom

iscu

ous

use

of d

rink

ing

cups

, lea

d pe

ncils

,bo

oks,

and

the

like

by c

hild

ren

insc

hool

.T

he w

ell-

equi

pped

city

sch

ool p

lant

has

sol

ved

the

prob

lem

of

the

drin

king

cup

by

inst

allin

gsa

nita

ry d

rink

ing

foun

-ta

ins

of r

unni

ng w

ater

, but

not s

o th

e av

erag

e vi

llage

orru

ral s

choo

l.H

ere,

the

only

sol

utio

n lie

sin

usi

ng in

di-

vidu

al c

ups.

The

pro

mis

cuou

sus

e of

lead

pen

cils

ent

ails

a si

mila

r da

nger

.C

hild

ren

are

pron

e to

put

pen

cils

into

the

mou

th, t

here

by m

akin

g po

ssib

leth

e sp

read

of

cont

a-gi

on.

All

muc

h-ha

ndle

d bo

oks

and

para

pher

nalia

be-

long

ing

to th

e di

stri

ct s

houl

d be

thor

ough

ly d

isin

fect

edat

leas

t onc

e or

twic

e a

year

.A

sim

ple

appa

ratu

s fo

r th

ispu

rpos

e ca

n be

dev

ised

by

alm

ost a

ny o

ne w

ith a

mec

hani

cal

bent

of

min

d.

In o

rder

to b

ring

this

ser

ious

mat

ter

hom

e to

ever

yte

ache

r, w

e ca

nnot

do

bette

r th

anto

quo

te a

t len

gth

from

311

Page 172: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

292

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

an a

rtic

le in

the

Tec

hnic

al W

orl

d (C

hica

go, A

ugus

t, 19

08),

cont

ribu

ted

by P

rofe

ssor

Alv

in D

avis

on, o

f L

afay

ette

Col

-

lege

.T

he a

rtic

le, w

hich

bea

rs th

e st

artli

ng h

eadi

ng"

Dea

th in

Sch

ool D

rink

ing

Cup

s,"

read

s in

par

t:

Itis

an

esta

blis

hed

fact

that

a c

onsi

dera

ble

num

ber

of w

ell

pers

ons

harb

or in

thei

r m

outh

s th

e ge

rms

of g

ripp

. e,

pneu

mon

ia,

diph

ther

ia, a

nd to

nsili

tis.

Exa

min

atio

n of

425

0 pe

rson

s by

the

Mas

sach

uset

ts A

ssoc

iatio

n of

the

Boa

rds

of H

ealth

sho

wed

that

ove

ron

e hu

ndre

d of

them

car

ried

in th

eir

mou

ths

viru

lent

dip

hthe

ria

germ

s.Pe

nnin

gton

in 1

997

foun

d vi

rule

nt d

ipht

heri

a ba

dlli

inne

arly

5 p

er c

ent o

f a

larg

e nu

mbe

r of

app

aren

tly h

ealth

y sc

hool

child

ren

in P

hila

delp

hia.

In M

inne

sota

true

dip

hthe

ria

germ

sw

ere

foun

d in

the

mou

ths

of s

even

ty p

erso

ns in

eve

ry th

ousa

ndex

amin

ed. T

he a

vera

ge r

esul

ts o

f a

larg

e nu

mbe

r of

inve

stig

atio

nsde

mon

stra

te th

at n

earl

y z

per

cent

of

wel

l per

sons

car

ry in

thei

rm

outh

s tr

ue d

ipht

heri

a ge

rms.

In B

osto

n 6o

per

cen

t of

all c

ases

of c

omm

on c

atar

rh e

xam

ined

sho

wed

the

pres

ence

of

grip

pe b

acill

i.C

onsi

dera

ble

evid

ence

is a

t han

d sh

owin

g th

at th

e ge

rms

of s

ore

thro

at, p

neum

onia

, and

bro

nchi

tis a

re p

rese

nt in

man

y pe

ople

who

min

gle

with

the

wel

l and

dri

nk f

rom

the

publ

ic c

ups.

Prof

esso

r D

avis

on g

oes

on to

tell

of h

is o

wn

inve

stig

a-

tion

in a

str

ikin

g fa

shio

n th

us:

Dur

ing

the

past

six

mon

ths

I ha

ve in

vest

igat

ed b

y m

eans

of

dire

ctm

icro

scop

ic e

xam

inat

ion,

by

cultu

res,

and

by

guin

ea-p

ig in

ject

ions

the

depo

sits

pre

sent

on

vari

ous

publ

ic d

rink

ing

vess

els.

Cup

No.

1,

whi

ch h

ad b

een

in u

se n

ine

days

in a

sch

ool,

was

a c

lear

thin

gla

ss.

It w

as b

roke

n in

to a

num

ber

of p

iece

s an

d pr

oper

ly s

tain

cd f

orex

amin

atio

n w

ith a

mic

rosc

ope

mag

nify

ing

moo

dia

met

ers.

The

hum

an c

ells

scr

aped

fro

m th

e lip

s of

the

drin

kers

wer

e so

num

erou

son

the

uppe

r th

ird

of th

e gl

ass

that

the

head

of

a pi

n co

uld

not b

epl

aced

any

whe

re w

ithou

t tou

chin

g se

vera

l of

thes

e bi

ts o

f sk

in.

HY

GIE

NE

AN

D P

HY

SIC

AL

ED

UC

AT

ION

293

The

sal

iva

by r

unni

ng d

own

onth

e in

side

of

the

glas

s ha

dca

rrie

d

cells

and

bac

teri

a to

the

botto

m.

Her

e, h

owev

er, t

hey

wer

e le

ss

than

one

thir

d as

abu

ndan

t as

atth

e br

im.

By

coun

ting

the

cells

pre

sent

on

fift

y di

ffer

ent a

reas

on

the

glas

s

as s

een

unde

r th

em

icro

scop

e, it

was

est

imat

ed th

atth

e cu

p co

n-

tain

ed o

ver

20,0

00 h

uman

cel

ls o

rbi

ts o

f de

ad s

kin.

As

man

y as

15o

germ

s w

ere

seen

clin

ging

to a

sin

gle

cell,

and

ver

yfe

w c

ells

show

ed le

ss th

an r

o ge

rms.

Bet

wee

n th

e ce

lls w

ere

thou

sand

sof

germ

s le

ft th

ere

byth

e sm

ears

of

saliv

a de

posi

ted

byth

e dr

inke

rs.

Not

less

than

100

,000

bac

teri

a \s

ere

pres

ent o

n ev

ery

squa

rein

ch

of th

e gl

ass.

Nlo

st o

f th

ese

wer

e of

the

harm

less

kind

abu

ndan

t in

the

mou

th, b

ut s

ome

wer

eap

pare

ntly

the

germ

s of

dec

ay f

eedi

ng

upon

the

bits

of

the

hum

an b

ody

adhe

ring

to th

e cu

p.In

ord

er to

dete

rmin

e ho

w m

uch

mat

eria

l eac

hdr

inke

r is

like

ly to

leav

e on

the

cup,

I r

eque

sted

ten

boys

to a

pply

the

uppe

r lip

to p

iece

sof

cle

an,

fiat

gla

ss in

the

sam

e w

ay a

sth

ey to

uche

d th

e cu

p in

dri

nkin

g.

The

se g

lass

slip

s th

us s

oile

d w

ere

prop

erly

sta

ined

for

mic

rosc

opic

exam

inat

ion,

whi

ch s

how

ed a

n av

erag

eof

abo

ut r

oo c

ells

and

75,

000

bact

eria

to e

ach

slip

.

And

of

grea

test

sign

ific

ance

:Pr

ofes

sor

Dav

ison

's

exam

inat

ion

show

ed th

at v

ery

man

yof

thes

e ge

rms

wer

e

thos

e of

con

sum

ptio

n, p

neum

onia

,dip

hthe

ria,

etc

.

Rur

al T

each

ers

thei

r O

wn

Med

ical

Insp

ecto

rs.

Wha

t is

said

abo

ve c

once

rns

all t

each

ers

alik

e.T

he r

ural

teac

her

shou

ld b

e as

wel

l ver

sed

in s

choo

lhy

gien

e an

d ch

ildre

n's

dise

ases

as

city

teac

hers

.It

is tr

ue th

at in

the

coun

try

scho

ols

are

smal

ler,

the

air

is p

urer

,ch

ildre

n ar

e m

ore

robu

st a

nd le

ss e

xpos

ed to

devi

taliz

ing

infl

uenc

es th

an in

the

city

.A

t the

sam

e tim

e th

e ru

ral t

each

erdo

es n

ot h

ave

a ph

ysic

ian

read

y at

his

elb

ow in

cas

e of

em

erge

ncy.

He

3 1

Or'

Page 173: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

294

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

mus

t on

this

acc

ount

be

his

own

med

ical

insp

ecto

r.E

very

rura

l tea

cher

sho

uld

know

eno

ugh

abou

t chi

ldre

n's

dise

ases

to d

isco

ver

by th

eir

outw

ard

sign

s th

e co

mm

on c

onta

gion

s,

and,

act

ing

upon

this

kno

wle

dge,

pla

ce th

e pa

tient

und

era

phys

icia

n's

care

.H

e sh

ould

be

able

to d

etec

t the

min

orer

adic

able

def

ects

in p

upils

und

er h

is c

are,

as, f

or e

xam

ple,

enla

rged

tons

ils, a

deno

ids,

and

inco

rrec

t vis

ion.

The

nhe

sho

uld

feel

str

ong

enou

gh in

his

dut

y to

insi

st th

at a

llsu

ch a

ilmen

ts b

e gi

ven

imm

edia

te a

ttent

ion.

Som

e pe

ople

hol

d th

e fa

lse

notio

n th

at c

hild

ren

on th

efa

rm a

re la

rgel

y ex

empt

fro

m th

e ill

s to

whi

ch c

ity f

olks

are

heir

.Q

uite

the

cont

rary

is tr

ue.

Car

eful

inve

stig

a-tio

n ha

s di

sclo

sed

that

the

rura

l pop

ulat

ion

as a

who

ledi

spla

ys a

sta

rtlin

g de

gree

of

igno

ranc

eon

sub

ject

s of

heal

th a

nd s

anita

tion.

As

Pres

iden

t Roo

seve

lt pu

ts it

inhi

s sp

ecia

l mes

sage

on

coun

try

life,

" e

asily

pre

vent

able

dise

ases

hol

d se

vera

l mill

ion

coun

try

peop

le in

the

slav

ery

of c

ontin

uous

ill h

ealth

."T

ypho

id f

ever

, mal

aria

, agu

e,an

d pn

eum

onia

cra

ve m

any

vict

ims

annu

ally

.Im

prop

erdr

aina

ge, i

mpu

re w

ater

, and

poor

ven

tilat

ion

are

som

e of

the

caus

es c

onsp

irin

g to

hea

p th

ese

affl

ictio

nson

our

far

mpo

pula

tion.

With

a g

ood

teac

her

to lo

ok a

fter

the

chil-

dren

's h

ealth

in s

choo

l and

to tr

ain

them

inm

ore

sani

tary

habi

ts, a

nd to

con

sult

with

and

adv

ise

the

pare

nts,

bet

ter

cond

ition

s w

ill b

e fo

rthc

omin

g.

The

Fou

r A

genc

ies

of P

hysi

cal E

duca

tion.

Phys

ical

educ

atio

n in

our

sch

ools

man

ifes

ts it

self

thro

ugh

the

agen

-

3

HY

GIE

NE

AN

D P

HY

SIC

AL

ED

UC

AT

ION

295

des

of m

anua

l tra

inin

g, p

lay,

gym

nast

ics,

and

ath

letic

s.T

hese

we

may

now

con

side

rso

far

as

they

rel

ate

to th

eru

ral s

choo

ls.

Man

ual t

rain

ing,

as

we

have

see

n in

ano

ther

cha

pter

,ca

nbe

mad

e an

impo

rtan

t fac

tor

in th

ein

telle

ctua

l, m

oral

, and

phys

ical

edu

catio

n of

the

farm

boy

and

gir

l.It

coo

rdin

ates

head

, hea

rt, a

nd h

and;

it f

oste

rsm

enta

l, m

oral

, and

phy

s-ic

al h

abits

of

accu

racy

; it m

akes

for

dex

teri

ty a

nd r

emov

alof

aw

kwar

dnes

s.In

the

scho

ol g

arde

n, in

the

expe

rim

en-

tal p

atch

, in

all d

iggi

ng a

ndsp

adin

g an

d pl

antin

g, it

isin

stru

men

tal i

n st

reng

then

ing

back

san

d st

raig

hten

ing

limbs

.In

all

this

out

door

wor

k m

anua

ltr

aini

ng m

akes

the

body

a r

eadi

er a

ndst

rong

er s

erva

nt o

f th

e m

ind,

and

in s

o do

ing

adds

a hi

ther

to u

nkno

wn

dign

ity to

labo

r.Fu

nctio

n of

Pla

y.Pl

ay h

as a

n im

port

ant p

lace

insc

hool

wor

k.It

pro

tect

s th

e pu

pil f

rom

the

ensl

avem

ent

of la

bor.

It k

eeps

his

indi

vidu

ality

stro

ng a

nd v

igor

ous.

It k

eeps

his

phy

sica

l sel

f in

hea

lthan

d sa

fe f

rom

too

muc

hor

too

cont

inuo

us w

ork.

It is

inde

ed tr

ue th

at "

all

wor

kan

d no

pla

y m

akes

Jac

ka

dull

boy.

" H

uman

off

spri

ngsi

mpl

y ca

imot

get

alo

ng w

ithou

tpl

ay.

Mos

t ani

mal

s pl

ay,

and

play

inst

inct

ivel

y.T

hey

do n

ot n

eed

to b

e ta

ught

.A

nd to

inte

rfer

e in

thei

r pl

ay is

to in

terf

ere

with

som

e la

wof

thei

r na

tura

l dev

elop

men

t.T

here

are

tim

es w

hen

child

ren

play

bec

ause

they

hav

em

ore

stor

ed-u

p vi

talit

yth

an th

ey h

ave

use

for.

At o

ther

tim

es th

ey p

lay

in o

rdcr

to r

elax

aft

er s

tren

uous

eff

ort a

ndre

-cre

ate

exha

uste

d en

-

3 4

5

Page 174: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

296

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

ergy

.A

t all

times

pla

y is

a s

ort o

fpr

epar

atio

n fo

r th

e

activ

ities

to b

e en

tere

d up

on la

ter

in li

fe.

" T

hus,

" sa

ys

Prof

esso

r H

ome,

" y

outh

ful p

lay

is n

atur

e's

way

of

prep

a-

ratio

n fo

r la

ter

seri

ous

livin

g.T

he k

itten

's b

all i

s th

e ol

d

cat's

mou

se. .

..

The

gir

l's d

oll a

nd th

e bo

y's

sold

ier

and

hors

es a

re p

rem

onito

ry."

Dur

ing

the

firs

t sev

en o

r

eigh

t yea

rs o

f lif

e ce

rtai

n so

-cal

led

" ne

uro-

mus

cula

r co

m-

bina

tions

" in

the

child

sys

tem

mus

tbe

dev

elop

ed.

To

this

end

pla

y is

ess

entia

l.R

ural

chi

ldre

n ar

e bl

esse

d w

itham

ple

scho

ol g

roun

ds

and

an a

bund

ance

of

pure

air

.In

thes

e re

spec

ts th

ey a

re

muc

h m

ore

fort

unat

e th

an c

ity c

hild

ren

who

se p

layg

roun

ds

are

gene

rally

cra

mpe

dan

d fa

r re

mov

ed f

rom

the

invi

gora

t-

ing

ozon

e of

the

open

cou

ntry

.E

very

rur

al te

ache

r sh

ould

enco

urag

e th

e ch

ildre

n to

eng

age

in h

arm

less

gam

es in

this

who

leso

me

outd

oor

envi

ronm

ent.

He

shou

ld f

row

n

dow

n al

l ind

oor

mop

ing

and

insi

stth

at e

very

chi

ld ta

ke

som

e ex

erci

se in

the

open

air.

Las

tly, t

he te

ache

r sh

ould

be a

s m

uch

as p

ossi

ble

a pa

rtic

ipan

tin

the

child

ren'

s

spor

ts, b

oth

for

the

reas

on th

atth

e te

ache

r st

ands

as

muc

h

in n

eed

of th

e re

crea

tion

and

fres

hai

r as

do

his

pupi

ls a

nd

beca

use

of th

e in

flue

nce

of h

is p

erso

nalit

y on

the

child

ren'

s

mor

al c

ondu

ct.

Gym

nast

ics.

Gym

nast

ics

is a

man

-mad

e sy

stem

of

phys

ical

exe

rcis

e.It

lack

s m

uch

of th

e sp

onta

neity

of

play

, req

uiri

ng a

cer

tain

mea

sure

of

men

tal

stra

in a

nd w

ill

asse

rtio

n.A

s su

ch it

is n

ot e

ngag

ed in

with

the

natu

ral

3 A

6.t

Page 175: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

3

HY

GIE

NE

AN

D P

HY

SIC

AL

ED

UC

AT

ION

297

aban

don

whi

ch m

ark

gam

es a

nd s

port

s; b

ut it

is s

uper

ior

to th

ese

in p

hysi

cal d

evel

opm

ent,

beca

use

ever

y pa

rt o

fth

e bo

dy r

ecei

ves

atte

ntio

n.G

ymna

stic

s is

des

igne

d to

keep

men

fro

m b

ecom

ing

war

ped

and

dist

orte

d by

thei

roc

cupa

tions

in li

fe a

nd to

trai

n an

d de

velo

p in

them

all

the

grou

ps a

nd c

ombi

natio

ns o

f bo

dy m

uscl

es w

hich

suc

hor

dina

ry a

ctiv

ities

as

wor

k, p

lay,

gam

es, e

tc.,

cann

otre

ach

and

acco

rdin

gly

leav

e un

quic

kene

d.T

he a

im is

to a

ppro

xim

ate

phys

ical

ly p

erfe

ct m

en a

nd w

omen

. The

anci

ents

, with

the

one

exce

ptio

n of

Ath

ens,

wer

e st

rang

ers

to o

ur id

eals

.T

hey

trai

ned

the

yout

h m

erel

y fo

r th

e ga

mes

and

war

.A

mon

g m

oder

n na

tions

the

Ger

man

s ha

vepr

oduc

ed F

athe

r Ja

hn a

nd S

pies

s an

d th

eir

succ

esso

rs.

Jahn

was

the

firs

t to

emph

asiz

e th

e im

port

ance

of

prop

or-

tiona

l tra

inin

g of

all

phys

ical

pow

ers

of th

e hu

man

bod

yan

d to

see

that

with

the

rene

wal

of

hith

erto

late

nt o

r de

cay-

ing

pow

ers

com

es a

new

-bor

n ex

hila

ratio

n, a

new

mot

if,

whi

ch in

the

stro

ng, s

elf-

resp

ectin

g m

an ta

kes

shap

e in

such

var

ied

activ

ities

as

patr

iotic

ard

or, c

ivil

mor

ality

, etc

.W

e m

ust e

mpl

oy in

our

sch

ools

som

e sy

stem

of

mov

e-m

ents

whi

ch s

hall

stra

ight

en a

nd s

tren

gthe

n st

oope

dsh

ould

ers

and

curv

ed s

pine

s, c

rook

ed le

gs a

nd k

nees

, and

othe

rwis

e co

unte

ract

and

rem

edy

the

evils

occ

asio

ned

byth

e us

e of

sch

ool d

esks

.T

he d

iffi

culty

is to

dis

cove

r a

prac

tical

met

hod

of e

xerc

ise

whi

ch s

hall

allo

w o

f su

ffic

ient

indi

vidu

al v

aria

tion

for

all p

urpo

ses.

No

two

child

ren

are

cons

titut

ed o

r de

velo

ped

alik

e ph

ysic

ally

; the

refo

re, e

xer.

Page 176: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

298

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

cise

by

clas

s is

not

the

best

met

hod

to p

ursu

e.So

me

child

ren

are

mos

t def

icie

nt in

arm

s, o

ther

sin

sho

ulde

rs,

othe

rs a

gain

in le

gs, a

nd s

o on

to th

e en

dof

the

list.

Eac

h

shou

ld h

ave

som

e in

divi

dual

atte

ntio

n.T

his

the

wel

l-

equi

pped

hig

h sc

hool

and

gra

mm

arsc

hool

gym

nasi

um in

our

citie

s w

ith th

eir

trai

ned

phys

ical

dir

ecto

rs c

an s

uppl

y.

Smal

ler

plac

es a

nd r

ural

com

mun

ities

mus

t get

alon

g w

ith

less

sci

entif

ic m

etho

ds; b

ut n

owhe

rene

ed w

e ge

t alo

ng

with

out g

ymna

stic

s in

som

e fo

rm o

r ot

her.

Gym

nast

ics

in E

very

Rur

al S

choo

l.D

o ru

ral c

hild

ren

need

gym

nast

ics

?O

ur a

nsw

er is

that

all

child

ren,

no

mat

ter

whe

re th

ey li

ve, s

houl

dha

ve th

e be

nefi

t of

such

exer

cise

s.Fa

rm c

hild

ren

have

the

adva

ntag

e of

pur

eai

r,

larg

e pl

aygr

ound

s, a

nd h

ealth

ful w

alks

alon

g co

untr

y

lane

s.B

ut th

eir

phys

ical

dev

elop

men

t doe

s no

t com

e on

e

whi

t nea

rer

the

appr

oxim

ate

of h

uman

per

fect

ion

than

in th

e ci

ties.

Cou

ntry

chi

ldre

n ar

e in

clin

ed to

be

unga

inly

and

awkw

ard,

ver

y of

ten

unsh

apel

y, b

espe

akin

gst

reng

th

with

out t

he e

ssen

tial r

equi

site

s of

har

mon

y an

dbe

auty

.

The

shu

fflin

g fo

otst

eps,

the

unga

inly

bea

ring

, so

com

mon

in r

ural

sch

ool c

hild

ren

is p

roof

of

disp

ropo

rtio

nate

phys

ical

deve

lopm

ent.

Som

e yo

ungs

ters

, lite

rally

spe

akin

g, r

unal

toge

ther

to h

ands

and

fee

t at t

he e

xpen

se o

f ot

her

part

sof

thei

r na

tura

l mec

hani

sm. N

ow w

hat c

an w

edo

to

rem

edy

thes

e co

nditi

ons?

Gym

nast

ics

in E

urop

ean

Rur

al S

choo

ls.

The

aut

hor

has

pers

onal

ly in

spec

ted

the

syst

ems

in v

ogue

in m

an,

35()

HY

GIE

NE

AN

D P

HY

SIC

AL

ED

UC

AT

ION

299

Dan

ish

and

Swed

ish

rura

l sch

ools

.T

he in

trod

uctio

n of

sim

ilar

met

hods

in o

ur c

ount

ry w

ould

, no

doub

t, ha

ve a

very

sal

utar

y ef

fect

.T

he g

ymna

stic

exe

rcis

es in

thes

esc

hool

s ar

edi

vide

d in

toin

form

al w

ork

with

sim

ple

appa

ratu

s, a

imin

g at

indi

vidu

al p

erfe

ctio

n,an

d ca

lis-

then

ics

for

the

who

le s

choo

l, se

ekin

g cl

ass

prec

isio

n,sy

mm

etry

of

body

, gra

ce o

f m

ovem

ent,

etc.

To

begi

n w

ith, t

he b

oys'

sid

e of

the

play

grou

nd is

equi

pped

with

a w

ell-

built

rac

k co

ntai

ning

a h

alf-

doze

nor

mor

e se

ts o

f ho

rizo

ntal

bar

s.B

ack

of th

is r

ises

afr

ame

of h

eavy

tim

bers

at l

east

twen

ty f

eet h

igh,

fro

mw

hich

han

g tw

o-in

ch r

opes

, fou

r or

mor

e in

num

ber,

and

seve

ral

smoo

th, r

ound

ed p

oles

, all

inte

nded

for

clim

bing

; at o

ne e

nd o

f th

e fr

ame

is s

uspe

nded

a s

etof

rop

es a

nd r

ings

, the

nea

rest

app

roac

h on

the

grou

nds

to a

n ap

para

tus

for

acro

batic

s.T

hese

sim

ple

inst

ru-

men

ts, w

hen

judi

ciou

sly

used

, add

am

azin

gly

to th

e de

-ve

lopm

ent a

nd s

tren

gth

of tr

unk

and

limbs

.T

he g

irls

' sid

e of

the

grou

nds

has

its h

igh

and

low

sw

ings

,

inte

nded

to c

ombi

ne p

lay

with

exh

ilara

ting

exer

cise

.It

is a

lso

prov

ided

with

" c

hinn

ing

pole

s "

a so

rt o

f hi

ghho

rizo

ntal

bar

sfo

r st

reng

then

ing

hand

s, a

rms,

and

thor

ax.

The

app

arat

us a

re u

sed

unde

r th

e di

rect

ion

ofth

e te

ache

r w

ho g

ives

for

mal

less

ons

seve

ral t

imes

a w

eek.

For

prac

tice

purp

oses

, how

ever

, the

y m

ay b

e us

ed f

reel

y at

all t

imes

.It

is in

tere

stin

g to

see

how

eag

er b

oth

boys

and

girl

s ar

e to

bec

ome

prof

icie

nt in

thei

r us

e. 351

Page 177: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

300

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

But

the

abov

e is

all

inci

dent

al to

the

daily

drill

s in

cal

is-

then

ics,

whi

ch a

re in

vari

ably

hel

dou

tdoo

rs w

hene

ver

the

wea

ther

per

mits

.T

he b

oys

and

girl

s as

sem

ble

in s

epar

ate

grou

psan

d go

thro

ugh

a se

ries

of

exer

cise

s br

ingi

ngin

to

activ

ity e

very

impo

rtan

tmus

cle

in th

e bo

dy. T

he m

anua

l

elim

inat

es s

uch

exer

cise

s as

mig

ht in

any

way

be c

onst

rued

as im

mod

est w

here

the

two

sexe

s ar

eco

ncer

ned.

The

drill

may

be

give

n w

ith o

r w

ithou

t bel

ls, c

lubs

,an

d w

ands

.

It h

as th

e ad

vant

age

of c

ombi

ning

sys

tem

with

an

abun

-

danc

e of

pur

e ai

r.W

hen

the

wea

ther

is in

clem

ent t

hedr

ill is

giv

en in

door

s, f

or s

ome

fift

een

min

utes

at a

tim

e,

both

in th

e fo

reno

on a

nd th

e af

tern

oon.

Und

er s

uch

cir-

cum

stan

ces

inst

rum

ents

are

nev

er u

sed.

Sim

ilar

drill

s ca

n be

use

d in

eve

ry r

ural

sch

ool.

One

or

two

stat

es h

ave

gone

so

far

as to

pre

scri

be a

spe

cifi

c co

urse

of e

xerc

ises

and

hav

e pl

aced

the

sam

e in

the

hand

sof

thei

r

teac

hers

.Sc

hool

boa

rds

can

gene

rally

be

indu

ced

to c

on-

stru

ct th

e si

mpl

e ap

para

tus

nece

ssar

y.If

not

, the

teac

her

and

pupi

ls c

an r

eadi

ly h

it up

on s

ome

way

out

of th

e

diff

icul

ty.

Ath

letic

s do

es n

ot p

lay

enou

gh o

f a

rine

in th

eru

ral

scho

ol to

nee

d di

scus

sion

in th

ese

page

s.Ph

ysic

al E

duca

tion

and

Mor

als.

One

wor

d m

ore

befo

re w

e cl

ose

this

cha

pter

.W

aste

in s

choo

l sho

uld

not

alw

ays

be c

harg

ed to

phy

sica

lun

fitn

ess

of th

e pu

pil.

Ver

y of

ten

it m

ay b

e ac

coun

ted

for

by w

hat w

e sh

all t

erm

his

mor

al u

nfitn

ess.

A b

oy o

r gi

rl w

hose

min

d is

ful

l of

HY

GIE

NE

AN

D P

HY

SIC

AL

ED

UC

AT

ION

301

mor

bid

thou

ghts

can

not

pay

muc

h at

tent

ion

to s

tudy

.O

ne o

f th

e m

ost d

iffi

cult

prob

lem

s in

sch

ool m

anag

emen

tis

enc

ount

emd

in o

ur e

ffor

ts to

prev

ent t

he p

erve

rsio

n of

natu

ral i

nstin

cts

thro

ugh

imm

oral

sugg

estio

n.O

ne o

rtw

o vi

ciou

s pu

pils

can

con

tam

inat

ea

who

le s

choo

l.T

hepe

riod

of

adol

esce

nce

isve

ry im

pres

sion

able

.A

t no

othe

rtim

e is

the

pupi

l so

rece

ptiv

e to

mor

al o

r m

enta

l filt

h as

this

.T

each

ers

who

wat

chcl

osel

y th

e ph

ysic

al c

ondi

tion

of th

eir

pupi

ls a

reap

t to

cope

with

suc

h di

ffic

ultie

s.N

oth-

ing

is s

o ef

fect

ive

in k

eepi

ng m

ind

and

body

pur

e as

inte

r-es

ting

gam

es a

nd p

lent

y of

who

leso

me

phys

ical

exe

rcis

e.T

he s

ecre

t of

ate

ache

r's s

ucce

ss in

this

dom

ain

mus

t be

mea

sure

d in

his

abi

lity

toke

ep th

e pu

pils

out

of

mis

chie

fby

eng

agin

g al

l in

who

leso

me

exer

cise

;in

his

vig

ilanc

ean

d ab

ility

to d

etec

tev

ery

sym

ptom

of

child

dep

ravi

ty,

and

in h

is u

ncom

prom

isin

gse

veri

ty in

dea

ling

with

ever

yca

se in

frin

ging

upo

n th

e la

ws

of m

oral

ity.

:,)

Page 178: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

CH

APT

ER

XV

CO

NSO

LID

AT

ION

OF

SCH

OO

LS

Gen

eral

Sta

tem

ent.

We

have

pur

pose

ly le

ft th

e di

s-

cuss

ion

of c

onso

lidat

ion

or c

entr

aliz

atio

nfo

r th

e co

nclu

d-

ing

chap

ter

of th

e bo

ok.

It h

as b

een

allu

ded

to ti

me

and

agai

n in

the

fore

goin

g pa

ges

as th

eso

lutio

n of

man

y of

our

mos

t vex

ing

rura

l sch

ool p

robl

ems.

And

, ind

eed,

it

has

been

dif

ficu

lt to

wri

te th

ebo

ok w

ithou

t mak

ing

a go

od

part

of

it an

arg

umen

tfo

r co

nsol

idat

ion.

It h

as b

een

the

aim

thro

ugho

ut to

em

phas

ize

the

new

edu

catio

nal t

rend

in it

s en

tiret

y, la

ying

asp

ecia

l str

ess

on th

e ne

cess

ity to

mak

e th

e m

ost o

f th

e ne

wed

ucat

ion

in th

e on

e-ro

om s

choo

l

whi

le w

aitin

g fo

r co

nsol

idat

ion

to c

ome.

But

the

lead

ing

thou

ght r

unni

ng th

roug

h th

een

tire

disc

ussi

on h

as b

een

that

ulti

mat

e so

lutio

n m

ust

be s

ough

t in

cons

olid

atio

n.

Wha

t, th

en, i

s m

eant

by

cons

olid

atio

n ?

Wha

t doe

s it

cont

empl

ate?

We

answ

er:

Itis

a p

lan

to r

econ

stru

ct

the

rura

l sch

ools

on

a ne

wfo

unda

tion

whi

ch w

ill r

eest

ab-

lish

the

anci

ent p

rinc

iple

of

"eq

ual r

ight

s to

all.

"It

con

-

tem

plat

es th

e ab

ando

nmen

t of

the

man

y sm

all s

choo

ls

scat

tere

d th

roug

hout

our

cou

ntry

com

mun

ities

and

the

mai

nten

ance

, ins

tead

, at p

oint

sce

ntra

lly lo

cate

d, o

f a

few

stro

ng, w

ell-

grad

edsc

hool

s.

030

3

CO

NSO

LID

AT

ION

OF

SCH

OO

LS

303

Aim

of

our

Free

Sch

ools

: " E

qual

Rig

hts

to A

ll."

Let

it b

e ke

pt w

ell i

n m

ind

that

the

free

sch

ool s

yste

m a

ses

tabl

ishe

d by

our

for

efat

hers

had

for

its

purp

ose

to e

xten

d

equa

l opp

ortu

nitie

s to

all

mem

bers

of

the

com

mon

wea

lth.

With

this

in v

iew

they

est

ablis

hed

scho

ols

alik

e in

vill

age

and

outly

ing

farm

dis

tric

t.T

he la

tter

wer

e vi

rtua

lly a

sgo

od a

s th

e vi

llage

sch

ools

, for

they

wer

e la

rge

and

taug

ht

by s

choo

lmas

ters

, col

lege

-bre

d an

d tr

aine

d.T

he s

yste

mof

fre

e sc

hool

s st

ands

inta

ct;

but c

ondi

tions

hav

e so

chan

ged

with

tim

e th

at it

no

long

er s

ubse

rves

its

orig

inal

purp

ose.

In o

rder

to r

eest

ablis

h th

is e

duca

tiona

l equ

ality

it be

com

es n

eces

sary

to g

ive

the

twel

ve m

illio

n bo

ys a

ndgi

rls

livin

g in

the

rura

l com

mun

ities

just

as

thor

ough

apr

epar

atio

n in

sch

ool f

or th

eir

life

wor

k as

we

are

now

offe

ring

city

chi

ldre

n.C

onso

lidat

ion

of r

ural

sch

ools

isth

e pr

actic

al r

emed

y, a

nd w

here

ver

give

n a

fair

tria

l it

has

prov

ed c

oncl

usiv

ely

that

just

as

good

, jus

t as

thor

ough

-

goin

g sc

hool

s m

ay b

e m

ade

to f

lour

ish

in th

e be

nefi

cent

rura

l env

iron

men

t as

in th

e ci

ty.

Wha

t Con

solid

atio

n C

onte

mpl

ates

.W

hat c

onso

lida-

tion

real

ly c

onte

mpl

ates

may

be

mad

e cl

ear

by th

e fo

llow

-

ing

illus

trat

ion:

Let

us

take

, say

, a c

ongr

essi

onal

tow

nshi

pin

a r

easo

nabl

y w

ell-

peop

led

sect

ion.

We

find

it s

ub-

divi

ded

poss

ibly

into

nin

e sc

hool

dis

tric

ts, w

ith s

choo

l-ho

uses

two

mile

s ap

art,

each

of

the

wel

l-kn

own

box-

car

type

, dila

pida

ted

and

unsi

ghtly

;th

e lig

htin

g is

fau

lty;

scie

ntif

ic v

entil

atio

nis

unk

now

n; m

odem

san

itatio

nis

,),;(

)

Page 179: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

304

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

out o

f th

e qu

estio

n.H

ere

a yo

ung,

und

erpa

id w

oman

" ke

eps

" sc

hool

for

a s

hort

term

of

mon

ths

each

yea

r,en

deav

orin

g he

r ve

ry b

est t

o te

ach

the

who

le c

urri

culu

mfr

om th

e A

B C

's to

the

high

sch

ool s

ubje

cts,

som

e tw

enty

to f

orty

cla

sses

eac

h da

y.A

ttend

ance

is s

pasm

odic

; in-

tere

st p

oorl

y su

stai

ned.

The

wor

k ca

n sc

arce

ly b

e ca

lled

grad

ed; t

each

ers

chan

ge w

ith e

ach

term

; and

with

eve

rysu

ch c

hang

e th

e ch

ildre

n ar

e "

put b

ack

" to

do

over

aga

in

wor

k of

whi

ch n

o re

cord

has

bee

n ke

pt.

In th

is w

ay th

e

poor

you

ngst

ers

" m

ark

time

" un

tilth

ey e

ither

gro

w to

o

old

to c

ontin

ue in

sch

ool o

r th

ey d

rop

out f

rom

she

erla

ck o

f in

tere

st.

And

rig

ht h

ere,

par

enth

etic

ally

spe

akin

g,

let i

t be

unde

rsto

od th

at s

uch

cond

ition

s as

her

e de

scri

bed

and

they

are

ver

y co

mm

onar

e in

excu

sabl

e in

this

twen

tieth

cen

tury

, con

solid

atio

n or

no

cons

olid

atio

n.W

e

have

em

phas

ized

els

ewhe

re in

this

boo

k th

at th

e sm

all

scho

ol c

anno

t aff

ord

to w

ait f

or th

e co

min

g of

con

solid

a-tio

n as

the

cure

for

all

its il

ls; t

he s

choo

l mus

t do

its o

wn

leve

l bes

t to

mee

t pre

sent

dem

ands

whi

le w

aitin

g.

To

reve

rt:

cons

olid

atio

n w

ill c

hang

e al

lth

is.

The

nine

one

-roo

m s

choo

ls w

ill b

e di

scon

tinue

d, a

nd in

stea

da

mod

ern

scho

ol w

ill r

ise,

nea

r th

e ce

nter

of th

e to

wns

hip,

whi

ch w

ill a

ffor

d ev

ery

oppo

rtun

ity f

or p

ract

ical

pre

para

-tio

n fo

r ha

ppy

life

on th

e fa

rm.

The

sch

ool w

ill b

ehy

gien

ic, a

nd h

ave

mod

ern

equi

pmen

t and

bet

ter

teac

hers

.T

he c

ours

e of

stu

dy w

ill b

e gr

aded

, rec

itatio

n pe

riod

slo

nger

, int

eres

t wel

l sus

tain

ed, y

ears

in s

choo

l lon

ger.

CO

NSO

LID

AT

ION

OF

SCH

OO

LS

305

Pupi

ls li

ving

at a

dis

tanc

e w

ill b

e co

nvey

ed to

sch

ool i

nsu

itabl

e ve

hicl

es, a

void

ing

expo

sure

to in

clem

ent w

eath

er.

Fina

lly, c

onso

lidat

ed s

choo

ls c

an o

ffer

am

ple

oppo

rtun

ities

for

thor

ough

wor

k in

nat

ure

stud

y, s

choo

l gar

deni

ng, a

ndel

emen

tary

agr

icul

ture

, as

wel

l as

man

ual t

rain

ing

and

dom

estic

eco

nom

y.

Gre

at W

aste

in th

e Sm

all S

choo

l.T

he b

ane

of d

iepr

esen

t sys

tem

isits

gre

at w

aste

.O

f fi

rst i

mpo

rtan

cean

d co

nseq

uenc

e is

the

men

tal w

aste

and

sca

tteri

ng o

fef

fort

res

ultin

g fr

om m

any

teac

hers

end

eavo

ring

to d

o fo

r.,n

any

smal

l cla

sses

wha

t a f

ew te

ache

rs c

ould

do

for

a fe

wla

rge

clas

ses.

Aga

in, i

. can

be

show

n co

nclu

sive

ly th

atth

e m

any

smal

l sch

ools

are

act

ually

mor

e ex

pens

ive

tom

aint

ain

than

the

grad

edco

nsol

idat

edsc

hool

.D

r.J.

W. R

ober

tson

, the

wel

l-kn

own

lead

er o

f th

e M

acdo

nald

mov

emen

t in

Can

ada,

mad

e th

is s

tate

men

t in

an a

ddre

ssbe

fore

a la

rge

num

ber

of f

arm

ers

:

Supp

ose

you

star

t to

a cr

eam

ery

with

too

poun

ds o

f m

ilk, a

nd45

pou

nds

leak

out

on

the

way

, cou

ld y

ou m

ake

your

bus

ines

s pa

y?A

nd s

till,

of e

very

too

child

ren

in th

e el

emen

tary

sch

ools

, 45

of th

emfa

ll ou

t by

the

way

in o

ther

wor

ds, t

he a

vera

ge a

ttend

ance

is b

ut55

per

cen

t of

the

scho

ol c

hild

ren.

The

con

solid

ated

sch

ools

in th

efi

ve e

aste

rn p

rovi

nces

, with

thei

r ga

rden

s, m

anua

l tra

inin

g, a

nddo

mes

tic e

cono

my,

now

bri

ng 9

7 of

eve

ry to

o ch

ildre

n to

sch

ool

ever

y da

y an

d w

ith n

o ad

ditio

nal e

xpen

se to

you

.

Dr.

Rob

erts

on s

peak

s tr

uly.

Her

e in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

esw

e ha

ve a

llow

ed s

uch

unw

arra

nted

leak

av to

go

unhe

eded

3'

Page 180: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

306

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L1

CO

NSO

LID

AT

ION

OF

SCH

OO

LS

307

entir

ely

too

long

.It

is h

igh

time

to s

top

it.T

his

con.

solid

atio

n w

ill d

o.

Ear

ly H

isto

ry o

f C

onso

lidat

ion.

Con

solid

atio

n ha

soc

cupi

ed th

e at

tent

ion

of e

duca

tors

in th

e E

ast f

ora

good

man

y ye

ars.

The

not

ion

held

by

som

e th

at th

is is

a f

adbe

ing

fois

ted

upon

a lo

ng-s

uffe

ring

pub

lic b

y ov

erze

alou

sth

eori

sts

is a

ltoge

ther

with

out f

ound

atio

n.C

onso

lidat

ion

was

intr

oduc

ed in

New

Eng

land

in th

e ea

rly

'70'

s be

caus

eit

was

the

rura

l sch

ools

' onl

y sa

lvat

ion.

Oth

er s

tate

sw

estw

ard

have

wis

ely

follo

wed

New

Eng

land

's e

xam

ple,

ther

eby

solv

ing

a ve

ry s

erio

us p

robl

em.

Thr

ee q

uart

ers

of a

cen

tury

ago

Hor

ace

Man

n de

clar

ed th

e M

assa

chus

etts

Act

of

1789

" th

e m

ost u

nfor

tuna

te la

w o

n co

mm

on s

choo

l

legi

slat

ion

ever

ena

cted

in th

e st

ate.

"T

his

law

, it w

ill b

ere

calle

d, m

ade

the

smal

l dis

tric

t the

uni

t of

scho

ol a

dmin

-is

trat

ion

inst

ead

of th

e to

wn

(tow

nshi

p) a

s hi

ther

to.

Whi

lehe

was

sec

reta

ry o

f th

e M

assa

chus

etts

Sta

te B

oard

the

grea

t edu

cato

r w

as u

ncea

sing

in h

is e

ffor

ts to

ree

stab

lish

the

tow

n as

the

unit

of c

ontr

ol, a

lthou

gh f

inal

succ

ess

did

not c

ome

until

aft

er h

is d

ay. W

e re

ad o

f Su

peri

nten

dent

Hor

ace

Eat

on, o

f V

erm

ont,

urgi

ng th

e ab

ando

nmen

t of

the

wea

k sc

hool

s as

ear

ly a

s 18

46.

Som

e te

n ye

ars

late

rSu

peri

nten

dent

Cal

eb M

ills,

of

Indi

ana,

see

ing

the

grea

tda

nger

of

mul

tiply

ing

smal

l dis

tric

ts, "

urg

ed th

at th

edi

stri

cts

in th

e to

wns

hip

be li

mite

d to

fou

r."

Mas

sach

uset

ts p

asse

d a

law

aut

hori

zing

con

solid

atio

nin

186

5, a

nd f

our

year

s la

ter

gave

add

ed e

ffic

ienc

yto

this

tJ

step

by

enac

ting

anot

her

law

pro

vidi

ngfo

r th

e co

nvey

ance

of c

hild

ren

at p

ublic

expe

nse.

The

fir

st s

ucce

ssfu

l exp

eri-

men

t in

the

stat

e w

as in

the

tow

n (t

owns

hip)

of C

onco

rd,

the

twel

ve s

choo

ls o

f w

hich

wer

e un

ited

in o

ne s

tron

g ce

n-tr

al s

choo

l in

the

cour

se o

f th

e ye

ars

187o

-188

0.Si

nce

then

con

solid

atio

n ha

s be

com

eop

erat

ive

to a

gre

ater

orle

ss e

xten

t in

thir

ty-t

wo

stat

es:

Cal

ifor

nia,

Con

nect

icut

,Fl

orid

a, G

eorg

ia, I

llino

is, I

ndia

na,

Iow

a, K

ansa

s, L

ouis

i-an

a, M

aine

, Mas

sach

uset

ts, M

ichi

gan,

Min

neso

ta, M

is-

sour

i, N

ebra

ska,

New

Ham

pshi

re, N

ew J

erse

y, N

ew Y

ork,

Nor

th C

arol

ina,

Nor

th D

akot

a,O

hio,

Ore

gon,

Okl

ahom

a,Pe

nnsy

lvan

ia, R

hode

Isl

and,

Sout

h D

akot

a, S

outh

Car

o-lin

a, T

exas

, Uta

h, V

erm

ont,

Wis

cons

in, a

nd W

yom

ing.

To

this

list

we

may

add

Haw

aii,

the

five

pro

vinc

es o

f th

eD

omin

ion

of C

anad

a un

der

the

Mac

dona

ldm

ovem

ent,

and

part

s of

the

Aus

tral

ian

com

mon

wea

lth.

Pass

ing

of th

e "L

ittle

Red

Scho

olho

use.

"N

ew E

ng-

land

beg

an to

aba

ndon

the

smal

lw

eak

scho

ols

earl

ier

than

othe

r se

ctio

ns, b

ecau

se it

was

the

firs

t to

feel

the

disa

stro

usre

sults

of

disi

nteg

ratio

n of

rur

alpo

pula

tion

and

the

exod

usto

the

citie

s.T

he "

littl

e re

d sc

hool

hous

e"

of s

ong

and

stor

y ha

s be

en y

ield

ing

for

a lo

ng ti

me

now

to th

e on

war

dm

arch

of

chan

ge;

it ha

s be

en g

row

ing

ever

sm

alle

r an

dw

eake

r, m

ore

wea

ther

-bea

ten

and

less

red

than

ever

.A

las,

for

the

sent

imen

t whi

chha

s so

long

hal

low

ed th

e lit

tleol

d N

ew E

ngla

nd s

choo

l!It

pia

yed

an im

port

ant

part

in o

ur e

arly

his

tory

in m

oldi

ngth

c lif

e of

the

natio

n.

3 5

Page 181: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

308

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

But

sen

timen

t mus

t yie

ld b

efor

e ec

onom

ic n

eces

sity

with

a s

igh

of r

egre

t, th

eref

ore,

we

beho

ld th

e "

little

rm

.sc

hool

hous

e "

pass

ing

into

the

real

m o

f sw

eet m

emor

y.

Con

solid

atio

n in

Mas

sach

uset

ts.

The

fir

st s

tage

of

Mas

sach

uset

ts' c

onso

lidat

ion

was

mar

ked

by a

slo

w b

utso

und

grow

thw

hile

pub

lic o

pini

on c

ould

be

enlig

hten

ed

and

a se

ntim

ent f

or a

hig

her

stan

dard

of

educ

atio

n cr

eate

d.Y

et, o

nce

wel

l und

er w

ay, i

t has

had

a c

umul

ativ

e gr

owth

,

whi

ch n

ow p

ract

ical

ly e

mbr

aces

the

who

le s

tate

.T

hest

reng

th a

nd e

xten

t of

the

mov

emen

t can

rea

dily

be

de-

term

ined

fro

m th

e fo

llow

ing

tabl

e of

exp

endi

ture

s fo

rfr

ee c

onve

yanc

e, ta

ken

from

a r

ecen

t rep

ort o

f th

e St

ate

Boa

rd o

f E

duca

tion:

YEAR

AMOUNT

EXPENDED

YEAR

AMOUNT

EXPENDED

1888

22,118.38

1897

$123,032.41

2889

..

24,145.12

1893

..

127,409.22

1890

30,648.68

.t899

to141,753.84

1891

..

..

38,726.07

1900

..

151,773.47

1892

50,590.41

1901

165,596.91

1893

63,617MS

:902

178,297.64

1894

76,608.29

:903

194,967.35

1895

.91,136.1

1904

23,220.93

:896

..

103,317.13

1905

236,415.40

Els

ewhe

re in

New

Eng

land

. ---

The

exa

mpl

e se

t by

Mas

sach

uset

ts w

as s

oon

follo

wed

by

all t

he r

est o

f N

ewE

ngla

nd.

Con

nect

icut

beg

an c

onso

lidat

ion

in a

sm

all

way

in 1

889.

Four

yea

rs la

ter

the

tow

ns o

f th

e st

ate

!

CO

NSO

LID

AT

ION

OF

SCH

OO

LS

309

wer

e au

thor

ized

by

law

to s

pend

mon

ey f

or c

onve

yanc

eof

pup

ils.

All

the

tow

ns w

hich

hav

e ad

opte

dth

e to

wn

unit

for

scho

olpu

rpos

es (

see

Cha

pter

III

) fi

nd c

entr

aliz

-at

ion

and

conv

eyan

ce o

f ch

ildre

na

satis

fact

ory

solu

tion

ofth

e sc

hool

pro

blem

. The

last

year

rep

orte

d by

the

Stat

eB

oard

of

Edu

catio

n(1903-1904)

give

s th

ese

data

: num

ber

of s

choo

ls c

lose

d du

ring

the

year

,114;

num

ber

of p

upils

conv

eyed

, 127

2;ex

pens

es, $

21,7

39.8

3.

New

Ham

pshi

re, w

hich

trul

y si

ts in

natu

re's

fas

tnes

ses,

has

not p

erm

itted

topo

grap

hica

ldi

ffic

ultie

s to

dis

cour

age

the

wor

k of

cen

tral

izat

ion

and

conv

eyan

ce o

f ch

ildre

n to

stro

ng s

choo

ls.

The

wor

k is

mak

ing

stea

dypr

ogre

ss.

The

se a

re s

ome

of th

e re

sults

:ec

onom

y; b

ette

r te

ache

rs ;

bette

r su

perv

isio

n;gr

eate

r re

gula

rity

of

atte

ndan

ce a

ndgr

eate

r pu

nctu

ality

; bet

ter

educ

atio

nal s

piri

tin

and

out

of th

e sc

hool

; bet

ter

road

s, li

tera

ryor

gani

zatio

n, a

nd lo

cal

ente

rpri

ses.

In M

aine

653

wea

k sc

hool

sw

ere

aban

done

d be

twee

n18

90 a

nd 1

905.

Ver

mon

t con

veys

800

0 ch

ildre

nat

an

expe

nse

of$36,'Doo

per

term

.R

hode

Isl

and

is s

tead

ilyun

iting

the

smal

l sch

ools

and

bui

ldin

gsu

bsta

ntia

l str

uc-

ture

s at

cen

tral

ly lo

cate

d pl

aces

.T

he P

rogr

essi

ve M

iddl

e W

est.

Con

solid

atio

n is

hav

ing

a re

mar

kabl

e gr

owth

in m

any

stat

es in

the

M"

"W

est.

In s

ome

it is

cau

sed

bya

chan

ge in

indu

stri

al c

ondi

tions

,oc

casi

onin

g th

e ab

ando

nmen

t of

the

farm

for

the

city

; in

the

youn

gest

sta

tes

whe

re th

e ci

tyw

ard

mig

ratio

nis

not

361

Page 182: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

310

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

yet v

ery

appa

rent

the

caus

e is

trac

eabl

e to

the

undu

e

mul

tiplic

atio

n of

sch

ools

whe

re th

ey w

ere

not

need

ed u

n-

til s

mal

l sic

kly

scho

ols

coul

d be

fou

nd a

tal

mos

t eve

ry

ambi

tious

turn

pike

; in

all t

he s

tate

s it

isha

ving

an

en-

cour

agin

g gr

owth

bec

ause

the

coun

try

popu

latio

n be

gins

to r

ealiz

e th

at in

this

way

onl

y ca

nth

eir

child

ren

get a

n

educ

atio

n su

ited

to th

e ag

e in

whi

ch th

eyliv

e.

Ohi

o m

ay b

e co

nsid

ered

in m

any

resp

ects

the

mod

el

from

whi

ch th

e ot

her

stat

es d

rew

thei

rin

spir

atio

n.H

ere

cons

olid

atio

n or

igin

ated

in18

92.

Ash

tabu

la c

ount

y,

whe

re it

beg

an, n

ow b

oast

s tw

enty

-one

thor

ough

ly c

on-

solid

ated

sch

ools

.A

gla

nce

at th

e co

nsol

idat

ion

map

s of

Ohi

o on

pag

es 3

16 a

nd 3

17 il

lust

rate

sho

w th

e re

form

has

spre

ad a

ndis

yet s

prea

ding

out

war

d,em

brac

ing

Tru

mbu

ll, L

ake,

Gea

uga,

Por

tage

, Sum

mit,

Med

ina,

Lor

ain,

and

man

y ot

her

coun

ties.

The

num

ber

of c

on-

solid

ated

sch

ools

incr

ease

d L

om 5

8 in

190

4 to

157

in 1

907,

an in

crea

se o

f ne

arly

ahu

ndre

d in

thre

e ye

ars.

In I

ndia

na c

onso

lidat

ion

has

been

has

tene

d by

som

e

very

sou

nd le

gisl

atio

n.T

he la

w o

f 19

01 p

erm

itted

trus

tees

to c

lose

sch

ools

hav

ing

an a

vera

ge d

aily

atte

ndan

ce o

f le

ss

than

12

pupi

ls.

Six

year

s la

ter

it be

cam

e ob

ligat

ory

toab

ando

n al

l sch

ools

with

an

aver

age

daily

atte

ndan

ce o

f1

2 or

less

, and

per

mits

the

aban

donm

ent o

f sc

hool

s w

ith

an a

ttend

ance

of

t5 o

r le

ss.

The

res

ult:

for

the

bien

nium

endi

ng 1

907,

gro

wtl,

in c

onso

lidat

ed s

choo

ls f

rom

280

to41

8; s

choo

ls a

band

oned

in 1

904,

190

6, a

nd 1

908,

res

pec-

CO

NSO

LID

AT

ION

OF

SCH

OO

LS

311

tivel

y, 6

79, 8

30, a

nd 1

314;

pup

ils tr

ansp

orte

d du

ring

the

sam

e ye

ars,

535

6, 9

424,

and

16,

034.

Mic

higa

n re

port

s m

uch

prog

ress

in u

nitin

g w

eak

scho

ols.

Ten

cou

ntie

s ha

ve tr

ied

cons

olid

atio

n an

dtr

ansp

orta

tion

of c

hild

ren

with

exc

elle

nt r

esul

ts.

The

Wis

cons

in S

tate

Dep

artm

ent o

f E

duca

tion

is u

rgin

g

cons

olid

atio

n in

all

smal

l dis

tric

ts.

A n

umbe

r of

cen

tral

-

ized

sch

ools

are

alr

eady

doi

ng g

ood

wor

k.Sa

ys S

tate

Supe

rint

ende

nt C

. P. C

ary

:"

The

re is

no

ques

tion

but

wha

t con

solid

atio

n is

the

rem

edy

for

man

y of

the

unfa

vor-

able

con

ditio

ns n

ow s

urro

undi

ng th

e ru

ral s

choo

ls."

Illin

ois

has

draw

n its

insp

irat

ion

from

Ohi

o.T

hank

s

to th

e un

ceas

ing

effo

rts

of S

uper

inte

nden

t 0. J

.K

ern

and

a fe

w o

ther

s of

kin

dred

ent

husi

asm

, the

wor

k is

goi

ngfo

rwar

d at

a gr

atif

ying

pac

e.T

he f

irst

cons

olid

ated

scho

ol w

as d

edic

ated

in S

ewar

d to

wns

hip,

Win

neba

goco

unty

, Ker

n's

own

coun

ty, J

anua

ry 3

0, 1

904.

John

son

coun

ty, i

n so

uthe

rn I

llino

is, a

nd K

ane

coun

ty,

in n

orth

-

ern

Illin

ois,

fol

low

ed W

inne

bago

cou

nty'

s ex

ampl

e in

help

ing

tost

art

the

mov

emen

t.C

ount

ysu

peri

n-

tend

ents

and

sta

te s

choo

ls a

re v

ying

with

eac

h ot

her

tose

e w

hich

can

do

the

mos

t for

the

mov

emen

t.H

ow w

ell

the

wor

k is

bei

ng d

one

may

be

appr

ecia

ted

from

the

repo

rt o

n th

e Jo

hn S

wan

ey C

onso

lidat

ed S

choo

lla

ter

in

this

cha

pter

.In

190

6 Io

wa

diso

rgan

ized

76

scho

ols

to f

orm

30

con-

solid

ated

sch

ools

.M

inne

sota

is tr

ansp

ortin

g ch

ildre

n in

3 E

;

Page 183: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

312

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

man

y ^.

ount

ies.

Nor

th D

akot

a ha

sco

nsol

idat

ed s

choo

ls

in s

atis

fact

ory

oper

atio

n in

9 o

r 10

coun

ties.

Neb

rask

a

is m

akin

g so

me

prog

ress

.K

ansa

s es

tabl

ishe

d its

firs

t

such

sch

ool i

n 18

98 in

Gre

enG

arde

n to

wns

hip,

Ells

wor

th

coun

ty. U

p to

190

7, 2

7co

nsol

idat

ed s

choo

ls h

ad b

een

form

ed in

20

coun

ties;

bes

ides

whi

ch 1

30 s

choo

l dis

tric

ts

had

disc

ontin

ued

thei

r sc

hool

san

d tr

ansp

orte

d th

eir

chil-

dren

to o

ther

sch

ools

.E

ven

the

new

sta

te o

f O

klah

oma

is p

lann

ing

for

grea

t thi

ngs

inco

nsol

idat

ion.

The

Sou

th.

It is

gra

tifyi

ng to

see

how

the

Sout

hern

stat

es ta

ke to

con

solid

atio

n.W

hen

one

cons

ider

s th

e

man

y di

ffic

ultie

s th

atth

is s

ectio

n ha

s to

con

tend

with

,

diff

icul

ties

prac

tical

ly u

nkno

wn

in th

eN

orth

, or

at le

ast

expe

rien

ced

in a

less

mar

ked

degr

ee,

such

as

sepa

rate

scho

ols

for

the

two

race

s, a

ver

ysc

atte

red

and,

com

-

para

tivel

y sp

eaki

ng,

impo

veri

shed

rura

lpo

pula

tion,

this

pro

gres

s sp

eaks

vol

umes

for

the

educ

ator

s w

ho a

re

help

ing

to s

hape

the

New

Sou

th.

Sout

h of

he

Mas

on-

Dix

on li

ne M

aryl

and

isca

rryi

ng o

n an

ictiv

e ca

m-

paig

n fo

r co

nsol

idat

ion,

the

sole

aim

bei

ng "

to g

ive

the

child

ren

bette

r te

achi

ng a

nd b

ette

rsc

hool

fac

ilitie

s."

Bal

timor

e co

unty

am

ong

othe

rs h

assi

xC

onso

lidat

ed

scho

ols,

tran

spor

tatio

n be

ing

in f

ive

by w

agon

and

one

by r

ailr

oad.

In V

irgi

nia

the

num

ber

of c

onso

lidat

edsc

hool

s is

on

the

incr

ease

, bei

ng 1

30 in

190

6 an

d 16

2in

190

7.

Stat

e Su

peri

nten

dent

J. Y

. Joy

ner,

of N

orth

Car

olin

a,

CO

NSO

LID

AT

ION

OF

SCH

OO

LS

313

decl

ares

that

con

solid

atio

n is

rap

idly

dri

ving

the

old

log

scho

olho

use

out o

f hi

s st

ate.

He

wri

tes:

In 1

906

ther

e w

ere

950

whi

te a

nd 1

65 c

olor

ed s

choo

ls h

avin

g m

ore

than

one

teac

her.

Thi

s w

as a

n in

crea

se d

urin

g th

e ye

ar o

f 99

whi

tean

d 49

col

ored

sch

ools

hav

ing

mor

e th

an o

ne te

ache

r.T

he in

crea

seof

sch

ools

em

ploy

ing

mor

e th

an o

ne te

ache

r ha

s al

so in

crea

sed

the

num

ber

of r

ural

sch

ools

giv

ing

som

e in

stru

ctio

n' in

hig

h sc

hool

bran

ches

.In

190

6 th

ere

wer

e 96

8 w

hite

and

90

colo

red

scho

ols

whi

ch g

ave

som

e su

ch in

stru

ctio

n, b

eing

an

incr

ease

dur

ing

the

year

of 3

6 w

hite

and

32

colo

red

scho

ols

atte

mpt

ing

som

e hi

gh s

choo

lin

stru

ctio

n.

Sout

h C

arol

ina

and

Geo

rgia

are

mak

ing

prog

ress

. The

form

er p

rove

s by

act

ual f

igur

es th

at th

e sy

stem

is c

heap

erto

the

taxp

ayer

s;th

at it

rai

ses

the

teac

hers

' sal

arie

s;be

tters

enr

ollm

t and

dai

ly a

ttend

ance

; len

gthe

ns th

esc

hool

yea

r; a

nd e

nric

hes

the

cour

se o

f st

udy.

The

latte

rfi

nds

prog

ress

rat

her

slow

, but

has

in s

pite

of

this

atta

ined

good

res

ults

.Fl

orid

a, to

o, m

ust b

e re

ckon

ed w

ith.

Its

reco

rd is

cons

olid

ated

sch

ools

in 1

7 ou

t of

44 c

ount

ies,

and

oth

erco

untie

s re

ady

and

favo

rabl

e to

con

solid

atio

n.L

ouis

iana

has

mad

e m

arke

d ad

vanc

e in

this

res

pect

unde

r St

ate

Supe

rint

ende

nt J

ames

B. A

swel

l's a

ble

ad-

min

istr

atio

n.Pa

rish

aft

er p

aris

h ha

s un

ited

its w

ards

our

dist

rict

s), "

bui

ldin

g up

larg

er s

choo

ls a

nd d

imin

ish-

ing

the

cost

of

thei

r m

aint

enan

ce."

The

Wes

t.T

he W

este

rn s

tate

s ha

ve n

ot y

et m

ade

any

appr

ecia

ble

prog

ress

in c

onso

lidat

ion

of s

choo

ls. T

he r

easo

n

36b

Page 184: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

314

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

is n

ot f

ar to

see

k: a

new

lyse

ttled

peo

plei

n m

any

plac

es,

inde

ed, s

till

in th

epr

oces

;of

settl

ing;

smal

lco

m-

mun

ities

, iso

late

d on

e fr

om a

noth

erby

str

etch

of

was

te

plai

n or

mou

ntai

n ri

dge;

age

nera

l wan

t of

good

roa

ds;

and

upon

the

who

le a

gen

eral

new

ness

and

inst

abili

ty

in p

opul

atio

n, w

hich

mak

esco

nsol

idat

ion

in s

ome

mea

s-

ure

impr

actic

able

.U

tah

repo

rts

cent

ral s

choo

lsin

stea

dily

incr

easi

ng

num

bers

.C

onso

lidat

ion

is p

ract

iced

in m

any

coun

ties

here

, but

on

a ra

ther

sm

all

scal

e.

Wyo

min

g em

ploy

s co

nsol

idat

ion

in a

ver

y fe

w d

istr

icts

;

but s

o fa

r as

the

wor

k ha

sbe

en c

arri

ed it

is r

epor

ted

succ

essf

ul.

Ore

gon,

on

the

far-

away

Pac

ific

,is

" m

eetin

g w

ith v

ery

muc

h en

cour

agem

ent."

From

the

fore

goin

g so

mew

hat

ram

blin

g re

port

rea

ders

will

app

reci

ate

that

the

mov

emen

t to

cons

olid

ate

rura

l

scho

ols

is b

ecom

ing

natio

nal

in s

igni

fica

nce.

Tha

t it i

s

no lo

nger

an

expe

rim

ent,

even

the

mos

t con

serv

ativ

e m

ust

ackn

owle

dge.

If it

has

not

alw

ays

prov

edsu

cces

sful

,it

is n

ot b

ecau

se th

e pr

inci

ple

of c

onso

lidat

ion

in it

self

is

wro

ng, b

ut b

ecau

seit

was

not

pro

perl

y ap

plie

d or

loca

lco

nditi

ons

wer

e no

t giv

en p

rope

rco

nsid

erat

ion.

Now

let u

s co

nsid

er a

part

icul

ar c

ases

of

succ

essf

ul

cons

olid

atio

n.In

this

con

nect

ion

it is

wel

l to

emph

asiz

e

four

type

s of

con

solid

atio

n :

(1)

part

ial,

(2)

com

plet

e, (

3)

cent

ered

in v

illag

e, (

4) p

urel

yru

ral.

3ElL

CO

NSO

LID

AT

ION

OF

SCH

OO

LS

315

Part

ial C

onso

lidat

ion.

By

part

ial c

onso

lidat

ion

ism

eant

the

grou

ping

of

two,

thre

e, o

r m

ore

scho

ols

at s

trat

egic

poin

ts in

the

tow

nshi

p, w

ithou

t aim

ing

at u

ltim

ate

cent

rali-

zatio

n of

all

the

scho

ols

in th

e to

wns

hip

at th

e ge

ogra

phi-

cal c

ente

r.T

his

form

of

cons

olid

atio

n is

pra

ctic

ed w

here

the

size

or

shap

e of

the

tow

nshi

p or

its

natu

ral c

onto

ur

A .1

ranf

irei

tlftiN

-1::1

4 sa

gl:

FIG

. 20.

Map

illu

stra

ting

grow

th o

f co

nsol

idat

ion

in M

adis

on to

wns

hip,

Lak

e co

unty

, Ohi

o.(S

ee te

xt.)

mak

es tr

ansp

orta

tion

of a

ll pu

pils

toon

e ce

nter

impr

acti-

cabl

e.A

n ex

celle

nt il

lust

ratio

nis

Mad

ison

tow

nshi

p,L

ake

coun

ty, O

hio,

whe

re p

artia

l con

solid

atio

n be

gan

in18

92.

The

acc

ompa

nyin

g m

aps

tell

the

stor

y in

a gr

aphi

cw

ay.

The

tow

nshi

p w

hich

bor

ders

on L

ake

Eri

e is

seve

n m

iles

on th

e w

est s

ide,

nin

e on

the

east

, and

fiv

em

iles

wid

e.T

he d

ista

nce

by w

agon

fro

m th

e ex

trem

esof

the

tow

nshi

p to

Mad

ison

vill

age

isse

ven

mile

s, w

hich

is to

o fa

r fo

r sa

tisfa

ctor

y tr

ansp

orta

tion

of p

upils

.A

s

a co

nseq

uenc

e ce

ntra

lizat

ion

here

has

bee

n at

thre

e or

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE36

't

Page 185: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

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RA

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3 6

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NS

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est

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cov

erin

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06-1

907.

Cen

tral

ized

Hal

f of s

ubdi

stric

ts s

uspe

nded

..

One

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scho

ols

tran

sfer

red

to a

noth

er.

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al.

thir

d m

ap g

ives

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ols

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VA

ILA

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E3

6 '0

Page 186: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

318

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

two

subd

istr

icts

with

out t

he a

dvan

tage

s of

con

solid

a.

tion. C

ompl

ete

Con

solid

atio

n.Pa

rtia

l con

solid

atio

n is

ver

y

com

mon

ly p

ract

iced

; but

it is

less

sat

isfa

ctor

yth

an th

e

so-c

alle

d co

mpl

ete

cons

olid

atio

n un

less

, of

cour

se, a

larg

een

ough

num

ber

of s

ubdi

stri

cts

unite

to e

stab

lish

scho

ols

offe

ring

thor

ough

hig

h sc

hool

cou

rses

at

thes

e se

vera

l

cent

ers.

Com

plet

e co

nsol

idat

ion,

as

indi

cate

din

the

nam

e, c

onte

mpl

ates

the

cent

raliz

atio

n of

eve

ry s

mal

lsc

hool

with

in th

e to

wns

hip

atits

geo

grap

hica

l cen

ter.

Thi

s in

surc

s th

e es

tabl

ishm

ent o

f a

high

sch

ool d

epar

t-

men

t, of

feri

ng ju

st s

uch

stud

ies

as a

re a

dapt

ed to

far

mne

eds.

Thi

s ty

pe o

f co

nsol

idat

ion

is c

omm

on a

nd is

on

the

rapi

d in

crea

se.

It is

wel

l exe

mpl

ifie

d in

Wea

tow

n-

ship

, Tip

peca

noe

coun

ty,

Indi

ana.

The

cen

tral

sch

ool

here

is n

ot s

o la

rge

as m

any

othe

rs th

at c

ould

be

men

-tio

ned,

but

con

ditio

ns a

re o

ther

wis

e so

nea

r to

bei

ngid

eal

that

it w

ill a

nsv,

Tr

our

purp

ose

of il

lust

ratio

n ni

cely

.T

he

repo

rt is

fro

m th

e pe

nof

Tow

nshi

p T

rust

ee F

airf

axK

irkp

atri

ck, w

ho w

rite

s:

The

Wea

Con

solid

ated

Sch

ool,

Tip

peca

noe

Cou

nty,

Ind

iana

.T

his

tow

nshi

p is

who

lly r

ural

, the

re b

eing

no

villa

ges

or to

wns

with

in

its b

orde

rs.

It is

iix

mile

s sq

uare

, and

mos

t of

the

land

is a

par

tof

the

fam

ed W

eil P

lain

s.T

he f

arm

s ar

e la

rge,

mak

ing

a sm

all

scho

ol p

opul

atio

n.Se

ven

year

s ag

o th

is to

wns

hip

mai

ntai

ned

elev

en

dist

rict

sch

ools

.M

any

of th

ese

wer

e ve

ry s

mal

l, th

e to

tal

enro

llmen

t

in f

ive

of th

em b

eing

60.

Abo

ut tw

elve

yea

rs a

go a

two-

room

bri

ck

build

ing

was

bui

ltin

the

cent

er o

f th

e to

wns

hip,

and

one

roo

m

CO

NSO

LID

AT

ION

OF

SCH

OO

LS

319

was

use

d to

mai

ntai

n a

high

sch

ool.

So w

eak

was

this

hig

h sc

hool

,un

supp

orte

d by

the

grad

es, t

hat i

t was

a q

uest

ion

whe

ther

it c

ould

surv

ive.

At o

ne ti

me

it w

as w

holly

aba

ndon

ed th

egr

eate

r pa

rt o

fa

term

.In

190

3 th

e tr

uste

e, P

. M.

Tom

pson

, aba

ndon

ed s

choo

ldi

stri

cts

5 an

d9.

Dis

tric

t9

was

with

inth

ree

quar

ters

of

a m

ile o

f th

e tw

o-ro

om b

uild

ing,

so

noco

nvey

ance

was

nee

ded.

The

pup

ils o

f D

istr

ict

5 w

ere

conv

eyed

to th

e hi

gh s

choo

l bui

ldin

g,w

hich

now

had

two

teac

hers

.O

ther

dis

tric

t sch

ools

wer

eso

on c

lose

d,an

d th

e tw

o-ro

om b

uild

ing

was

fill

ed to

ove

rflo

win

g.In

190

4 an

addi

tion

of tw

o ro

oms

was

mad

e to

the

build

ing.

In a

ll, s

even

dist

rict

sch

ools

hav

e be

en a

band

oned

and

the

pupi

ls c

onve

yed

to th

ece

ntra

l sch

ool w

hich

now

supp

orts

fou

r te

ache

rs.

At f

irst

the

sent

i-m

ent w

as s

tron

gly

oppo

sed

to c

entr

aliz

atio

n, b

utno

w a

bout

nin

ete

nths

of

the

patr

ons

are

plea

sed.

The

tow

nshi

p no

w h

as th

ree

rura

ldi

stri

ct s

choo

ls, o

ne o

f w

hich

will

prob

ably

alw

ays

be m

aint

aine

d.T

he o

ther

two

may

som

etim

e be

con

veye

d to

the

cent

ral s

choo

l.T

here

are

now

six

wag

ons,

mos

t of

them

the

best

that

can

be

had,

runn

ing

to th

e gr

aded

sch

ool.

The

res

ults

in th

isto

wns

hip

show

conc

lusi

vely

that

the

mor

e co

mpl

ete

the

cent

raliz

atio

n, a

nd th

em

ore

wag

ons

ther

e ar

e to

the

cent

ral s

choo

l, th

e be

tter

the

satis

fact

ion.

Whe

n th

ere

wer

e bu

t tw

oor

thre

e w

agon

s th

e ro

utes

wer

e lo

nger

,an

d th

ere

was

mor

e do

ublin

gon

the

trac

k.N

ow th

ew

agon

s go

mor

e di

rect

ly to

the

scho

ol a

nd th

e m

ajor

ity o

f th

epu

pils

rid

e a

muc

hsh

orte

r di

stan

ce.

Eac

h w

agon

is h

eate

d by

a st

c ,e

and

is m

ade

com

fort

able

.E

ach

driv

er is

pai

d $2

a d

ay a

nd f

urni

shes

his

own

hack

.O

ne h

undr

ed a

re tr

ansp

orte

d.T

he c

entr

al s

choo

l has

a la

rge

wel

l-sh

aded

grou

nd.

The

bui

ldin

gis

hea

ted

by a

fur

nace

and

is m

oder

n.Fo

r th

e be

nefi

t of

the

high

scho

ol p

upils

who

dri

ve to

sch

ool,

the

tow

nshi

p ha

s bu

ilt a

bar

nla

rge

enou

gh f

or te

n ho

rses

and

bug

gies

.T

he c

entr

al s

choo

l has

a lib

rary

of

mor

e th

an f

ive

hund

red

book

s.T

he s

choo

l is

orga

nizi

ng:.s

wor

k so

that

in a

sho

rt ti

me

i'. w

ill b

eas

wel

l org

aniz

ed a

s th

e be

stci

ty s

choo

l.O

ne te

ache

r w

ho c

an d

o hi

ghgr

ade

mus

ic w

ork

isem

ploy

ed, a

nd th

is te

ache

r do

es a

ll th

e m

usic

wor

k of

the

scho

ol.

371

Page 187: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

320

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

A li

ttle

furt

her

care

in s

elec

ting

teac

hers

will

giv

e th

e sc

hool

a te

ache

rin

dra

win

g an

d pe

nman

ship

, or

a te

ache

r of

agr

icul

ture

.T

he g

reat

-es

t dra

wba

ck to

the

adva

nced

org

aniz

atio

n of

the

scho

ol is

the

scar

ceity

of

teac

hers

who

can

do

this

spe

cial

wor

k.

Vill

age

Typ

e of

Con

solid

atio

n.A

thir

d ty

pe o

f co

n-so

lidat

ed s

choo

l res

ults

fro

m c

losi

ng r

ural

:,c.

hool

s an

dtr

ansp

ortin

g to

a n

eigh

bori

ng v

illag

eT

his

has

its o

p-po

nent

s w

ho a

sser

t with

muc

h fo

rce

that

wha

t is

need

edis

not

som

e ad

ditio

nal c

onve

nien

ce f

or s

endi

ngch

ildre

nto

vill

age

and

city

, to

educ

ate

them

aw

ay f

rom

the

coun

try,

but e

duca

tiona

l fac

ilitie

s ri

ght o

ut in

the

rura

ldi

stri

cts

as g

ood

as th

ere

can

be f

ound

in th

e ci

ty, w

hich

sha

ll tr

ain

for

the

farm

, and

for

the

farm

onl

y.M

oreo

ver,

the

larg

ervi

llage

s ar

e no

t inc

lined

to a

dapt

thei

rco

urse

of

stud

y to

suit

coun

try

need

s; n

or c

ould

this

be

expe

cted

.T

hen

the

aver

age

Am

eric

an v

illag

e of

fers

tem

ptat

ions

to th

eun

-so

phis

ticat

ed c

ount

ry y

outh

, whi

ch is

pre

ttysu

re to

leav

ehi

m th

e w

orse

me-

for

havi

ng c

ome

to "

tow

n."

Inso

me

plac

es N

.'.ie

re c

entr

aliz

atio

n ha

s ta

ken

plac

e in

larg

evi

llage

s at

tem

pts

have

bee

n m

ade

to s

tudy

agr

icul

ture

and

othe

r su

bjec

ts e

ssen

tial t

o th

e fa

rm, a

ndno

t with

out s

ucce

ss.

Still

, in

a m

ajor

ity o

f th

ese

villa

ges

the

cour

se c

ontin

ues

to s

mac

k of

the

city

.O

n th

e ot

her

hand

, if

the

villa

ge is

so s

mal

l tha

t it h

as n

one

exce

pt r

ural

inte

rest

s, th

ere

is li

ttle

reas

on w

hy c

onso

lidat

ion

cann

ot b

e pr

actic

ed th

ere

asw

ell a

s in

the

open

cou

ntry

.A

larg

e nu

mbe

r of

str

ong

scho

ols

are

situ

ated

in s

uch

villa

ges

inev

ery

stat

e w

here

cons

olid

atio

n ,is

pra

ctic

ed.

iB

ES

T C

OP

Y A

VA

ILA

BLE

CO

NSO

LID

AT

ION

OF

SCH

OO

LS

321

Bur

ns C

onso

lidat

ed S

choo

l,M

ario

n C

ount

y, K

ansa

s.Po

ssib

ly th

em

ost s

ucce

ssfu

lco

nsol

idat

edsc

hool

inK

ansa

s is

the

Bur

nssc

hool

, cen

tere

d in

Bur

ns, M

ario

n

_oar

-

F- 1

1-4

nn

Naz

i

m A

mno

n. p

rive

t...

.asa

crie

k ea

aw

n0.

c v

est,

1400

04V

TA

WIM

Ill 4

110

Ftn,

33.

Pla

n of

Bur

ns c

onso

lidat

ed d

istr

ict,

givi

ng c

entr

al s

choo

l,ab

ando

ned

scho

o.s,

and

tran

spor

tatio

n ro

utes

.E

ach

squa

re r

epre

sent

sa

sect

ion

of 6

40 a

cre&

coun

ty, a

vill

age

ofso

me

450

peop

le.

The

spi

rit,

sym

-pa

thie

s, a

nd li

fe o

fth

e pl

ace

are

pure

ly r

ural

.It

may

ther

efor

e be

con

side

red

alm

ost a

s sa

fe th

ough

not s

o id

eal

a pl

ace

for

the

scho

olas

the

coun

try

prop

er.

Mor

eove

r,

37:3

Page 188: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

322

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

it is

wel

l to

cons

ider

the

adde

d op

port

uniti

es w

hich

suc

ha

scho

ol e

xten

ds to

the

wea

k, is

olat

ed v

illag

e.A

ssis

tant

Sta

te S

uper

inte

nden

t C. C

. Sta

rr, w

ho m

ade

a ca

refu

l stu

dy o

f th

e B

urns

dis

tric

t in

1908

, rep

orts

on

his

find

ings

in p

art a

s fo

llow

s:

The

Bur

ns s

choo

l was

con

solid

ated

in 1

904.

The

dis

tric

t was

orig

inal

ly f

orm

ed o

ut o

f fi

ve s

epar

ate

scho

ol d

istr

icts

.In

190

6 an

addi

tiona

l dis

tric

t mad

e ap

plic

atio

n fo

r ad

mis

sion

to th

e co

nsol

idat

eddi

stri

ct, a

nd it

was

adm

itted

, so

that

now

the

cons

olid

ated

dis

tric

tco

nsis

ts o

f w

hat w

ere

orig

inal

ly s

ix s

epar

ate

scho

ol d

istr

icts

, and

the

area

com

pris

ed is

fort

y-th

ree

squa

re m

iles

or c

onsi

dera

bly

mor

e th

an a

con

gres

s:un

alto

wns

hip.

Whi

le th

e la

st d

istr

ict t

hat

join

ed th

e co

nsol

idat

ed d

istr

ict i

s fa

rthe

r fr

om th

e ce

ntra

l sch

ool

than

is o

rdin

arily

adv

ised

for

suc

h di

stri

cts,

that

dis

tric

t est

imat

edth

at th

c ad

vant

ages

of

the

cons

olid

ated

sch

ool w

ould

be

supe

rior

to th

e di

sadv

anta

ges

ot th

e lo

ng d

ista

nce

to s

choo

l.E

xper

ienc

eha

s de

mon

stra

ted

the

trut

h of

this

.A

noth

er d

istr

ict,

lyin

g ou

tsid

e, is

sen

ding

sev

en p

upils

and

pay

ing

thei

r tu

ition

.B

efor

e co

nsol

idat

ion

the

Bur

ns d

istr

ict e

mpl

oyed

two

teac

hers

and

did

not h

ave

a hi

gh s

choo

l. T

he n

ext y

ear

they

had

fiv

e te

ache

rs,

a.nd

now

six

teac

hers

are

em

ploy

ed.

The

sch

ool o

ccup

ies

a m

oder

nsi

x-ro

om b

uild

ing.

A f

our-

year

hig

h sc

hool

cou

rse

is m

aint

aine

dw

hich

'..td

mits

to th

e U

nive

rsity

of

Kan

sas.

Tw

o hi

gh s

choo

l tea

cher

sar

e em

ploy

ed, o

ne o

f w

hom

was

add

ed in

190

7.W

hile

the

r)op

ulat

ion

of B

urns

is a

bout

thc

sam

e as

the

popu

la-

tion

of th

e re

mai

nder

of

the

cons

olid

ated

dis

tric

ts,

a m

ajor

ity o

f th

epu

pils

atte

ndin

g th

e hi

gh s

choo

l are

fro

m th

e co

untr

y.T

he p

upils

in th

e up

per

grad

es (

who

rec

all t

heir

exp

erie

nce

as p

upils

in th

esm

alle

r ru

ral s

choo

k) im

anim

ousl

y pr

efer

red

the

cons

olid

ated

sch

ool.

The

rea

sons

the

1,-;

ils g

ave

for

thei

r pr

efer

ence

are

as f

ollo

ws:

thei

r sc

hool

now

has

bet

ter

teac

hers

, the

rear

e m

ore

pupi

ls to

3'7

CO

NSO

LID

AT

ION

OF

SCH

OO

LS

323

asso

ciat

e w

ith, t

he la

rger

cla

sses

are

mor

e in

tere

stin

g, th

ey m

ake

mor

e pr

ogre

ss, u

nder

stan

d th

eir

less

ons

bette

r, a

ndth

e te

ache

rsha

ve ti

me

to g

ive

the

prop

er a

mou

nt o

f at

tent

ion

to e

ach

subj

ect.

It is

mor

e ag

reea

ble

to r

ide

the

long

dist

ance

to s

choo

l tha

n to

wal

kto

the

coun

try

scho

ols.

Upo

n in

quir

y fr

om th

e pu

pils

who

atte

nd f

rom

the

coun

try

as to

wha

t the

ir c

hanc

es w

ould

hav

e be

en o

fat

tend

ing

high

sch

ool i

f th

eco

nsol

idat

ed s

choo

l had

not

bee

n fo

rmed

, a v

ery

larg

e m

ajor

ity s

tate

dth

at th

e ch

ance

s ar

e th

at th

ey w

ould

not h

ave

had

the

oppo

rtun

ityto

sec

ure

a hi

gh s

choo

l edu

catio

n. A

few

stat

ed th

at th

ey th

ough

t the

yw

ould

hav

e be

en a

ble

to a

ttend

a hi

gh s

choo

l, as

thei

r pa

rent

s to

ldth

em th

at th

ey h

ad in

tend

edto

try

to s

end

them

aw

ay to

a hi

ghsc

hool

.

At t

he c

lose

of

scho

ol I

sel

ecte

dth

e w

agon

that

goe

s to

the

mos

tre

mot

e po

rtio

n of

the

dist

rict

, with

a vi

ew o

f sh

arin

g th

e ex

peri

ence

of th

e pu

pils

whi

le b

eing

tran

spor

ted.

The

dis

tanc

e to

the

end

ofth

e tr

ip w

as te

n an

don

e ha

lf m

iles

a di

stan

ce m

uch

grea

ter

than

is o

rdin

arily

rec

omm

ende

d fo

rtr

ansp

orta

tion.

The

tim

e to

mak

eth

e tr

ip w

as o

ne h

our

and

thir

tym

inut

es. T

he p

upils

sta

ted

that

they

like

d to

rid

e an

d di

dno

t get

tire

d.So

me

said

that

they

got

a lit

tle c

old

som

etim

esa

sugg

estio

n th

at th

e w

agon

s sh

ould

behe

ated

in th

e co

ldes

t wea

ther

.N

eith

er d

rive

rs n

or p

upils

expr

esse

dan

y di

ssat

isfa

ctio

n w

ith th

e m

ode

of tr

ansp

orta

tion,

and

the

peop

lefr

om th

e co

untr

y w

ith w

hom

I co

nver

sed

expr

esse

d th

emse

lveb

asbe

ing

entir

ely

satis

fied

with

thei

rsy

stem

of

tran

spor

tatio

n.A

fter

ext

ensi

ve in

quir

y,no

per

son

coul

d be

fou

nd in

the

dist

rict

who

wou

ld b

e w

ill;n

g to

go b

ack

to th

e ol

d sy

stem

of

sepa

rate

sm

all

scho

ols.

The

re is

a g

ener

al b

elie

f th

at th

esc

hool

s ar

e fa

r be

tter

than

und

er th

e ol

d pl

an, a

ndth

at th

e co

mm

unity

, thr

ough

cons

oll.

datio

n, h

as ta

ken

a lo

ngst

ep f

orw

ard

educ

atio

nally

.

The

Pur

ely

Rur

al T

ype.

The

last

type

of

cons

oli.

date

d sc

hool

to c

all f

or c

onsi

dera

tion

is th

e pu

rely

rur

al.

Thi

s is

the

idea

l typ

e.It

cont

empl

ates

the

esta

blis

hmoa

t

37b

Page 189: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

324

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

of th

e sc

hool

rig

ht in

the

hear

t of

the

rura

l com

mun

ity,

whe

re th

e ch

iid c

an d

wel

l in

clos

e co

mm

unio

n w

ith n

atur

e,

away

fro

m th

e at

trac

tions

and

allu

rem

ents

of

the

city

.In

suc

h an

env

iron

men

t est

ablis

h th

e fa

rm c

hild

's s

choo

l.B

uild

it g

ood

and

larg

e; e

quip

it w

ith a

ll th

e w

orki

ngto

ols

nece

ssar

y to

the

grea

test

mea

sure

of

succ

essf

ul w

ork.

Add

bro

ad a

cres

for

bea

utif

ul g

roun

ds a

nd g

arde

n an

dex

peri

men

tal a

reas

.A

nd s

urel

y th

e ru

ral s

choo

l pro

blem

will

then

be

in a

fai

r w

ay to

sol

utio

n.A

n ex

celle

nt e

xam

ple

of th

e pu

rely

rur

al ty

pe is

the

John

Swan

ey C

onso

lidat

ed S

choo

l, in

Put

nam

cou

nty,

Illi

nois

.T

his

scho

ol w

as s

tudi

ed b

y th

e N

. E. A

. Com

mitt

eeon

Indu

stri

al E

duca

tion

in S

choo

ls f

or R

ural

Com

mun

ities

and

the

resu

lts e

mbo

died

-in

thei

r re

port

to th

e C

leve

land

Con

vent

ion,

190

8.It

was

sel

ecte

d fo

r th

is p

urpo

se b

y th

eco

mm

ittee

" a

s af

ford

ing

the

best

illu

stra

tion

of p

ublic

sent

imen

t, pr

ivat

e lib

eral

ity, a

nd w

ise

orga

niza

tion

com

-

bine

d, th

at th

e co

mm

ittee

was

abl

e to

fin

d in

any

con-

solid

ated

dis

tric

t in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es."

Supe

rint

ende

nt0.

J. K

ern

visa

ed th

e sc

hool

and

rep

orte

d it

for

the

com

-m

ittee

of

whi

ch h

e is

a m

embe

r.H

e sa

ys in

par

t:

The

Joh

n Sw

aney

Con

solid

ated

Cou

ntry

Sch

ool i

s lo

cate

d in

Mag

nolia

tow

nshi

p, P

utna

m c

ount

y, I

llino

is, b

esid

e a

coun

try

road

, tw

o m

iles

from

the

smal

l vill

age

of M

cNab

b. T

he b

uild

ing

stan

ds n

ear

the

nort

h si

de o

f a

beau

tiful

cam

pus

cons

istin

g of

twen

ty.

four

acr

es o

f tim

ber

past

ure

Thi

s ca

mpu

s w

as d

onat

ed b

y M

r.Jo

hn S

wan

ey, w

ho is

a f

arm

er o

f m

oder

ate

circ

umst

ance

s, a

man

who

bel

ieve

s in

bet

ter

thin

gs f

ur c

ount

ry c

hild

ren,

His

was

a w

orth

y

371

Con

.olid

ated

sch

ool a

t Nor

th M

adis

on, M

adis

on T

owns

hip,

Lak

e C

ount

y,O

hio.

Eig

ht e

onve

y,in

ces

tillo

l with

bild

ren

may

he

seen

line

d up

in th

efo

regr

ound

.(C

ourt

esy

of A

. B. G

:aha

m, C

olle

ge o

f Agr

icul

ture

, Col

um-

tat:,

Ohi

o.)

;

Pgr

The

Joh

n S

wan

ey S

choo

l, D

istr

ict s

3s, M

cNab

b, Il

linoi

s.Ir

win

A. M

ad.

den,

Prin

tipal

.

BE

STcr

loy

%,A

ILA

RI5

3 7

Page 190: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

CO

NSO

LID

AT

ION

OF

SCH

OO

LS

325

deed

in b

ehal

f of

a w

orth

yca

use

and

shou

ld p

rove

a s

ugge

stio

n an

dan

insp

irat

ion

to p

ublic

-spi

rite

d fa

rmer

s in

oth

er c

omm

uniti

es.

The

con

solid

ated

sch

ool i

san

illu

stra

tion

of th

e fu

ndam

enta

lfa

ct th

at if

the

coun

try

peop

le w

ant b

ette

rsc

hool

s in

the

coun

try

for

coun

try

child

ren,

they

mus

t spe

ndm

ore

mon

ey f

or e

duca

tion

and

spen

d it

in a

bet

ter

way

.T

here

is n

o ot

her

way

.It

is c

ompa

rativ

ely

easy

for

a s

peak

er b

efor

e a

farm

ers'

inst

itute

mee

ting

to g

ain

the

inte

llect

ual a

ssen

t of

the

aver

age

farm

er in

the

com

mun

ity to

the

abov

e m

onet

ary

prop

ositi

on.

But

to g

o to

the

farm

ers

on th

em

orni

ng a

fter

, and

get

thei

r fi

nanc

ial

cons

ent t

o vo

te b

onds

for

abe

tter

equi

pmen

t and

mak

ean

incr

ease

d ta

x le

vy f

or a

bet

ter

teac

h-in

g fo

rce,

is q

uite

a d

iffe

rent

mat

ter.

And

yet

this

act

ually

is w

hat

mus

t be

done

, and

wha

t has

bee

n do

ne in

Mag

nolia

tow

nshi

p.

SOM

E F

INA

NC

IAL

DA

TA

Uni

t of

Org

aniz

atio

n.T

he c

onso

lidat

ed d

istr

ict

com

pris

esth

ree

ordi

nary

cou

ntry

sch

ool d

istr

icts

that

wer

e co

nsol

idat

ed b

ydu

e pr

oces

s un

der

the

Illin

ois

scho

ol la

w.

John

Sw

aney

Con

solid

ated

Sch

ool,

Putn

am C

ount

y, I

llino

is.

Lan

d A

rea

and

Val

uatio

n.T

he c

onso

lidat

ed d

istr

ict c

ompr

ises

four

teen

sec

tions

of

land

, and

the

asse

ssed

valu

atio

n un

der

the

Illin

ois

reve

nue

law

is o

ne h

undr

ed s

even

ty-n

ine

($17

9) d

olla

rs.

By

the

Illin

ois

reve

nue

law

the

asse

ssed

val

uatio

nis

sup

pose

d to

rep

rese

nton

e fi

fth

of th

e fa

ir c

ash

valu

e.It

is u

pon

the

asse

ssed

val

uatio

nth

at a

ll ta

xes

are

levi

ed. T

he s

ellin

gpr

ice

of im

prov

ed f

arm

s w

hich

com

pris

e th

ree

four

ths

of th

e di

stri

ct is

$rso

per

acr

e.T

he s

ellin

gpr

ice

of ti

mbe

r la

nd w

hich

com

pris

esth

e re

mai

ning

one

fou

rth

is$7

5 pe

r ac

re.

Scho

ol L

evy.

The

sch

ool l

evy

for

the

scho

olye

as o

f 19

o7-1

9o8

was

$29

00 f

or th

e bu

ildin

g fu

nd to

pay

bond

s is

sued

for

the

erec

tion

of th

e ne

w b

uild

ing,

and

$39

cso

for

gene

ral e

duca

tion

purp

oses

:se

curi

ng b

ette

r te

ache

rs, j

anito

r se

rvic

e,et

c.T

wen

ty p

upils

are

payi

ng tu

ition

at p

rese

nt, b

ring

ing

inan

ann

ual r

even

ue o

f $3

75.

Page 191: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

326

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

Prac

tical

ly a

ll th

e m

oney

rai

sed

for

scho

ol p

urpo

ses

in I

llino

is is

rais

ed b

y lo

cal t

axat

ion.

TH

E B

UIL

DIN

G A

ND

EQ

UIP

ME

NT

The

sch

ool i

s ho

used

in a

$12

,000

two

and

a ha

lf s

tory

bri

ckbu

ildin

g, c

onta

inin

g fo

ur r

ecita

tion

room

s, tw

o la

bora

tori

es, l

arge

audi

tori

um, t

wo

libra

ry a

nd o

ffic

e ro

oms,

a b

oys'

man

ual t

rain

ing

room

, a g

irls

' pla

yroo

m, f

urna

ce r

oom

,an

d cl

oak

room

.A

ll ar

elig

hted

with

gas

olin

e ga

s ge

nera

ted

by a

pla

nt, t

he r

eser

voir

of

whi

chis

sto

red

outs

ide

of th

e bu

ildin

g. T

he la

bora

tori

es a

re a

lso

furn

ishe

dw

ith g

as f

rom

this

pla

nt.

The

bui

ldin

g is

hea

ted

with

ste

am a

ndfu

rnis

hed

with

run

ning

wat

er s

uppl

ied

by a

n ai

r pr

essu

re s

yste

m.

The

bui

ldin

g an

d eq

uipm

ent c

ost S

i6,0

00.

Don

atio

ns. T

here

are

peo

ple

livin

g in

this

con

solid

ated

dis

-tr

ict a

nd c

omm

unity

who

are

uns

elfi

sh e

noug

h an

d w

ho h

ave

suff

i-de

nt f

aith

in th

e co

nsol

idat

ion

of s

choo

ls to

aid

the

mov

emen

t by

mat

eria

l gif

ts.

As

a co

nseq

uenc

e th

e be

autif

ul c

ampu

s of

twen

ty-

four

acr

es w

as d

onat

ed b

y M

r. J

ohn

Swan

ey.

Cou

nty

Supe

rin-

tend

ent G

. NV

. Hun

t gav

e a

set o

f m

anua

l tra

inin

g to

ols.

Bes

ides

thes

e, th

e Jo

hn K

ay e

stat

e, N

V. G

. Gri

ffith

, F. E

. Sm

ith, J

ohn

Wils

on,

Perr

y M

ills,

W. L

. Mill

s, a

nd L

ouis

Pri

ebe

gave

nea

t sum

s of

mon

ey.

In a

ll ab

out $

2000

, bes

ides

the

grou

nds,

wer

e do

nate

d to

the

scho

ol.

Wag

ons

and

Cos

t.T

wo

team

s ar

e em

ploy

ed in

bri

ngin

g th

ech

ildre

n fr

om tw

o of

the

old

dist

rict

s.T

he w

agon

s co

st S

175

each

and

are

owne

d by

the

dist

rict

.D

ista

nce,

rou

nd tr

ip f

or o

ne w

agon

,is

nin

e m

iles,

and

nin

e an

d on

e ha

lf m

iles

for

the

othe

r.D

rive

rs

of th

e w

agon

s ar

e fa

rmer

boy

s liv

ing

in th

e co

mm

unity

who

are

inth

e hi

gh s

choo

l roo

m.

The

hor

ses

are

put i

n th

e sc

hool

bar

n lo

cate

d

on th

e ca

mpu

s.E

ach

team

cos

ts $

40 p

er m

onth

for

twen

ty-t

wo

roun

d tr

ips,

thus

mak

ing

an o

utla

y of

$T

.82

per

day

for

each

wag

on.

As

each

wag

on c

arri

es tw

enty

chi

ldre

n, th

e co

st p

er p

upil

daily

isni

ne c

ents

, abo

ut th

e co

st o

f tw

o st

reet

car

far

es in

the

city

.G

roun

ds.

No

fine

r en

viro

nmen

t, pe

rhap

s, c

an b

e fo

und

for

a

3 b

CO

NSO

LID

AT

ION

OF

SCH

OO

LS

327

coun

try

scho

ol.

The

;rou

nds,

twen

ty-f

our

acre

s in

ext

ent,

are

dotte

d w

ith g

roup

s of

the

nativ

e fo

rest

tree

s.It

is th

e pu

rpos

e of

the

dist

rict

to b

eaut

ify

the

grou

nds

still

fur

ther

acc

ordi

ng to

a p

lan

prep

ared

by

the

Hor

ticul

tura

l Dep

artm

ent o

f th

e Il

linoi

s C

olle

geof

Agr

icul

ture

.T

he T

each

ers'

Hom

e. F

our

or f

ive

farm

ers,

at t

heir

ow

n ex

pens

e,fi

tted

up o

ne o

f th

e ab

ando

ned

scho

olho

uses

for

a te

ache

rs' h

ome,

thus

sol

ving

the

prob

lem

of

a bo

ardi

ng p

lace

for

the

teac

hers

.T

heco

st to

the

farm

ers

was

Sso

o.T

he te

ache

rs p

ay $

g a

mon

th r

ent

and

hire

an

elde

rly

wom

an f

or h

ouse

keep

er.

The

teac

hers

clu

b to

-ge

ther

for

the

livin

g ex

pens

es o

f th

e ho

me.

Jani

tor's

Hom

e. A

n ol

d te

nant

bui

ldin

g lo

cate

d on

the

scho

olgr

ound

s w

as f

itted

up

for

a ja

nito

r's h

ome.

The

jani

tor

has

char

geof

the

grou

nds,

sch

ool b

uild

ing,

and

sta

bles

.H

e re

ceiv

es a

sal

ary

of$3

0 a

mon

th a

nd p

ays

S5 p

er m

onth

for

his

t om

e.

In th

is s

ylva

n re

trea

t, fi

tted

with

eve

ryth

ing

esse

ntia

lfo

r sc

hool

wor

k, th

e bo

ys a

nd g

irls

of

Mag

nolia

tow

nshi

ple

arn

to k

now

nat

ure

and

to lo

ve it

.H

ere

they

ear

lyle

arn

to k

now

that

they

are

indi

geno

us to

the

soil;

that

her

eth

ey m

ust l

ive

and

die.

Giv

e us

man

y su

ch s

choo

ls, a

ndth

e fa

rm y

outh

is in

no

dang

er o

f le

avin

g th

e fa

rm!

Hig

h Sc

hool

Wor

k in

the

John

Sw

aney

Sch

ool.

-- F

or a

lack

of

spac

e w

e ca

nnot

giv

e th

e de

tails

of

all t

he w

ork

in th

o Sw

an:)

. Sch

ool.

Thi

s m

uch,

how

ever

: the

pup

ilsbe

low

the

high

sch

ool a

re ta

ught

by

norm

al g

radu

ates

of c

aref

ul tr

aini

ng a

nd e

xper

ienc

e, w

ho r

ecei

vP a

sal

ary

each

of

S6o

per

mon

th f

or n

ine

mon

ths.

The

pri

ncip

alis

a n

orm

al g

radu

ate,

who

has

had

add

ition

al tr

aini

ngin

the

Illin

ois

Col

lege

of

Agr

icul

ture

.H

e re

ceiv

es S

too

per

mon

th.

His

ass

ista

nt h

as h

ad s

peci

al p

repa

rat'i

n in

381

Page 192: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

328

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

dom

estic

sci

ence

, and

rec

eive

s $6

ope

r m

onth

.(W

edw

ell w

ith m

uch

satis

fact

ion

on th

ese

stat

emen

ts;

fot

here

we

have

fou

nd o

ne c

ount

ry c

omm

unity

that

dem

ands

trai

ned

teac

hers

and

is r

eady

to p

aya

fair

rem

uner

-at

ion.

)

The

hig

h sc

hool

cou

rse

of s

tudy

is p

lann

ed f

orco

untr

ybo

ys a

nd g

irls

. Whi

le th

e cu

lture

stu

dies

are

not n

egle

cted

,fa

rm in

tere

sts

are

emph

asiz

ed in

the

stud

y of

agri

cultu

re,

man

ual t

rain

ing,

and

dom

estic

sci

ence

.H

ere

follo

ws

the

com

plet

e co

urse

of

stud

y:

FIR

ST Y

EA

R

Firs

t Sem

este

rSe

cond

Sem

este

r

Eng

lish

I.A

lgeb

ra.

Phys

iolo

gy.

Agr

onom

y I

or L

atin

.H

ouse

hold

Sci

ence

or

Man

ual

Tra

inin

g.

Eng

lish

II.

Alg

ebra

, to

wee

ks.

Geo

met

ry, t

o w

eeks

.Z

oolo

gy.

Anc

ient

H is

tory

.

Dra

win

g.

Eng

lish

I.A

lgeb

ra.

Phys

ical

Geo

grap

hy.

Hor

ticul

ture

c, L

atin

.H

ouse

hold

&kn

ee o

rT

rain

ing.

SEC

ON

D Y

EA

R

Man

ual

Eng

lish

II.

Geo

met

ry.

Bot

any.

Anc

ient

his

tory

, to

wee

ks.

Ani

mal

flu

sban

dry

or I

ious

ehol

dSc

ienc

e, to

wee

ks.

Mus

ic.

CO

NSO

LID

AT

ION

OF

SCH

OO

LS

329

TH

IRD

YE

AR

Eng

lish

III.

Che

mis

try.

Agr

onom

y II

or

Lat

in o

r H

ouse

-ho

ld S

cien

ce.

Eng

lish

His

tory

.

Eng

lish

IV.

Phys

ics,

Hou

seho

ld S

cien

ce

Am

eric

an H

isto

ry.

Eng

lish

III.

Che

mis

try.

Ani

mal

Hus

band

ry o

r L

atin

ot

Hou

seho

ld S

cien

ce.

Eng

lish

His

tory

.

FOU

RT

H Y

EA

R

Eng

lish

IV.

Phys

ics.

or A

gron

omy

Boo

kkee

ping

, to

wee

ks.

Ari

thm

etic

, 20

%W

AS.

CiV

iCS.

Exc

elle

nt c

ours

es a

re o

ffer

ed in

hous

ehol

dsc

ienc

e,m

anua

l tra

inin

g, a

nd a

gric

ultu

re.

The

latte

r de

als

with

the

theo

ry o

f ag

ricu

lture

, soi

l phy

sics

, soi

l krt

ility

, ani

mal

husb

andr

y, a

nd h

ortic

ultu

re.

In o

rder

that

the

stat

e m

ay le

arn

the

need

s an

d m

etho

ds o

f im

-pr

ovem

ent (

1 its

dif

fere

nt la

rge

soil

area

s, e

xper

imen

t sta

tions

are

esta

blis

hed

in th

ese

area

s; in

all

ther

e ar

e no

w tw

enty

-thr

ee.

One

of th

ese

stat

ions

is n

ow b

eing

inst

alle

d ad

join

ing

the

cam

pus

on th

eea

st.

Thi

s st

atio

n co

ntai

ns a

plo

t of

grou

nd c

onsi

stin

g of

six

acr

usan

d is

div

ided

into

fou

r se

ries

with

fiv

e br

eedi

ng p

lats

in e

ach

seri

es.

Thi

s is

to b

e co

n(lu

cted

by

the

stat

e, b

ut th

e W

iwi w

ill h

ave

the

priv

ilege

of

obse

rvin

g th

e w

ork

of th

e st

atio

n, a

nd w

ill h

ave

acce

ssto

the

reco

rds

of r

usul

ts.

r) L

1

Page 193: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

330

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

LC

ON

SOL

IDA

TIO

N O

F SC

HO

OL

S33

1A

pla

n of

the

grou

nd is

giv

en h

ere:

EX

PER

IME

NT

ST

AT

ION

SER

IES

I

12

34

5

SER

IES

II

12

34

5

SER

IES

III

12

34

5

SER

IES

IV

12

34

5

Seri

es I

will

be

plan

ted

to c

or; ;

Seri

es I

I to

oat

s an

d cl

mer

;Se

ries

III

to o

ats;

Ser

ies

IV to

cow

peas

, in

1907

.Pl

ats

2 an

d 4

have

been

fer

tiliz

ed w

-II

roc

k ph

osph

ate.

The

oth

ers

wer

e no

t.

Con

solid

atio

n: A

dvar

itage

s an

d O

bjec

tions

.W

e ha

veno

w d

wel

t at s

ome

leng

th o

n fo

ur c

onso

lidat

ed s

choo

ls,

repr

esen

ting

as m

any

stat

es.

Eno

ugh

has

been

told

togi

ve th

e re

ader

an

idea

of

thei

r or

gani

zatio

n an

d ef

fect

ive-

ness

of

thei

r w

orki

ng )

lans

.A

t thi

s po

int w

rite

rs o

n co

n-

solid

atio

n us

ually

take

tim

eto

sum

mar

ize

the

adva

ntag

esof

the

syst

em a

ndto

sta

te th

e ob

ject

ions

urge

d ag

ains

tit.

It is

sca

rcel

yne

cess

ary

to ta

ke u

p an

y fu

rthe

rsp

ace

in th

ese

page

s w

ithan

enu

mer

atio

n of

the

mcn

ifol

dad

-va

ntag

es d

ue to

ccn

solid

atio

n.T

he r

eade

r ha

s ga

ther

eden

ough

fro

m th

e di

scus

sion

abov

e to

rea

lize

that

thes

ead

vant

ages

are

very

man

y an

d w

eigh

ty.

Fo,:

addi

tiona

lsu

mm

arie

s he

may

mak

ea

stud

y of

the

exce

llent

boo

ksan

dpa

mph

lets

on

the

subj

ects

enum

erat

ed a

t the

clo

se o

fth

ech

apte

r. T

he o

bjec

tions

, als

o, m

ay b

e pa

ssed

over

ligh

tly.

Som

e of

thes

ear

e of

a s

entim

enta

l nat

ure

and

mus

t yie

ldto

ccc

,not

uic

nece

ssity

.O

ther

s w

hich

at

one

time

seem

edva

lid e

noug

h ha

vebe

en p

rove

d fa

llaci

ous

by th

e ex

peri

-en

ce o

f ye

ars

of s

ucce

ssfu

lco

nsol

idat

ion.

The

obj

ectio

nm

ost f

requ

ently

urg

ed is

that

the

cost

und

erth

e ne

wpl

an is

gre

ater

.W

e ha

ve a

mpl

e fi

gure

sto

pro

ve th

atco

nsol

idat

ion

may

be

carr

ied

on a

t jus

tas

sm

all a

n ou

tlay

as u

nder

the

old

syst

em.

Und

er c

ompl

ete

cons

olid

a-tio

n th

egr

oss

cost

is u

nden

iabl

ygr

eate

r; b

ut w

hen

we

cons

ider

the

adde

def

fect

iven

ess

of th

ene

w s

choo

ls in

the

mat

ter

of in

crea

se a

ndre

gula

rity

of

atte

ndan

ce,

gene

ral

econ

omy,

and

ulti

mat

e ed

ucat

iona

lef

fect

iven

ess,

the

net

indi

vidu

al c

ost i

s fa

rle

ss th

an u

nder

the

pass

ing

regi

me.

A C

losi

ng W

ord.

Thi

s of

fers

an

oppo

rtun

ityto

spe

aka

clos

ing

wor

d.T

he p

lea

thro

ugho

utth

e bo

ok h

as b

een

lot a

ret

urn

to th

at e

qual

ity o

fop

port

unity

on

whi

chou

rco

mm

on s

choo

l sys

tem

was

bui

lt.T

his

equa

lity

no lo

nger

3 8

5

Page 194: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

332

TH

E A

ME

RIC

AN

RU

RA

L S

CH

OO

L

exis

ts e

xcep

t in

theo

ry.

The

far

m y

outh

has

not

had

a

squa

rede

al.

And

the

fund

amen

tal c

ause

of

it al

l is

that

our

rura

l pop

ulat

ion

does

not

spe

nd e

noug

h m

oney

on

the

educ

atio

n of

thei

r bo

ys a

nd g

irls

, nor

doe

s it

spen

d th

is

mon

ey to

the

best

adv

anta

ge.

To-

day

the

farm

er s

pend

s$1

3.17

for

the

educ

atio

n of

his

chi

ldre

n ev

ery

time

the

city

dw

elle

r sp

ends

$33

.01

!C

an f

urth

er a

rgum

ent b

e

nece

ssar

y?A

nd m

uch

of w

hat i

s in

vest

ed in

rur

al e

duca

-

tion

is s

pent

to p

oor

adva

ntag

e in

fee

ble,

poo

rly

inst

ruct

edsc

hool

s w

hich

cou

ld ju

st a

s w

ell b

e ab

ando

ned

or c

on-

solid

ated

.L

et e

very

one

who

rea

ds th

ese

page

s be

com

e a

self

-ap

poin

ted

hera

ld to

pro

clai

m th

e ne

w r

ural

sch

ool e

duca

-

tion;

to g

o in

to e

very

cou

ntry

side

and

pre

ach

the

new

doct

rine

; to

do e

very

thin

g in

his

pow

er to

cre

ate

sent

imen

tfa

vori

ng b

ette

r sc

hool

s an

d be

tter

teac

hing

.T

hen

shal

l

com

e a

brig

ht d

awn

for

the

yout

h of

the

farm

!

A S

EL

EC

TE

D R

EFE

RE

NC

E L

IST

OF

BO

OK

S, P

AM

-PH

LE

TS,

AN

D S

PEC

IAL

AR

TIC

LE

S O

N C

ON

SOL

IDA

-T

ION

I. A

SWE

LL

, JA

ME

S B

. The

Con

solid

atio

n of

Sch

ool D

istr

icts

.Is

sued

by

the

stat

e of

Lou

isia

na, D

epar

tmen

t of

Edu

ca-

tion,

Bat

on R

ouge

, 190

6.pp

. 77.

2. C

onso

lidat

ion

and

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion,

Issu

ed b

y th

e st

ate

of N

ew

Ham

pshi

re, D

epar

tmen

t of

Edu

catio

n, C

onco

rd.

pp. 1

2.3.

Cor

roN

, FA

SSE

TT

A.

Tw

enty

-thi

rd A

nnua

l Rep

ort o

f th

e St

ate

Supe

rint

ende

nt o

fPu

blic

Ins

truc

tion,

Ind

iana

polis

.E

spe-

daily

cha

pter

on

Con

solid

atio

n.

BE

ST C

OPY

A

CO

NSO

LID

AT

ION

OF

SCH

OO

LS

333

4. D

AV

EN

POR

T, E

.C

onso

lidat

ion

of o

ur S

choo

ls.

Uni

vers

ity o

f

5.

Illin

ois,

Urb

ana,

1904

.FA

IRC

HIL

D, E

. T.

Con

solid

atio

n of

Rur

al S

choo

ls.

Top

eka,

1908

.pp

. 48.

6. F

LE

TC

HE

R, G

. F.

The

Con

solid

atio

n of

Sch

ools

and

the

Con

-ve

yanc

e of

Chi

ldre

n.Is

sued

by

the

Mas

sach

uset

tsB

oard

of

Edu

catio

n, B

osto

n.pp

. 25.

7. F

OW

LE

R, W

ILL

IAM

K.

Con

solid

atio

n of

Dis

tric

ts, t

heC

entr

al-

izat

ion

of R

ural

Scho

ols,

and

the

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

ofPu

pils

at P

ublic

Exp

ense

.Is

sued

by

the

Dep

artm

ent

of P

ublic

In-

stru

ctio

n, L

inco

ln,

1903

.&

GR

AH

AM

, A. B

.C

entr

aliz

ed S

choo

ls in

Ohi

o.T

he A

gric

ul-

tura

l Col

lege

Bul

letin

, No.

6, C

olum

bus,

1907

.pp

. 24.

g K

EL

LE

Y, P

AT

RIC

K H

.C

onso

lidat

ion

of S

choo

l Dis

tric

ts.

Is-

sued

by

the

Mic

higa

nD

epar

tmen

t of

Edu

catio

n, L

ans-

ing,

190

6.pp

. 23.

to.

KE

RN

, 0.

J.A

mon

g C

ount

ry S

choo

ls.

Gin

n an

d C

o.,

Chi

cago

, 190

6.Pr

ice

$1.2

5.E

spec

ially

cha

pter

on

Con

-so

lidat

ion.

Ix. -

- A

nnua

l Rep

ort,

Win

neba

go C

ount

y Sc

hool

s,R

ockf

ord,

1908

.pp

. 96.

12. L

ON

GSD

OR

F, H

. H.

The

Con

solid

atio

n of

Cou

ntry

Sch

ools

.Pu

blis

hed

by th

ePe

nnsy

lvan

ia D

epar

tmen

t of

Agr

icul

ture

,H

arri

sbur

g, 1

901.

pp. 8

9.13

. Pro

ceed

ings

of

the

Nat

iona

l Edu

catio

nA

ssoc

iatio

n fo

r th

efo

llow

ing

year

s:19

01, p

p. 8

04-8

1r; 1

902,

pp. 2

24-2

3r a

nd79

3-79

8;

337,

338;

zo6o

.

1903

,

1907

,PP

. 919

-936

;pp

. 277

-279

;19

042

pp. 3

13-3

16; 1

9061

PP.

1908

, pp.

420

-43r

and

1054

-

14. R

epor

t of

the

Com

mitt

ee o

f T

wel

veon

Rur

al S

choo

ls.

Pub-

lishe

d by

the

Uni

vers

ity o

f C

hica

go,

1905

.is

. Ten

th A

nnua

l Rep

ort o

f th

e Il

linoi

sFa

rmer

s' I

nstit

ute,

Spri

ng.

fiel

d, r

gos.

Esp

ecia

lly p

p. 2

08-2

13.

1LA

BL

E

Page 195: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

APP

EN

DIX

A

APP

EN

DIX

A. P

ER

MA

NE

NT

SC

HO

OL

FU

ND

S&

STA

TE

OR

TE

RR

ITO

RY

PER

MA

NE

NT

CO

M-

HO

N S

c no

mFU

ND

S, S

TA

TE

AN

D L

OC

AL

TO

TA

L V

AL

UE

01

PER

MA

NE

NT

FU

ND

SA

ND

PR

OD

UC

TIV

E

LA

ND

S

Uni

ted

Stat

es82

18,9

73,7

36

Nor

th A

tlant

ic D

ivis

ion

Sout

h A

tlant

ic D

ivis

ion

Sout

h C

entr

al D

ivis

ion

Nor

th C

entr

al D

ivis

ion

23,3

56,3

194,

661,

103

52,0

71,2

7111

2,90

0,35

9W

este

rn D

ivhd

on25

,984

,684

Nor

th A

tlant

ic D

ivis

ion:

Mai

ne44

5,71

6

1,N

ew H

amps

hire

(19

04-1

903)

Ver

mon

t.

59,4

701,

120,

218

$59

,470

1,12

0,21

8

tlM

assa

chus

etts

(19

05-1

906)

4,98

0,11

1R

hode

Isl

and

(190

4-19

05)

157,

414

Con

nect

icut

(r9

05-x

906)

.3,

060,

097

New

Yor

k (1

905-

1906

)8,

996,

863

8,99

6,86

3N

ew J

erse

y (1

904-

1905

)4,

436,

430

Penn

sylv

ania

Sout

h A

tlant

ic D

ivis

ion:

Del

w/a

re (

1896

-189

7)35

0,00

035

;000

Mar

ylan

dD

istr

ict o

f C

olum

bia

Vir

gini

a2,

025,

736

2,02

5,73

6W

est V

irgi

nia

I,00

0,00

01,

000,

000

Nor

th C

arol

ina

(190

3-19

04)

200,

000

200,

000

Sout

h C

arol

ina

Geo

rgia

Flor

ida

(190

5-19

06)

2,08

5,36

7

'Thi

s ta

ble,

whi

ch I

. com

pile

d fr

om th

e U

. S. S

choo

l Com

mis

sion

er's

rep

ort f

or :p

asdo

es n

ot ta

ke in

to a

ccou

nt u

npro

duct

ive

scho

ol la

nds.

335

Page 196: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

336

APP

EN

DIX

A

APP

EN

DIX

AC

ontin

ued

STA

TE

OR

TE

RR

ITO

RY

PER

MA

NE

NT

CO

M.

MO

N S

csoo

r.PE

RM

AN

INT

FUN

DS,

SU

ITA

ND

LO

CA

L

TO

TA

L V

AL

VS

OP

F ur

rri

AN

D P

RO

DU

CT

IVE

LA

ND

S

Sout

h C

entr

al D

ivis

ion:

Ken

tuck

y (1

901-

1902

)T

enne

ssee

(19

05-1

906)

.

Ala

bam

a (1

902-

1903

)M

issi

ssip

pi (

1902

-190

3)L

ouis

iana

2,31

5,62

72,

512,

000

2,13

5,31

33,

466,

667

Tex

as (

1904

-190

5)39

,421

,018

49,9

21,0

18A

rkan

sas

1,13

5,27

9O

klah

oma

Indi

an T

erri

tory

Nor

th C

entr

al D

ivis

ion:

Ohi

o (1

901-

1902

)2,

315,

627

Indi

ana

1018

45,3

48Il

linoi

s (1

905-

1906

)17

,656

,923

Mic

higa

n (1

904-

1905

)5,

228,

333

Wis

cons

in6,

214,

623

6,21

4,62

3M

inne

sota

10,0

00,0

0019

,000

,000

Iow

a4,

778,

369

Mis

sour

i13

,348

,348

Nor

th D

akot

a14

,000

,000

22,0

00,0

00So

uth

Dak

ota

(190

5-19

06)

.4,

850,

014

30,8

50,0

14N

ebra

ska

6,94

9,44

418

,949

,444

Kan

sas

(190

4-19

05)

7,55

3,33

07,

803,

330

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tern

Div

isio

n:M

onta

na (

1905

-190

6)1,

120,

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4,12

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9W

yom

ing

191,

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2,69

1,97

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olor

ado

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3,05

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ico

24,7

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rizo

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ada

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ashi

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Cal

ifor

nia

5,31

4,05

0

APP

EN

DIX

B33

7

APP

EN

DIX

B

Mr.

S. J

. Rac

e, o

f R

edw

ood

Falls

, Min

neso

ta,

som

eye

ars

ago

wro

te a

n ad

mir

able

art

icle

on R

ural

Sch

ool

Hea

ting

and

V e

ntila

tion

inth

e A

mer

ican

Sch

ool B

oard

Jour

nal,

whi

ch d

escr

ibes

how

to tr

ansf

orm

an

ordi

nary

heat

er in

to a

ven

tilat

ing

stov

e so

wel

l tha

t I ta

ke th

elib

erty

to q

uote

him

at le

ngth

.H

e sa

ys:

Mr.

S. J

. Rac

e on

Rur

al S

choo

l Hea

ting

and

Ven

tilat

ion.

The

reis

no

reas

on w

hy th

e sm

all

rura

l sch

ool c

anno

t be

prov

ided

with

an

adeq

uate

sys

tem

of

war

min

g an

dve

ntila

tion.

The

phy

sica

l wel

fare

of p

upil

and

teac

her

dem

ands

it.H

ealth

is w

ealth

.T

he c

ost

shou

ld n

ot e

xcee

d $5

o.T

his

allo

ws

for

rebu

ildin

g th

ech

imne

y fr

omth

e fo

unda

tion.

I w

ould

rec

omm

end

a si

ngle

flu

e 12

x 1

6 in

ches

.T

his

will

giv

ea

chim

ney

with

an

outs

ide

mea

sure

men

t of

it, x

24

inch

es.

We

have

trie

d do

uble

-flu

ech

imne

ys, w

ith tw

o fl

ues,

eac

h8

x 12

and

12

X 1

2 in

ches

,re

spec

tivel

y. T

hey

wor

k w

ell,

but

a si

ngle

flue

is s

omew

hat b

ette

r.T

he f

lue

is w

arm

er, a

nd h

ence

the

outw

ard

and

upw

ard

mov

emen

t of

the

foul

air

is b

ette

r.T

he ir

onre

gist

er,

12 X

16

inch

es, f

or o

peni

ngm

easu

rem

ent,

shou

ld g

o in

to th

e ch

imne

yw

ithin

4 in

ches

fro

m th

e fl

oor

(do

not p

utan

y in

the

chim

ney

near

the

ceili

ng).

Plac

e th

e st

ove

ina

corn

er,

the

one

mos

t out

of

the

way

. Do

not p

ut it

in th

e ce

nter

of

the

room

whe

re it

wou

ld b

e in

the

way

.C

ut a

hol

e in

the

floo

r,ro

x 1

4 in

ches

, ove

r w

hich

pla

cean

iron

regi

ster

.C

onne

ct th

is o

peni

ng w

itha

box

ro x

ro

inch

es w

ide

and

long

eno

ugh

to r

each

fro

mth

e re

gist

er in

the

floo

rto

the

outs

ide

ofth

e fo

unda

tion.

Co

ve r

t he

end

of

the

box

with

a co

arse

wir

e sc

reen

toke

ep o

ut a

ny a

nim

als.

The

box

may

be

of w

ood

or o

f ga

lvan

ized

iron

.W

ood,

I b

elie

ve, i

s pr

efer

able

.Su

rrou

nd th

e st

ove

with

aci

rcul

ar g

alva

nize

d-ir

on ja

cket

6 fe

et h

igh

and

from

34 to

go

inch

es

391

Page 197: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

338

APP

EN

DIX

C

in d

iam

eter

.T

he s

tove

will

det

erm

ine

the

diam

eter

of

the

jack

et.

Mea

sure

the

diag

onal

bas

e of

the

stov

e to

det

erm

itte

the

diam

eter

of

the

jack

et.

Cut

a d

oor

2i f

eet b

y 4

feet

in th

e ja

cket

for

rem

ovin

gth

e as

hes

and

feed

ing

the

fire

.H

ave

the

jack

et s

tron

gly

mad

e.Se

eto

it th

at th

e do

or in

the

jack

et is

pro

perl

y ar

rang

ed s

o th

at th

e as

hes

may

be

easi

ly r

emov

ed.

I am

oft

en a

sked

by

scho

ol tr

uste

es w

heth

er if

the

stov

e w

ere

plac

ed in

the

mid

dle

of th

e ro

om, w

ill n

ot th

e he

at b

e m

ote

unif

orm

lydi

stri

bute

d?I

do n

ot s

ee h

ow it

can

be.

By

this

pla

n al

l the

hea

tin

the

stov

e is

for

ced

by th

e fl

ow o

fpu

re a

ir f

rom

the

outs

ide

thro

ugh

the

fres

h-ai

r bo

x, d

irec

tly to

with

in a

few

fee

t fro

m th

e ce

iling

. The

only

esc

ape

for

it is

thro

ugh

the

foul

-air

reg

iste

r in

the

chim

aey

near

the

floo

r.T

he e

scap

e is

by

pres

sure

.In

a r

ecen

t tes

t of

six

scho

ol-

hous

es th

e gr

eate

st v

aria

tion

foun

d w

as3

degr

ees,

whe

n m

easu

red.

APP

EN

DIX

C

I. E

AR

TH

AN

D S

KY

The

re a

re f

our

lead

ing

cate

gori

es in

this

grou

p:(z

) th

e w

eath

er;

(2)

the

natu

ral e

vent

s of

the

year

;(3

) th

e co

nfor

mat

ion

of th

e su

r-ro

undi

ng c

ount

ry;

(4)

surv

ey o

f a

broo

k or

oth

er s

tron

g na

tura

lfe

atur

e of

the

regi

on.

i.T

he W

eath

er. -

-Fir

stye

ar: T

he c

hild

sho

uld

obse

rve

and

tell

wha

t the

wea

ther

is, a

nd s

houl

d be

gin

to le

arn

to b

e w

eath

er-w

ise

and

to k

now

the

"sig

ns"

of th

e w

eath

er.

Seco

nd y

ear:

Clo

uds,

suns

hine

, and

sha

dow

, bot

h in

door

s an

d ou

tdoo

rs; s

undi

al.

Thi

rdye

ar: W

ind;

mak

ing

and

flyi

ng k

ites;

wea

ther

van

es; c

him

ney

hood

s ;

effe

ct o

f w

ind

on s

hape

of

tree

s; b

egin

wea

ther

rec

ord,

perh

aps

asbl

ackb

oard

exer

cise

.Fo

urth

yea

r:T

empe

ratu

re;

begi

nth

er-

mom

eter

rea

ding

s;co

ntin

ue r

ecor

d, p

erha

ps in

not

eboo

k.Fi

fth

year

: Bar

omet

er; w

eath

er m

aps,

sig

nals

, and

for

ecas

ts.

2.E

vent

s of

the

Yea

r. F

irst

year

: Not

e th

e ch

ange

of

seas

ons;

posi

tion

of th

e su

n at

dif

fere

nt s

easo

ns;

holid

ays.

Seco

nd y

ear:

APP

EN

DIX

C33

9

Beg

in s

easo

nal o

bser

vatio

ns, c

hief

lyon

dat

e of

app

eari

ng o

ffr

ogs,

mig

ratio

ns o

f bi

rds,

etc

.T

hird

year

: The

cal

enda

r; c

ontin

ue o

b-se

rvat

ions

, chi

efly

on

tree

s, f

ruit

tree

s, e

tc.;

begi

n a

reco

rd, p

erha

pson

bla

ckbo

ard.

Four

th y

ear:

Con

tinue

obse

rvat

ions

, tak

ing

up th

efa

rmin

g in

dust

ries

if in

the

coun

try;

tim

es o

f pl

owin

g, ti

lling

, sow

ing,

harv

estin

g, w

ood

haul

ing,

fen

cebu

ildin

g, e

tc.;

mak

ing

a di

ary

ofw

ork

in th

eco

mm

unity

.

3. S

cene

ry, o

r C

onfo

rmat

ion

of R

egio

n. S

econ

dye

ar: G

ener

alob

serv

atio

ns a

s to

con

tour

of

coun

try,

per

haps

as

seen

fro

m s

choo

l-ro

om w

indo

ws.

Thi

rdye

ar: M

ore

deta

iled

obse

rvat

ions

, cla

ssif

y-in

g in

to s

wam

ps, h

ills,

fla

ts,

woo

dlan

ds, r

iver

-bed

s, o

rcha

rds,

graz

ing

land

s, e

tc.

Four

thye

ar: D

escr

ibe

the

scen

ery

in o

ral a

nd w

ritte

nw

ork;

how

the

scen

ery

can

be im

prov

ed.

Fift

hye

ar: O

bser

vatio

nson

a p

artic

ular

are

a, o

ne f

arm

, the

sch

ool

yard

, the

mai

n ro

ad, e

tc.;

mak

e ch

arts

and

draw

ings

.4.

Sur

vey.

Thi

rdye

ar: B

egin

a r

egul

ar "

surv

ey"

of a

bro

okor

oth

er p

rom

inen

t nat

ural

fea

ture

of

the

regi

on; i

t is

bette

r if

the

feat

ure

is n

ear

the

scho

olho

use;

the

firs

t wor

k w

ill b

ech

iefl

y ex

-pl

orat

ion.

Four

thye

ar: C

ontin

ue s

urve

y;be

gin

to ta

ke d

efin

item

easu

rem

ents

of

the

broo

k, w

idth

,de

pth,

leng

th. '

ribu

tari

es, p

ools

,et

c.Fi

fth

year

: Con

tinue

; des

crib

eth

e br

ook;

mak

e ch

arts

; det

er-

min

e th

e dr

aina

ge b

asin

and

how

the

broo

k af

fect

s its

regi

on.

II. A

NIM

AL

S

The

purp

oses

of

the

anim

al w

ork

are

chie

fly

thre

e:(i

) to

det

er-

min

e th

e an

imal

popu

latio

n of

the

regi

on; (

2) to

dis

cove

rho

w th

ean

imal

s ar

c re

late

d to

thei

ren

viro

nmen

t (ec

olog

y);

(3)

to s

tudy

part

icul

ar a

nim

als

orgr

oups

of

anim

als.

i.Po

pula

tion.

Fir

stye

ar: H

ow m

any

kind

s of

mam

mal

s,bi

rds,

inse

cts,

etc

., do

es th

e ch

ildkn

ow?

Let

the

child

be

kept

on

the

look

out;

trai

n hi

sob

serv

atio

n; a

lway

s in

clud

e th

e fa

rman

imal

sw

ithin

the

scop

e of

the

obse

rvat

ion.

Seco

ndye

ar: C

arry

the

obse

r-va

tion

furt

her,

with

bir

ds.

Thi

rdye

ar:

Furt

her

with

mam

mal

s.

39S

Page 198: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

340

APP

EN

DIX

C

Four

th y

ear:

Fur

ther

with

fis

h, f

rogs

, sal

aman

ders

, etc

.; aq

uari

um.

Fift

h ye

ar: I

nsec

ts; t

erra

rium

.2.

Rel

atio

ns.

Seco

nd y

ear:

Whe

re d

o th

e di

ffer

ent b

irds

live

?W

hat d

o th

ey e

at?

nest

ing

habi

ts;

clas

sify

as

to h

abita

ts.

Thi

rdye

ar: S

ame

with

mam

mal

s.Fo

urth

yea

r: S

ame

with

fis

h, e

tc.

Fift

h ye

ar: S

ame

with

inse

cts.

3. P

artk

ular

Ani

mal

s.Fi

rst y

ear:

Can

ary;

cat

.Se

cond

yea

r:R

obin

; chi

cken

; rab

bit;

dog;

woo

lly b

ear;

gol

dfis

h.T

hird

yea

r:Pi

geon

or

dove

; hou

se o

r E

nglis

h sp

arro

w; f

rog;

turt

le; c

ow; t

ent

cate

rpill

ar o

r ca

bbag

e bu

tterf

ly.

Four

th y

ear:

Blu

ebir

d; b

lack

bird

;cr

ow;

toad

;sq

uirr

el a

nd c

hipm

unk;

hors

e an

d m

ule;

mou

se;

cric

ket.

Fift

h ye

ar:

Poul

try;

sal

aman

ders

;fi

sh;

wat

er in

sect

s;m

oths

and

but

terf

lies;

she

ep a

nd g

oats

; pi

gs; w

oodp

ecke

rs, t

hrus

hes,

war

bler

s, s

parr

ows,

and

oth

er b

ird

grou

ps.

III.

PL

AN

TS

The

pur

pose

s of

pla

nt w

ork

are

sim

ilar

to th

ose

of a

nim

al w

ork:

(r)

to d

eter

min

e th

e pl

ant p

opul

atio

n of

the

regi

on; (

2) p

lant

rel

a-tio

n (e

colo

gy);

(3)

part

icul

ar p

lant

s an

d pa

rts

of p

lant

s.1.

Pop

ulat

ior

Firs

t yea

r:Pl

ant p

opul

atio

n, a

s fo

r an

imal

s.Se

cond

yea

r:O

bser

vatio

ns w

ith g

arde

n fl

ower

s an

d ve

geta

bles

.T

hird

yea

r: W

ild f

low

ers;

pre

serv

atio

n of

the

wild

flo

wer

s.Fo

urth

year

: Con

tinue

with

bus

hes.

Fift

h ye

ar: C

ontin

ue w

ith tr

ees.

2.R

elat

ions

.Se

cond

yea

r:A

s w

ith a

nim

als;

habi

tats

, etc

.,pa

rtic

ular

ly w

ith g

arde

n pl

ants

;di

stri

butio

n of

see

ds w

ill b

e an

inci

dent

in th

is a

nd s

ucce

edin

g ye

ars.

Thi

rd y

ear:

Con

tinue

, with

wild

flo

wer

s an

d w

eeds

.Fo

urth

yea

r: S

ame

with

bus

hes.

Fift

hye

ar: S

ame

with

tree

s; p

lant

pop

ulat

ion

of h

ills,

sw

amps

, ope

nfi

elds

,

etc.

3.Pa

rtic

ular

Pla

nts

and

Part

s of

Pla

nts.

Sec

ond

year

: Lea

ves;

root

s;fl

ower

s;se

eds;

frui

ts; s

ome

com

mon

veg

etab

le o

r gr

ain;

stra

wbe

rry.

Thi

rd y

ear:

llep

atic

a, tr

illiu

m, s

prin

g be

auty

, arb

utus

,or

oth

er e

arly

spr

ing

flow

ers;

pus

sy w

illow

; dan

delio

n;so

d an

dgr

ass;

mor

ning

glo

ry; f

erns

; sw

eet p

ea; d

aisy

; ast

ers;

gol

denr

od.

391

APP

EN

DIX

C34

1

Four

th y

ear:

Lila

c;ro

se;

elde

r;w

illow

s;sn

owba

ll;su

mac

;ha

wth

orn;

blac

kber

ries

;ra

spbe

rrie

s;cu

rran

ts a

nd g

oose

berr

ies;

virg

inia

cre

eper

; gra

pe v

ine.

Fift

h ye

ar: E

verg

reen

s; e

lms;

map

les;

oaks

; ash

es; h

icko

ries

and

oth

er n

ut tr

ees;

fru

it tr

ees.

The

com

mitt

ee h

as p

repa

red

a nu

mbe

r of

com

plet

e le

sson

s to

illus

'rate

"w

hy a

nd h

ow th

e w

ork

may

be

take

n up

."O

ne o

f th

ese

we

have

take

n th

e lib

erty

to r

epro

duce

bel

ow. T

he p

amph

let,

whi

ch d

eals

with

" al

l the

dif

fere

nt p

hase

s of

indu

stri

al e

duca

tion

in r

ural

com

mun

ities

, is

of g

reat

val

ue to

rur

al te

ache

rs, w

ho s

houl

dno

t fai

l to

send

for

a c

opy.

Get

it f

rom

the

secr

etar

y of

the

N.E

.A.

It c

osta

onl

y te

n ce

nts.

TE

LL

!) G

RA

DE

: A R

AIN

ST

OR

M

Purp

ose

of th

e L

esso

n. (

r) T

o pu

t the

pup

il in

the

righ

t atti

tude

tow

ard

wea

ther

.(2

) T

o in

tere

st th

e pu

pil i

n th

e ch

ange

s to

be

seen

in th

e ou

t-of

-doo

rs a

fter

a s

torm

; to

lay

foun

datio

ns f

or g

eog-

raph

y le

sson

s.T

he L

esso

n.A

lthou

gh d

iscu

ssio

n of

a r

ain

stor

m m

ay ta

ke p

lace

prof

itabl

y in

the

firs

t and

sec

ond

grad

es, t

he b

est t

ime

for

cont

inue

dob

serv

atio

n w

ill b

e th

e th

ird

year

in s

choo

l.T

hen

the

pupi

ls a

rere

ady

to d

o so

me

inde

pend

ent o

bser

ving

, and

they

can

see

k ce

rtai

nde

fini

te r

esul

ts o

f th

e st

orm

.T

he s

prin

g sh

ower

com

es u

p su

dden

iy; t

he r

oom

dar

kens

and

the

child

ren

cann

ot s

ee to

wo-

ek.

Thi

s is

. the

tim

e to

hav

e th

em f

eel t

hepa

rt th

at th

e ra

in s

torm

take

s in

thei

r liv

es.

It w

ill b

e re

stfu

l to

lay

all b

ooks

asi

de, t

o cl

ear

the

desk

s, a

nd s

tudy

the

show

er.

Can

the

rain

be

hear

d on

the

roof

?H

ow c

heer

y it

soun

ds!

With

clo

sed

eyes

you

kno

w th

at th

e dr

ops

are

com

ing

dow

n th

ick

and

fast

.L

etus

go

to th

e w

indo

ws.

It is

inte

rest

ing

to w

atch

the

wat

er d

ash

agai

nst t

he p

anes

and

rol

l dow

n; to

see

it f

allin

g on

the

tree

s an

dfl

ower

s; to

thin

k w

hat i

t mea

ns to

the

fiel

ds.

How

fas

t the

str

eam

sfl

ow in

the

gutte

rs a

nd r

uts

in th

e ro

ad!

Why

? H

ow m

uddy

the

rills

and

riv

ulet

s ar

elW

hy?

Whe

re a

re th

e bi

rds?

Wha

t a g

ood

time

robi

n is

hav

ing

out t

here

in th

e ra

inl

Do

you

supp

ose

the

r,II

"

Page 199: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

342

APP

EN

DIX

D

squi

rrel

dis

likes

the

rain

?D

o th

e w

ild a

nim

als

run

for

cove

r?A

re

the

cow

s an

d ho

rses

in th

e fi

elds

in a

hur

ry to

see

k sh

elte

r fr

omth

e

stor

m?

The

nat

ure

of th

r ra

in it

self

sho

uld

be n

oted

: dro

ps la

rge

orsm

all?

Ver

y nu

mer

ous

or r

elat

ivel

y fe

w o

n th

e pe

nt?

Doe

s th

e

rain

fal

l str

aigh

t dow

n or

doe

s it

com

e sl

antin

g?D

oes

it st

rike

har

d?D

oes

it se

em to

com

e fr

om a

gre

at h

eigh

t, or

are

the

clou

ds lo

w?

Let

the

firs

t few

dro

ps s

trik

e on

a c

lean

pie

ce o

f gl

ass,

then

dry

the

glas

s.Is

the

glas

s so

iled?

Why

? C

atch

som

e of

the

last

dro

psin

the

sam

e w

ay.

It f

requ

ently

hap

pens

that

the

spri

ng s

how

ers

are

heav

y an

dbr

ief.

The

y ce

ase

befo

re th

e cl

ose

of s

choo

l.T

he w

ise

teac

her

will

go

out w

ith th

e ch

ildre

n to

see

the

resu

lts o

f th

e st

orm

.If

her

clas

s is

larg

e, s

he c

an li

mit

the

obse

rvat

ions

to o

ne o

r tw

ode

fini

te

thin

gs; a

s, f

or in

stan

ce, t

he f

low

ing

of th

e w

ater

, mak

ing

tiny

valle

ys

and

carr

ying

the

was

te m

ater

ial;

but i

f th

ere

is ti

me,

she

may

take

this

opp

ortu

nity

for

teac

hing

som

e of

the

land

and

wat

er f

orm

s, f

oraf

ter

a sh

ower

thes

e ar

e pr

esen

t in

min

iatu

re a

nd a

re b

est

taug

ht

afie

ld.

If th

e cl

ass

is la

rge,

pre

para

tion

fur

this

less

on c

an b

e m

ade

by m

eans

of

sand

and

cla

y m

aps,

and

then

the

child

ren

may

be to

ld

wha

t kin

ds o

f th

ings

to s

eek

befo

re le

avin

g th

e sc

hool

hous

e.Y

oung

peop

le e

njoy

a p

artic

ular

que

st.

Who

will

be

the

firs

t to

find

an

isla

nd, a

pen

insu

la, a

lake

, a m

ount

ain,

a v

alle

y, a

del

ta, a

mou

ntai

n

rang

e?T

hen

will

com

e th

e qu

estio

n, H

ow a

re th

ese

land

and

wat

er

form

s m

ade?

APP

EN

DIX

D

The

list

of

shru

bs a

ppen

ded

belo

w a

re ta

ken

from

Hun

nan

d B

aile

y's

Prac

tical

Gar

den

Boo

k an

d m

ay b

e su

gges

tive.

The

y ar

e es

peci

ally

wel

l ada

pted

to N

orth

ern

cond

ition

s:B

arbe

rrie

s.B

ox.

Bur

ning

Bus

h or

Euo

nym

us.

9 t;

APP

EN

DIX

D

Bus

h H

oney

suck

les.

Bus

h W

illow

s.

Car

yopt

eris

, blo

omin

g in

Aug

ust a

nd S

epte

mbe

r.C

oton

east

ers.

Des

mod

ium

s or

Les

pede

zas,

blo

omin

g in

fal

l.D

war

f Su

mac

.R

hus

copa

llina

.E

lder

s.N

ativ

e sp

ecie

s ar

e ex

celle

nt.

Exo

chor

da, w

ith p

rofu

se w

hite

blo

om in

spr

ing.

Flow

erin

g A

lmon

d.Fl

ower

ing

Cra

bs.

Flow

erin

g C

urra

nts.

Fors

ythi

as o

r G

olde

n B

ells

.Fr

inge

Tre

e or

Chi

onan

thus

.H

awth

orns

,H

ydra

ngea

s.In

dian

Cur

rant

.Sy

mph

oric

arpo

s vu

lgar

*.Ja

pane

se Q

uinc

e.K

erri

a or

Cor

chor

us.

Lila

cs.

Moc

k O

rang

e or

Phi

lade

lphu

s.N

ew J

erse

y T

ea o

r C

cano

thus

.O

sier

s or

Dog

woo

ds.

Priv

et.

Ros

e A

caci

a.R

oses

.

Smok

e T

ree.

Snow

balls

.T

he J

apan

ese

is p

refe

rabl

e.Sn

owbe

rry.

Sym

phor

icar

pos

race

mos

us.

Spir

eas

of m

any

kind

s.V

ibur

num

s of

man

y ki

nds.

Wei

gela

s.

Whi

te A

lder

.C

lcih

ra a

lnif

olia

.W

itch

Haz

el.

Blo

oms

on th

e ev

e of

win

ter.

Xan

thoc

eras

sor

bifo

lia.

343

Page 200: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

344

APP

EN

DIX

F

APP

EN

DIX

E

No

doub

t tea

cher

s w

ill b

ein

tere

sted

in th

e fo

llow

ing

brie

f ou

tline

of

scho

ol g

arde

nw

ork

from

the

repo

rt o

f th

e

com

mitt

ee o

n In

dust

rial

Edu

catio

n in

Sch

ools

for

Rur

al

Com

mun

ities

.It

is in

tend

ed f

or th

e on

e-ro

omsc

hool

:

The

pur

pose

s of

sch

ool g

arde

nw

ork

may

be

thro

wn

into

thre

e

gene

ral d

ivis

ions

:(t

) to

mak

e ga

rden

and

acq

uire

skill

with

tool

s

(han

dicr

aft)

; (2)

to le

arn

how

pla

nts

grow

and

beha

ve u

nder

cul

ti-

vatio

n; (

3) to

dis

cove

r w

hat

tran

spir

ed in

the

gard

en.

1. H

andi

craf

t.Fi

rst

year

:Si

mpl

est g

arde

n op

erat

ions

,as

raki

ng, s

owin

g se

eds,

wat

erin

g,sh

adin

g, e

tc.

Subs

eque

nt y

ears

:

The

gar

den

wor

k w

ill n

atur

ally

cont

inue

itse

lf, a

nd n

ew p

robl

ems

will

com

e in

to th

e ho

rizo

n of

the

pupi

l as

soon

as

he is

rea

dy f

or

them

.Su

ch q

uest

ions

as

stak

ing,

tyin

g,th

inni

ng, t

rans

plan

ting,

plan

ting

a bu

sh o

r tr

ee,

dist

ingu

ishi

ng w

eeds

, kin

ds o

f so

il,an

d

fert

ilizi

ng w

ill c

ome

up a

s th

ew

ork

proc

eeds

.In

all

year

s w

indo

w

gard

ens

and

plan

t box

es m

ay b

e a

regu

lar

part

of

the

scho

ol g

arde

n

wor

k. 2. H

ow P

lant

s G

row

.Sec

ond

year

: Ger

min

atio

n; s

eed

leav

es.

Thi

rd y

ear:

See

d te

stin

g; la

yers

;bu

lbs.

Four

th y

ear:

Iden

tifi-

catio

n of

kin

ds o

f se

eds;

cut

tings

.Fi

fth

year

: How

dif

fere

ntki

nds

of p

lant

s gr

ow a

nd b

ehav

e;gr

aftin

g; p

runi

ng.

3 . R

ecor

d. T

hird

and

subs

eque

nt y

ears

: A g

arde

nre

cord

may

be b

egun

, at f

irst

pro

babl

y as

abl

ackb

oard

exe

rcis

e.E

ach

gard

en

wor

ker

in f

ourt

h ye

ar s

houl

d ha

ve a

note

-boo

k.

APP

EN

DIX

F

Jere

M. P

ound

, Sta

te S

choo

lC

omm

issi

oner

of

Geo

rgia

,

on th

e Fu

ture

of A

gric

ultu

ral E

duca

tion

in h

is S

taie

.

Jere

M. P

ound

, Sta

teSc

hool

Com

mis

sion

er o

fG

eorg

ia,

ft:3

9 b

APP

EN

DIX

F34

5

look

s fo

r gr

eat t

hing

s fr

om th

e in

augu

ratio

nof

the

new

thor

ough

goin

g sy

stem

of

agri

cultu

ral e

duca

tion

in h

isst

ate.

In a

rec

ent (

1937

) re

port

to th

e G

ener

alA

ssem

bly

touc

hing

the

new

agr

icul

tura

l hig

h sc

hool

s,he

sai

d in

part

:

The

fut

ure

of th

ese

scho

ols

and

thei

r fa

te d

epen

dsup

on y

our

wis

dom

. We

have

cla

ssic

al s

choo

ls, t

echn

olog

ical

scho

ols,

nor

mal

scho

ols,

scho

ols

of m

edic

ine,

sch

ools

of

law

, sch

ools

of

scie

nce;

but t

hese

con

stitu

te th

e on

ly r

ecog

nitio

nw

e ha

ve e

ver

give

n in

an

educ

atio

nal w

ay to

a b

usin

ess

in w

hich

thre

e fo

urth

sor

fou

r fi

fths

of o

ur c

hild

ren

will

eng

age

and

upon

whi

ch w

e al

l, w

ithou

t exc

ep-

tion,

mus

t dep

end.

Of

cour

se, i

gnor

ant

men

may

far

m; t

hey

may

supp

ort t

hem

selv

es in

this

way

; the

y m

ay e

ven

appe

ar to

mak

em

oney

.B

ut th

ey c

an d

o th

ese

thin

gs o

nly

at th

eex

pens

e of

the

soil.

We

are

now

eas

ily in

sig

ht o

f a

peri

od w

hen

the

prev

entio

n of

soi

ler

osio

n an

d w

aste

will

bec

ome

a m

ost v

ital p

robl

em, w

hich

sha

llap

peal

for

sol

utio

n to

eve

ry in

telli

gent

citiz

en.

Alr

eady

, as

issh

own

by th

e ce

nsus

just

com

plet

ed,

man

y sc

hool

dist

rict

s of

coun

ties

in m

iddl

e G

eorg

ia a

re lo

sing

larg

epe

rcen

tage

s of

thei

rpo

pula

tion,

for

reas

ons

whi

ch w

e ne

edno

t go

far

tofi

nd.

Tho

ught

less

and

was

tefu

l met

hods

of

culti

vatio

n ha

vew

orn

out

muc

h of

the

soil

of w

hat w

ason

ce th

e ch

oice

st p

art o

f th

e st

ate

am' h

ave

left

the

red

hills

ste

rile

and

gas

hed

and

scar

red.

The

reis

yet

fre

sh la

nd e

lsew

here

.H

ence

the

exod

us.

But

igno

ranc

ew

ill s

oon

was

te a

nd e

xhau

st th

at li

kew

ise.

The

n w

e sh

all b

e fa

ceto

fac

e w

ith th

e gr

eate

st p

robl

em th

at o

ur p

eopl

em

ust f

ace

the

prob

lem

of

repl

enis

hing

by

artif

icia

lm

eans

a w

orn-

out l

and

who

se f

ores

ts h

ave

vani

shed

ina

gene

ratio

n or

two

thro

ugh

heed

-le

ss, w

aste

ful,

wan

ton,

alm

ost c

rim

inal

des

truc

tion.

To

dwel

l upo

nth

ese

thin

gs is

not

pes

sim

ism

.It

is s

impl

e pr

uden

ce.

Our

ow

nch

ildre

n no

w in

sch

ool w

ill li

ve th

roug

h ha

rder

and

mor

e ar

tific

ial

cond

ition

s th

an w

e sh

all w

itnes

s.It

is, t

here

fore

, our

bou

nden

(1

Page 201: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

346

APP

EN

DIX

G

and

man

ifes

t dut

y to

pre

pare

them

for

thei

r fu

ture

, and

par

ticul

arly

to p

repa

re th

at p

ortio

n of

them

who

thro

ugh

man

ual t

oil a

nd la

bor

mus

t mak

e th

e fo

od s

uppl

ies

for

all t

he r

est,

so th

at th

ey m

ay p

er-

form

thei

r ta

sk w

ith a

min

imum

of

disc

omfo

rt a

nd a

max

imum

of

prof

it an

d pl

easu

re.

..

.T

o su

ch s

choo

ls [

the

new

hig

hsc

hool

s]

I lo

ok f

or th

e re

dem

ptio

n in

gre

at p

art

of o

ur c

omm

on s

choo

ls f

rom

thei

r ai

mle

ss w

ande

ring

s to

war

d un

seen

ends

.In

deed

, I r

egar

d

the

effo

rt to

inau

gura

te a

thor

ough

sys

tem

of a

gric

ultu

ral e

duca

tion

as th

e ki

ndes

t and

bes

tth

ing

that

has

bee

n do

ne f

or th

e co

mm

on

scho

ols

sinc

e th

eir

ince

ptio

n.I

sinc

erel

y tr

ust,

ther

efor

e, th

at y

ou

may

fin

d so

me

way

to s

uppo

rtth

ese

inst

itutio

ns li

berd

ly, t

hat t

hey

may

hel

p in

the

deve

lopm

ent

of th

e co

mm

on s

choo

ls a

nd in

the

ed-

ucat

ion

of o

ur g

reat

rur

al p

opul

atio

n.

APP

EN

DIX

G

The

Com

mitt

ee o

n In

dust

rial

Edu

catio

n in

Sch

ools

for

Rur

al C

omm

uniti

es r

ecom

men

ded

the

follo

win

g ge

nera

l

plan

for

yea

rs s

ix, s

even

, and

eig

ht:

FIR

ST H

AL

F Y

EA

R :

TH

E A

FFA

IRS

OF

AG

RIC

UL

TU

RE

The

pla

ce th

at th

e fa

rm o

ccup

ies

as p

art

of th

e co

mm

unity

life

.

Wha

t the

far

mer

's b

usin

ess

is; w

hat h

e do

es;

wha

t he

sells

; how

he

spen

ds h

is y

ear.

Wha

t is

the

natu

re o

r ki

nd o

f ag

ricu

lture

of

the

part

icul

ar r

egio

n.

Wha

t out

side

hel

p th

e fa

rmer

has

: goo

dro

ads;

tele

phon

es,

rura

l fre

e de

liver

y; e

xper

imen

t sta

tions

, col

lege

s; m

arke

ts.

Gat

her

roug

h st

atis

tics

from

the

farm

ers

of th

e ne

ighb

orho

od.

Wri

te u

p th

e

farm

s of

the

dist

rict

as

to h

isto

ry, s

ize

of b

uild

ings

, etc

.

SEC

ON

D H

AL

F Y

EA

R: T

HE

SO

ILH

ere

may

be

intr

oduc

ed m

any

expe

rim

ents

as

toth

e ph

ysic

al

cond

ition

s an

d te

xtur

e of

the

soil.

Soils

of

the

neig

hbor

hood

mus

t

be g

athe

red

and

clas

sifi

ed.

4

APP

EN

DIX

FI

347

Let

the

pupi

l cla

ssif

y th

e so

ils o

n hi

s ow

n fa

rm a

nd m

ake

a ch

art

as to

the

soil

dist

ribu

tion.

Gen

eral

way

s in

whi

ch th

e so

il is

impr

oved

as

to p

low

ing,

tilli

ng,

rolli

ng, c

over

-cro

ppin

g, f

ertil

izin

g, a

nd th

e lik

e.

SEC

ON

D Y

EA

R :

FAR

MIN

G S

CH

EM

ES

AN

D C

RO

PST

he g

ener

al la

yout

of

the

farm

: rot

atio

n sc

hem

es a

nd m

appi

ng.

Farm

cro

ps: t

he c

rops

or

thei

r pr

oduc

ts th

emse

lves

to b

e st

udie

d,so

met

imes

in th

e sc

hool

room

.E

ars

of c

orn,

for

exa

mpl

e, m

ay b

est

udie

d an

d "j

udge

d" a

s a

part

of

the

scho

ol e

xerc

ises

.T

he s

ame

may

be

done

with

pot

atoe

s, g

rain

s, a

nd f

ruits

.T

he c

rops

to b

e st

udie

d as

they

are

gro

wn

in th

e co

mm

unity

;le

t eac

h ch

ild r

epor

t on

the

crop

s an

d th

e cr

oppi

ng s

chem

es o

f hi

sow

n fa

rm.

TH

IRD

YE

AR

: A

NIM

AL

SW

hat a

nim

als

are

a pa

rt o

f th

e fa

rm e

nter

pris

e, a

nd w

hy.

Wha

t rel

atio

n th

ese

anim

als

bear

to r

otat

ion

of c

rops

or

othe

rfa

rmin

g sc

hem

es.

Rel

atio

n th

ey b

ear

to th

e fe

rtili

ty o

f th

e la

nd.

Rel

ativ

e im

port

ance

of

diff

eren

t kin

ds o

f an

imal

s, a

nd w

hy th

ey a

rera

ised

.So

me

gene

ral s

tudi

es o

f th

e di

ffer

ent b

reed

s of

ani

mal

s an

d al

so"p

oint

s" o

f sp

ecif

ic a

nim

als

and

som

ethi

ng o

f th

e ju

dgin

g of

ani

mal

s.So

me

obse

rvat

ions

may

be

mad

e on

fee

ding

and

the

like.

P. g

ood

text

-boo

k tr

eatin

g in

a s

impl

e w

ay th

e so

il an

d th

e pl

a:t

life

of th

e fa

rm m

ay b

e us

ed w

ith p

rofi

t to

supp

lem

ent t

he a

ctua

lst

udy

of th

e th

ings

them

selv

es.

Supp

lem

enta

ry r

eadi

ng m

atte

r, tr

eatin

g co

untr

y-lif

e su

bjec

ts,

may

wel

l be

used

in c

onne

ctio

n w

ith th

is w

ork.

APP

EN

DIX

H

The

fol

low

ing

are

som

e of

the

prob

lem

s m

ade

use

of b

yM

r. L

yon.

As

they

are

ful

l of

sugg

estio

ns to

the

teac

her,

they

are

her

ewith

rep

eate

d:4

0 1

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348

APP

EN

DIX

II

Tes

t for

moi

stur

e.T

est f

or c

arbo

nic

acid

gas

(lim

ewat

er, e

tc.)

.T

ests

for

am

mon

ia (

in s

choo

lroo

m a

nd in

cow

sta

bles

).

Seed

s: Ger

min

atio

n.(F

ind

per

cent

, etc

.)M

anne

r of

gro

wth

(m

onoc

otyl

edon

s, d

icot

yled

on.$

).

Plan

ts:

Wat

er ta

ken

from

soi

l.(U

se s

cale

s.)

Tra

nspi

ratio

n.(C

olle

ct 1

120.

)

Exa

min

atio

n of

nod

ules

on

legu

min

ous

plan

ts.

Eff

ect o

f no

dule

s on

luxu

rian

ce o

f gr

:-...

wm

.

Soils

: Sear

ch f

or w

ater

-tab

le d

iffe

reilt

pla

ces

and

times

.T

est w

ith li

tmus

pap

er.

Eff

ect o

f lim

e or

ash

es o

n cl

ay s

oil.

Eff

ect o

f lim

e on

cle

ar a

nd o

n m

uddy

wat

er.

Cor

rect

aci

dity

with

lim

e or

ash

es.

(Res

ult o

bser

ved

in g

row

th

of c

love

r.)

Cap

illar

ity u

nder

dif

fere

nt c

ondi

tions

.M

ilk: B

abco

ck te

st.

Dri

ll in

mak

ing

mea

sure

men

ts, r

eadi

ng b

ottle

s, c

ompu

tatio

ns.

Tes

t aci

d w

ith a

cido

met

er.

Aci

d te

st.

Cor

rect

mea

sure

men

ts, c

ompu

tatio

ns o

f ac

id.

Milk

at d

iffe

rent

age

s.U

nder

dif

fere

nt c

ondi

tions

of

clea

nlin

ess

and

tem

pera

ture

.B

ottle

and

cor

k tig

ht; k

eep

war

m; o

bser

ve o

dor;

use

dif

fere

ntsa

mpl

es to

com

pare

.W

ater

: Tes

t for

org

anic

mat

ter.

Bot

tle w

ith a

littl

e su

gar;

kee

p w

arm

; obs

erve

col

or, e

tc.

Use

pot

assi

um p

erm

anga

nate

.

APP

EN

DIX

I

Osm

osis

:

Usi

ng e

gg.

Usi

ng b

ladd

er.

Fung

icid

es:

Form

alde

hyde

for

oat

s sm

ut.

Hot

-wat

er o

ats

smut

.B

orde

aux

for

pota

to b

light

.(U

se f

erro

cyan

ide

test

.)C

ompu

tatio

ns in

eac

hca

se.

Che

mic

al A

ctio

n:

Cau

stic

sod

a so

lutio

n pl

us m

uria

tic a

cid.

Eva

pora

te; f

ind

the

salt.

(Can

teac

h ch

emic

al f

orm

ula

of th

isev

en a

tC

omm

erci

al F

ertil

izer

s:H

andl

ing

and

mix

ing

nitr

ate

of s

oda,

mur

iate

of

pota

sh, a

nddi

ssol

ved

rock

.(C

ompu

tatio

ns.)

Cow

s: Dai

ry ty

pe.

(Exa

min

e fo

rm, t

ank

vein

s, h

ide,

etc.

)B

eef

type

.W

eath

er M

ap:

Rec

ei,c

dai

ly m

aps

and

dete

rmin

e lo

catio

nof

sto

rm c

ente

r.Ph

ysic

al E

xper

imen

ts o

f va

riou

s ki

nds

take

n fr

om b

ooks

on

phys

ics

Mak

e su

ctio

n pu

mp

with

lam

pch

imne

y, e

tc.

Car

den: A g

rass

plo

t has

bee

n su

bstit

uted

for

the

scho

ol g

arde

n, w

here

farm

gra

sses

, fer

tiliz

ers,

Lnd

seed

lings

may

be

stud

ied.

A P

P E

ND

IX I

AR

T W

OR

KIn

alm

ost a

ll ru

ral l

ocal

ities

the

follo

win

glin

es o

f w

ork

may

be

intr

oduc

ed w

ith s

light

tuol

equ

ipm

ent:

Prim

ary

:

Cla

y m

oldi

ng, w

ith lo

cal c

lay.

Pape

r cu

tting

, des

ign,

rep

rese

ntat

ion,

free

han

d.

403

349

so o

r 12

yea

rs.)

Page 203: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

350

APP

EN

DIX

I

Bru

sh d

raw

ing,

obj

ectiv

e an

d su

bjec

tive.

Cha

rcoa

l and

cha

lk p

aint

ing.

Col

or s

tudy

.D

esig

n cu

tting

.Pa

per

pict

ure

wor

k.G

ram

mar

Gra

des

:Su

bjec

tive

expr

essi

on w

ith g

eom

etri

c m

otif

.C

lay

mol

ding

, obj

ectiv

e, s

ubje

ctiv

e, a

nd il

lust

rativ

e.B

rush

dra

win

g, li

ne d

raw

ing.

Free

-han

d dr

awin

g.Sk

etch

ing.

Cha

rcoa

l ton

e st

udy,

pic

ture

mak

ing.

Penc

il pa

intin

g.D

esig

n.

ME

CH

AN

ISM

Prim

ary.

:Si

mpl

e w

ood

cons

truc

tion,

with

pre

pare

d st

ock

and

nails

, loc

al

mat

eria

l.Pa

per

cutti

ng, f

oldi

ng, p

astin

g.Pa

per

cons

truc

tion.

Past

eboa

rd c

onst

ruct

ion.

Spoo

l kni

tting

, bra

idin

g, w

eavi

ng w

ith tw

ine

and

stri

ng th

at th

e

child

ren

have

col

lect

ed.

Tex

tile

art w

ork,

pri

mar

y.C

onst

ruct

iona

l nee

dlew

ork,

pri

mar

y, w

ithm

ater

ial

that

is

furn

ishe

d by

the

child

.G

ram

mar

Gra

des:

Thr

ee-s

ixte

enth

sto

ck w

hittl

ing.

Fret

saw

ing.

Cla

y ca

rvin

g, w

irew

ork,

gra

ss, h

usk,

str

aw, w

illow

, or

othe

:fi

ber

bask

etry

.D

esig

n.

nife

car

ving

.H

eavy

whi

ttlin

g.B

ench

Slo

yd. 4 f'

APP

EN

DIX

J35

1

Dom

estic

art

, orn

amen

tal a

ndco

nstr

uctio

nal.

Gar

deni

ng, p

rim

ary

agri

cultu

re.

Perh

aps

at f

irst

at h

ome

oith

e ch

ild, o

n sm

all p

lot.

Coo

king

, pri

mar

y do

mes

tic s

cien

ce.

The

abo

ve is

des

igna

ted

to b

e co

rrel

ativ

e on

all

poss

ible

sub

ject

sof

the

scho

ols.

It is

not

the

desi

gn th

at a

ll th

eco

urse

wor

k m

entio

ned

be g

iven

at o

ne ti

me.

The

wor

k is

sel

ecte

d by

the

dist

rict

teac

her

with

ref

-er

ence

to p

ossi

bilit

ies.

As

man

y ph

ases

of

wor

kas

pos

sibl

e sh

ould

be

give

n th

e ch

ilddu

ring

the

elem

enta

ry s

choo

lpe

riod

, for

by

this

mea

ns th

e ha

ndre

ceiv

es a

bro

ader

,m

ore

sens

itive

trai

ning

.

APP

EN

DIX

JSI

MPL

E R

UL

ES

BY

WH

ICH

TO

RE

CO

GN

IZE

SY

MP

TO

MS

OF

SOM

E C

OM

MO

ND

ISE

ASE

SD

ipht

heri

a. I

t is

anea

sy m

atte

r to

asc

erta

in w

heth

eror

not

the

thro

at is

infl

amed

, bec

ause

a ch

ild s

uffe

ring

fro

m th

isca

use

will

gene

rally

com

plai

n th

at th

eth

roat

is s

ore.

Whi

le th

is s

ign

may

som

etim

es f

ail,

yet i

t is

gene

rally

true

that

a c

hild

with

aso

re th

roat

,ac

com

pani

ed b

y a

foul

bre

ath,

isa

poss

ible

vic

tim o

f di

phth

eria

, if

the

thro

at s

how

s pa

tche

son

the

tons

ils o

r in

the

back

of

the

mou

th.

Dip

hthe

ria,

how

ever

,m

ay e

xist

with

out t

his

cond

ition

, and

it is

,th

eref

ore,

nec

essa

ry, i

nca

se o

f su

spec

ted

sore

thro

at, e

spec

ially

ifth

e di

seas

e ha

s ap

pear

edel

sew

here

in th

e co

mm

unity

,to

isol

ate

the

case

unt

ila

phys

icia

n ha

s pa

ssed

upo

n it.

The

dip

hthe

ric

sore

thro

at is

gen

erai

ly in

flam

edto

a d

ark

red.

Scar

let F

ever

. The

earl

y m

anif

esta

tions

of

scar

let f

ever

are

usua

lly a

ssoc

iate

d w

ithth

roat

sym

ptom

s, h

eada

che,

and

feve

r.T

he th

roat

is b

righ

t red

.T

he to

ngue

is m

ostly

cle

anan

d of

ast

raw

berr

y hu

e, a

lthou

gh th

issy

mpt

om d

oes

not a

lway

sap

pear

inth

e ea

rly

stag

es.

One

of

the

earl

iest

man

ifes

tatio

nsis

the

flus

hing

of

the

face

and

the

appe

aran

ce o

f re

d sp

ots

on th

e ne

ck, a

rms,

and

bod

y.

405

Page 204: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

352

APP

EN

DM

J

Whe

n a

child

who

has

suf

fere

d fr

om th

e di

seas

e re

turn

s to

sch

ool,

it sh

ould

not

be

adm

itted

if it

s sk

in is

stil

l sca

ling,

as

it is

a g

ener

ally

reco

gniz

ed f

act t

hat t

he s

cale

s ca

rry

dise

ase.

Mea

sles

. Thi

s is

gen

eral

ly p

rece

ded

by f

ever

, fol

lcw

ed b

y th

erp

pear

ance

of

a da

rk r

ed r

ash

and

by s

ore

thro

atan

d ey

es.

The

sym

ptom

s ar

e no

t usu

ally

so

pron

ounc

ed a

s in

sca

rlet

fev

er,

but

the

case

is, a

s a

rule

, to

be d

iagn

osed

by

the

rash

.T

ansi

lilis

. Thi

s di

seas

e is

gen

eral

ly a

ccom

pani

ed b

y la

ssitu

de,

high

fev

er, a

nd e

nlar

ged

tons

ils.

Whi

le c

hild

ren

suff

erin

g fr

omto

nsili

tis o

ften

rem

ain

in s

choo

l dur

ing

the

entir

e pr

ogre

ss o

f th

edi

seas

e, y

et it

s sp

read

in a

sch

ool c

an o

ften

be

prev

ente

d by

imm

edia

te

dete

ctio

n an

d is

olat

ion.

Oth

er c

omm

on a

nd im

port

ant c

onta

giou

s di

seas

es a

re: w

hoop

-in

g co

ugh,

mum

ps, s

mal

lpox

, itc

h.M

umps

may

gen

eral

ly b

e re

cogn

ized

by

a sr

ellin

g ab

ove

the

angl

e of

the

jaw

and

bel

ow th

e lo

wer

poi

nt o

f th

e ea

.., w

hich

, upo

npr

essu

re, i

s ex

trem

ely

pain

ful.

The

suf

fere

r sh

ould

be

sent

hom

eat

onc

e.W

hoop

ing

Cou

ghPa

tient

s sh

ould

be

at o

nce

isol

ated

fro

m th

esc

hool

, and

, as

in o

ther

cas

es o

f co

ntag

ious

dis

ease

,the

othe

r m

embe

rsof

the

fam

ily n

ot a

ffec

ted

by it

sho

uld

be k

ept a

t hom

e as

long

as

itex

ists

.T

he d

isea

se m

anif

ests

itse

lf in

a s

erie

s of

sho

rt, s

pasm

odic

coug

hs, f

ollo

wed

by

a lo

ng in

hala

tion

and

a w

hoop

.Sm

allp

ox is

har

d to

rec

ogni

ze in

its

earl

y st

ages

, but

may

gen

eral

lybe

det

ecte

d by

pat

ches

on

the

palm

s of

the

hand

s an

d so

les

of th

e'e

et.

It a

lso

inva

des

e m

outh

and

thro

at.

Vac

cina

tion

shou

ldal

way

s be

insi

sted

uix

m f

or s

choo

ls in

com

mun

ities

vis

ited

by s

mal

l-

Pox. It

ch c

an o

rdin

arily

be

dete

cted

by

the

teac

her.

It o

ccui

s on

the

arm

s an

d ha

nds,

esp

ecia

lly b

etw

een

the

fing

ers,

and

the

exce

ssiv

eitc

hing

cau

ses

the

child

aff

ecte

d to

scr

atch

the

sore

s, a

nd s

o ke

epth

em o

pen.

The

chi

ld s

houl

d be

sen

t fro

m th

e sc

hool

, and

sho

uld

be a

ttend

ed b

y a

phys

icia

n un

til w

ell.

In n

o ca

se s

houl

d ar

ticle

sha

ndle

d by

the

patie

nt b

e us

ed b

y th

e ot

her

mem

bers

of

the

fam

ily.

4 fi

E;

IND

EX

A

Agr

icul

ture

, cou

rses

in, i

n st

ate

norm

alsc

hool

s, 8

5-86

; tra

inin

g te

ache

rs in

elem

enta

ry, z

96-1

97; t

he d

omin

%nt

inte

rest

in th

e ru

ral c

omm

unity

, 205

-20

6; o

bjec

tions

to e

duca

tiona

l tre

ndto

war

d, 2

06;

elem

enta

ry, i

n E

uro-

pean

sch

ools

,20

6-21

0;sp

read

of

stud

y of

, in

Can

ada

and

the

Uni

ted

Stat

eS, 2

10-2

12; i

nter

est o

f ag

ricu

l-tu

ral c

olle

ges

in s

tudy

of,

in s

choo

ls,

212-

213;

wha

t may

be

acco

mpl

ishe

din

stu

dy o

f, in

one

-roo

m s

choo

l, 21

4-21

7; b

ooks

and

oth

er li

tera

ture

on,

219,

234-

235.

See

Scho

ol g

arde

ns.

Agr

icul

tura

lA

ssoc

iatio

n,N

ebra

ska

Boy

s', 2

29-2

3z.

Agr

icul

tura

l edu

catio

n, f

utur

e of

,in

Geo

rgia

, as

repo

rted

by

Jere

M.

Poun

d, 3

44-3

46.

Arb

or D

ay, a

n ap

prop

riat

e ce

lebr

atio

nof

, r74

-177

.A

rchi

tect

ure

of s

choo

l bui

ldin

gs, 1

21-

133.

Ark

ansa

s, s

uper

visi

on o

f sc

hool

s in

, 58.

Art

, spe

cim

ens

of, i

n sc

hool

room

s, 1

41-

145;

com

bina

tion

of, w

ith m

anua

ltr

aini

ng,

243-

245;

sugg

este

dlin

esof

wor

k in

, for

rur

al lo

calit

ies,

349

-35

1.A

rt p

rogr

amm

es f

or s

choo

ls, 1

48-1

51.

Asw

ell,

Jam

es B

., qu

oted

, 77-

78; c

on-

solid

atio

n of

Lou

isia

na s

choo

ls u

nder

,31

3.A

ugus

ta, G

a., s

ucce

ssfu

l ope

ratio

n of

coun

ty s

yste

m o

f sc

hool

org

aniz

atio

nin

, 31-

32.

Aus

tral

ia,

scho

olga

rden

sin

,18

4;pr

ogre

ss in

agr

icul

tura

l stu

dies

in,

210;

con

solid

atio

n of

sch

ools

in, 3

07.

BE

ST

CO

PY

A A

RA

BLE

2A

Aus

tria

, sch

ool g

arde

ns in

, az;

sch

ools

for

stud

y of

agr

icul

ture

in, 2

09.

Bac

kwar

d ch

ildre

n in

sch

ools

, 283

-284

;sp

ecia

l sch

ools

for

, 286

.B

aile

y, L

. H.,

quot

ed o

n tr

aini

ng f

orte

ache

rs in

agr

icul

ture

, 217

.B

alco

mb,

E. E

., pa

per

by, q

uote

d, 8

4;qu

oted

on

stud

y of

agr

icul

ture

insC

hOO

ls, 2

12-2

13.

Bar

nard

, Hen

ry, f

irst

teac

hers

' ins

titut

ehe

ld b

y, 7

6.B

asem

ents

of

scho

olho

uses

, 124

--I

25.

Bas

ket s

uppe

rs a

s a

mea

ns o

f pr

ocur

-in

g fu

nds,

148

-15z

.B

elgi

um, h

ortic

ultu

re s

tudy

com

pul-

sory

in, 1

83; c

ours

es in

agr

icul

ture

insc

hool

sof

,20

7-20

8;m

anua

ltr

aini

ng in

, 238

.B

irds

and

bird

hous

eson

scho

olpr

emis

es, 1

70-1

7r.

Bis

hop,

E. C

., pa

per

by, q

uote

d, 2

1821

9; w

ork

of, i

n N

ebra

ska,

229

; on

the

obje

ct o

f or

gani

zatio

ns o

f bo

ysan

d gi

rls

in N

ebra

ska,

231

-232

.B

lack

boar

ds, l

ocat

ion

and

mat

eria

l of,

129-

130.

Boa

rd o

f ed

ucat

ion,

fun

ctio

n of

the,

34-3

5;or

gani

zatio

n an

d w

ork

of,

depe

nden

t on

size

of

geog

raph

ical

unit,

35-

36;

diff

icul

ty in

pro

curi

nggo

od m

embe

rs f

or, 3

6-37

; pos

sibi

li-tie

s in

the

way

of

wor

k to

be

acco

m-

plis

hed

by, 3

7-38

;or

igin

s an

d hi

s-to

ry o

f th

e, 5

1-52

.B

ohem

ia, s

choo

l gar

dens

in, 1

82-1

83.

Boo

ks, o

n ag

ricu

lture

, 219

; on

man

ual

trai

ning

, 252

-253

;lis

tof

, for

the

child

ren'

slib

rary

,27

7-28

z;di

sin-

fect

ion

of s

choo

l boo

ks, 2

91; o

n co

n-

353

40'd

Page 205: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

354

IND

EX

solid

ated

scho

ols,

333-

333.

See

Lib

rari

es.

Bos

ton

scho

ol n

urse

s, 2

84-2

85.

Bow

esvi

lle, O

nt.,

scho

ol g

arde

ns, 1

98-

299.

Bur

ns C

onso

lidat

edSc

hool

,M

ario

nC

ount

y, K

ansa

s, 3

21-3

23.

Cal

ifor

nia,

coun

ty s

yste

m o

fsc

hool

orga

niza

tion

in, 3

1.C

alis

then

ics

in E

urop

ean

scho

ols,

300

.C

anad

a, s

choo

l gar

dens

in, 1

84,1

90, 1

92-

193;

trai

nir.

- of

teac

hers

in s

choo

lga

rden

ing

in, 1

96; e

lem

enta

ry a

gri-

cultu

ral s

tudi

es in

, 210

;co

nsol

ida-

tion

of s

choo

ls in

, 307

.C

ary,

C.

P.,

quot

ed o

n W

isco

nsin

Tra

inin

g Sc

hool

, 87;

quo

ted

on c

on-

solid

atio

n of

sch

ools

, 32

t.C

halk

rai

ls f

or b

lack

boar

ds, 1

30.

Citi

es, m

ovem

ent o

fpo

pula

tion

to,

4-5;

a m

enac

e to

cou

ntry

life,

6-7

;pr

oper

equ

atio

n of

cou

ntry

and

,7-

8;sc

hool

sup

ervi

sion

in, v

s. r

ural

sup

er-

visi

on, s

o-51

; sch

ool g

arde

ning

in,

190-

191;

impo

rtan

ceof

man

ual

trai

ning

to c

hild

ren

in, 2

05.

Clo

ak r

oom

s in

sch

oolh

ouse

s, 1

23.

Clu

bs,

agri

cultu

ral,

220-

221;

boys

'an

d gi

rls'

indu

stri

al, 2

21-2

22; b

oys'

corn

dub

s, 2

24-2

29; b

oys'

and

gir

ls'

asso

ciat

ions

in N

ebra

ska,

229

-232

;bo

oks

on in

dust

rial

, 234

-235

.C

olon

ial s

uppo

rt o

f pu

blic

sch

ools

, 41-

42.

Col

orad

o, s

choo

l gar

dens

and

stu

dy o

fag

ricu

lture

in, 2

16.

Com

mis

sion

on

rura

l lif

e, to

.C

omm

unity

sys

tem

of

scho

ol o

rgan

iza-

tion,

33-

34.

Con

nect

icut

,pr

ovis

ions

ofSc

hool

Supe

rvis

ion

Act

of

1903

in, 5

5-56

;co

nsol

idat

ion

of s

choo

lin

, 308

-309

Con

solid

atio

n of

sch

ools

, rem

edy

for

exis

ting

ills

inru

ral

com

mun

ities

foun

d in

, 22-

23; m

ista

ke o

f w

aitin

gfo

r,fo

r ru

ral s

choo

l im

prov

emen

t,24

7-24

8;ai

m o

f,30

3-30

5;ea

rly

hist

ory

of,

306-

307;

prog

ress

in,

40b

307;

in M

assa

chus

etts

, 308

;el

se.

whe

re in

New

Eng

land

, 308

-309

;in

the

Mid

dle

Wes

t, 30

9-31

2; in

the

Sout

h, 3

12-3

13; i

n U

tah,

Wyo

min

g,an

d O

rego

n, 3

14; s

yste

m o

f pa

rtia

l,31

3-31

8;co

mpl

ete,

328;

villa

gety

pe o

f,32

0;ill

ustr

ated

by

the

Bur

ns C

onso

lidat

ed S

choo

l, K

ansa

s,32

1-32

3; th

e pu

rel:

rura

l typ

e of

,32

3-32

4;th

e Jo

hn S

wan

ey C

on-

solid

ated

Sch

ool a

n ex

ampl

e of

pur

ely

rura

l typ

e, 3

24-3

29; a

dvan

tage

s an

dob

ject

ions

, 330

-331

;lit

erat

ure

on,

332-

333.

Cor

bett,

L. C

., T

he S

choo

l Gar

den

by,

quot

ed, 1

66-1

67.

Cor

n cl

ubs,

ori

gin

of, 2

21-2

22; g

ener

alpl

an o

f bo

ys',

224-

229

;in

Neb

rask

a,22

9-23

2.C

otto

n, F

asse

t A.,

Stat

e Su

peri

nten

d-en

t, re

port

by,

quo

ted,

224

-223

.C

ount

y no

rmal

trai

ning

clas

ses

in

Mic

higa

n, 8

8.C

ount

y su

peri

nten

dent

s, 5

3.C

ount

y su

perv

isio

nof

scho

ols.

Sec

Supe

rvis

ion.

Cou

nty

syst

em o

f sc

hool

org

aniz

atio

n,30

-32;

satis

fact

ion

give

n by

, aft

erce

rtai

nne

cess

ary

refo

rms,

32-3

3;m

atte

r of

taxa

tion

unde

r, 4

7-48

.C

ount

y tr

aini

ng s

choo

ls in

Wis

cons

in,

85-8

7.C

ousi

ns, S

uper

inte

nden

t R. B

., 33

Cow

ley,

R. H

., qu

oted

, 198

-199

, 200

-20

1.C

rosb

y, D

ick

J., o

n in

flue

nce

of in

dus-

tria

l clu

bs o

n fa

rmin

g, 2

23.

Dav

ison

, Alv

in, a

rtic

le b

y, q

uote

d, 2

92 -

293.

Def

ectiv

es in

pub

lic s

choo

ls, 2

83-2

84;

spec

ial p

rovi

sion

for

, 286

.D

enm

an, J

. S.,

earl

y te

ache

rs' m

eetin

ghe

ld b

y, 7

6.D

enm

ark,

ele

men

tary

agri

cultu

rein

scho

ols

of, 2

08-2

09.

Des

ks, l

ocat

ion

and

kind

of,

insc

hool

.

room

s, 1

38-1

39; t

each

ers'

, 139

.D

exte

r, P

rofe

ssor

, quo

ted,

26-

27.

IND

EX

Dis

ease

s, m

arke

d ig

nora

nce

of, i

n ru

ral

com

mun

ities

, 13;

rec

ogni

tion

of, b

yte

ache

rs 2

88; n

eces

sity

of

stud

y of

,28

9; s

impl

e ru

le :.

by

whi

ch to

rec

og-

nize

sym

ptom

s of

com

mon

, 351

-352

.D

isin

fect

ion

of s

choo

l boo

ks a

nd p

ara-

pher

nalia

, 291

.D

istr

ict s

uper

inte

nden

ts, 5

3.D

istr

ict s

yste

m.

See

Scho

ol d

istr

ict

unit

of o

rgan

izat

ion.

Dom

estic

Scie

nce

Ass

ocia

tion,

Ne-

bras

ka G

irls

', 22

9-23

1.D

rink

ing

cups

, dan

gers

of,

290

, 291

-293

.D

ublin

, N. H

., sc

hool

sta

tistic

s of

, 45-

46.

Eas

tmon

d, A

lber

t H.,

quot

ed o

n co

-or

dina

tion

of a

rt a

nd m

anua

l tra

in-

ing,

243

-245

.E

liot,

Cha

rles

W.,

quot

ed, 2

54.

Ells

wor

th, N

. II.

, sch

ool s

tatis

tics

of,

45-4

6.E

ngla

nd,

natu

rest

udy

and

scho

olga

rden

ing

ia, 1

84; b

ackw

ardn

ess

of,

in in

trod

uctio

n of

agr

icul

tura

l stu

dies

in s

choo

ls, 2

og; m

anua

l tra

inin

g in

,23

8.E

urop

e,co

nditi

ons

surr

ound

ing

tcac

hers

in,

asco

mpa

red

with

Am

eric

a, 9

3-96

; ten

ure

of a

ce o

fte

ache

rs in

, x 1

5; s

choo

l gar

dens

in,

18o-

185;

elem

enta

ry a

gric

ultu

re in

scho

ols

of, 2

06-2

10; m

anua

l tra

inin

gin

,23

6-23

8;gy

mna

stic

s in

rura

lsc

hool

s of

, 208

-300

.E

vans

, Law

ton

B.,

on th

e im

port

ance

of e

sthe

tic e

nvir

onm

er t,

137

.E

xcur

sion

s, e

duca

tiona

l, 22

4, 2

28.

Exp

endi

ture

onsc

hool

sin

Uni

ted

Stat

es, p

er c

apita

, 3o-

41.

Farm

ing,

succ

ess

in,

attr

ibut

able

inm

any

case

s to

sch

ool g

arde

ns, 1

83-

186,

Fem

iniz

atio

n of

the

scho

ols,

zo7

-10o

.Fi

tch,

Lau

ra, a

sup

erin

tend

ent w

ho is

an a

dvoc

ate

of e

lem

enta

ry a

gric

ultu

refo

r sc

hool

s, 3

21.

355

Floo

r sp

ace

in s

choo

lhou

ses,

21-1

23.

Flor

ida,

con

solid

ated

sch

ools

in, 3

13.

Flow

ers

abou

t sch

ools

, 169

-170

.Fo

rtne

r, O

rd, s

ucce

ss o

f, in

teac

hing

man

ual t

rain

ing

in o

ne-r

oom

sch

ool,

248-

249.

Fran

ce, s

choo

l gar

dens

in,

281-

282;

elem

enta

ry a

gric

ultu

re in

sch

ools

of,

207;

man

ual t

rain

ing

in, 2

38.

Furn

iture

of

scho

olro

oms,

138

-139

.

Gar

dens

.Se

e Sc

hool

gar

dens

.G

eorg

ia,

cour

ses

inag

ricu

lture

inno

rmal

sch

ools

of,

83;

con

solid

atio

nof

sch

ools

in, 3

13;

futu

re o

f ag

ri-

cultu

ral e

duca

t.on

in, 3

44-3

46.

Ger

man

y, s

choo

l gar

dens

in, 1

80-2

81;

elem

enta

ry a

gric

ultu

re in

sch

ools

of,

2og;

man

ual t

rain

ing

in, 2

38;

at-

tent

ion

paid

to p

hysi

cal i

nspe

ctio

nin

, 286

.G

raha

m, A

. B.,

quot

ed o

n tr

avel

ing

libra

ries

in O

hio,

272

-273

.G

roun

ds o

fsc

hool

hoU

ses,

233,

136-

137,

263

ff.

;lit

erat

ure

on d

ecor

a-tio

n of

, 174

, 177

-178

.G

ymna

stic

s, f

unct

ion

of,

insc

hool

s,29

5, 2

96-2

98; i

n ru

ral s

choo

ls, 2

98-

3oo.

Hal

l, G

. Sta

nley

, quo

ted

on m

anua

ltr

aini

ng, 2

40.

Hal

ls in

sch

oolh

ouse

s, 1

23-1

24.

Har

vest

Hom

e So

cial

sugg

este

dfo

rpr

ocur

ing

fund

s, 1

50-1

5x.

Har

vey,

L. D

., qu

oted

, 242

.H

ealth

of

pupi

ls,

teac

hers

're

spon

sibi

lity

for,

287-

288.

See

Phys

ical

educ

atio

n.H

eatin

g of

sch

oolh

ouse

s, 1

25-1

27,3

37-

338.

Hed

ges

for

incl

osin

g sc

hool

gro

unds

,16

7-16

8,Il

emen

way

, H. D

., llo

w to

mak

e Sc

hool

Gar

dens

by,

198

.H

igh-

scho

ol tr

aini

ng c

lass

es, 8

8-90

.H

odge

, Dr.

Clif

ton

F., N

aiur

c St

udy

and

Lif

e by

, quo

ted,

136

,172

.

409

Page 206: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

356

IND

EX

Hol

land

, stu

dy o

f ag

ricu

lture

in s

choo

lsof

, 208

; man

ual t

rain

ing

in, 2

38.

Hom

e, P

rofe

ssor

, on

the

true

fun

ctio

nof

pla

y, 2

96-

Hyg

iene

in s

choo

ls, 2

82 f

f.

nes,

Geo

rge,

on

scho

ol g

arde

nsin

Can

ada,

19o

.Il

linoi

s,co

nsol

idat

ion

ofsc

hool

sin

,31

1.In

com

es o

f te

ache

rs, a

nd a

djus

tmen

tof

, to

ezpe

nses

, 92-

103.

Indi

ana,

min

imum

sal

ary

law

in, 1

13;

trav

elin

g lib

rari

es in

, 275

-276

; con

-so

lidat

ion

of s

choo

ls in

, 310

.In

dust

rial

clu

bs f

or b

oys

and

girl

s, 2

21-

222;

sele

cted

list

of

book

s de

alin

gw

ith, 2

34-2

35.

Indu

stri

a/ e

duca

tion,

N.E

.A. c

omm

it-te

e on

, in

rura

l com

mun

ities

, 245

-24

6; p

lan

of s

tudi

es f

or s

choo

ls in

rura

l com

mun

iCes

, 346

-347

.Io

wa,

sch

ool l

ibra

ries

in, 2

63-2

64;

solid

ated

sch

ools

in, 3

tl.

con-

Kel

ley,

Pat

rick

H.,

Stat

eSu

peri

n-te

nden

t, qu

oted

, 88.

Ker

n, 0

.J.

,St

ate

Supe

rint

ende

nt,

quot

edon

rura

lsc

hool

mai

nte-

nanc

e, 1

06; o

n w

aste

of

mon

ey b

ysc

hool

off

icer

s,14

0;on

val

ue o

fsc

hool

gard

enin

gin

city

scho

olsy

stem

,18

8-18

9;in

augu

ratio

n of

Tw

entie

th-c

entu

ry F

orw

ard

Lib

rary

Mov

emen

t by,

268

-269

; rep

ort b

y,on

the

John

Sw

aney

Con

solid

ated

Scho

ol, 3

24-3

27.

Kir

kpat

rick

,Fa

irfa

x,re

port

by,

on

the

Wea

Con

solid

ated

Sch

ool,

318-

320.

Kir

ksvi

lle, M

o., S

tate

Nor

mal

rur

alm

odel

sch

ool,

8z, 8

2.K

rohn

, Will

iam

0.,

sum

mar

y by

, of

met

hods

of

spre

adin

g di

seas

es, 2

90-

291.

Jack

et-v

entil

atin

g st

oves

, 126

-127

.Ja

mai

ca, s

choo

l gar

dens

in, 1

84.

Japa

n, s

choo

ls in

, for

teac

hing

of

agri

-cu

lture

, 209

;en

forc

emen

t of

law

sof

hyg

iene

in a

rmy

of, 2

87.

Jew

ell,

J. R

., A

gric

ultu

ral E

duca

tion

by,

quot

ed, 1

89-1

90, 1

91, 1

92, 2

10.

John

Sw

aney

Con

solid

ated

Sch

ool,

the,

324-

327;

high

sch

ool w

ork

in th

e,32

7-32

o.Jo

nes,

Fra

nk 0

., on

Con

nect

icut

and

Mas

sach

uset

tssy

stcm

s of

scho

olsu

perv

isio

n, 5

6-57

.Jo

yner

,J.

Y.,

on c

onso

lidat

ion

ofsc

hool

s in

Nor

th C

arol

ina,

312

313

.

Lan

d gr

ants

in a

id o

f sc

hool

s. 4

2-43

.L

avat

orie

s in

sch

oolh

ouse

s, 1

30-1

31.

Law

sfo

rco

nstr

uctio

nof

sani

tary

scho

olho

uses

, 118

-120

.L

ibra

ries

, in

scho

olho

uses

, :23

;fu

r-ni

shin

gs o

f, 1

39;

adva

ntag

es o

f, in

rura

lco

mm

uniti

es,

234-

257,

26t;

earl

yhi

stor

yof

scho

ol,

257-

258;

trav

elin

g,26

0,27

1-27

6;co

ndi-

tiona

lla

ws

conc

erni

ng,

inso

me

stat

es, 2

65-2

66.

Lib

rary

Day

in W

est V

irgi

nia,

267

-268

.L

ight

ing

of s

choo

lroo

ms,

128

-129

.L

itera

ture

, on

scho

ol-g

roun

d de

cora

-tio

n, 1

74; o

n ag

ricu

lture

, 219

;on

elem

enta

ry a

gric

ultu

re a

nd in

dus-

tria

lcl

ubs,

234-

235;

on m

anua

ltr

aini

ng, 2

52-2

53;

list o

f bo

oks

for

the

child

ren'

s lib

rary

, 277

-281

; on

cons

olid

ated

sch

oo,,,

232

-233

.L

ouis

iana

, con

solid

ated

sch

ools

in, 3

13.

Lyo

n, H

. H.,

succ

ess

of, i

n in

tere

stin

gpu

pils

in a

gric

ultu

ral s

tudi

es, 2

17.

Kan

sas,

sup

erin

tend

ents

in, 6

1, 6

5-66

;hi

gh-s

choo

l tra

inin

g cl

asse

sin

, 9o;

mat

ter

of s

choo

l lib

rari

es in

,26

3;co

nsol

idat

ed s

choo

ls in

, 3x2

.

Mac

omb,

Ill.,

Stat

e N

orm

al m

odel

rura

l sch

ool,

82, 8

3.M

aine

, uni

on d

istr

ict s

uper

visi

on in

, 57:

IND

EX

Scho

ol I

mpr

ovem

ent L

eagu

eof

, x45

-14

6; c

onso

lidat

ion

of s

choo

ls in

,30

9.M

ann,

Hor

ace,

quo

ted,

26;

teac

hers

'in

stitu

tes

popu

lari

zed

by, i

n M

assa

-ch

uset

ts, 7

6.M

anua

l tra

inin

g, v

ital i

ntei

est

of, f

orci

tych

ildre

n,20

5;de

fine

d,23

6;ea

rly

hist

ory

of,

in E

urop

e an

dA

mer

ica,

36-2

38; g

row

th o

f id

eas

conc

erni

ng, 2

39-2

40; p

hilo

soph

y of

,24

0-24

r; a

ims

of, i

n ru

ral 0

0011

1111

-ni

ties,

241

-243

; com

bina

tion

of a

rtan

d, 2

43-2

45; e

xtra

ct f

rom

N.E

.A.

repo

rt o

n, 2

45-2

46;

the

one-

room

scho

ol a

nd, 2

46-2

52; a

dvic

eon

how

to b

egin

, 250

-251

; lite

ratu

reon

, 252

-

pash

3y;s

ical im

pOttc

altil

tiCo,en

of2,

asa

fact

or in

Mar

tin, 0

. B.,

on s

choo

l lib

rari

es in

Sout

h C

arol

ina,

266

.M

aryl

and,

min

imum

sal

ary

law

in,

z x3

;co

nditi

onal

libr

ary

law

s in

,26

5-26

6.M

assa

chus

etts

, dis

tric

t uni

t of

scho

olor

gani

zatio

nin

,26

;ab

oliti

onof

dist

rict

uni

t in

(x88

2),

27; t

owns

hip

and

dist

rict

sup

ervi

sion

of

scho

ols

in,

53-5

5;co

nsol

idat

ion

of s

choo

ls in

,30

6-30

7, 3

08.

Mas

sach

uset

ts S

uper

visi

on L

aw o

f 18

88,

5.3-

54.

Mic

higa

n,co

unty

norm

altr

aini

ngcl

asse

sin

,88

;co

nsol

idat

ion

ofsc

hool

s in

, 3t1

.M

iller

, Sus

ie, l

ette

r by

, on

agri

cultu

ral

stud

y, 2

:7-2

18.

Mill

er, T

hom

as C

., qu

oted

on

Lib

rary

Day

in W

est V

irgi

nia,

267

-268

.M

inne

sota

, ass

ista

nt c

ount

y su

peri

n-te

nden

ts a

dvoc

ated

in, 6

1; p

ositi

onof

sup

erin

tend

ent i

n, 6

4; h

igh

scho

oltr

aini

ng c

lass

es in

, go;

annu

al in

-du

stri

al c

onte

st f

or b

oys

and

girl

s in

,23

2-23

3;sc

hool

libra

ries

in,

264;

cons

olid

ated

sch

ools

in,

311-

312.

Mis

sour

i,co

unty

syst

emof

scho

olor

gani

zatio

n in

, 3i;

scho

ol li

brar

ies

In, 2

64.

Mod

el r

ural

sch

ools

, 80-

83.

Mod

el s

choo

l bui

ldin

gs,

120-

133.

Mun

ster

berg

, Hug

o, o

n in

flue

nce

ofw

omen

teac

hers

on

mal

e yo

uth,

log.

357

Nat

ure

stud

yin

scho

ols,

154

ff.;

econ

omic

, est

hetic

, soc

ial a

nd e

thi-

cal,

relig

ious

, and

edu

catio

nal v

alue

of, t

o th

e ru

ral c

hild

, x56

-161

;sy

l-la

bus

of,

161-

162;

list

of b

ooks

deal

ing

with

,17

7-17

8;ou

tline

of

cour

sein

,33

8-34

2.Se

eSc

hool

gard

ens.

Neb

rask

a, te

achi

ng o

f ag

ricu

lture

inno

rmal

sloo

lsof

,83

-84;

high

scho

ol tr

aini

ng d

asse

s in

,go

; boy

s'an

d gi

rls'

ass

ocia

tions

in,

229-

232;

scho

ol li

brar

y la

w in

, 263

;tr

avel

ing

libra

ries

in, 2

76.

Neb

rask

a Ju

nior

Nor

mal

Sch

ools

,77

.N

evad

a, s

choo

l sup

ervi

sion

by

dist

rict

atto

rney

s in

, 58.

New

Ham

pshi

re, c

hang

e fr

omdi

s-tr

ict t

o to

wns

hip

syst

em o

f sc

hool

orga

niza

tion

in, 2

7;un

ion

dist

rict

supe

rvis

ion

in, 5

7;co

nsol

idat

ion

ofSI

ChO

Ols

111

, 309

.N

ew J

erse

y, s

uper

inte

nden

tsin

,6z

;el

ectio

n of

cou

nty

supe

rint

ende

nts

in,

62.

New

Yor

k C

ity, s

tatis

tics

of d

efec

tive

scho

ol c

hild

ren

in, 2

83-2

84.

New

Yor

k St

ate,

trai

ning

cla

sses

inhi

gh s

choo

ls o

f, 8

8-9o

; sch

ool l

ibra

-ri

es in

,26

5;tr

avt '

Mg

libra

ries

in,

274.

Nor

mal

scho

ols.

See

Stat

eno

rmal

scho

ols.

Nor

mal

trai

ning

cla

sses

inM

ichi

gan,

88.

Nor

th C

arol

ina,

sele

ctio

nof

cou

nty

supe

rint

ende

nts

in, 6

3; o

pera

tion

ofco

nditi

onal

libr

ary

law

s in

,26

5-26

6.N

orth

Dak

ota,

supe

rint

ende

nts'

as-

sist

ants

in, 6

z; m

inim

um s

alar

y la

win

, 113

; con

solid

ated

sch

ools

in, 3

12.

Nur

ses

for

scho

ols

in B

osto

n,28

4-28

6.

0O

hio,

uni

on d

istr

ict s

choo

l sup

ervi

sion

in, 5

7; m

inim

um s

alar

y la

w in

,1:

3;tr

avel

ing

libra

ries

in, 2

72-2

73; c

on-

solid

atio

n of

sch

ools

in,

vo.

411

Page 207: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

358

IND

EX

Ore

gon,

coun

tysy

stem

ofsc

hool

Con

anlia

tion

in, 3

t.O

utho

uses

for

rur

al s

choo

l bui

ldin

gs,

132-

232,

163.

Rea

ding

cir

cles

, ben

efits

fro

m r

ight

lym

anag

ed, 7

8-79

, 269

-270

.R

eadi

ng c

ours

es, e

ver

wid

enin

grô

lepl

ayed

by,

in s

yste

mat

ic e

duca

tion,

254.

Res

t roo

ms

for

teac

hers

, 123

.R

hode

Isl

and,

uni

on d

istr

ict s

choo

lPa

ge, W

alte

r H

.,co

mm

issi

oner

on

supe

rvis

ion

in, 5

7;co

nsol

idat

ion

of

rura

l lif

e, q

uote

d, 1

1-12

.sc

hool

s in

, 309

.Pa

rker

, Fra

ncis

W.,

on r

atio

nal c

ours

esR

ober

tson

, J. W

., qu

oted

on

cuns

oli-

of w

ork

in r

ural

sch

ools

, :A

.da

tion

of s

choo

ls, 3

05.

Penc

ils, d

ange

r in

pro

mis

cuou

s us

e of

,R

oose

velt,

The

odor

e,C

ongr

essi

snal

292.

mes

sage

on n

eeds

ofA

mer

ican

Penn

sylv

ania

, ele

ctio

n of

cou

nty

supe

r-co

untr

y lif

e,xv

iii;

cite

d, 8

;co

rn .

inte

nden

ts in

, ess

;m

inim

um s

alar

ym

issi

on o

n ru

ral l

ife

appo

inte

d by

, ro;

law

in, 1

13.

lette

r to

Am

sric

an s

choo

l chi

ldre

n on

Perm

anen

t sch

ool f

unds

, cre

atio

n of

,A

rbor

Day

, 17o

-r77

.43

-43;

fna

decl

ossY

of,

43-

45;

tabl

eR

ural

sch

ools

, pre

sent

con

ditio

ns in

,of

sta

tistic

s of

, 335

-336

.1-

4; p

robl

em o

f,ec

onom

ic a

nd s

o-

Phys

ical

edu

catio

n in

xho

ols,

282

ff.;

ciol

ogic

al a

s w

ell a

s ed

ucat

iona

l, 9-

2o;

rela

tion

of g

ener

al in

telli

genc

eto

,pr

imar

y du

ty o

f, to

edu

cate

cou

ntry

286-

287;

man

ifes

ted

insc

hool

sbo

ys a

nd g

irls

to a

love

and

app

re-

thro

ugh

the

agen

cies

ofm

anua

lci

atio

n of

cou

ntry

thin

gs, 1

3-14

; the

trai

ning

, pla

y, g

ymna

stic

s, a

ndat

h-id

eal t

wen

tieth

-cen

tury

, 24-

15;

ne-

letic

s, 2

94-2

95.

cess

ityof

bet

ter

orga

niza

tion

and

Pict

ures

, cho

ice

of, f

or s

choo

ls, 1

41-2

43;

adm

inis

trat

ion,

16-

20, 2

4 ff

.;pr

o-

list o

f su

itabl

e, 1

44-1

45.

visi

on o

f fu

nds

for

msi

nten

ance

of,

Plai

nfie

ld, N

.J.,

Gro

szm

an S

choo

l for

39-4

9;m

atte

rof

bl p

ervi

sion

of,

atyp

ical

chi

ldre

n at

, 286

.50

-68;

the

teac

hing

pro

blem

, 69-

91;

Plan

ning

and

pla

tting

sch

ool g

roun

ds,

mai

nten

ance

of,

by

ncre

ased

taxa

-

164.

tion,

106

; bui

ldin

gs a

nd e

quip

men

t,Pl

antin

g of

tree

s an

d sh

rubs

insc

hool

:16-

133;

indo

or f

urni

shin

g of

, 134

-

grou

nds,

265

ff.;

Arb

or D

ay a

n25

3;na

ture

stud

yin

,15

4-16

2;

appr

opri

ate

time

for,

174

-177

.gr

ound

sof

,16

3-17

7;be

nefi

tsof

Plas

ter

cast

s in

sch

oolr

oom

s, 1

43-1

45.

scho

ol g

arde

ns f

or, 1

91-1

95;

stud

y

Play

, fun

ctio

n of

, in

scho

ol w

ork,

295

-of

ele

men

tary

agr

icul

ture

in, 2

05 f

f.;

296.

indu

stri

al c

lubs

in, 2

21-2

33; m

anua

l

Play

grou

nds

f O

rsc

hool

s,26

3,26

5;tr

aini

ng in

,23

6-25

1;lib

rari

esin

,

equi

pmen

t of,

for

gym

nast

ictr

ain-

258-

269

(see

Lib

rari

es);

teac

hers

in,

In&

299

.th

eir

own

med

ical

insp

ecto

rs, 2

93-

Polit

ics

and

scho

olsu

peri

nten

dent

s,29

4; g

ymna

stic

s in

, 298

-300

;co

n-

61-6

8.so

lidat

ion

of, 3

02-3

32.

Poun

d. J

ere

M.,

Stat

e Sc

hool

Com

mis

-R

ural

teac

hers

.Se

e T

each

ers

of r

ural

sion

er, o

n fu

ture

of

agri

cultu

ral e

du-

scho

ols.

catio

n in

Geo

rgia

, 344

-346

.R

ussi

a, s

choo

l gar

dens

in, 1

82; m

anua

lPr

ovid

ence

, Fre

sh A

ir S

choo

l at,

286.

trai

ning

in, 2

38.

Rar

e, S

. I ,

on r

ural

sch

ool h

eatin

gan

d

vent

ilatio

n, 3

37-3

38.

St. L

ouis

, fir

st m

anua

l tra

inin

g sc

hool

at, 2

38.

IND

EX

Sala

ries

of

teac

hers

, 92

ff.;

of E

urop

ean

and

Am

eric

an te

ache

rs c

ontr

aste

d,93

-06;

law

of

regu

latio

n of

, :06

207

;ef

fect

of

prev

ailin

g lo

w a

vera

ge, t

odr

ive

men

to o

ther

cal

lings

, 107

-108

;en

actm

ent o

f m

inim

um s

alar

y la

ws

urge

d, 1

13.

Sani

tary

app

lianc

es f

or s

e Jo

lhou

ses,

130

ff.

Scho

ol b

oard

.Se

e B

oard

of

educ

atio

n.Sc

hool

bui

ldin

gs,

116

ff.;

choi

ce o

fsi

te,

120,

162

-163

;in

door

arr

ange

-m

ents

, 121

-125

;he

atin

g an

d ve

n-til

atio

n,12

5-12

8,33

7-33

8;lig

ht-

ing,

bla

ckbo

ards

, and

san

itary

ap-

plia

nces

, 228

-233

;ex

teri

or o

f, 2

33,

162-

167;

indo

orfu

rnis

hing

san

dou

t in,

238

ff.

Scho

ol d

istr

ict,

unit

of o

rgan

izat

ion,

25;

obje

ctio

nsto

,26

-27;

grea

tsp

read

of,

at a

n ea

rly

date

, 27;

re-

spec

ts in

whi

ch to

wns

hip

syst

em is

supe

rior

to, 2

9-30

; que

stio

n of

tax-

atio

n un

der,

47-

48.

Scho

ol f

unds

.Se

e Pe

rman

ent s

choo

lfu

nds.

Scho

ol g

arde

ns,

orig

ins

of,

179-

180;

inE

urop

ean

coun

trie

s,28

0-28

s;ad

vant

ages

of,

sho

wn

by im

mig

rant

sfr

om E

urop

e, i8

5-28

6;hi

stor

y of

,in

Uni

ted

Stat

es,

286-

188;

prac

-tic

al v

alue

of,

in c

ity s

choo

ls, 2

88-

290;

adv

anta

ges

of, f

or r

ural

sch

ools

,19

2-19

5; s

teps

pre

para

tory

to m

ak-

ing,

197

-202

; arr

ange

men

t of.

201

-20

3;se

lect

ed li

st o

f bo

oks

on, 2

03-

204;

out

line

of w

ork

from

rep

ort o

fco

mm

ittee

on

Indu

stri

al E

duca

tion

in S

choo

ls f

or R

ural

Com

mun

ities

,34

4.Sc

hool

gro

unds

, 133

, 236

-137

, 163

;

book

s de

alin

g w

ith, 1

74, 1

77-1

78.

Scho

ol I

mpr

ovem

ent L

eagu

e of

Mai

ne,

1,85

-146

.Sc

hool

libr

arie

s an

d pu

blic

libra

ries

,25

8-26

1.Sc

ulpt

ure,

spec

imen

sof

,in

scho

ol-

MO

M%

143

-145

Seel

ey, D

r. L

eir,

quo

ted,

73.

Sew

erag

e sy

stem

for

rur

al s

choo

ls, 2

32-

133.

359

Shae

ffer

, Sta

te S

uper

inte

nden

t in

Penn

-sy

lvan

ia, q

uote

d, 1

23.

Shaf

er, H

arry

M.,

quot

ed, 2

87.

Shaw

, Dr.

, Sch

ool H

ygie

ne b

y, q

uote

d,12

7-12

8.Sh

rubb

ery

for

scho

ol g

roun

ds,

165,

268-

169,

342

-343

.Si

te o

f sc

hool

hous

es, 2

20, 1

62-1

63.

Sloy

d sc

hool

s, o

rigi

n of

,in

Sw

eden

,23

7.So

cial

rec

ogni

tion

of te

ache

rs, 1

11-1

12.

Sout

h C

arol

ina,

ope

ratio

n of

con

di-

tiona

l lib

rary

law

s in

, 265

-266

; con

-so

lidat

ed s

choo

ls in

, 313

.St

arr,

C. C

., re

port

by,

on

Bur

ns c

on-

solid

ated

dis

tric

t, 32

2-32

3.St

ate

law

s fo

r co

nstr

uctio

n of

san

itary

scho

olho

uses

, 228

-220

.St

ate

norm

al s

choo

ls, 7

9; r

eadi

ness

of,

to a

dapt

them

selv

es to

new

con

di-

tions

, 8o;

rur

al m

odel

sch

ools

in, 8

0-83

; agr

icul

ture

in, 8

3-85

.St

oves

, jac

ket v

entil

atin

g, 1

26-1

27.

Sum

mer

sch

ools

,ad

vant

age

of,

toru

ral s

choo

l tea

cher

s, 7

5-76

;N

e-br

aska

Jun

ior

Nor

mal

Sch

ools

, 77.

Supe

rint

ende

nt, f

unct

ion

of b

oard

of

educ

atio

n an

d w

ork

of th

e, 3

5;or

i-gi

n of

the,

52-

52;

coun

ty, p

aris

h,an

d un

ion

dist

rict

or

tow

nshi

p, 5

2-53

;co

nditi

ons

prev

ailin

gun

der

coun

ty s

yste

m, 5

8-60

;ne

cess

ity o

fre

mov

ing

from

par

ty p

oliti

cs, 6

1-62

;el

ectio

nan

d co

mpe

nsat

ion

of,

inN

ewJe

rsey

and

Penn

sylv

arnA

,62

-63;

appo

intm

ent o

f, in

Nor

thC

arol

ina,

63;

plan

of

elec

tion

inM

inne

sota

, 64;

Kan

sas

plan

, 65-

66;

arad

emic

and

pro

fess

iona

l qua

lific

a-tio

ns e

ssen

tial

for,

66-6

7;op

por-

tuni

tyof

,fo

r pr

omot

ing

esth

etic

side

of

s :h

ools

,52

- 53

; cam

paig

nof

edua

tion

inim

prov

emen

tof

scho

ol g

toun

ds to

be

cond

ucte

d by

,27

3-17

4.Su

perv

isic

n, o

f ru

ral s

choo

ls, s

o;ci

tyvs

. rur

al, s

o-51

;hi

stor

y of

, 31-

32;

the

unit

of, 5

3-53

;M

assa

chus

etts

and

Con

nect

icut

act

s pe

rtai

ning

to,

53-5

7; s

ucce

ss o

f un

ion

dist

rict

sys

-te

m in

New

Eng

land

and

Ohi

o, 5

3-

413

Page 208: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

360

IND

EX

57;

prog

ress

und

er c

ount

y sy

stem

,57

-58;

in A

rkan

sas

and

Nev

ada,

58;

cond

ition

s un

der

coun

ty s

yste

m, 5

8-6o

; pol

itics

in, 6

1-62

; get

era

l con

-di

tion

of, f

or r

ural

sch

ools

, 57-

68.

Swed

en, s

choo

l gar

dens

in,

i It;

de-

velo

pmen

tof

syst

emat

ic...

tanu

altr

aini

ng (

Sloy

d sc

hool

s) in

, 23,

.Sw

itzer

land

, sch

ool g

arde

ns in

,18

2;sc

hool

s in

, for

stu

dy o

f ag

ricu

lture

,so

g; m

anua

l tra

inin

g in

, 238

.Sy

llabu

s of

nat

ure

stud

y pr

epar

ed b

yco

mm

ittee

of

N.E

.A.,

161-

162,

Tax

atio

n,ch

ief

supp

ort

ofsc

hool

sfo

und

in, 4

4-45

; the

sta

te th

e lo

g-ic

al ta

xing

uni

t, 45

-46;

stat

e sy

s-te

m o

f, f

or s

choo

ls n

ot in

crea

sing

,46

-47;

tabl

e sh

owin

g st

ate

and

loca

l,on

per

cent

age

basi

s, 4

7; c

ount

y an

dto

wns

hip,

47-

48;

decl

ine

ofdi

s-tr

ict,

48; r

atio

nal s

calin

g up

of,

and

incr

ear-

need

ed, 4

8-49

; low

rur

alra

te o

f,T

each

ers

,ura

l sch

ools

; 699

ff.;

"bor

n"'m

ade,

" 70

-71;

nat

ural

qual

ifie

sIs

nec

essa

ry, 7

1-7

2 ;

aca-

dem

ic t

72-7

3;pr

ofes

sion

altr

aini

ng,

;3;

mus

t com

e pr

epar

edto

mak

e th

e sc

hool

an

expr

essi

on o

flif

e on

the

farm

, 74-

75;

aids

to, i

nsu

mm

er s

choo

ls, t

each

ers'

inst

itute

s,te

ache

rs' m

eetin

gs, e

tc.,

75; i

nstr

uc-

tion

in a

gric

ultu

re f

or, 8

3-84

; Wis

-co

nsin

cou

nty

trai

ning

sch

ools

for

,85

-87;

trai

ning

clas

ses

for,

inM

ichi

gan

and

in N

ew Y

ork

high

scho

ols,

88-

9o;

sala

ries

of,

02

ff.;

law

of

sala

ry r

egul

atio

n as

app

lied

to,

1o6-

-ro7

;st

atis

tics

of m

en a

nd o

fw

omen

, ro8

;lo

ng te

nure

of

offi

cead

voca

ted

for,

t 4-

r 15

; ope

ning

for

indi

vidu

al e

ffor

ts in

sch

ool d

ecor

a-tio

ns a

nd im

prov

emen

t of

rest

hetic

envi

ronm

ent,

146-

151;

trai

ning

of,

in e

lem

enta

ry a

gric

ultu

re, 1

96-1

97;

trai

ning

of,

in li

brar

y ec

onom

y, 2

76-

277;

resp

onsi

bilit

yof

,fo

rpu

pils

'ph

ysic

al a

nd m

enta

l hea

lth, 2

87-

288;

rur

al to

cher

s th

eir

own

med

ical

insp

ecto

rs, 2

93-2

94.

Tea

cher

s' in

stitu

tes,

76.

Tea

cher

s' jo

urna

ls, b

enef

its f

rom

, 78.

Tea

cher

s' m

eetin

gs, n

eces

sity

of

teac

h-er

s' a

ttend

s.at

, 78.

Ten

ure

of o

ffic

e of

teac

hers

, 24-

1 25

.T

erre

Hau

te,

Ind.

,St

ate

Nor

mal

mod

el r

ural

sch

ool,

82,8

3.T

exas

, cou

nty

syst

em o

f sc

hool

or-

gani

zatio

n in

, 31;

com

mun

ity s

ys-

tem

of

scho

ol o

rgan

izat

ion

in, 3

3-34

.T

oads

and

toad

aqu

aria

on

scho

olgr

ound

s, 1

71-1

73.

Toi

let r

oom

s in

sch

oolh

ouse

s, t3

o-23

r.T

owns

hip

supe

rint

ende

nts,

53.

Tow

nshi

p sy

stem

of

scho

ol o

rgan

iza-

tion,

27-2

9;to

be

dist

ingu

ishe

dfr

om to

wns

hip

syst

em o

f lo

cal g

ov-

ernm

ent,

28;

resp

ects

in w

hich

su-

peri

orto

dist

rict

syst

em,

29-3

0;ta

xatio

n un

der

the,

47-

48.

Tra

inin

g cl

asse

s,co

unty

nor

mal

,in

Mic

higa

n, 8

8;in

New

Yor

k hi

ghsc

hool

s, 8

8-9o

;in

Neb

rask

a, K

an-

sas,

Min

neso

ta, V

erm

ont,

and

othe

rst

ates

, go.

Tra

inin

g sc

hool

s in

Wis

cons

in, 8

5-87

.T

rave

ling

libra

ries

, 260

, 271

-276

.T

rees

in s

choo

l gro

unds

, 167

.T

wen

tieth

-cen

tury

Forw

ard

Lib

rary

Mov

emen

t, 26

8-26

0.

Uni

on d

istr

ict s

uper

visi

on o

f sc

hool

s,in

Mas

sach

uset

ts a

nd C

onne

ctic

ut,

53-5

7;in

oth

er s

tate

s, 5

7.U

nits

of

scho

ol o

rgan

izat

ion,

25-

34.

Uta

h, c

ount

y sy

stem

of

scho

ol o

rgan

iza-

tion

in, 3

1.

V

Vac

atio

n sc

hool

s.Se

e Su

mm

er s

choo

ls,

Tea

cher

s' in

stitu

tes,

and

Tea

cher

s'm

eetin

gs.

Ven

tilat

ion

of s

choo

lhou

ses,

125

-128

,33

7-33

8.V

erm

ont,

unio

n di

stri

ct s

choo

l sup

er.

414

IND

EX

visi

on in

, 57:

high

sch

ool t

rain

ing

clas

ses

in,

90;

cons

olid

atio

nof

scho

ols

in, 3

09.

Vic

tori

a, N

.S.W

., na

ture

stu

dy a

ndte

achi

ng o

f ag

ricu

lture

in, 2

10.

Vill

age

type

of

cons

olid

ated

sch

ool,

,320

.V

ines

, use

oi,

on s

choo

l pre

mis

es, 1

69.

Vir

gini

a,co

unty

syst

emof

scho

olor

gani

zatio

nin

,31

;co

nsol

idat

edsc

hool

s in

, 312

.

Wal

ls o

f sc

hool

room

s, 1

38.

Was

te in

the

smal

l sch

ool,

305.

Wea

Con

solid

ated

Sch

ool,

the,

318

-320

.W

est V

irgi

nia,

min

imum

sal

ary

scal

ein

, 223

-114

;la

ck o

f lib

rary

pro

vi-

sion

sin

,26

6-26

7;ob

serv

ance

of

Lib

rary

Day

in, 2

67-2

68.

Will

iam

s, D

r. L

insl

y R

., on

def

ectiv

es

361

and

low

sta

ndar

ds o

f sc

hool

wor

k,28

4.W

isco

nsin

,su

peri

nten

dent

sin

,6x

;co

unty

trai

ning

sch

ools

in,

85-8

7;sc

hool

libr

arie

sin

,26

3-26

4;C

on-

solid

atio

n of

sch

ools

in, 3

2 r.

Wol

ford

, Lul

u,su

cces

sful

teac

her

ofel

emen

tary

agr

icul

ture

, 219

; quo

ted

on in

dust

rial

trai

ning

in o

ne-r

oom

scho

ol, 2

49.

Wom

en, p

erce

ntag

e of

,as

teac

hers

,ro

8; q

uest

ion

of e

ffec

t of,

as

teac

h-er

s of

mal

e yo

uth,

xo8

-rog

.W

oodw

ard,

Dr.

Cal

vin

A.,

foun

der

ofSt

. Lou

is m

anua

l tra

inin

g sc

hool

,23

8.W

oodw

ork

of s

choo

lroo

ms,

138

.

You

ng P

eopl

e's

Rea

ding

Cir

cles

, his

tory

and

val

te o

f, 2

69-2

70.

Prin

ted

in th

e U

nite

d St

ates

of

Am

eric

a.

6 1

5

Page 209: DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 566 RC 020 435 AUTHOR Foght, …

,

A L

IST

OF

BO

OK

SFO

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NO

LD

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LIX

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hand

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John

Fran

klin

Bro

wn,

Ph.D

., fo

rmer

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rofe

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Insp

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Yor

k.C

loth

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0 xv

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a $1

.00,

CO

LL

AR

, GE

OR

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, AN

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CR

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S W

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anag

emen

tan

d M

etho

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Ins

truc

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By

Geo

rge

Col

lar

and

Cha

rles

W. C

rook

, Lon

don.

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th 1

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ages

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RO

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N, B

ER

NA

RD

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etho

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men

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Sch

ool

Stud

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By

Ber

nard

Cro

nsan

, A.B

., Ph

.D.,

Prin

cipa

l of

Publ

ic S

choo

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3, B

orou

gh o

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anha

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City

of

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Yor

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P.C

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.Se

cond

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In tw

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Part

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AR

MO

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AR

I.E

S.In

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By

Cha

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De

Gar

mo,

Pro

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orof

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Scie

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and

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in C

orne

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l'ol.

III,

Pro

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truc

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In p

ress

DU

TT

ON

, SA

MU

EL

T.

Soci

al P

hase

s of

Edu

catio

nin

the

Scho

ol a

nd th

eH

ome.

By

Sam

uel T

. Dut

ton,

Supe

rint

ende

nt o

f th

e H

orac

e M

ann

Scho

ols,

New

Yor

k.C

loth

1201

0+

25Q

Pag

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DU

TT

ON

& S

NE

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EN

. The

Adm

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trat

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of P

ublic

Edu

catio

nin

the

MIR

ASt

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y Sa

mue

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.M.,

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Dav

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Ph.D

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Let

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Cal

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Ann

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ME 392 ME 392 23 January 2012 Week 3 Joseph Vignola.

ME 392 ME 392 23 January 2012 Week 3 Joseph Vignola.

Homework, Page 392

Homework, Page 392

AMV 335, AMV 435 · ENGLISH AMV 335, AMV 435 Page 6 DANSK AMV 335, AMV 435 Side 6 DEUTSCH AMV 335, AMV 435 Seite 7 ESPAOL AMV 335, AMV 435 Página 7 ITALIANO AMV 335, AMV 435 Pagina

AMV 335, AMV 435 · ENGLISH AMV 335, AMV 435 Page 6 DANSK AMV 335, AMV 435 Side 6 DEUTSCH AMV 335, AMV 435 Seite 7 ESPAOL AMV 335, AMV 435 Página 7 ITALIANO AMV 335, AMV 435 Pagina

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