DOCUMENT RESUME ED 053 628 FL 002 506 Center for Applied

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 053 628 FL 002 506

AUTHOR Obolensky, Serge; And OthersTITLE Persian Basic Course: Units 1-12.INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C.;

Foreign Service (Dept. of State) , Washington, D.C.Foreign Service Inst.

PUB DATE May 63NOTE 397p.

EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

EDRS Price MF-$0.65 HC-$13.16Grammar, *Instructional Materials, *LanguageInstruction, Language Skills, *Oral Communication,Orthographic Symbols, Pattern Drills (Language),*Persian, Pronunciation, Reading Skills, Sentences,Speaking, Substitution Drills, *Textbooks,Uncommonly Taught Languages, Written Language

ABSTRACTThis basic course in Persian concentrates on the

spoken language, illustrated by conversation based on everydaysituations. After a thorough grounding in pronunciation and in basicgrammatical features, the student is introduced to the writing systemof Persian. Some of the basic differences between spoken and writtenstyles are explained. Imitation of a native speaker is provided, andthe course is designed for intelligent and efficient imitation. Eachof the 12 units has three parts: new material to be learned (basicsentences), explanation (hints on pronunciation and notes), and drill(grammatical, variation, substitution, narrative, and questions andanswers) . (Authors/VM)

co

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C)C=1

U-I Serge Obolensky

Kambiz Yazdan Panah

Fereidoun Khaje Nouri

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE

OFFICE OF EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE

PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS

STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENTOFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION

POSITION OR POLICY.

persian basic course units 1-12

it! Reprinted by the Center for Applied Linguistics

of the Modern Language Association of America Washington D C 1963

0

It is the policy of the Center for Applied Linguistics to makemore widely available certain instructional and relatedmaterials in the language teaching field which have onlylimited accessibility. This policy calls for the republica-tion of works which are out of print and of items which arenormally limited in their distribution to members of theorganization under whose sponsorship they were prepared, suchas government agencies, special university programs, and priv-ate business concerns. The users of these reprints shouldbear in mind that in many instances they are incomplete orprovisional in nature and that the Center has chosen toreproduce them either because, even in their present form,they are better than other available works, or because insome respect they may serve as supplemental to existing mater-ials. Whenever appropriate, the authors' names are indicated.The kinds of prices set for the reprints vary considerablydepending on the nature of the financing of the projects, butin every instance the price is determined in the light of thefact that the Modern Language Association is a non-profitprofessional association.

A publication of the Center for Applied Linguisticsof the Modern Language Association of AmericaWashington, D.C. May 1963

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This Basic Course has been reprinted with the permission ofthe Foreign Service Institute of the Department of State.

3

PREFACE

This volume is an introduction to the Persian language. With it asa foundation the student may continue with either further conversationalpractice or with reading. It is being published in this tentative formto meet the immediate need felt for a beginning text in Persian. Theauthors feel very strongly that a thorough revision is necessary, in-corporating different types of drills and using the shorter unit approach.

The linguist in charge of the text was Serge Obolensky, of sheDepartment of Near East and African Languages, Foreign Service Institute.Carleton T. Hodge, now Professor of Linguistics, Foreign Service Institute,served in an editorial capacity throughout the preparation of the text.

While the present text is new, both as to Basic Sentences and Drills,a certain amount of grammatical material from the earlier FSI SpokenPersian has been utilized. Such materials have been thoroughly revisedand where necessary restated.

Howard E. SollenbergerDeanSchool of Languages and Area StudiesForeign Service InstituteDepartment of State

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface

vii

Introduction 1.1

Unit 1 1.7

Basic Sentences 1.7

Grammatical Notes 1.11

1.1 The spelling used in this course 1.11

1.2 Vowels 1.13

1.3 Stress 1.14

1.4 Pitch 1.15

1.5 Juncture 1.17

1.6 Styles of speech 1.18

1.7 /befmrma'id/ 1.19

1.8 Negative prefix /ne-/ - /nm-/ 1.20

1.9 The suffix /-e/ - /-he/ 1.20

Drills 1.21

Persian Orthography 1.30

Unit 2 2.32

Basic Sentences 2.32


2.1 Consonants 2.38

2.2 Connective /e/ ( ezafe') 2.46

2.3 Forms of address 2.47

2.4 Verb endings 2.48

2.5 Verb prefixes /mi-/, /be-/ 2.51

2.6 The present stem ('present', 'optative','imperative') 2.53

2.7 The past stem (t-stem) 2.56

2.8 Compound verbs 2.58

2.9 Separate pronouns 2.59

Drills 2.61


Unit 3 3.81Basic Sentences 3.81Grammatical Notes 3.89

3.1 Pronoun: Separate pronouns (continued). . 3.89

3.2 Pronoun: Pronominal suffixes 3.89

3.3 The plural suffix /-a, -ha/ 3.92

3.4 The verb 'be' 3.93

3.5 The suffix / -L/ 'pertaining to' 3.95

3.6 The indefinite /-i/ 3.973.7 rsoril kmrdin/ 'to start, to begin'. . . . 3.98

3.8 The suffix /-o/ - /-ro/ _ /-ra/ 3.99

3.9 /mal/ 3.100Drills 3.101


a II

viiiUnit 4 4.126

Basic Sentences 4.126Grammatical Notes 4.131

4.1 /vsodin/ 4.1314.2 Word order: The verbal sentence 4.1314.2.1 The simple verb 4.1314.2.2 Adverbs and adverbial phrases 4.1334.2.3 Objects 4.1344.2.4 Adverbs and objects 4.1354.2.5 Specific subject and emphatic subject . 4.1354.2.6 Alternative statements 4.1384.2.7 Sequence of simple sentences 4.1384.2.8 Optative in second verb phrase 4.1394.3 Suffix /-tirt 'comparative' 4.1404.4 Superlative 4.1404.5 Ne%, compound verbs 4.141

Drills 4.142Persian Orthography 4.152


5.1 Degrees of politeness 5.1685.2 Verb form in I-el: Present perfect . . 5.1725.3 Verb: Impersonal compound verbs 5.173


Unit 6Basic SentencesGrammatical Notes

6.1 Prepositions6.2 The stem form of the verb6.3.1 The use of /qblsez [gmbrmzWbefore' and

/bT'adwz [Ibt'd'mzi/ 'after'6.3.2 The use of /1 'd/ and /pis/ 'then' . . . .

6.4 /be-/ and /be'in/ before abstracts in /-1/6.5 Verb: Imperfect6.6 Verb: Future tense

DrillsPersian Orthography

6.1906.1906.1966.1966.202

6.2026.2036.2046.2056.2056.2066.215


7.1 Verb: Passive voice 7.2337.2 Counters 7.233


ix


8.1 Verb: Past perfect 8.252

8.2 /-e/ - /-he/ after modifier 8.253

8.3 Verb: Progressive form 8.253

8.4 Pronoun /xod/ 'self' 8.254Drills 8.255



9.1.1 /hmr, her -/ 9.2779.1.2 /han- -mm, him -/ 9.277

9.1.3 /lime /, /hmme- htmi/ 9.278

9.1.4 /hic, hic-/ 9.2799.2 Verb: The causative suffix /-un-

[-an-, -ani-1/ 9.2799.3 New verbs and verb uses 9.2809.4 Numerals: Ordinals 9.280


Unit 10 10.298



10.1 Verb: The verb /nesambin/ 10.30510.2 Pronoun: Modifying object of verb or

preposition 10.30610.3 Preverbs 10.307

10.4 Use of tenses 10.307

10.5 Verb: Pistadin vaystadmn/ 10.309

10.6 Verb: Imperative (familiar form) 10.309

10.7 New verbs and verb uses 10.309

Drills 10.310


Unit 11 11.326

Basic Sentences 11.326Grammatical Notes 11.333

11.1 Expressions of time 11.333

11.1.1 /v.kxt/, /key/ 11.333

11.1.2 Words for 'instance, occasion' 11.3,34

11.2 Word usage: /xab/ and associated verbs . 11.33411.3 Prefix /bi-/ 'without' 11.33411.4 Prefix/heem-/ 'also, too, the very same'. 11.335

11.5 Compounds with suffix /-e/ 11.336

Drills 11.337


x

Unit 12 12.356


Grammatical Notes 12.36412.1 Kinship terms 12.36412.2 Adverbs in /n/ 12.36812.3 Uses of /ke/ 12.370

12.3.1 /ke/ 'when' 12.37012.3.2 /ke/ as an emphatic particle 12.37012.4 Verb: The verb /xabidn/ 12.370

Drills 12.371


SPOKEN PERSIAN

Introduction

THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE

Persian is spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan, thoughit is not the only language of any of these areas. It is the officiallanguage of Iran, used for all instruction in schools, for most news-papers and in government work. While it is the most widely usedlanguage in the country, the exact number of speakers is not known,or the proportion of Persian to other languages in the country. Itis the language of greatest prestige and anyone who Ins had anyeducation is able to speak it, even if it is not his mother tongue.Many others learn it orally as a second language.

The situation is somewhat different in Afghanistan, where bothPashto and Persian are official languages. Due to the long period ofhigh prestige which Persian has enjoyed there, most publications havebeen in Persian and it is widely known.

In Tajikistan Persian is called Tajik. While there is consider-able difference between Tajik and Tehran Persian, this is not aquestion of boundary lines but of increasing differences in thelanguage as one goes from one place to another within the area wherethe language is spoken. For example, Afghan Persian is quite closeto Tajik, the local Persian dialect of Meshed is similar' to AfghanPersian, and so on. (The term Tajik in Afghanistan does not referto language but to certain groups of people. Anyone who speaksPersian, /fars1/1 Tajik or other, is a Persian speaker Aarsiwd.n/.)

There is a 'standard Persian! used for literary work in Iranand Afghanistan (with some differences), but local spoken varietiesof the standard exist all over the speech area. In addition to these,there are also local dialects which are Persian. These are notmodifications of the standard language but sister dialects of it.

Finally, there are the languages closely related to Persianspoken in the area. These inclade Tat, Talish, Gilaki, Mazanderani(around the Caspian), Kurdish, bakhtiaril Luri and others in centraland western Iran, and the more distantly related Ossetic (in theCaucasus), Pashto (Afghanistan and Pakistan) and Baluchi (mostly inPakistan). These languages are known collectively as Iranian.

Persian is known from written sources which cover at leasttwenty-five centuries. The oldest definitely datable documents arethe cuneiform inscriptions of the Achaemenian kings, beginning inthe sixth century B.C., the language known as Old Persian. Probablycomtemporary, possibly even earlier, is Avestan, the language of the

t

P.1.2

holy book of Zoroastrianism,but only late manuscripts are known, andit is uncertain when the prophet Zoroaster lived. The language of theSassanians, Pahlavi, continues the history of Persian and is assignedto Middle Persian.

Beginning with the ninth century A.D. we have what is tradional-ly known as Modern Persian, that is, Persian written in Arabiccharacters. Naturally a considerable number of changes have takenplace in the language since the ninth century, 1-t the prestige ofwriters such as Ferdausi, author of the epic po,..1 Shahname, has madethis !early modern! period the classical one for Persian. Writersof the classical period and their language are the prime subject ofthe Persian literature classes in Iran and elsewhere today. Theyenjoy a prestige far above that of classic English authors in Americasand it is highly recommended that the student of Persian learn some-thing of this literature after he has acquired fluency in the spokenlanguage and ability to read modern Persian literature.

The Arabic alphabet was adopted for (and adapted to) Persianafter the Islamic cow-uest in the seventh century A.D. This is thealphabet used today. A large number of Arabic words are also borrowed,much in the manner of Latin, Greek and French loanwords in English,The structure of English is still basically Germanic. The structureof Persian is still Iranian. Arabic belongs to a separate languagefamily, Semitic. It must not be inferred from the number of wordsof Arabic origin in the dictionary that most of the words used inspeaking Persian are from Arabic. Just as in English (where we use!fire!, not 'conflagration! or !help!, not !assistance!, in ourordinary speech), Persian has fewer Arabic loans in the ordinaryspoken lwiguage and more in the formal style, whether written orspoken.

Although Persian has borrowed the Arabic alphabet, it hasdeveloped its own styles of both handwriting and printed forms.The difference is, of course, greater in the hand4ritten styles.

Persian belongs to the Indo-Iranian (Indic and ;ranian) branchof the Indo-Hittite family of languages. This family includes Indic(the languages of Northern India and Pakistan, ,ach as Hindustani(Hindi-Urdu], Bengali, Gujerati, Marathi, and ancient Sanskrit; aswell as Singhalese in Ceylon), Iranian, Anatolian (Hittite, etc.),Armenian, Slavic (Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, Russian, Polish, Czech,etc.), Albanian, (reek, Italic (Latin [whence the Romance languages,French, Spanish, Italian, etc.], Oscan, Umbrian, etc.) Celtic(Welsh, Irish, Breton), Germanic (Gothic, English, Dutch, German,etc.). English and Persian are, then, related languages, but therelation is too distant to be immediately useful. Some overallsimilarities such as the use o: nouns, verbs and adjectives, arehelpful, but the vocabulary is often not similar even when directlyrelated.

P.1.3

This Course

This course is the first step toward learning the Persian

language. All of the lessons are in the spoken language. They

represent Persian as illustrated by conversations based on everydaysituations. After a thorough grounding in pronunciation and inbasic grammatical features, the student should learn the writingsystem of Persian. Since Persian is not written in the ordinaryspoken style (just as English is not), another style of speech mustbe learned for reading. Some of the basic differences between theordinary spoken style and the written or formal style are explainedin this Unit and in Unit 2. Reading may be begun very early, butlearning to read should not keep the student from the primary goalof learning the language. Progress in the language may be hinderedby trying to read too soon.

Some obvious facts concerning any language must be kept inmind by the learner. In the first place, there is no one correctway of speaking Persian or any other language. Minor differencesof pronunciation, form, vocabulary and usage are found amongspeakers of the standard language. The student should expect theseand follow the usage of his tutor. If the tutor's normal speechvaries from that in the book, his or her manner of speaking shouldbe followed.

How to Study

The best way to learn any language is to listen to a nativespeaker of t!lat language and then imitate exactly what he says.This course is designed to help you to imitate intelligently andefficiently. Each unit consists of essentially three parts: newmaterial to be learned (Basic Sentences), explanation (Hints onPronunciation, Notes) and drill (Grammatical Drill, Variation Drill,Substitution Drill, Narrative, qtestions and Answers). The following

is the suggested class procedure:

Basic Sentences

Steps 1 to 3 may be done with books open or closed. It is

preferable to have them closed.

Step I Go through the Basic Sentences. The tutor says each wordor phrase to be learned in Persian. The class repeats theword or phrase in unison. The tutor then says the itemagain, and the class repeats. Each item is treated inthis way (Persian - class repetition - Persian - classrepetition),

Step 1 is optional. If preferred, study may begin with Step 2.

P.1.14

Step 2

Step 3

Step

Step 5

Step 6

.Go through the Basic Sentences (or a section thereof)again, with the Persian then said twice for each student.Each student repeats (twice) after the native speaker.The linguist corrects pronunciation.

Repeat the Basic Sentences in this manner a number oftimes. Omit the build-ups, drilling only the sentencesthemselves. The tutor says the sentence for eachstudent, who repeats as before. Continue this untilthe students can say the sentences without difficultyand at a normal rate of speed.

Go through the Basic Sentences, the tutor saying adifferent sentence for each student and the studentrepeating and giving the English equivalent. This isto be done with books closed. Go through the BasicSentences several times and vary the order of thesentences or of the students so that each student hasan opportunity to repeat a number of differentsentences.

Give the students the English for the sentences andhave them give the Persian equivalent. The tutor shouldgive the correct form (for them to repeat after him) ifa mistake is made in either pronunciation ar structure.If there is too much hesitation in this exercise, Step 3should be repeated, with the English equivalents given.

Variation drill on Basic Sentences. The Basic Sentencesare to be drilled but with changes (substitutionsmainly) rossible within the limits of grammar andvocabulary. No new words or forms are to be introduced.The changes possible will be limited in the early units.

Grammatical and Substitution Drills

Drill the sentences given by going through Steps 2through 6 as above. Stress Step 6. Follow specialinstructions where given.

Narratives40.,Step 1 The tutor reads through the whole Narratives at natural

speed, as if he were reading a story. The students listenfor comprehension, books closed.

Step 2 The students summarize in English as much as they under-stood of the Narrative from Step 1. They should giveas complete and accurate account a their memory allows.(Books closed.)

Step 3

Step 4

PoIs5

The tutor reads each sentence for each student, eachof whom repeats. (Books closed, preferably).

Go through sentence by sentence for comprehension:The tutor says each sentence, and the students taketurns repeating them. Each student translates thesentence he repeats. Any grammatical unclarities areresolved by questiong the linguist.

Step 5 Repeat Step 1. (Books closed).

Step 6 Step 3 is repeated and drill continued in this manneruntil the students are thoroughly familiar with thematerial.

Step 7 The students take parts and act out the dialogs. The(where tutor may take one of the parts the first tine or two.applicable) Then the students act it all cot themselves. Continue

this until any student can take part and go throughthe dialog like an actor.

Step 8

Step 9

Questions are asked in Persian by the tutor andanswered by the students in Persian. The students shouldnot give !yes! or no answers but try to answer thequestion as completely as possible using the wordscontained in the question.

The students should memorize the Narrative and relatethe story to the tutor.

Questions and Answers011The questions and answers given are to be drilled as stated

below, but they should not be considered complete. Any question whichis within the limits of the students! grammar and vocabulary may beused. Any answer given is considered correct if it is good Persian.

Step

Step 2

Note:

The tutor asks each student a question. The studentrepeats the question, then gives an answer. Theanswer is corrected, if necessary, by the tutor, whogives the answer as it should be. The student repeatsthe correct answer.

The tutor gives the student the answer which iswritten in the book. The student repeats. This isnot a correction but simply further drill.

Correction of the students! Persian by the tutor shouldconsist of the tutor's giving the correct sentence andhaving the student repeat it. Explanations are a

P.1,6

waste of time. The student should rely on thelinguist and the book for grammatical explanations.

Homework

1. Read any Hints on Pronunciation or Grammar Notes in theunit.

2. Memorize Basic Sentences already heard.

3, Review Grammatical and Variation Drills.

Whether working with a tutor or with records, the student mustrepeat each Persian word, phrase or sentence in a loud, clear voice,trying at all times to imitate the pronunciation as closely as poss-ible. Everything should be mimicked, even the veakerst gestures,and especially his tone of voice. The meaning of the Persian is tobe kept constantly in mind. The English equivalents are to be usedas necessary to remind the student of the meaning. In the first fiveunits the student should not attempt under any circumstances topronounce the Persian before he has heard it.

Symbols Used in the Basic Sentences

On the English side, parentheses and quotation marks are usedtogether (1...!) when 2 more literal translation is given in additionto the ordinary English equivalent. Brackets [ 1 are used to indicatewords in the English equivalent which do not have an equivalent in the

Persian. Parentheses ( ) indicate words which are in the Persian butnot in a normal English equivalent. Note that on the English sidewe have what is ordinarily said in English in this situation, notnecessarily a literal translation. The use of parentheses andbrackets as explained above should make the situation clear in eachcase.

Parentheses in the Persian spelling are used to indicate soundswhich are sometimes omitted. Brackets are used to indicate a moreformal pronunciation to be used when learning the formal style.Alternate pronunciations of the same word or alternate words aregiven after a slant line 1.

Slant lines are used in the Notes to set off Persian sounds orwords within an English text. English letters and words are under-lined when used as examples.

P.1.7

Persian Basic Course

Unit I

Basic Sentences

Hello.2 3 1#smlAm.

2 3 1 #or seeldm taildykom.

health, condition, state hal

your health hdletun [hdletan]

manner, way, sort tclwr

how, how[about] (twhat manner') cet6wr

how is cet6wre

3 1

How are you? hdletun cetowre#

bad bead

isn't nist

grateful mann&

or mote.geekkdr

thank you (tItm grateful') ma mndrimm

or motegiekk4rea /

motMck4rxm

or

Not bad, thank you.

you

your health

How are you?

15a1

arsi2 3 1./1 2 Y1 Al

bad motegmkk4res4

sours

lisle sours

2 3lisle sours cetawr4

P.1.8

Persian (language) farsi

to understand fahmid&

you understand mifahmid

Do you understand Persian?2 3

IIII

farsi mifahmid

yes b;de

I understand mifahmam

3 1 A 31 AYes, I understand. b4le'4 mifahmana

31ANo. nee:

to know dunest& (danest4n]

3Do you know? midunid

I know midunam [midanam]3 1

I don't know. nemiduname

what ci [a]

to say, to tell gofteln

o1 (more polite) farmud4n

you said Oftid

or (more polite) farmudid

2 3 1

What did you say? of gatica

3 1

or a farmudid.

I said eftam

this tin

what is [it]? dye [oist]

3 I 2

I said, what's this? eftam; tin ciyeT

17

-11.111

that

3 1

Whatts that ciye.

hotel

tin [ IL]

[(the hotel

place

here

there

where

P.1.9

hotgl

hateli (colloquial) ] r

ig

tinjg

tanja [tanjd]

kojd

where is [it]? kogst

2 3 I 2 I#Wherets [the) hotel? hotgl; kojgst.

2 3 2 1#[[Whereto the hotel? hotel6; kojast.]]

3 I 2The hotel is there. hotgl; tunjast.

3

Did you say its here? 2g6fidt tinjAst

No, I said, it there. n&i./ :6ftami t unligstf

restaurant

[(the restaurant

hand

right, straight, true

r6storgn /resturgn

resturani (colloquial)jr

det

rest

itts straight ahead; itts true rests

to the right (t right hand') dgete rest

it's on the right aste rests2 3 2 1 4

(The] restaurant's on the right, restoren; d&ste raste:

[[The restaurant's an the right.2

3 I aresturani, dmete risteOr

'As these forms are too colloquial it is recommended that they be

omitted. They are retained here only because they are on the tape.

P1.10

washroom deessgu'i [dmetguti]

or dEessrugu'i [dmstrugulf]

left dip

to the left ('left hand') aste cam

[The) washroom's on the left.

to go

got

Go straight ahead.

2 3 I 2 1 n

dessguli, a tfste ape,

rieftee'n

berid

3 1 yrgst bericU

Classroom Expressions

ready hazer

Are you ready?

turn

It's your turn.

Go ahead! Please!

beginning

2 3hazerid

nowbeet

2 3 2 1.//

nowb&te, gomIst:

3 1

befmrmatid.

gord

to perform (auxiliary verb kawdefan

used to make compound verbs)

to begin gord kran

let's start gord konim

3 12 1

Please, let's start! befmrmalid; gord koniel

one y13 [yiSk]

degree, time

another, other, more, further

18

mmttAbebartebe

dige [diem.]

P.1.11

3 1 2 1#[Please] repeatl ye martmb6; Aig4,

(tone more timet)

translation terjome

to translate tmrjom4 kmrdaln

3 12 1

Please translate. b4fmrmatid; tarjome konid.

lesson ars

end, wholes complete, all teem [tmm4m]

to become god&

to end, to be finished tLolAm god&

3 2 1

The lesson is finished. dArs; tmmgm god.

3 1 #It's enough!, base. [bmetmet]

Notes

Note 1.1 The Spelling Used in this Course

The Persian of these lessons is written in a transcriptionmeant to help the student listen. It is an attempt to put downsystematically on paper the sounds that the tutor will say, orthat will be heard on the records. It should be emphasized thatthe printed material is just a reminder of that which is saidand not a substitute for it.

The transcription used here is an adaptatioq of the latinalphabet to Persian. It is based directly on spoken Persian andis not a transliteration of ordinary Persian spelling. It is

not, strictly speaking, a !phonetic! transcription. For example,the letter /k/ stands for one sound before the vowels /upola/ andfor another sound elsewhere. Since the pronunciation is predictableon the basis of where it occurs, a single letter may be used forboth sounds. It is the same as using the letter /t/ in English forthe different sounds in toE (with a strong puff of breath), atop(without a puff of breatfil, pot (released with slight breath70not released), butter (a flap of the tongue), etc. In English thesedifferent soundg-in-pattern together as /t/. In the same way thetwo sounds of /k/ (or of /g/, or of /4/, etc,) pattern together inPersian. To a Persian speaker (of this dialect) they are the =samething'.

P.1.12

Our transcription is, then, organized to fit the pattern ofthe Persian language. The letters and other symbols used are:

Vowels iemuoaConsonants

Voiceless ptksgefxh?Voiced bdgzgjvq rlmnyw

Stress Weak (unmarked) Strong

Pitch Low 1 Mid 2 High 3 Extra High 4

Juncture Close (no space)Open: Space between words

?Single bar? or ///?Double bar? 1 or /?/?Double-cross # or /./

Length (at end of phrase) above the line /:/ or on the linecombined with /9/ as / ;/ or with 1.1 as 1:1.

These letters should not be confused with those used forwriting English or any other language. Every language has a uniquesound system and any symbols used to write a language must bedefined in terms of that language. English and Persian have, then,different sound systems. However, where the Persian and Englishsounds are similar, the same letter is used in the transcriptionhere as is used in English. This is particularly true of theconsonants. This does not mean these sounds are identical. /t /,

for example, is different in English and Persians even though thesame symbol is used. It is very important to realize the possiblediversity of sounds covered by a single symbol (as noted above for/k /), the actual sound being determined by the context. Theseletters are symbols which pattern together as a language system.Such a system of symbols has been devised for English, and is comingmore and more into use by linguists and for the teaching of Englishto speakers of other languages. This system provideb a symbol foreach part of the language pattern (such as ft, i, op u/ or stresses

/2 pitches /1 2 3 4/9 etc., as discussed below).

The following notes are rough hints on the pronunciation ofPersian. English sounds are given for comparison, but they aredifferent sounds. Only careful listening can give the student thePersian vowel sounds.

2fr

Note 1.2 Vowels

LetterIMININ OM los I. MD

Nearest Enellah Sound; DescriEtim

ae Like our a in hat but actually betweenthat sounT and-the 4 of father.Technically: a loi7 frog-567ml.

a Like the vowel of hall but withoutlip-rounding.Technically: a low back unrounded

vowel.

e

i

0

Like our e in set at with tonpue alittle higher.-Technically: a (higher) mid front

vowe].

Like the i of machine in its thigh!quality, but without the gliding ofthis sound ill English.Technically: a high front vowel.

Like o in rote but pronounced veryshort in Persian, without the w glidethat English has at the end.

Technically a (higher) mid back kogrounded vowel.

bddmamanna5

hglhalgrest

P.I.I3

ExamEles

!bad!

'grateful!

!no!

!health!!now!

!right!

berid lgoil

cetOwr Chow ?!

heletun !yourhealth

nfst !isn't?midunid 'you

know!

d6g6ftid

u Like our u in rude (or oo in boot)but again-shorFEd witEut the` f;glide of English.Technically: a high back rounded

vowel.

mairdu'lrldunem

!two!

!yousaid!!where?!

!thankful!

II know'!kind!

Note: The simple Persian vowel is usually very short. Compare Persian/bed/ and English bad. There are certain conditions under whichPersian vowels are -Igngthened, and these will be noted in due course.At present it is sufficient to note that they are generally muchshorter than similar English sounds.

Also note that the quality of the vowels is remarkably clearwhether they are accented or not. The /e/ of /heletun/ is as clearlyand /e/ as that of /logrid/. Do not use the tulle sound of English(technically /6/, the u of but or a of sofa) for unstressed(unaccented) Persian vowels. Be sure you st,y a clear /e/ in

Aet6wre/, jlodlet, etc. Do not use the air of iqy for final /e/ (as

in /b41e/). The same care should be taken of the other vowels.Say a clear /m/ in /g6ftmm, mfdunmm, mffmhmmm/, a clear but short

P.1.14

/o/ in /some, kojg/, a clear /i/ in /fin, ting, b4rid/.

Note also the difference between the /o/ of /Isagykom, gong,eftid, hotel, kojA/ and the /ow/ of /cet6wre /. The /Ow/ is more likeEnglish, such as the ow of crow, the 2a of boat, the o of note, etc.The /o/ is much shorter than tge sounds in crow, boat, note, all ofwhich have a w off glide at the end. Round your lips for Persian/o/ (ox. /u/) as you cay the consonant in frortt of the /o/ (or /u /)0

The /ow/ of /cet6wr/, like English o of note, is not a simplevowel but a combination of vowel plus m. Tgei:e are also (as inEnglish) combinations with /y/. The commonest combinations are /ey/(much like ay of say) and /ay/ (something like ov of boy, butbeginning with a deep aw sound): /key/ !when!, 7tgy/ Meat.

Compare:se !three! key !when'

d6 'two! tabj6w 'beer!

The student should be careful not to pronounce Persian simple/e/ and /0/ like the /ey/ and /ow/ combinations. He may find him-self doing this, especially at the end of words, since English doesnot have simple vowels of this quality at the end of words. Listencarefully to the tutor for the contrast between /se/ 'three' and/key/ twhen21 and between iacv 'two' and Pabgw/ 'beer'. Cut the/e/ and /o/ short when they are not followed br /,y/ or

Be careful, too, not to confuse the sounds of the letters /lea/and /a/. They represent entirely different sounds to the Persianspeaker. It will be especially useful for you to practice thefollowing word pairs in which the two sounds are contrasted. Dothis after the tutor. Don't try it alone.

n6 !not Y4 tort

dgst !hand' rest !right!

dm tit hdl !health!

d6r tint car !four!

Note 10 Stress

The accent mark is /'/. This is used to indicate the loudersyllables. A weak syllable is not marked. There are two mainvarieties of /7, a louder and a less loud or secondary. Eachphrase has at least one strong loud stress. AU other stressedsyllables (syllables with /1'j) are secondary in loudness,. A simplerule tells which /'/ is the loudest. The last stress /7 in aphrase is the loudest except that stresses following a shift to alower pitch are secondary. For example, in a sentence /g6fteem tin

P.1.15

dye/ the loudest stress is on /Of -4, the /g6f-tend /4111/ beingsecondary. If the same sentence is broken into two phrases wehave: /g6ftmm, tin ciye/, there both /g6f-/ and /cf./ are loud, eachbeing the loudest in its phrase. /tun/ is4still secondary. A thirdway of saying the sentence is /g6ftmm tin dye/. This is only onephrase and the loudest syllable is /fin/. /g6f -/ is still secondaryand so is bi-/, since the latter is on low pitch (/1/; see Note 1.4).Stress (which is loudness) and pitch (which is hight of tone) must becarefully distinguished. Since the loudest syllable is often thehighest in pitch, there is frequently a tendency to confuse the two.

Note 1.4 Pitch

The numbers /1 2 3 4/ are used (above the line) to indicatelevels of pitch or tone. /1/ is low, /2/ mid, /3/ high, and /4/extra high. (No examples of /4/ have occurred.) English pitch hasthe same number of levels, but they combine into patterns differentlyand often sound different from the Persian (as in questions, forexample).

Examples of Persian pitches are:

2 3 1 a 3 1 a 2 3 2 1

mmmninmm: tun ciyeT hota; kogst:

3 n 2 3

mifammicif hale soma cetowre.

Note: The pitch number is placed over the consonant preceding thevowel which actually carries the pitch. In the case of a fall fromone pitch to another on the same vowel, the second pitch is on theconsonant following. These levels of pitch are not absolutep likemusical notes on a scale, but are high or low relative to each other.There is even some variation on a given pitch level. For example,there is noticeable variation before /2/. In fact, the type of end-ing the phrase has will always affect the ritch (see below and Note1.5 Juncture). A significant (meaningful) change in the pitch levelis made when a new number is given.

The following diagrams, showing relative pitch levels and someof, the variations due to different phrase endings, will help to makethese remarkn clear:

Here the pitch falls from /3/ to/1/ on /m/. This is the pitch ofa final stressed syllable with

/31/.

P,1,16

mennanan. tan eiye.

hale gem./ cetowre.

restortin, dote raste.

_Jr--

hotel, kojAst.

hAle come C-e;;;;i.

In these examples the pitch fallsto /t/ on the syllable followingthe stress. The fall is actuallymore gradual than is shown herebut is fairly abrupt,

This the same pitch pattern asmosinaman (that is, /231/ butover a longer stretch.

Here we have two phrases. Theone ending in /,/ has /3/ asthe last pitch. The second,ending in /./, falls to /1/.This sequence of /2 3/ followedby /2 1/ in the last phrase, istypical of sentences consistingof several phrases (ending in

id and 1./).

Comparing the diagrams of pitch levels with the numbers assigned, wesee how a number indicates that the pitch is maintained until a newnumber is given. Variation of pitch on a number is most noticeablebefore /2/. Following are diagrams which illustrate such variation.The last syllable before /1/ is always long with the first pitchpattern given under numbers 2) and 3).

1) The main stress is on the last syllable before /2/.

aste rast: The final syllable rises at theend and is, of course, long.

2) The main stress

diets riste?

aste riste?

3) The main stress

mifaehmi d;

zn.t.ftehrnid1

is on the next to the last syllable before /2/.

There are two possibilitieshere: rising on the lastsyllable as before or goingdown in pitch with length,

has two or more syllables following it before /2/.

The two main possibilitieshere are a drop in pitch, butnot to the next level down,with a slight rise at the end(or a waver on the last syllable)or a continuation on a high leveland rising, particularly at theend.

P.1.17

The same type of intonation occurs before /7/ whether the laststress is on /3/ or /2/.

Following are diagrams of the patterns most frequently met inclass drill. if the student becomes familiar with the way thesework, he will be able to dispense with the use of the numbers abovetheline and use only punctuation as a reminder system. (Numbers,

will be used for anything out of the ordinary).

1) Single phrases

Before /./

Before /1/2

2) Two or more phrases

2

2-

32

7 23

2

22 j

1

If the phrase begins with the loud stress, the patters will be /3 1/rather than /2 3 1/ or /3 ,/ rather than /2 3 ,/.

Note 1.5 Juncture.

In order to describe the pitches, it has been necessary todiscuss the ways phrases may end, the phrase final junctures. Thesehave been indicated by special signs above the line along with thepitch numbers and by the use of punctuation on the line itself.This double representation is to draw attention to the meaning of thepunctuation marks as used here. Later the symbols above the linewill be omitted except for special cases. The student should bythat time be able tooperate correctly using only the punctuation.

There are three types of phrase endings in Persian: /, /, /2/and /./. The special signs for these are /1/, /11/, and /#/respectively. We will refer to them by their punctuation marks, butthese marks are not used in the same way or with the same values asin English or Persian spelling. The system used here assignsspecific sound values to the punctuation marks.

The comma /,/ (special sign /1/) indicates that the last pitchindicated is carried on evenly to the comma and that a change ofpitch usually follows the comma. There is not necessaMay a breakor pause. The syllables immediately before /,/ are slightlylengthened (see below).

P.1408

A question mark /?/ (special sign /11/) indicates a rising pitchor a slump, nearly always with a lengthening of the last syllable,as defined above. A question mark is not used to indicate a questionbut only this type of intonation. There are many questions both inPersian and Exiglish which have no intonation differences from anordinary statement. Only those questions which have this specialintonation are marked by /2/ in this course.

There is another feature of Persian phrasing which occurs inconjunction with the phrase fir:?1 junctures. This is a lengtheningor drawling at the end of the phrase. Such a lengthening regularlyoccurs with /2/ and is not specially represented there. Otherwiseit is represented by a colon above the line t:// and a raised dot /'/in the punctuation system. The raised dot with a comma 1,1 is/;/, and the raised dot /'/ with a period is hi. As many sentencesmay be said with or without this lengthening, it is rarely marked,.but the student should be prepared to find, say, what has been written

/,/ varying with /;/ (/:1/) quite frequently.

English and Persian have many similarities in their intonationpatterns, but there are important differences. Very special attentionmust be paid to the intonation of each Persian sentence. It shouldnot be treated as if it were an English sentence. The pitch numbersused will help the student to say things correctly but only carefullistening and imitation will give the correct pronunciation.

Note 1.6 Styles of speech.

This note draws the student's attention to variations in theway a Persian may say a word or a phrase. This is still only abrief statement of a very complex situation. Persian is much likeEnglish in its variations and the way in which they relate to style.In English, for example, we may say 'don't you' (/dwnt yiw/ in aspelling like we use for Persian) or in a more formal style 'do younot' ( /duw yuw nit/). Actually, we don't usually say either one,but rather Idonchat (/a6wnCe/). The latter looks substandard, aswe write it this way only in funny papers and novel (or other)dialogue aimed at point ng up the fact it is colloquial. Of course,'doncha' is perfectly standard and used by standard speakers all ofthe time; but it is not written standard. (Another example is 'sad'for 'said'. Both are identical in sound. 'Seri' is a graphicvariant to show that actual speech is being represented.) The sameis true of Persian. There are many forms in these units which looksubstandard to a Persian who sees them written down. They areperfectly standard and used by standard speakers regularly. Theyjust look substandard, as they are net normally written.

This note deals with a classification of s7;ch variants intodifferent styles and compares the forms of certain words in thesestyles. There are, of course, other types of differences in

g2 6

P.1.19

Persian. There are personal differences. One speaker may use /e/where another uses /m/. There are geographic dialect differencesand social dialect differences. As we are concerned here only withstandard Tehran speech, these other variations are not discussed.

The differences following what we call variations in style workin a very regular fashion. The following sentences are selectedfrom the Basic Sentences and are given in two different styles.The student should compare the two version:, as he goes over them.

1. hAletun cetowre

2. hale soma cetowre.

3. rill:Junin

4. midunmm.

5. cf Oftid

6. 'fn dye

7. Ilia ciye.

8. restoran, dste r4ste.

9. assgulf awe ape.

lo. rAst berid

11. hazerin

12. yemmrtebel

13. bee

[hdletan cetowrmst]

[hAle soma cetowrast]

[midanid]

[m/danmm]

[ce goftid]

[ tfn cfst]

[tan cfst]

[restoran, d4ste r&stast]

[dmstgull aste *met.]

[rast beravid]

[hazer hmstin]

[yek martma,ye dig4r.]

[begs Itest]

The left hand column gives the sentences in the !informal, style.This style is the way the people ordinarily talk. The right handcolumn (in square brackets) gives the same sentences in the'formal' style. The formal style is used for speeches, lectures,radio broadcasts and on certain occasions calling for a type ofspeech which is considered more elegant. The written Persian is inthe formal style. The informal style however, is used both inmodern written Persian and in radio broadcpsts whenever it isintended to quote the actual everyday speeen. More on the differencesbetween the ordinary informal,style and the written formal style willbe explained in later units.

Note 1.7 /b4farmatid/

The imperative form /hefmrmatid/ is used as a polite suggestionto another person that the next move is up to him, that the speakerdefers to him. There is no single English equivalent. 'Please','after you', there you are, sir', 'come on in, 'take a seat', 'helpyourself', etc. are all equivalents in given situations.

bei

P.1.20

Agfarmalid/ may precede another imperative. This gives a verypolite tone to the utterance and indicates the speaker's deference:

bgfmrmalid bgrid. Please go.

bgfmrmatid tmrjomg konid. Please translate.

It may also be used as a general deferential verb meaning 'go aheadand do whatever the situation calls for'. In this resnect it maysometimes be said to replace the imperative of a verb more specifical-ly suited to that situation. For example:

befmrmalid funjg. Please go there. instead of bgrid lung.

befmrmatid. Please go ahead. instead of 'read', 'eat',

'go', 'come', or what-

ever the occasion calls

for.

The student should note the situations in Basic Sentences, Variartion Drills. and free conversation where AgfEeri,:alid/ is used.

Note 1.8 Negative prefix mne-/..-9/m-/

miduham

ngmidunmm

The prefix /ne-/ is used before verb forms beginning with /Mi-/to form the negatiNs. Compare:

mifahmid

mifahmam

midunid

ngmifahmid

ngmiSmhmwm

ngmidunid

Most other forms of the verb have the prefix /nm-/:

g6ftsan

Note 1.9 Suffix /4/ . /i-tuc/

hotgl kojgst.

resturgn kojAst.

hotelg kojist.

resturang kojist.

nhoftern.

Where's [the] hotel.

Where's (the] restaurant.

Where is the hotel.

Where is the restaurant.

In the first two sentences the question is general. The speakerwants to know if there is any hotel or restaurant in the vicinity.Tha third and the fourth questions refer to a specific hotel orrestaurant ('the hotel' and 'the restaurant1). Both the person Whó

Polo21

is asking the question and the person who is supposed to answer it,know already what hotel or restaurant they mean.

This suffix, /-4/ after consonants and /-14/ or /44/ aftervowels, may be added to nouns and is used by some speakers in informalspoken Persian. It may be used when the noun in question is quitespecific, i.e. when the person involved in the conversation knowsprecisely what person or object is being talked about. This enffix isalways stressed and is not used in formal or written Persian. Thesuffix is often combined with /tin/ or "1n/, as in Pin hoteld/"In hotelg/and when referring to a person.has a pejorativeconnotation.

GD. 1.2

Grammatical Drill

Initial0=1.tAesk tears kaim

tiks photograph ann

!meal' unions sang

les& alasl ifEAD

tmkndn now getdc

Vowels

Medial Final

levin increasing gEmdn

immvij waves ming

fmniy4t security dmmavind

Imnjomsen society mmmndn

teendazd size kmbdd

/a/ lib water gih

lamadg ready an

tammdg has come nagoft4

tamuza learning cap

tahestg slowly nim

tan that mat

tagmhf advertise- mistmeet

tazadi freedom mac

gig)

little nee

art

stone

night

doubt

thought

shame

Damavand

thankful

dark blue

Shah dam(

comb ti

unsaid pidvd

print dmv4

name fagi

astoni.lied b&sa

yogurt pan

kiss

no

learned

until

leader

medicine

atmosphere

many

Pasha

Tani acquaintance

P.1.22

/e/

Initial

tgrice

tavAz

t e'sm

temz&

testekin

temtehgn

testefadg

tesbgt

tensgf

temkgn

tejaeg

tehdgs

/i/ tfn

listed&

tisteh

!USA

timgn

tin4k

tizgh

tfd

tiyaat

1134

/6/ tomfd

fonvain

tobovv4rt

todebg

tostid

that which damgd

voice PAYe

Medial

name sahgb

signature hedaysIst

glass momkgn

examination sepals

use sakgt

proof sadegf

justice negan

possibility negmean

permission ngsf

creation mes

this

to stand

station

creation

faith

now

explanation

festival

visiting(patient)

necessitat-ing

hope

title

paternity

men ofletters

professor

bfd

tfp

zmmfn

bihus

hive

piganf

hfckme

zfn

zistifn

dfn

goftsfin

kind

btn

pest

hdkm

Final

bridegroom tmbg

foundation fan&

owner

guidance

possible

afterwards

silent

simplicity

sign

to sit

half

copper

willow

brigade

earth

name

neviemndg

nerve

pests

tikke

give

sade

ke

dide

gmnide

tutf

bsrlf

sing

unconscious kaff

widow koloftf

forehead sostf

nobody smthf

saddle gugf

to live deni

religion k4mi

to say to

dull de

root kilt

mail cd

order gap6

cloak

non-exist-ence

letter

writer

grandchild

pistachio

piece

method

simple

that

seen

heard

parrot

evil

tray

enough

thickness

weakness

superficial

receiver

a woman

a little

you

two

kologram

if

hat

P.I23

Initialmo......WWW.101110

Medial Final111M11110004modom ....twass.1.11.4m11

tosldp style h6sn beauty

tostAn province bogyeid foundation

toma main bongSh institution

tomumf general somb61 hyacinth

tobohAt glory moffd useful

/u/ to he, she bdd was peetd blanket

tutu iron slid profit.

mu hair

tdd lute zdd quick kmdd squash

'tin that kilh mountain td inside

lif ouch/ kugideen to endeavor amd uncle

tust£ master

Tunj4 there

tut August

rust he is

/eV

mmmndn grateful bibd odorless

kucek small begu sayL

knee street smbd pitcher

WI owl.

su side

gdg ear jd brook.

/a/

nernmoist,

,nam name

bfedbad bAd wind

no n4 dampness

C1831 breath am trap

I mad cane taa repose

zed he hit ad birth

M4d length ad Mede

cp left eh print

palls then as guard

belnd knot bgnd bandage

Tad& lack tad& man

Am little kAm desire

keel foam Idf (Persian

letter)

Stri 31

Pole24

/Eel /a/

tetik single tik vine

belz linen biz open

Ygid hand yid memory

balm city of Bam bin roof

tammd4 has come lamad4 ready

gozagt4n to pass gozagteEn to leave

lag pulp kdg alas

ieen collecting gm bowl

14iz from liz greed

gAz kind of pastry az gas

violet drunk mist yogurt

semi& value swain territory

&lit valley d&gt he had

/ay/

/y/

Diphthongs

k4y. when

PgY trace

dey (Iranian month)

mey wine

meydin square

peymin pact

ney reed

zeytlin olive

meymin monkey

b4yt verse

orphans

ma rsare left wing

h4ry alive

favyAz generous

in 32

Ay/ (continued)

InrYgm days

smyygd huntell

IWYgg man of pleasure

=Dryer luminous

/ay/

/ow/

tea

bayggn file-keeper

;;ayggh place

tvcg bundle

vdy oh!

ley sediment

gayan worthy

payggh base

now new

j6w barley

m6w vine

r6w5 Spouse

nowbeet turn

dowl&t government

gowkit glory

nowrdz new year

mowz4 subject

mOwj wave

P01025

GD. 1.8 Negative prefix

Drill on negative prefixes /nee / and /114/. Repeat the following

sentences after your tutors then put them into the negative: Example:

Tutor: mfdunmm hotgl kojget.

Student: mfdunmm hotel kojgst.

ngmidunmm hotgl kojSst.

3Sre

P.1.26

1. mfdunid fun restordn cetowre.

2. mifmhmid.

3. eftidhilettmcettrwre.

4. liars/ mlfMhmid?

5. flora. mifehmmm.

6. Often tin restorgne.

7. eftid rest berid?

8. mfdunmm hotel kojgst,

9. some midunid2

10. fmrmddid hotel diets ape?

11. terjomg konid.

12. deers tmmgm god.

Variation Drill

3 1

hAle some cetowre.

2 3 1# 2 3 2 1 #motegmkkeram. some, cetowrid.

2 3 1 #hglean We.

3 IIegtowr

3 Inemidunmm.

2 3 1 # 3 1 3

ce fmrmddid. goftid; amifmhsom

31# 3 I 2 1 # 2 1 3 1agoftmm; a Omifehmmm. ttani; nemidumm!

2 3 1 2 1 4!hot4le some, kogst:

3 1 2., 1

114MiCIUMM; hotel kojist!

348

2 3 2 1 4 2 3 1 2 3,1

cet6wr nemidunid: hotgle soma, chaste c&pe restorane:

2 1 2 3 1# 2 3 1 2 1#mersi, mmmndnmm:- restorgn; kogst5

23 2 1restorgn, lunjast.

2 3 n

kojg 2

2 3 2 3 1 #lung, d*Ste cape hotele.

2 3

rgst goftid

3 1 B1141e :

2 3 2IIII

goftid, aste che hoZgle

3 1 a 2 1

dteste c &pe hotgle!

.2 1 ji

motegmkkermmr.

Substitution Drills

P.1.27

Substitute the words given after each sentence for the underlinedword or words of the sentence. All substitution drills are to becarried out according to the following Model Drill.

Instructor: hgletun cetowre.

1st Student: hgletun cetemre.

Instructor: hke soma.

2nd Student: hgle soma cet6wre.

Instructor: hoteletun.

3rd Student: hoteletun cetSwre.

etc.

P.1.28

1. hdletun cetowrs.

hale some

hoteletun

restordnetun

dassguli

hotS1

restordn

2. bald !list, motegakkeram.

mamminam

mersi

3. farsi midunid.

mifalunid

n4midunid

4. restorer d4ste rAste.

hotel

dastgurf

tin

t.rin

5. restordn delste riste.

aste ape

kojdst

IinjAst

lAnjdst

bold 'list

6, hotel kojAst

rinje

rung

7. tun hotels

restorin

ars

dastgurf

cf

8, War-Arid lord konim.

lord konid

9.

terjom4 konid

nowb4te &mist

'WA

lung

rest berid.

dote ap

(gists rdst

rung

P.I.29

to. filftam tin aye.

Dermddid

midunid

nemiaVnid

goftid

nAgoftid

mifahmid

nemifmhmid

Persian Orthography

The Persian text as hers is for use after the introduction

of the script, at which time instructions will be given.

As this text is for reading purposes, the order of the

sentences in the drill sections is not necessarily the same as

it is in the transcription.

P I .30

diet.tp_m Coe.

0.0)4 .121..st t1....1

5 J.grro

iAt Cti

44.414

e.:4A I

4.,....140 I )11...414.

4

c J:J3

P.2412


Unit a

Basic Sentences10.1IMI.WA

name t gam/vim

Javadi (a last name) jmvadi

3 1 " #My name is Javadi. I Awns non, jEevadlye

gentleman, sir, mister

Mr. Javadi

Hello, Mr. Javadi.

Fereydun (a manta first name)

My namets Fereydwn.

lady, wife, Miss, Mrs,

Afshar (a last name)

Zhalg (a womants first name)

Hello.Mrs. Afshar.

Hello Miss Zhale.

God

guardian

Good-bye.

you are

Iran

Iranian

tall

'aggro jamadi2 3 1SWUM taclaye javadi.

fereyddn

2 3 2 ol #t4SMe an; fereydune.

2 3 1

selgm xanome tmfgar.

2 3 1

wan late xanom!

xodg

hafgz2 3 1 axodi hafts:

hAstid

Iirkirani

Are you an Iranian?

America

American

I am an American

I am

No, Itm an American.

and

Afshar and

they are

Messers Afshar and Javadi are

Iranian.

request, begging, asking

to request, ask, beg

please (tI make request!)

amount, value, worth

little

a little, somewhat

slow, slowly

slower, more slowly

speech, word

to hit, to strike

to speak

speak!

41

P.2.33

2 3

soma tiranl hmsti4

emrika/t amrikd

temrikatf /tamrikaI1

emrika I Span

hAstmm

3 2 1 4nab; temrikat4ymm: /

2 1

tamrikati hastmm.

vA

tEefgdro

h4stmn [h4stand]

2 3taqSye teriro jmvadf;

2 1

tirani hastmn.

xag [xatieg]

xag kmran [xaheg

kmrdeln]

xagmikonen [calleg

mikonam]

gtmadr

loin

codri keied

ymvdg

ymvagar

hArf

zadten

hArf zmdga

bArf bezmnfd

P.2.34

Please speak a little slower.2 3 I 2 3 I

xaeg mikontuni, ktreni YEETagtElaar

2 1

h&rf bezmnid#

good; well xdb

I don't understand n4mifmhmm

2 3 1 2 1I don't understand Persian well. farsf xdb; nemifmhmmme

very, much, many xeyli

or besy4r

You speak Persian very well.2 3 1

some X4Yli xdb fars1 hArf

mizmnidf

to pardon, to excuse bmxgidetn

excuse [me]: b4bmxgid

this (as object) '/no [Ifnra]

in Persian (Ito Persian') befarsi

you say, you're saying mfgid [mIgulid]

31 v # 2 3Excuse me, how do you say this b4bmxsid. Iino befarsl;

2 1 4/

in Persian? cf. migid:

watch, clock, hour saftgt

we say, we're saying migim [mEgu'im]

We call this a watch in Persian.

how much, how many; calnd / caln

some, several

What time is it

2 3 2 1

lino befars/; Balch migime

42

2 3 1 4WA (Andel:

ha, shn saysridge Dnigu7D3d1

two

two &clock salgte d6

He says it's two el chock. 2 3-1 2nige5 saggte dOst:

movie sineWsima

when k4y

to begin, start (intr.) gord godgn

(it) begins gord mice [gord

migmvaad]

nto want xastg

I want mixam [mixahmm]

2 3

mixam bedunmm sinemA 145r1

goru raise.

3 I2mixatid begmm, sinem& k4y

gord migJ

lid (t1 want ) to imow when

the. movie starts.

*You -want me to tell [you] whet.. the

movie starts

Yes, please.

three

four

five

six

seven

eight

nine

P.2.35

2 13

1:41.1e; xahgg mikonam.

se

car [war]

PLj

gig [sgg]

hf [haft]

h4g [hat]

nAh

P.2.36

ten di

to come lumaan [ t amman]

you come, you're coming; miya id

you'll come

When will you come?

I come, I'm coming;

I'll come

I'll come at three.

How about Mr. Javadi and Mr.

Afshar?

they

they come, they're coming;

they'll come

They'll come at five.

we

3 1

key miyalid.

InlYam [IniYaYEen]

3 2 1

mAni, sate se miyame

2 3facleye javadlo laciSye taefsar

cetowr

tune /tuna [tom]

m/yand [m/yayand]

2 31 2 3 1. #

lune; sal4te panj miyan.

me

Smith lesmit

we come, we're coming, we'll come m/yalim3 I 2 3 2

We'll come at seven o'clock and Mr. a; satalte haft miyalim; vas3 2

Smith at eight (o'clock). laggye lesmit, sa'&te

he, she

he said

he, she, it comes; is

coming, will come

hat.Id

gcift

miyad [m/yayesij

When did he say held come?

He said at eight.

Where are you going?

I'm going to the movies.

to have

you have

Do you have a watch?

No I don't (have).

What time are you coming?

P.2,37

2 3 1

td kdy goft miyad.

3 2 1 4eft; satellite higgt:

2 3 1

gorrA koja mirid!

3 I 2 1#arm; sinem4Y

dagth

darid

2

saga* dAricd

31 ji 3.1needaresn:

2 3 1

sateete ckad miyatid.

3 1I don't know. ndmidunem.from lAm

2 3 1

Where should we go from here? 'az linjA koja berim.

2 31#Letts go to the movie. brim sinea.


question b.:41 [soldl]

pl. soalAt [sotalgt]

to ask a question (with NO sosl [sotAl] kerdain

answer jmvdb

to give dad&

to answer jaw& dad

2 3 12I'll ask a question, and you men soul mils:memo; omet

1

answer [me]. imrclb bead:

P.2.36

to read

to study

Letts begin class.

its impossible, one cannot

(lit does not become!)

this way, in the manner

No, it's not possible to Eay

it this way.

one must, one should, it is

necessary

You must say [it] this way.

Notes

Not.: 2.1 Consonants

Xurida!nixondfil [xandtai]

ars xundeln

2 3 2 .1#gord konim; bed4rs xundan.

n4mige [nemigamad]

Tintowr

3 °12 3, ' #

nal017. lintowr nernise gab.

bay&

2 3 1

bay& 11ntowr begid

Most Persian consonants will sound familiar to a speaker of English

but he must not he deceived by similarity. The /x/ and /q/ will be

completely new, but the /t/ and the /k/ are also new in their own way.

The students should treat each sound as a new one. Here are scale of the

striking differences:

It d n/ are made with the tip of the tongue touching the

back of the upper front teeth.

/p t k/ In American English we pronounce /p t k/ in several

different ways. For example, at the beginning of a

word or of a stressed syllables but not after /s/1

these consonants are aspirated, that is, there is a

puff of breath after them. But after /s/ or at the

beginning of an unstressed syllable they are

ti46

P.2.39

unaspirated (have no such puff of breath). Notice

the difference between the aspirated /p/ or pin or

opinion and the unaspirated /p/ of spin or upper.

Persian /p t k/ are always aspirated, no matter whether there is an

/s/ in front of them or not, or whether they begin a stressed or an un-

stressed syllable. The Persian word /dokt6r/ sounds like daw -kyuh -tore,

because the /k/ is completed before the /t/ is begun. There isn!t a

vowel there, but only the release of the /k/. This is true of all such

consonant groups. Compare the following Persian and English words and

listen for the differences in the sound of //t..

hEtstid !you are, hasty mostmrgh !toilet! mustard

zahmkti !any trouble! natty rasturgn !restaurant! restaur-

Oftam !I said! rafterant

che

pij

peydg

kafg

kojg

/k g/

Examples of &/ and ZkZ

litts left! happy sdpan 'soup alsol supper

!five! punch pets !then, pass

!finding! payday,potatoes

doktOr !doctor! doctor

!cafe!

!where2!

cafe

cajole

kdr !work! car

have two pronunciations which sound very different to a

speaker of English. Before vowels made in the back of the

mouth, /u o a/, Persian /k/ and /g/ sound very much like

English /k/ and /g/ in kayak and gown. In all other positions

they are palatalized, that is, they sound something like ky

and gy. These other positions include /k/ and /g/ before the

vowels /I e mi and at the end of a syllable (before another

ccnsonant or at the end of a word). One way to make these

palatalized /k/ and /g/ sounds is to place your tongue in

16P4 7

P.2.40

position to say /y/ and then, holding your tongue close

to the roof of your mouth as you have it for /y/, say /k/

or /g/. Another way is to put the tip of the tongue in

back of the upper teeth and then say /k/ or /g/. At all

times the student should listen care, .illy to the Persian

speaker and iaitats. Ns have slightly palatal /k/ and /g/

in English in such words as key, keel, keep, geese, geezer,

but Persian palatalization is much stronger. With some

Persian speakers palatal /k/ and /g/ approach Persian /c/

and /j/. Some Persian speakers have the palatalization only

before /i e m/0)

/1/ is higher toned than in English. Raise the middle of the

tongue closer to the roof of the mouth with the sides of

the tongue touching the upper teeth, much as you do for

making /y/. E.g. /bEfile/ !yes', /seaki/ 'greetings',

Anly1/ 'wish'. Note the difference between /1714y1/ and

English 'mail'.

In is made with the tip of the tongue flapped or trilled

against the ridge back of the upper front teeth. The

student should never use an English /r/. There are three

main varieties of Persian /i/: a single flap (sometimes

in between vowels), a trill (two or more flaps - at the

beginning of a word, next to a consonant and usually

between vowels), and a whispered trill (at the end of a

word before a pause or open juncture / , 3 ./ LI On)

Listen carefully to these words again:

r4st 'right' b4rid 'got'

riyil trial' darSd 'you have'

car 'four' dciezar 'two rials'

cAdri

fars/

cejur

Now listen to the contrast between these Persian

words:

farsf 'Persian' contrast

la little'

'Persian'

'what kind'

and English

tfarce'

P.2041

siggr 'cigarette' contrast teigapt

ilnra 'that (obj.)1 contrast 'UNRRA'

causes no difficulties when it occurs at the beginning of a

syllable. It is easy for us to ay /hal&/ qlowl and /hgl/

!health' (at least so far as the /h/ is concerned:). However,

Persian /h/ also occurs at the end of syllables in Persian:

AmifEhmmm, d411/. Here there are two possible pronunciations:

1) a more careful one, where a clear breathed [h] is heard

2) the normal colloquial, where /h/ jwt lengthens the vowel,

with a glide effect. The first pronunciation is hard for

English speakers, but the student must learn it to be able to

speak Persian properly. It occurs naturally in a normal,

rather deliberate, type of speech. Since it will probably be

some time before the student can speak rapidly well, it is

best to know how to speak slower properly.

The breathed [h] at the end of a syllable sounds difficult,

but it is only putting a breath of air at the end very similar

to that at the beginning. Listen carefully and repeat:

deth mif&hmid mehmunxune qahvg nclh

The glide type of /h/ is very similar to something we

have in English. Compare a simple vowel in English like the

o (phonemically /a/) of hot with the long vowel and glide of

calm. Or compare comma and calm. Comma and hot both have a

short /a/ sound (like the /a/ of father). Calm has a long /a/

with a glide. In rapid speech Persian has a very similar

glide and lengthening replacing /h/. It is important to note

that theme' /h/ is not ordinarily 'left outs in this position but

replaced by something else. (This something else is, we shall

see, the same type of glide we have for Persian /1/ before a

consonant). The glide is toward the 'center' or suhl position

(phonetically [e]). The student should listen carefully and

P.2.42

/1/

imitate his native speaker whichever pronunciation he may be

using and be sure he can say both.

is a sound which also requires some explanation. In careful

formal speech it is a stoppage of breath, a glottal stop [9].

You hear it frequently in English. If you say very slowly and

deliberately, lin English', you will have it before each of

these words. It occurs regularly in Persian words said the

same way: /tin /, /:engelis//, /nun /, etc. You sometimes hear

it in English as a substitute for /t/ in such words as bottle

(said bahlul). You also hear it clearly in uhmuh.ItilmmoM

Between vowels in informal spoken Persian /f/ may be just

a kind of trough in between the vowel peaks, so that both

vowels are said distinctly. This is the type of speech one

should first try to master. In rapid spoken Persian it usually

disappears and the vowels run together. A number of different

types of contractions may result. For example:

Vowels said distinctly: sat Contracted: seat

What is /h/ between vowels in formal speech may be replaced

by the trough kind of /I/ in the colloquial (never by the stop

[9] of /1/) and may then have the same type of contraction:

Forma?: mIxahid Informal distinct: m/xatid

Contracted: mixayd

Other values of /f/ will be discussed when examples have

occured.

The following two sounds will be entirely new to the student, and he

will need to pay particular attention to them:

/x/ This sound is made farther back in the mouth than a Ac/, and

instead of completely stopping the air by pressing your tongue

against the roof of your mouth, you let the air slide through.

It sounds somewhat like clearing your throat. It is the same

/q/

P02.43

kind of sound as the ch of German ach, but is made farther back.

To make /x/ press the back of the tongue against the uvula

(pendant at back of mouth) and the back part of the roof of the

mouth and breath air through. There is often some trilling of

the uvula in addition to the other friction. The sound should

be voiceless like /s f, 5/, not voiced as /z, v,

xdb !good! x4yli !very! =am !I want!

xancim !lady! xodg !God! toxin 'seed, egg!

There are two varieties of /q /: a stop variety and a fricative

variety.

The stop variety is like a far back !hard! g. This sound

completely stops the flow of the breath (as do /k/ and /g/).

To make it one should press the back of the tongue against the

soft palate and uvula and say g as in go. (This sound is

technically described as a voiced postvelar stop, represented

by the symbol (G)).

This sound occurs usually at the beginning of a word, e.g.

Pqattl/ !murder!, /q4bz/ !receipt!, /46m/, !Qom!. It is often

heard in the middle of the word when there is also a stop

variety of /q/ elsewhere in the word (e.g. at the beginning or

at the end of the word), e.g. homqome/ !canteen!, /daqiq/

!delicate!. It is always a stop when occuring double /44/,

e.g. /mange/ !dancer!, /bmqq41/ !grocer!. In such combina-

tions with other consonants as /mq /, /1q/, /61/ in the middle

of the word /q/ has the stop pronunciation in some of these and

the spirant (fricative) in others. In combination with the

above consonants at the end of words the /q/ is regularly a

stop, e.g. /1(Smq/ !depth!, /dig/ !creation!.

The fricative variety of the /q/ sound is made in the sam:

place in the mouth (pressing the back of the tongue against the

soft palate and uvula) but lets the air slide through (as in

P.2.44

/x/). The difference between /x/ and the fricative /q/ is the

same as the difference between /s/ and /z/. /q/ and /z/ have

the buzzing of the vocal cords (voicing), /x/ and /s/ do not.

(This sound is teehnically described as a voiced postvelar

fricative [y] . The fricative varxety occurs between vowels,

in certain conronant groups and sometimes at the end of the

word, e.g. Paq&/, tgentlemxinl, Amesqr4b/ 'went', /dem&q/

'nose'.

Between vowels /q/ is regularly a fricative rather than a

stop. In consonant groups and at the end of a word there may

be variation - in some groups /q/ is regularly a stop in others

regularly a fricative. In many there is free variation -

either the stop or fricative may be used.

e.g.9

m6rq 'hen' 'west'

reelq 'friend' reaqz 'kernel'

The difference between the two sounds in these words is not significant.

Which is used does not matter.

while there is some free variation at the end of words and in

certain consonant clusters, /q/ is regularly a stop at the beginning of

words and regularly a fricative between vowels. This pattern is clear

and is easily seen when a word with a stop /q/ gets a prefix which results

in the /4/ being between vowels. For example:

Stop Fricative.....q4dr 'amount' c4vdr 'how much?'

qAbz 'receipt' doqmbze 'with tworeceipts'

Other words show both the stop and the fricative, the stop at the

beginning of the word, the fricative later:

qurbaqe 'frog' qay4q 'canoe'

One should not confuse /q/ with /g/:

qgz

qollgb

'goose!

!hook!

ggz

golgb

!gas'

!rose water!

There are dialects of Persian in which the stop and fricative

varieties of /q/ are two different sounds which occur in contrast with

each other. In such a dialect the differen,a between two words may

depend only on the /q /. For example, in standerd Tehrani kazi/ may be

'judge! or !warrior!. In a dialect in which the two varieties of /q/

were distinguished, hazi/ is !judge! and Ayazi/ !warrior!. The Kermani

dialect, Afghan Persian and Taiik are three dialects in which such a

difference is made. Examples of words with the atop in Tehrani and the

fricative in these other dialects are:

qiygs 'help! gill !giant, ogre!

(pram&

cleyr

!reparation'

!other!

gonce

gal4b

thud,

!conquering!

qeyralt tzealt qAz !goose'

qmzAl !lyric poetry! qamtar !plunderer!

qmzgl !gazelle' mOrq then'

gees

corger4

tfaintine

I/gargling!

malqz 'kernel'

Your speaker will probably use the stop variety of /q/ for these

words but he may use the fricative. Imitate whichever he uses,

Analysis

Persian grammar is not complex. There are not many endings, and

most forms are quite regular. Like English, the is a lot conveyed by

word order rather than special endings; but the order is different. The

Basic Sentences are really the student's grammar. They give the forms

of Persian words and their use in natural sentences. They are not only

to be memorized but to serve as a basis for making new sentences, using

them as models. The grammatical notes in these units are to help the

student understand the Persian forms he has already learned in the Basic

Sentences and to guide him in making new combinations.

53

P.2.46

Note 2.2 Connective /e/ (tezaf4)

hAl-e soma

dAst-e rest

deist-e elp

t4am-e m4n

xonc:m -e ImfgAr

sateet-e and

sal&-c do

your health

right hand

left hand

my name

Miss Afshar

what time

two o'clock

Each of these examples has two words connected by /e/. This /e/

has been separated by a hyphen (-) to make bhe division dlear. There is

a general meaning which we may assign to this /e/: when connective /e/

is used, whatever follows tells something about what precedes. In /h&le

gomcV we learn whose health is being talked about. In /d4ste rest/ and

/a4ste c&p/ we learn what hand (in the context, in whicn direction) it is.

/ theme mean/ tells) whose name it is. About the /kan6m/ 'lady' we learn

that she is an Afshar. About the hour (sat4t) we learn it is two.

The student must not confuse connective /e/ with the /e/ meaning

'is'. The /e/ of /ande/ in the sentence /sat& ande/ means tisi.

This /e/ 'is' may be /Ye/ after vowels, as in /clye/ 'what is [it]?1;

but /st/ may also be used: /cist/.

Most cases where connective /e/ is used are equivalent to English

adjectival plus noun. The English translations of the examples above

give examples of this: right hand, left hand, my name, etc. The English

construction may have an adjective, a noun, a verb, a phrase or any

number of things modifying the noun, that is, acting as an 'adjectival'.

The position and stress of the English word determine the fact that it

modifies the noun. Quite the same is true in Persian, except that the

modifiying word or phrase comes after the noun plus connective /e/. We

say 'left hamit; Persian says 'hand -e left,. The word after connective

/e/ may be an adjective, such as 'good': /restorAne Alp/ 'good restaurant'.

It may be a noun: /restorAn-e hotel/ !the restaurant of the hotel'. It '

may be a pronoun: /hAle soma/ 'your health'. It may be an adverb:

/ret4ne halg/ !going nowt. It maybe a phrase: /hotele Abe taq45re

taMr/ !Mr. Afshar is good hotelt.

Note 2.3 Forms of address

salgm taclaye jamadt.

saagn. xanome safgar.

salgm gale xanom.

He' .'o Mr. Javadi.

mrs. Afshar.

Hello Miss Zhale.

Pegg/ rivir.i with the ca nective /e/ and /xancim/ iMrs.t or TMisst

always precede the last name of a person. When the first name is used

/xandm/ follows it as in P:ale xar.W. This can be either a single or a

married woman. In a more formal speech /xan6me vaggye tafggr/ can be

used for 'Mrs. Afshart. Otherwise there is no distinction between !Miss!

and !Mrs.! in spoken Persian. In very formal speeches, radio, newspapers,

etc.. /band/pl. /banovAn/ is used for 'Mrs.' and /augizg/ pl. /augizean/

for ?Mies! without the connective /e/. In that case both first and last

names are used, e.g. /band iEaldye jmvad//, /augize maary6ne tafggrh

When a masculine first name is used, it is followed by /kgn/ without

the connective /e/ as in /fereyddn xgn/. Somewhat less familiar than

this but more familiar than Paggye jaNadi/ will be /lacigye fereyddn xgn/.

If the person addressed is considered to be socially inferior to the

speaker (servant, chauffeur, gardener, etc.) the first name without the

connective /e/ is followed by /laq6/ as in Aereychin 2agg". With some

names /4aci4/ may be put before it, e.g. /twig rezg/. The form /fereyddn

tacig/, /tacig rezg/ is also used by the members of the family, close

friends, etc. when addressing each other. Here is a summary of the

preceding with some additional details:

Forms of Mr. Javad Mariam Zhale

Address Javadi (his wife) this daughter)

1) very familiar /ja,vgd/ bary4m/

(used axrong relativesor close friends)

55

P.2.48

2) Familiar /jam& lacp1/

(used when addressing orservants, etc. or by /Imp rezi/members of a familywhen addressing eachother) has a connotationof endearment.

3) Polite-Familiar

/mazy& xanom/ /gale xanom/

hamid xiln/ //ale xanom/

4) Polite-less Familiar /saggye jmvEld/ /maryalm xanom/

5) Polite, ,Informal /vagg.ye lesvad htan4mo mmry-Im /name ialli

x4 a/ xona/ xanom/

6) Formal /faci&ye jmvadf/ /Scancime javadl/ AcanOme larvae./

7) Formal (to show more /Scaneme laclAye

respect to a lady) jmvadi/

8) Very formal /bawl mary4me /dugize nleye

(official sreeches, jmvadi/ jamadf/

radio broadcasts, news-papers, officialdocuments. etc.)

Further special and deferencial forms of addressing people will be taken

up in later Units.

Note 2.4 Verb endings

midunmm I know

mixam I want

erten I said

Each of these verbS ends in /-m/, and they all refer to the speaker,

III, as the actor (or subject). The verb of the Persian verbal sentence

always indicates by its ending whether the subject or actor is III, 'you',

the, she, itt (the same ending serves for all three of these - see below),

Net or 'they'. The separate words (pronouns) for these, such as /meal/

!I!, are used

Han goftmm/

form, such as

vary clearly:

P.2.49

for aaphasis or contrast (compare /g6ftmm/ IT said! and

II said!). If we compare the !If form of a verb with another

!you!, we see the endings indicating these forms (I, you)

mldunam

mldunid

mizam

mixatid

gatem

Oftid

I know

ycu know

I want

you want

I said

you sail.

The !I! ending of /m/dunam/ and /gat& is /..E2v/; the 'you! ending is

/-id/. The !I! ending of hnixam/ is /-m/, the tout ending is /-lid/.

Whether /-/ or /-m/ (/-id/ or /-lid/) is used depends on the last sound

of the verb stem (see below) to which it is added. If the verb stem ends

in a consonant /-mm/ or /-id/ is used; if it ends in a vowel, /-m/ or

/-lid/ is used (/mixa-/). Here are examples showing the present and past

e-.pings we have had in Units

1) Present Endings:

and 2:

mifmhmam

in yam

II know!

!I comet

mlyalim

m/gid

twe come,

fry!: salt

mfge the says! rotyatid !you come!

miyad

mtgim

the comes!

twe say!

hastand

miyand

!they are,

'they comet

2) Past Endings:

Oftam II said! farmddid !you said!

Oft The said!

From these examples we see that the present ending /.41em/ or /-m/ is

!I!, /-e/ or /-d/ is !he! (also ishel, it or with a noun subject as in

binemd sallete d6 goru mige/ !the movie will start at two!), /-im/ or

/-11m/ is Iwo!, /-idig or /-lid/ is !you! and /.4and/ or /-nd/ 'they'.

P.2.50

These forms are used both to correspond to English present tense

forms and to English future forms. There is also a future made like

English with a form for twill! which is less common in spoken Persian and

which will be explained in Unit 25.

There are other vepb endings which have rnt yet occured in our Basic

Sentences. These are:

1) a more faMiliar for for 'you'. This is /-i/ or /-ti/ in present-

future tense as in /Miduni/ !you (singular familiar) know', Amixati/

'you (singular familiar) vantt; and /-i/ in the simple past tense

as in /g6fti/ 'you (singular familiar) said!.

2) the simple-past twe' ending /-im/, as in /g6ftim/ we said!.

3) the simple-past !they! ending /- and /, as in /gOftand/ !they said'.

There are two sets of present-future endings: those occuring after stems

ending in a consonant (consonant verbs) and those occuring after stems

ending in a vowel (vowel verbs). As the simple-past endings always occur

after consonants, there is only one set of these endings. The 3rd person

singular of the simple past (he, she, it) has no ending (or, has the

ending - zero). The verbs /reftein/ tgo/ and /tammezn/ ?comet will serve

as examples of the complete set of these endings:

Present-futurea ammo

Consonant Verb Vowel Verb%MO

mirmm itm going, Itll go miyam I'm coming, I'll come

miri you're going, you'll go miyafi you're coming, you'llcome

mire he (she, it) is going,will go

miyad he (she, it) is coming,will come

mfrim we're going, we'll go miyatim we're coming, we'llcome

mirid you're going, you'll go miyatid you're coming, you'll

come

P.2.51

mIrmnd they're going, they'll go miyand they're coming, they'llcome

Simple-past

rgftaam I went rgftlm we went

rkfti you went raftid you went

rgft he (she, it) went r&ftmnd they went

The endings /-and/ as in /rEatmnd/ or /Mfgmnd/ and /-nd/ as in Amiyand/

are used in slower and more precise speech. They are ban/ and I-n/

respectively in rapid spoken Persian. The ending /-id/ is often replaced

by / -in/ in colloquial speech. It should be also noted that in very

colloquial informal speech the it/ is completely lost, so that the set

of endings of a vowel verb becomes as follows:

mfyam, mlyayy, miyad, miyaym, miyayn, miyan.

The singular familiar /-i/ form is used only when speaking to one

person, and this person is a child, close relative, or someone the

speaker is on very familiar terms with. It is always used in addressing

the Deity. Iranians use it when addressing servants, peasants or people

generally whom they consider to be socially inferior. As a general rule

non-Iranians should use the /-id/ form rather than

Note 2.5 Verb prefixes Ami-/, /be-/

mixam bedunmm sinemA key sore mi5e. I want to know when the movie

starts.

mixatid began, sinemg key goru Do you want me to tell [you]

raise? when the movie starts?

berim sinemA. Let's go to the movie.

twz linjA kojg berim. Where shall we go from here?

The present-future forms discussed in the last note (Note 2.4) all

began with /mi -/. These examples give forms beginning with /be -/.

59 01

P.2.52

The forms in /be-/ are used here: after another verb, as in the first

two examples, or used independently, as in the last two examples. (Other

usages of this form will be discussed in later units.) Used after another

verb it is most frequently equivalent to an English verb phrase with

Ito..! (!tc) know!, Ito tell! in the above exaqles). But note that the

form /be-/ like the /mi-/ form, has an ending which indicates the subject

(or actor). It is more accurate to translate !me to know!, !me to tell!

(I want me to know, you want me to tell). We may, a little mare

clumsily, translate with !that! clauses: !I would like that I know when

the movies start!, !Do you want that I tell leJen the movies start!.

However we may translate literally, we see that in this usage the form

in /be-/ is associated with the preceding verb, and that it always

indicates the subject by its ending. There is no form in (Tehran)

Persian meaning just !to go! in such sent noes as !I want to go!, !do

you want to seeT1, the told me to got. The form in /be-/ is used and

changes its ending depending on who is doing the action indicated.

The last two examples illustrate the independent use of the form

in /be-/. Here it has the sense of !let (so-and-so happen)!,

!would that...!. Further examples of both uses are in the Grammatical

Drill.

The /Mi -/ prefix is not an indication of present tense. It rather

indicates action which takes place over a period of time (other usages

of this prefix will be discussed in later units). Used with the present

stem, as in our examples here, it covers continued action in the present

or the future. This action may be continuous or intermittent. (There is,

however, a special construction for action in progress at a specific

time) .

The /be -/ prefix indicates indefinite action, action which may take

place. It refers to time after that of the preceding verb if there is

one: (Amixam Peram/ II want [now] to go [future with respect to the

wanting, which is present]!). It is used when the action is desired,

possible, mandatory, doubtful, conditional, etc. particularly after

60

P.2.53

verbs such as !want, like, tell! and words such as !must, should,

possible, impossible!.

Note 2.6 The Present Stem (!Presentl, !Optative!, !Imperative!).

Compare the forms in iMi-/ and those in /be-/ of the verb !go!:

mirmm mirim b4rmm berim

mini mind beri berid

mire mirand bere berand

The endings of both these forms are the same, Tr the verb is stressed,

the stress is on the /Mi-/ or /be-/ in most cases, If we take away the

Ami-/ and /be-/ prefixes and also the suffixes indicating the subject,

all we have left is /-r-/. This is the part of the verb which means

!go! in this form. This we call the !present stem! of the verb.

Following is a list giving the present stem, the form in /Mi -/ and

the form in /be -/ of the verbs from Units i and 2. (For convenience the

formal shape of the present stem, where different, is added in brackets,

though the use of this is not explained at this time.) The third person

singular is given as an example. The other persons may easily be made

by substituting the appropriate endings.

The formal endings of the verb are:

After a Consonant After a Vowel

91111 iD1 ..lam -Jim

-i -id ...11. -lid

-md -meld -feed fend

Examples:

mirammm mirmvim mfyaymm miyalim

mireevi mirmvid mlyati mfyalid

mfrmmmd mirmvmnd mf9a9sat miyaymnd

P.2.54

Present Stem

a-

bmal-

dun- [dan -]

fthm-

d. [dmh-]

faarma-

Form in

miyad

mibmxge

michine

mifahme

!he's coming!

the forgives!

The knows!

The understands!

mide the gives!

mitmrmad the says,commands?

g- [gu-) mige

(&ri,tmr49me,xahee) kon-

soremikone

r- [rmv-] mire

S mige

xa- (xah.] mixed

xun- [xan-]

men-

hmet-, zero

dar-

mixune

mimene

hmst, e,-st

The says!

The begins!

the goes?

the becomes!

the wants!

the reads!

the hits!

!is!

dare the has!

Form in /be -/

biyad !that he come!

babmxge !that he forgive!

bedane !that he know"

befeehme that he under.stand!

bade !that he give!

bk!!3rmad !that he say!

bege ?that he say!

gord bekone that he begin!

b6re

bgge

bexad

bexune

bezane

bge

OmM

!that he go!

?that he become!

that he want?

!that he read'

?that he hit!

!let it be!

It is preferable to give the verb /kon-/ Idol in combinations, such

as /guru kon-/ !begin! as we have here. (Compare also /xaheg mikonam/

II do requesting!..) In such a combination there is ordinarily no /be-/

prefix on /kon./. The prefix on /kon-/, when used, is either /be-/ or

/104kone, btikoneb

Before a stem beginning with /a/ (or any vowel other than /i/) we

have Amiy-/ and /biy-/ instead of /mi-/ and /be-/: Amiyad, biyad/.

6 2I a

P02.55

Before a stem which has the vowel./O/1 as /kon-/ for example, we may

have either /be-/ or /bo-/ (soma speakers preferring one, some the other).

To summarize, we have two verb prefixes used with the present stem:

/mi -/ (Amiy-/ before mcst Inwe).$) and /be-/ (Aly-/ before most vowels,

optionally /bo-/ if the following syllable has /o/). The form in /mi -/

is used as a general present and future. It will be referred to as the

present. The form in /be-/ and that with no prefix, as with /gorli

kone/, are used as !would that touly !should ...I, ?may ...I, !let

(so-and-so happen) ! and folicwing other verbs (often where English uses

!to I as [he wants] !to go!, [he wants] in.e to go!, etc,) It will be

referred to as the optative. There is also a command form of the verb

with the prefix /be-/. /bebmxgid/ !excuse mel !, /bAgid/ lbel!. This

form will be referred to as the imperative. The polite imperative in

/-id/ is the same form as the optative form with /-id/. In the familiar

singular hcwever, the ending is zero, and some verbs have special forms.

The familiar imperative will be discussed in later units.

The verbs !be! and !have! are irregular. The verb ?be! has two

present stems: /hEst-/ and /bas -/. The first one, without the /6i-/

prefix, is used to form the present (see details in Note 3.4), the

second, without the /be-/ prefix, forms the optative. There is a imi-/

form based on the stem /bag-/, namely /mlbagmd/ !is?, but it is used

only in written Persian and, very seldom, in formal spoken. The verb

!have! has the present stem /dar -/ which does not usually take /mi -/ or

/be-/ prefixes expect where it is a part of some compound verb. The

optative of this verb is:

dagte bagEm dagte bagim

dagte bagi dagte bagid

dagte bage dagte bagEnd

The simple verb may have the negative prefix - /nemirmm/ ?I'm not

going!, /n4rEftEm/ ?I didn't go? (Note 1.8). The imperative and optative

have the prefix /n4i-/for the negative - /n4did/ tdon?t, /a4dmm/

IshouldnIt I give?? (The old negative imperative prefix was /44 which

63 CI

P.2.56

is sometimes still used in poetry, quotations and proverbs.) The special

imperative and optative form /bas -/ has /n4bag-/ as the negative stem.

Note 2.7 The Past Stem (t -stem)

The simple past forms of the verbs :to go: and :to hit: are:

rEeftem rAftira

rAfti rtetid

rAft rSaftend

adem adim

adi adid

ad zerEdiend

All that is left after the personal endings have been taken away is.

/reft-/ and /zed-/. These are the :past stems/ of these verbs. It

should be noted that the past stem always ends in /t/ or /a/ (like the

past of most Lnglish verbs) and that it could more properly be called

the t -stem since the stem does not necessarily imply the idea of past

time. The past stem ends in /t/ if the preceding sound is a voiceless

consonants as in /reft-/, /goft-/, /aagt./ and in /d/ when the preceding

sound is either a vowel as in /baxiid -/, /tamed -/ or a voiced consonant

as in /kerd -/. The stress of the simple past regularly falls on the

syllable before the ending. Once both the present and the past stem of a

Persian verb are known it is easy to form the present, optative,

imperative, past and most other forms by adding the proper prefixes and

endings which are (with rare exceptions) alike for all verbs.

Although the Persian infinitive forms /tmhmidAn4 /aunestein/,

/goftaln/, etc. are translated in our Basic Sentences by Ito understand',

Ito know:, :to say:, etc., their use should not be equated with the use

of Ito: plus a verb in English. (See Note 2.5 where the optative is

described as a frequent equivalent of Ito: plus a verb in English.) The

Persian infinitive is a noun and is more accurately translated by :the

act of (doing so-and-so): or by the '-ing, form in English when it is

64

P.2.57

used as a noun. From now on in addition to listing verbs in thee'

infinitive form we will give the present stem in parentheses. Vhenever

there is a formal form of the same stem it will be given in square

brackets, e.g. /rmftaln (r-[rmv-]). The Persian infinitive is always

equivalent to the past stem plus /-mn/.

Here is a complete list of the verbs that have already occured in

Units 1 and 2. The verbs are listed in the infinitive form. The

dictionaries list verbs as 'infinitives and in their formal form, which

is given here in square brackets. The verb tto bet is not listed here

as it will be discussed later.

Infinitive Present Stem Meaning

turred4n [ tam:141] a- to come

bmxgian bmxg- to forgive

dadaln d- [dash -] to give

dagtaln dar- to have

dunest4n [danestaln] dun- (dam-) to know

fmhmidthn fmhm- to understand

farmud4n farms- to command

gofteen go. [gu] to say

hetrf zmdmn }Art zmn- to talk

retAn r- [rev-1 to go

god& g- [gem-] to become

gcrd kardAn gord kon- to begin (tr.)

gord goan gord g- (fir -] to begin (intri)

tTalm [tmmgml godmn tam dm [tank'] to end (intr.)

g- (gmv-)

P.2.58

Infinit-Lve Present Stem MearAng

tmrjome kmrein taarjome kon- to translate

xahg kgardan xaheg kon- to request

xastaln xa. [xth] to want

xunan [Ranan] xun- [xan-] to read

man Z8221- to hit

Note 2.8 Compound Verbs

Five of the verbs in the above list consist of two separate words:

a noun plus a simple verb: !do!, !become! and !hit!. Thus in /44rf

ma :1/, /h4rf/ means !word! and /zman/ !to hit! (!to hit the word!

!to speak!) in /gord /gord/ !beginning! and /kueran/ Ito dot

(!to do the beginning! = !to begin!), in Amara goam/, AmmAm/ is !end!

and /goan/ is !to become! (!to become end! = to end!), etc.

Verbs which consist of two such parts are called !compound verbs',

As the number of simple verbs in Persian is relatively limited, the use

of compound verbs is very extensive. Compound verbs usually consist of

a noun (sometimes an adjective or an adverb) and a simple verb. In

addition to the three verbs /karan/, /goan/ and /Man/ which have

occurred in our first two units, there are about ten more (such as !have!,

!take!, !bring!, !find!, !eat!, !come!, !draw!, !carry!, !see!, !give!)

which may occur as the second part of the compound. ThaT will be discussed

later as they appear in the Units. The verbs most frequently used in

compounds are /karan/ which often forms transitive (abbreviated tr.)

verbs (those taking objects) and /godeen/ which forms intransitive

(abbreivated intr.) verbs (those describing action by the subject but

not having an object) as in /act's° gord kard/ the began the lesson! and

/ars gord god/ !the lesson began!. There is nothing difficult about

the forms of these verbs, since only the simple verb part gets personal

endings and proper prefixes. The following point, however, should be

noted:

1) In all compound verb forms with the personal endings

6663

P. 2.59

(-ean, -i, etc.) the stress is not on the simple verb

itself but on the noun or other word before it: /h4rf

mizmnmml, /gorit god/, Affirjome konid/, etc. The

compounds thus sound like single words.

2) Compound verbs with /kmrd&n/ or /sod n/ as the simple

verb often do not have the /be-/ prefix but preserve

the simple form. The use of /be -/ or simple form of

the veib depends on the speaker. Some speakers say

/gord konid/ some others /gord bokonid/, still others

use the be-/ or s.i.nple form interchangeably. Compound

verbs with /zman/ or any other simple verb have

usually the regular /be-/ prefix.

Note 2.9 Separate Prnouns

fesme maln, jmvadlye

mein sate se miyam

gift d key miyad

ma, saute hegftmiyatin

hale soma cetowre

soma, koje mirid

tent-A, satmte Onj miyand

These are examples of the use of the separate pronouns. The com-

bination of connective /-e/ plus separate pronoun, as in Mane meal /,

/hgle soma/ generally corresponds to English Imp, !your', tour!, etc.

e.g.

tesme m4n

lesme td

tesme ma

tesme soma

leame lanhA

tray namet

this names

tour namet

tyour name'

ttheir name!

When these pronouns are subjects of the verbs 1/MAn drEen/ II gor,

/soma migid/ 'you say!, etc.) they are slightly emphatic. Attention is

P.2.60

drawn to the fact that this particular person is or these persons are

doing so-and-so. In most cases such emphasis is not called for by the

situation and the separate pronoun is not used. The personal ending of

the verb irdicates the person involved.

In addition to the above separate pronouns there is another one /t15,/

which is the familiar word for 'you!. It is used between people who know

each other very well, particularly close relatives; it is used in address-

ing God; it is used by elder people when they address people of younger

r;eneration; and it is used in villages and among laborers in a more

familiar style of speech than that of the present course. The student

should recognize /to/ but should avoid its usage until he has sufficiently

mastered the language.

SUMMall

11161. It mg !we!

to !you!, (fam.) or !you!

to 'he!, !she' fung/rnhg !they!

(lig& [iiiin]) [laring.]

For use of this form see Note 3.1.

GD. 2.1 /k/, /g/

Grammatical Drill

/k/ before vowels

P.2.61

Non -nalatalized before /u, o a/ Palatalized before * 2. e m/

kgr !work! icier 'deaf'

kgm !desire? IA !little!

haf4 tcafet kmfg iPanl(of scale)

kamel ?perfect' keemdl 'perfection'

k4n 'miner loin tdiggert

kgrd 'knife! kegrd the did!

kgj !pine! kgj !crooked!

kojg ?where?! kilo !kilogram!

kandid !candidate! king !spite?

kod;m ?which? kfst !who is it?!

kabing 'cabinet' kise 'purse!

!nix. !blind! kg !that'

kugian 'to endeavor' kengr tsidet

kOnd !dull! kegidgh tto draw'

/g/ before vowels

ggr tstationt tiff (poetical

form)

ggz !gas! az 'a sweetmeat'

69 0,,

P.2.62

Non-palatalized before /III os. at Palatalized before ti: el mt

egt !meat, gls 'hair!

glr !tomb' giti *world!

di !ball' g6rm twurmt

gom tlostt gel 'clays

el 'flower' &; llm tcaviett

eft the said! mige the says!

lee= !bridle, lmed !kick!

g/ at the end of a syllable

yek !ones keirk 'wool'

doktOr 'doctor! bozOrg tbigt

sag !dog! kucek tsmall!

r4g, 'vein! "mid& ta little!

nmsdik tneart leeruseek tdollt

kom&k 'helps pArk 'park'

fm14k 'heaven! kAbk 'partridge!

sAng 'stone! Ong !mute,

erg !wolf'

/1/

bcte lyest mal !property!

seam !greetings! lazem !necessary!

h41 'condition! lotf !kindness!

74 tn3

P.2.63

LI/ (Continued

moiteet 'aware' lmnd4n 'London'

mal4k 'king' mm'llm 'evident'

teltefAt !favor' lamp 'bulb'

clabd1 'accepting' lakpUt 'turtle'

cgttl 'murder' nozdl 'in:serest'

gate). 'murderer' musel 'Mosul'

lat

'killed'

'naked'

mel&l 'nations'

rus Russian' porsideln 'to ask'

rast 'right' bmrdarIttn 'to pick up'

rem itamel !Ara 'nobles'

raz/ 'satisfied' 2artrdf 'sides'

rixt4n 'to pour! 2ehr4z 'obtaining?

ref(' 'friend' lebrgm 'persistence!

mire the goes' tesris 'insisting

vordd 'entrance' ddr 'far'

'Aro 'got' bAr 'burden'

darid 'you have' dir 'late'

'ardor 'quiet' vaezir 'minister'

borian to cut' beldr 'full moon:'

bordetn 'to carry' gar 'tomb'

71

P.2.64

/x/

xedm&t 'service' bmrxordgr 'beneficial'

x&r 'donkey! mix: 'cuneiform'

xmb&r 'news' 'extiygr 'will'

xoran !to eat' lesttxr 'pool'

Xdk 'pig' tellz Ibitzer"

xabida5n to sleep' r6x 'face'

xamlig 'silent' surgx 'hole'

bebmdid 'excuse me! me l& 'locust'

payt&t 'capital' mix 'nail'

poxtEgn Ito cook' sfx 'skewer'

qaled

qmlil

gmmsalw

acin

qazf

gova

qmbilg

qmssgb

qessg

gat'

gsebz

qmziyg

/q/

'purpose'

'little'

Namsar!

ciolA 'Teak!

qmdim 'ancient'

gobbS !dome!

Qum! geldr 'amount!

!judge' q4sm 'sort'

'forces' qamqoa 'canteen'

'tribe' golq41 'bubbling'

'butcher! gelqeltik 'tickling'

'story: qarciar 'croaking'

'murder' dmqfq 'delicate'

'receipt' qmbqtab 'double chin'

!case' rmqfq

P.2"65

/q/ - (Continued)

clodq6d !cackling! !acid !gentleman!

raga !rich! rofaqg !friends!

Iebqd !maintenance! morqabi !duck!

raqqS3 !dancer! maqr413 !west;

deqqait !attention! doqabze !with two

baqq41 !grocer! receipts!

batrq !electricity! ceqsvir !how much!

t4bq !conformity! raw& !proud!

Alq !creation! dank !nose!

16mq !depth! mOrq !hen!

lelqd !throwing! IA !horn!

flelq4b !titles' &lig !disorder!

to lqih !inoculation! gnilk !whip!

mAqz !kernel! qurbaq4 !frog,

GD. 2.2.1 Connective /-e/

xanome jmmadi kogst.

taqdys javadi, lirandst.

hdle xanome IomS, cet6wre.

farsiye an, Abe.

y4 wertebe digs, bAgid.

14ffma xan6me jeavadi, ciye.

hale laeys !emit, cetowre.

xsame laqaye jasvadi, firaniye.

73

P.2.66

hgle xanome taclaye tesmit, cetowre.

berestorgne tun hotel raft.

resturgne tun hotel, xdbe.

hotele tamrikati, dIste che sinemgst.

restorgn, aste rgste tun sinemAst.

midanid farsiye ?awe jmvadi cet6wre 7

dastgutiye tin resturgn, tunjgst.

xan6mo taggye nemiyend.

bedastgutlye tun hotel, raft.

mixatid berestorgne tun hotel berim 2

midunid tesme tun tags, dye.

xoda hafeze gomg.

xanOme tun taga, farsi nemifmhme.

satAte so ii cAnde.

ea:Ate hagt, tamed.

migand, sate hAfte.

xan6me mAn tinjast.

xancime Roma, kojgst.

satAte eAn, miyad.

ma sate gig miyatim, ?wive tesmit, satmte cgrp

yesoale xdb, bekonid.

xandAne soma, xdb nist.

jmmgbe taciaye jamadil bid bud.

74 tA"

P.2.67

GD. 2.4-7. Verbs

mist= biyam behotele soma. mire beresturAn.

biyatid, berim berestorAn. m/xad berebehotel.

xaheg mikonmm, tmrjome konid. begomA cl mige.

soma key mixatid biyatid. eft. biyad ring.

midunid sinemA key goru mige 2 goftmnd, ma nemidunim.

fmnriddid '6:me taq4 cfye ? mixard h4rf bezmomnd.

tam4dmnd ting, besinem4 berim. mlxad biyad

nemidunmm, tesme tin ta4a cye. raft bet& hotel.

begid biyad tinjA. mixad gom£ lino bedunid.

berid daste ap, resturSn tunjast. berid deste rAst. restiir4n

bean begid dxstguti kojAst. tungst.

begid tmrjore akone. er!-. tT7.1om4 konid.

beld begid, bere restorAn. °taste rSst nemire. dmste ap

sate yek tunja berAnd, xiibe. mire.

begid berand lung. rest, rkt tunjA.

bemAn, migid ? goft be&mAl seat ande

begid saute cmhArl or kone. xeyli ymvag haerf !ad.

befbermatid begid besinemA bermnd. mifmhmtd, el mige 2

lino befmrsil beld begid. mifahrid, of goft ?

begid biyad ling. mifmhme. ymvAShmrf n4zanid.

begid. tmrjome kone. bean migid ?

befmraltid begid, lunjA arend. befarsi agid. nemifmhme.

timno befarsi, sat nemigmnd. begid yemAg hmrf asmne.

;#7

P.2.68

mast berid. dmstguli &este rgste. mixad, bersturgn bere.

mixad, bedmstguti bere. amixad bgfmhme.

xAst, bere tunjg. eftmm, arid.

eftmnd, tinjg miyand. lino befit n&gid.

farmi arf asmnid. soma befit bamrmatid, hArf

rigid, berand sinemS. nmzmne.

agid, nemidunmm. xanOme run taq4, farsi

agoftmm, seek h45te. ngmidunmnd.

tiro betaggye lmf5gr, danest4ne farsix_xube.

bedid. yavgg herd n c nid. mlfmhme.

besotgle lin xan6m, jmvgb bedid. deers xandie soma, xdb nist.

bgrunid. mifahmid. and solgl kaIrdim.

ye sat beld dadmnd. xAstmm, r un.o begomg b4dmm.

eft. pEenj satmt dArs mixone. tag ye jmvadi, besotgle tagaye

teamit, jmvgb dad.

Substitution Drills

SD. 2.2 Connective /-e/

Substitute the words given after each sentence for the underlined

word or words of the sentence.

1) hotgle soma kojgst. 2) tin hotgle gomgst.

restorgn nowb&t

xanOm ars

sat& sal&

sinema xanom

4sm

76

P.2.69

3) sa tztte peen j. kog hEestid . 14) h4le soma c4towre.----d6 so xan6m xan6re soma

dEgh car I aq4 faq4ye teellir

Imeg t heft / li tunh4

gig ah tale xaam xanOme taq4ye

yek xaame jeevadi. I Edgar

7 raidonf.d ? 4sme Tun restorin dye.

!tin hot 41

tun xanom

to

xanome mEtn

tin laq4

xanome lacigye jmvadl

tun siner4

SD. 2.4-6. Present and Optative

Use the proper form of the verb (where indicated by parantheses) in

making the suggested substitution.

1 1 Tarsi xub inifehmen.

11161 (danestien) mit (lanes teen )

(fahmida'n) m4 --- (heart mken )

(fEelmagn) t u (danes 'Val)

(danestEtn) ma - (feetunian 1

soma (Wert mad& ) man ----- --- (haarf zEedEen)

gong (danes tem ) soma --- (fatimidein)

(himrf zmd4n) t ian (haarf mean)

77

P.2,70

2) farsi xub nemidunam.

maw (fahmid4n)

mg (dunestn)

(nadmideln)

(tanesteln)

mg (fahmidEgn)

t4 (dunes tT1 )

going (dunes tin )

soma ----(fahmideen)

igiln (fahmideen)

mem (harf man)

soma (harf z re& )

mg (hal =Fed& )

(twee zadthn)

3) nemidunam salmte And miry),

mg ( ) - - - - -- _--_( )

gorqg ( ) _--- ( )

1 4(

N

/ ( )

rigtIn ( )(\ )

saskte A mire. 5) mixam beram einem&

m61.1 --( ) miratid ( )

soma -- (. ) r6xad ( )

mg - (. ) mica t ' m ( )

tigan -- ( ) mixand ( )----

6) mixam

mixad

mixand

mixatim

mixatid

sinemg key gord mige.

4

78

P.2071

SD. 2.9 Pronouns

Use the proper form of the pronoun to agree with the verb form being

substituted.

1) men satatte se miyam. 2) m4n sal& adarmm.

( ) - mSyalid. ( ) aidario.

( ) -- miyand ( ) ddarid.

( ) -- miyatim. ( ) adare.

( ) miyad. ( ) adarmnd.

3) some xeyli xvb Tarsi haparf mizmnide

( ) mizmnam.

( ) mizmnim.

( ) mizmne.

( ) - - -- mizmnand.

Use the proper pronoun as indicated by the English given in parentheses.

!) hele

ONO OM OM 11116

gom6 cetowre.

(n 7)

(their)

Cour)

(her)

5) d6rse me tan& god.

wores.miw (rny)

(his)

(their) .....

- - (your)

P.2.72

Question and Answer Drill

solglo jmvab

1) midunid, Testae tun restoran eye.

a dm nemidunam, lesme fun restoran dye,

2) gatid, destgulf dmste rIste ?

nEg.gatem, restoran daste aste.

3) bexaame Imfggr eftid daste rest berg, ya r&st,

- gatmm bere d4Iste r6st, n4 rast.

4) beZa14 a immudid.

- baale xan& Oftwo., lacFlye lesmit Temrika'Ist.

5) nerdfmhmid cf migna

n4,nerrafatunaan.

6) eftid, laciaye iesmit 'iranist ?

n&igortmm, lemrikaqst.

7) dgrs tmmgm god 7

- 1341e. deers tmmgm god.

8) farmddid fersi midunid ?

nee. eftmm farsi amidunmm.

9) farmddid saute pfij sinemi mirand 2

me. eft= sinemd nemirmnd.

P.2.73

to) beld goftid b&ste ?

bevel nggoftmm. begomd Often.

11 begald ci migid ?

beieale migmm, biyad

12) sahketun kojdst.

13) migid salgtetun lungst ?

bgle, lungst.

14) mifmrmalid, nemidune dmstguli kojdst ?

- b&le. nemidune, dmstguli kojSst.

15) bebecgid. goftid besinema mirim ?

- nee. rign lino nAgoftmm.

18) Amixalid berid besinema

mixam berestordn berm.

17) mixad bedmstguli bere ?

- nee. mixad tmrjome bekone.

18) eftid belll biyad ?

- baele, be goftmm, biyad.

19) raiVemnalids bere

- nee. Mn lino amigmm.

P.2.74

2o) m/xalid, bedunid sinemS key gorti raise ?

nee.mixam bedunmm /aqAye lesmit, key miyad.

21) goftld, laggye 'emit miyad ling.

nee, goftmm xanOme lesmit, miyand lingo

22) mixaTid bedunid ars key tmogm mige ?

laclaye fesmit, mixad bedune ars key team mige,

23) mifawmalid blyad ling

n6, migam bere lunjg.

24) mixad lung bere ?

ne% mixad bere Lehot41.

I j..3 ILL

S 401 L

p Jj 6J

J Comj

4.7-1-0 I

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P.2.77

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88


Unit

Basic Sentences

Smith gets talking with the pilot on arrival in Tehran.

9114.12

now half

which, what .koddm (kodgm]

to which, at thick bekodzn

airport forudgg [forudggh]

to arrive rmeidAn/resian

At what airport have we arrived

at now?

pilot

Mehrabad

Wye Now we've) arrived at

the Mehrabad airport.

near

vicinity, nearness

vicinities

guest

house

mababgn

Smith

89

P.3.81

(rims.), (res.)

2 3 1

halg bekoddm forudga residim.

mehrabgd

2 3hall beforudgghe mehrabgd

I

residim.

nmsdik

nmsdiki

nandikig (isezdildhg3

mem& [mehan]

=Mg [xan4]

P.3.82

hotel

Excuse me, sir, where is a good

hotel in this vicinity?

policeman

to turn, to wrap

mehmunxune

3 1bgbmxgid laqa.

2

mehmanxangye

[mehmanxang]

2 31tin nmedikig;

1 41

xdb kogst:

pasebgn/paseblIn

pician (pic-)

Easebgn

Go straight ahead, turn to the

right, there is a hotel there.

2 1 41 3 12rgst berid: bgpicid, aste

1 2,ff

3 1 2 1#rgst. yv mehmunxurug tunjast:

Smith

hungry

Itm hungry

a restaurant

also, too, either

I'm hungry. Does the (Ithist)

hotel have (also) a restaurant?

gorosa

gorosame [gorosa hmstmm]

restor4ni/resturAni

am / -am

a 12 1 .0 2

meal, gorosame tin mehmanxang3

restorgnimm darei [restorgni

hmm darned. ]

pasebgn

in, at

is, there is

Yes, there's a good restaurant in

the ('this t) hotel.

from

da/r

h&t

3 1# 2 3 2

bEele. ye restorgne xdb; deer#

tin mehmanxane halite

SmithIMINONM1111.11

90 EY

city Uhr

far

Is this airport far from the

city?

paseb&

dur

2

1Sn forude lEez acre?

sir, madam, dear, my dear gorbdn [gorb4n]

sir or madam (politeAnformal)

No, sir it's not too far.

Smith

3 1 4i 2tug x4ylimm [x4yli

hem] ddr nist:

that (conj.), that; which, k4

who (relative)

How came? A gentleman told [me]

that the airport is far from

the city.

P.3.83

3#1 B 2 1

Cet0Wr: 315 t aqa t i benin goft

3 I 2 1

ke forudg4; lEez eaehr ddie4:

asebln

they, he, she tisiuz [ligin]

mistake legteb4 [tateb4h]

a mistake legtehthi

to be mistaken 'esteba keran

['egteb4 fermuan]

He's mistaken.

Smith

2 3 1

Tegtebd fEermuda3nd,

well, allright, O.K. x6b

91 St!

P.3.84

O.K. Thank you very much.

waiter

wish, desire

to wish

to eat, drink

3 1 2 1

x6b; motgakkerm!

Smith (in the restaurant)

What are you going to have2

Excuse me, what did you say2

humble statement

gars6n

Smithm=11 1

gars6n

gars6n

meyl

meyl dagtAr. (dar-)

meyl karan I'mey1 farmudeln

3 1

ci meyl mifs9rmitt tid!

3 1# 3bebaxgid. ce gofti4

lePrz

to say, to state term kardeln

I said, sir, what are you going

to have?

SmithNO .. ON=

3 1 41 2 3 1

**bun: I4rz kardam of meyl

mifarmalid#

food, medl qa2A

2 3 1

I'd like some Iranian food. ye qmseye t irani mixame

kind, aort

What kind of food would you

like to have?

soup

gars6n

Smith

92

3 1cejur qmadi meylmifmrmatid.

sup

meat pith

apple sib

earth, ground man

potatoes sibramini

Soup, meat and potatoes.3 2 1#sipol gdsto, sibzmmini.

Megato eat, to drink xordin (xor-)

What kind of food would the lady

like to have?

2 3 1 2 1

xanSmetunl cSjur qamati

mixorand.

Smith

this same, this very, 'that's hmmin

all!'

in this manner, same thing h&nintowr

The lady [will have] the same

thing.

alcoholic drink

Do you have alcoholic drinks in

this restaurant?

P.3.85

23 I 2 1xanemen; halndntotal [xlm%

hEaa]

Irardb2 3der tin rester n main% darid/

01212

wine &rib

water

barley

beer labejdw/labOw

its beer labej6w;

93

P.3.86

all hmmg

better beht4r

the best ('best of all') Igz hmmg beht4r

Yes, sir, we have drinks, and our

wine and beer are the best

('that it's wine and beer are

best of all').

Smithallulwiewnw

3 1 4b4le clorbanY mmgrdb darim ke

3 3 I 2gMrAb VM Tabegw6; 'mz

1

hong behta3ret

then, well then pees

bottle botri

for bmrSye

for us bmrgmun [l ergyeman]

to bring lavmrdeln / Tavoran

(ar- [av4r] )

or Yg

thing ciz

a thing, something, anything aim

hors d'oeuvres, snack; taste mez4

2 3 i

Well, then, bring (for) us a xah mikonmm; yek botriye

bottle of beer or a bottle of

wine and also some hors d'oeuvres,

please.

94 Ix

labeicw; ya yek botriye gmrgb,

231vm cizi hmm bmrgye mien4;

2 1

beerd3reman bi,yarid

garsdn

beverage (non-alcoholic)

Do you want something to drink?

Smith

cup

coffee

afterwards, later

after (before a noun)

lunch

drinking water

kindness

to give (polite)

Yes, give us two cups of coffee

after dinner and some (drinking)

water right now.

sweet

sweetness, cookies

And bring some cookies for the

lady, please.

quick, fast

faster

P.3.87

ta Samidmni

2 3lagamidmni hen m4y1 miftermatidl

fenjdn [fenjAn]

qmhvd

b&td

breidan [b41dtemz]

nahSr

Tabexordzin / tabxord4n

16tf

16tf kmrd4n

31 4 2btreleY d6 fenjan qMhve b40dme

3 I 23

nahAr, q4dri fabxoran;

2 1 di

held l6tf konid:

gIrin

Kirin/

a 3 2xandi" mikoram; qesxlriam

312bEertiye xandm biyarid.

ClasemocmlIzessions

tdnd

95 at!

tont& [tondt421

P.3.88

2 3 1

Say [it] a little faster. Odri tont&r begid:

book ketgb

your book (as object) ketgbetuno [ketgbetanra]

page, phonograph record ssefi [safhg]

open viz / vd [bdz]

to open viz [biz] karan

2 3Open the bcok at page lo. smaye d he ketibetuno biz

konidf

door d&r

Please open th0 door.

2 3 2 1

xahes mikonam; dEfiro bdz konid!

aware, conscious molts:fit

to understand, to get the idea

Did you understand?

with

together

Please repeat (say) all together.

to clone

books

Now close your books; .

property, belonging to

(vith the coon. A.0)

Is it your book?

96,

moltEefit Xode In

2 3

moltzefit gociid1/

bg

bah&n

2 3 2 1

xaheg rnikonam; hang bah& begid;

bast& (beerd-)

ketabi / ketabhg [kot6b]

3 I 2 1halg ketEbhituno; bgbmndid.

2

lin ketab mgle

P.3.69

Notes11....111

Note 3.i Pronoun: Separate pronouns (continued)

tildn leltebd fmrmadiend Hess mistaken.

In addition to the separate pronouns discussed in Note 20 there is another

pronoun /'116n/ [lain] 'they', which is used in polite conversation to

refer to the third person singular they or tele, (referring to persona

only; an animal is always referred to aelifai4 It is considered very

impolite to use the pronoun /'d/ when speaking about a 3rd person

especially when that person is present. /td/ can be used only when

one speaks about a child, a member of the family or other close relatives

about a person with whom the speaker is on very friendly terms'; about a

servant or about anybody wham the speaker considers as belonging.to, a

socially lower class, led/ is always used with reference to persons in

a story, to persons unknown to the speaker, to historical characters,

etc,. /td/ is also used when two parties are speaking about a person

equally known to both of then, or about a person completely unknown

to either one of then.

Note 3.2 Pronoun: Pronominal Suffixes

hlletun oetowre. How are you.

xanemetun cjur qmsiri

mixormnd.

se:16mm himintowr.

win gorosrefue,

yek botriye &w b barimun

biyarid.

mmirdb darim ke lerib ve

fabON Ime hens behare,

hall ketibatuno bebmndid.

Mist kind of food would the

lady like to haveZ

The lady willhave the same thing.

Ilm hungry.

Bring us a bottle of wine.

We have drinks, and our wine and

beer are the best.

Now close your books.

P.3.90

These are examples of pronominal suffixes. There are two different

forms of each, one after consonants, as in /Xanom.,mm/s the other after

vowels as in /bmrg-man/.

Here is the complete set of these suffixes:

After Consonants After Vowels11hgl-mm bmrg-m

hgl-et/cet bmrg-t

hal-es /Mg berg-j

hgl-ewun berg-mun

hil-etun beard-tun

hat -egun bmrg-gun

Many speakers (in more formal style) have /m/ in the 2nd and 3rd

person singalar (-mt, -mg) and [-ymm, yeman, yetan, yegan]

after vowels, as in:

bmrgymm

bmrgymt /-yet

bergymg /-yeg

bmrgyeman

bergyetan

bergyegan

In very colloquial /almun, altun, algun/ also occur, Words ending

in /-e/ usually have /6/ before the pronominal suffixes as in :

xune thouset gorosnd 'hungry!

gorosnAne Orly hungry is I )

xuntt gorosntte

xunAg gorosage

xunalmun gorosntmune

unAun gorosntune

xunIgun gorosnAgune

Some speakers however, may have ikuats xunegs xuatun, xunegun/.

P.3.91

In normal informal Persian the range of uses of the pronominal

suffixes is very wide. In a normal informal situation a4 Iranian would

say /ketibetun kojist/ !wherets your book!, or /ye botri Tabj6 berimun

biyarid/ !bring us a bottle of beer! rather than /ketibe some kojist/

andbek botriye tabj6w beriye mi biyarid/, but as soon as he feels that

a more formal speech is required by the given situation he would

probably say /ketibe some kojist/. In very formal speech and written

Persian the use of pronominal suffixes becomes very restricted and high

literary style avoids their use completely.

The separate pronouns are also sometimes used for' emphasis, i.e.

whenever the speaker wants to emphasize that such and such a thing or

person belongs to him and not to somebody else, as in AmanOme mrlin

Tamed/ !my wife came! (not yours) but if the word modified by a pronoun

is a direct object of the verb the pronominal suffix would be used most

of the time even in the emphatic informal rather than a separate pronoun,

as in ikandmmmo tavord/ the brought my wife t, or the brought truer wife!.

In addition to /bmim, berig, beat/ etc., the pronominal suffixes

are frequently used in colloquial Persian after prepositions:

/tee -/ !from, of, about!

imam

leezet / to

tegz4N tivag

Immemun / Imam=

tmeitun / Immitun

fmzegun !maim

/ba -/ twitht

bim /bahim / beim

bit / beat / bait

bag' / bah / bail

bimun / behamun / biamun

bitun / behatun / biatun

bagun / bdhasun / bid=

P.34192

/be-/ to

bem / bell&

bet / ballet / beet / beast

beg / beheg / beeg / behteg

begun / behemun / beemun

betun / behetun / beetun

begun / bghegun / beegun

Note 3.3 The Plural suffix /-a, -ha/

1. hali ketabh4tuno bebmndid.

2, tin nmedikie mehmanxaneye

xdb kogst.

3. tune sate miyan.

4. supo, gugto

5. deer 'in retorAn mngrdb

darid.

The suffix /-4/ or Lin deliberate

Now close your books.

Where is there a good hotel in

this vicinity.

They'll come at five.

Soup, meat and potatoes.

Do you have alcoholic drinks

in this restaurant?

informal and formal) /-111/

indicates plural. The addition of this suffix is the most frequent way

of forming the plural of nouns in Persian. (There are several other

plural suffixes and a number of other, special, plural formations [e.g.

/koto'b/ 'books'], which will be discussed in later units.) The plural

suffix is always stressed. Words ending in /e/ usually have /=h4/ but

some of them have /-e/ in informal and then drop the final /e/ as in

/ruznam4/ 'newspapers', /ruznamhd/ 'newspapers' or kuznanuth Plural

forms of /61/ 'we' and /some/ Anahlt/, aolmah1/ are sometimes used

in colloquial Persian to refer to more than one person (usually where a

group of people are involved). /me/ is often used to refer to the speaker

himself (one single person) in place of )64n/, and /gong/ is regularly

used to refer to one person (polite 'you') in contrast to /t6/ (familiar

lyouv).

In sentences 4 and 5 the words /sib.vmaini/ 'potatoes' and /n rub/

100)

P.3.93

'alcoholic drinks' do not have plural suffixes.

The difference in meaning between the 'singular' form of a noun and

the 'plural' is not the same as in English. English uses the singular

for a single item and also as the modifier: la book', 'a book collector'.

The plural is used whenever more; than one item is involved (other than

as modifier): the books', 'five books'. Persian usage is quite different.

The singular, for example /ketAb/, may indicate a single item ('a book'),

an unspecified quantity (considered en masse, collectively), and is used

after numbers and other quantity words. The plural, here /ketabha/, is

used when a specific group considered as individual items is meant. For

example:

fun ketAbe. That's a book.

ketAbi ke lunjA bud. The book which was there.

Onj ketab favdrdam. I brought five books.

ketAbo 'avord. He brought the book.

ketAb 'avord. He brought some books.

ketabhAra 'avord. He brought the books.

/ketabAro

Note that the singular is used after numbers and bend/. This is

the most striking difference between English and Persian.

Note 3.4 The Verb 'be'

mamminan. gratefdl.

hotel kojist. Where is the hotel?

haarid ? Are you ready?

dye. What is it

nowbite goast. It's your turn.

&fete ape. It's on the left.

101i:4u,Y.

P.3.94

These examples of suffixes meaning !I am! /..elmh 'you are! /4d/,

and !is' or it .is /-e, -ye, -st/. Except for /-st/, which is the usual

form of !is' when the word to which it is suffixed ends in a vowel, these

suffixes are the same as the personal endings of other verbs (Note 2.4).

The /-st/ is more formal than /-ye/. Both are frequent /tin cist/ or

Pin dye/. Being suffixes, these forms of the verb to be, are never

used alone. Compare these forms:

ye rasturdne xib, der 'fn There's a good restaurant in the

mehmanxane hest. hotel.

soma Iiranf hastid: Are you an Iranian?

famrikati haste m. I'm an American.

These are longer forms for !is! /hefist/, 'you are! /hestid/ and 'I

am! /hEesteail. In the third person the long form indicates existence

('there is!, 'there exists' a restaurant). The other long forms may be

used for emphasis or to avoid adding a suffix /-i/, /4m/, or /-13/, to

a word ending in MI ( /lemrikall hestim/ for Pemrikall'im/). Thiv

long form may be stressed and is the form used whenever one wishes t.'

put stress on the 'am', list or !are' of a sentence. The long forms

of the 7erb to be! have the same endings as the simple past. Our

present(future) of Ito be! is, then:

After Consonants After Vowels Laelyorm

.yen -itn -lam -tits lAstem hetstim

-id heasti hAstid

-e -en(d) -st, -ye -teal (d) haSst bieten(d)

Aylilam dth nist.

beld nfst.

It isn't too far.

It isn't bad.

The negative of the verb Ito be! in the present is the stem /nist-/

plus the same endings as /hest-A

nistam I'm not, I won't be nistim we're not, we won't be

nisti you're not, you won't be

nist he (etc.) is not, he

wont be

The simp:e past of the verb 'to be'

13.3.95

nistid you're not, you wont: be

nistmnd they're not, they won't

be

is:

budrk: wss' buds twe were'

budi 'you (fam.,) were' budid tyouweret

bdd 'he, she, it was' budOn(d) they were'

Note 3.5 The suffix /4/ 'pertaining to'

soma 'Irani hmstid.

n&. lamrikati hmstmm.

ye qmsgye *Irani mixam.

lagamidmn1 hmm mgyl mifeermatid?

vm xahgg mikonmm, qmdrimm girini

bo.aye xanSm biyarid.

'In nmmdikig, mehmanxangye

xub kojgst.

one you an Iranian.

No, I'm an American.

I'd like some Iranian food.

Do you want something to drink?

Ard bring also some pastry for

the lady.

Where is there a good hotel near

1072

The suffix /4/ (1-'1/ after vowels) has a general meaning

'pertaining to

a) Examples of the suffix when added to a noun:

lemrikg

Tagil

xarigm

zmmln

mein&

Iran

America

gentleman

lady

earth

guest

'Irani

lemrikaff

laqati

xanomi

zmmini

mehmuni

101)01

Iranian, an Iranian

American, an American

character of a gentleman,

generosity

character of a lady

terrestrial, land (adj.)

party, entertainment

P.3.96

As seek': by the above examples, the word formed with /-1/, meaning

tone pertaining to ...1, may be a regular noun, as /Mehmdn -mehmunf/

or may be restricted in use to the modifier position, or as predicate,

as Amin - zmmini/. Many /-f./ formations are used both as regular

nouns and also frequently as modifiers, e.g. Ammrikatli in Pamrikatf

hmstmm/ an American' and AmmAye lamrikall/ 'American food'.

/'-1/ formations from geographical names are regularly used both as

independent nouns and as modifiers.

b) Examples of the suffix when added to an adjective:

'oak bad bmdf evil, badness

rist right, :rue rasti truthkitm

little karat scarcity

xdb good xubi goodness

neezdfk near nm2dikf nearness, vicinity

gorosng hungry gorosnegf hunger

ddr far durf remoteness

girin sweet girini sweetness, paswy

t6nd quick tondi quickness

From these examples we can see that when this suffix is added to

adjectives, the resulting word is either an abstract noun corresponding

to the quality described by the adjective (good - goodness, bad - badness,

etc.) or a specific item characterized by this quality (sweet - pastryp

near - vftcinity). After /e/ this suffix is /4f/ as in Aorosnd -

gorosnegf/.

c) Examples of the suffix when added to a verbal noun (linfinitivet).

TagamidAn 'drink' lagamidmni 'drinkable', 'something

to 4TInki

xordeln teat' xordmni 'eatable' 'something

to eat'

did& 'see' didmni 'visible' 'worth seeing',

l(paying a) visit'

Vt

P.3.97

raft& 'go' raTtani tabout to go

(foreer) 'dying'

tamed& ?come' 'madam! tcomingt, 'expected

to comet

thaxgid4n 'excuse' bocgidlemi 'pardonable'

Here the suffix is used with implication of capacity, fitness oz

worthiness to be acted upon, something like the English suffix - able

(-ible,-ble) but the basic meaning is still 'pertaining to (such and

such action)'.

Note 3.6 The indefinite /-i/

'in mehmanxan restorini ham Does the hotel have also a

dare2 restaurant?

b4le. ye restorAne xtib, deer tin Yes there is a good restaurant

mehmanxane ha st. in the hotel.

ye tacliti ban4n goft ke forudgi One gentleman told me that the

to z gmhr ddre. airport was far from the city.

ye clazgye iranf mixam.

cejur cimati mey1 mifarmalid.

ltd like some Iranian food.

What kind of food would you like?

vm cizi ham bmrAye maze, and also bring us some hors

bardyenan biyarid. d'oeuvres. ('something for

hors d'oeuvres')

The suffix /-i/, (/-ti/ or /Of after vowels) adds the notion of

iEdefiniteness, singularity or particularisation. /ketibi/ ta book'

(any old book); /resturini/ ta restaurant' (any old restaurant).

Combined with /yek/ tone' it emphasizes the singularity of the noun.

/yek ketdbi/ ta book' (just one book); bek resturini/ to restaurant

(just one restaurant). The suffix /-i/ is usually omitted when the

noun is already preceded by /yek /. /Yek ketAbi/ or h&c ketab/ means

exactly the same thing to an Iranian speaker. When added to a noun

P3.9e

phrase the /-i/ is usually suffixed to the modifier /ketgbe xdbi/ or

/y4k ketgbe xdbi/ 'a good book', 'any goal books. It may, however, be

added to the modified noun /ketgbi xdb/. Then the connective /-e/

(sezafg) is not used. As /-i/ of particularisation this suffix is used

in questions preceeded by such question words as /c4/ 'what', 'which'

/c4jur/ 'what kind', when the emphasis is on one particular thing or

person out of many other such things or persons. /ce ketgbi mixasid/

'which book do you wants (i.e. which one from among others); /cgjur

mgyl mifarmaEid/ 'what kind of food (from among others) would

you like to have?' The suffix ( 4) here has the effect of singling out

one particular thing from among the others. The same /-i/ of

particularisation is added to the nouns followed by the relative pronoun

/ke/ sthats, 'which!, 'who', 'wham', etc. as for example in /ketgbike

xunam, xdb n&bud/ 'the book that I read wasnst good'; /xancSmike sing

bud siranist/ 'The lady who was here is an Iranian.'

In negative phrases or sentences this suffix has the meaning 'not

anys; snot a single one' as in /ketgbi axundam/ II haven't read a single

books; /kancimi Jinja nabud/ 'There wasn't apy woman here.' The indefinite

/-i/ is always unstressed and so different from the /-1/ 'pertaining to

!characterized by'. (Note 3.5)

When there are two or more indefinite nouns, the /=1/ suffix is

normally added to the last one only.

The /-1/ suffix, when added to nouns in the plural means 'some',

tfewt, 'any' as in /saqahl vm xanomhki sinjg budand/ 'there were some

gentlemen and ladies here'.

Note 3.7 /gord kardaln/ to start, to begin'

Instead of being followed by the optative form this verb is often

used with a preposition /be/ followed by the verb describing the action

in the 'infinitive' form. e.g. /gord kard bexunan/ sHe started to reads,

/gord kairdim beharf zad4n/ 'we started talking', etc.

Note 3.8 The Suffix 1-o/ . /-ro/ N /-ra/

Group

lino befarsi ci migid.

[linra befarsi c4 migulid.]

P.3.99

How do you say this in Persian.

halg ketabgtuno b4bmndid. Now close your books!

[halg ketabhavet&nra bPaandid.]

Group a

seek dgrid2

ye qmzgye tired mixam.

q4dri labxordsln 16tf konid.

Do you have a watch?

I'd like some Iranian food.

Give [me] some water.

In group t the objects of the verb ('fn, ketAbetun) have a suffix

/-o/ or /-ra/ (formal). In group 2 none of the objects have such a

suffix. In group 1 we have !this? (specific thing) 'your book'

(not just any book), In group 2 we have =watch' (in general), lsome

Iranian food' (not 1,his particular dish), 'some water* (not that

particular glass of water).

The /-o/ N /-ra/ N /-ro/ suffix must always be used when the object

is a proper name: //ewe jmvadiro bmxgidmnd/ 'they pardoned Mr. Javadil;

a pronoun: /lino amixam, bedid/ 'I don't want this, give [me] that

[one]l; /gomgro mibmxgmm/ 'I pardon you', a word modified by a pronoun;

/ketabgtuno b&z konid/ 'open your books'; ketgbo bedid/ !give [me]

that bookl; or when the object is logically specific (compare the use

of 'the' in English in the same situation), as in /ket4bo bedid/ 'give

[me] the book'. Nhen the direct object is not specific, indefinite,

general or collective this suffix is not used, as in /gmrgb bedid/

'give me wine! or /ketgb bedid/ !give me books (not newspapers/). As

can be seen from the grammatical drills (GD 3.8), the use of the

P.3.100

/-ra/ N /-ro/ N /-o/ suffix is not restricted to the specific direct

object of the verb only, but depends actually on the degree of

particularization of this object. It may, therefore, be added to the

nouns having the indefinite /-i/ suffix whenever this 1-i/ implies the

meaning of to particular one! rather than !any old one!.

The /-ra/ N /-ro/ /-o/ suffix may be also used with the verb

/goft4n/ !to say', !to tell! when English has an indirect object, e.g.

!Tell the lady to come here.! can be said in Persian both jkantSmo

begid beyad ling/ and /bexancim begid blyed finja/. When used with

this suffix the verb hoftain/ can also have the meaning of lto mean!,

e.g. /lino migid/ !do you mean this ones! (See further examples in

GD 3.8).

In normal informal speech the /-o/ suffix is generally used after

consonants and sometimes after vowels, the /-ra/ or / -ro/ suffix is

used only after vowels. In formal speech only [-ra] is used both

after vowels and consonants.

Note 3.9 /al/

tin ket&b, mile gm:4st? Is it your book?

The word /al/ !property!, !belonging!, !wealth! is often used to

express possession. The equivalents of English !mine!, !yours!, etc.

are expressed as follows:

male mi :mine,

male to :yours: (fam.)

male :11 :his, hers:

mule ma Tours,

male soma 'yours:

made lanhi :theirs:

Grammatical Drills

P.3.101

GD 3.1 /t d

Initial---a

0111111INEM ineINNINNIM

Medial

IMO

Final

t6nd

tedvin

t fast'

'collection'

get&raftim

'I said,

'we went'

goft

nowb&t

'he said'

'turn'

telgerlif 'telegraph' trakt6r 'tractor' bist 'twenty'

tir 'arrow' doktSr 'doctor' tabdt 'coffin'

ter 'net' dastAr 'order' karxanejit 'factories'

tarik 'dark' rear 'behavior' pit 'tin'

dir 'late' =este 'tired' 'amid 'he came'

dist 'hand' pardi 'curtain' did 'he saw'

'tail' gabrdir 'mayor' dordd 'greeting'

deemed 'nose' modir 'manager' sepabb6d 'Lt. General'

ddr 'far' pear 'father' lost& 'professor'

dar 'gallows' sandliq 'box' mowlid l(fixed) time'

nim 'name' fend6q 'hazel nut' ndn 'bread'

arm. 'smooth' bmdnim 'infamous' bibin llookil

nesb&t trelati-nl bacicarie 'trunk' paw:lb/in 'policeman'

nird 'force' xani 'house' tmmadden 'civilization'

nowbit 'turn' pang' 'cheese' Doman 'suspicious'

nur 'light' namadondh 'ninety-nine I xorcitin 'to eat'

GD 3./ /h/

Initial Medial FinalYAMhezir 'thousand' mixt& 'trouble' mah 'mouth'hg3ba

'imprisonment' marhamit 'favor' gonall 'sin'

hald 'nowt mehrabin 'kind' vazai 'clear'

hasir 'mat' maw 'abolition' rdh 'soul'

horm6z Illormort mihr 'month of Mehr' sahih 'correct'

hoviyit 'identity' xahi5 'desire' farih 'joy'

109

P.3.102

GD. 3.1 /h/ (Continued)

InitialNO ANNAN. 11111MII

Medial.111.11.11Mam

Final

hie !nothing! mohandes tongineert xah !whether!

hada ?bearer! mar !seal! rah 'roads

hers tgreedt mohajer !emigrant' pa ndh trefuget

hile ttrickt mazhAb !religion! legtebdh terrort

howsele =patience! mahi !fish! gabfh ?similar!

hurt 'Houri' bohr&n ?crisis' gab& 1phantomt

hoveydd tevidentt babdr !spring? loh 'board!

hdg tintelligencet nandr 'lunch' zeh tcatgutthEevEts

!fancy! xahAr tsistert beh !quince'

GD. 3 r /1/Initial Medial FinalIN-_-----

EqS 4r teffectt tett& !granting?

tAhvazt motmen tbelievert

takblv 'greater' masta tresponsiblet

foal- tOmart marli !visible!

!Ow tiff& Mtn 'rank!

towcidt !times! taetlif tcompilationt

'eskal 'difficulty' matra tfamoust

temtehdn !examination! tatam tgreatt

tehtem61 !possibility' tatyld tconfirmatitav

tut 'August' tetlAn !notice'

tA 'he' teed& ?numbers!

tomumi 'public! tettegid 'belief!

tirdn ?Iran! tmtrif tdescriptiont

tizid !Godt tatasset 'regret'

lijdd 'creation! tstzim Mows

tadAm 'man! rAty ?vote'

taftdb !sun! sty !endeavor!

talAt 'tools A's 'despair!

CO 110

GD. 3.a Pralominal Suffixes

EeZ nahAretun, mamanam.

%clays tesmit bedmete Opeg raft.

hmrf zmaneg xub nist.

dunestme tarsi, terAgun xdbe.

nowbmtetun ntebud, halrf bezmnid.

tabgwg xeyli .xub

tavoranegun beforudgahe MehrabAd.

tavdrdanam berestorAn, ke qmzigo

baoramo, began xdbe ya

pasebttn moltmAt /mod ke tesmetun

ciye.

tun halrfetun, xub nEtbud.

gmrAbetun, mam4g xube.

larAbeg beht4r tam tabgge.

tailaye !emit, ye oizig raise.

GD. 3.6 Indefinite /4/

pasebini ham lunja ni bud.

y4 resturdni der tin naedikiyA hmst2

deer gmhre going forudglhi hast?

budand vae haerfi nAmmdand.

cizi m/dune2

deer tehrAn, sinemAti hast2

ye sat4ti *ling budand.

P.3.103

restorAneg, namdike hoaletune.

hothetun, dmssgutlg kojAst.

gorosagune, ya

hazgreg konid.

fmrmddmnd, satmtetun tinjAst2

fabeg beht4 tam supeg bud.

ketdbegun, beryAr xube.

smfag xub nAbud.

ketibegun, hamig egteb1 dagt.

tenRlisfg behtsersz farsitune.

hregun behteer tam g4hremune.

Warmatid begid, fenjune qahvigo

16tf kone tinja.

tarjome Immmiihusn behare; ya

xundalnam.

xanOmi Jinja t

bagoma h4rf be

der tin resturAn

hast, ya

jAti netraftim.

satetti hmm dagt

supo gdgti deer

n4midand.

am4d, vie xAst

zmne.

dmstgutiti

in resturAn

111

P.3.104

ye TabjciTi ham baraye xancim biyarid.

cizi ham bema 16tf konid.

Ting nahgri ngmidand.

Tabxordigni ham Tinja nist.

ketgbi Tay6rdo.eft, bgxunid.

magrdbi benmi adad.

der Tin gahr, forudgghi baz

amikonand.

masgTi ham bamagrAbeman nemidid2

der resturgn, gdgti brag

4,46rdand, vie Nord lard bexordAn.

der Tun ketgb ye Tegtebghi bud.

mgrsi. beciasg, mgyli nadaram.

xgst, ye sa'&ti beam bede.

Tin restorgn, gsmi /Aare?

GD.

ye botri gargbi bargmun Tavardand.

ketgbi inja nAyavordend.

gahvgli hem baraye xancim biyarid.

gilase TAbi ham linja

ketgbi .b£z lard, vae Nord lord

bexundaln.

ye ketbi ben& bediu.

hArfi bema nAzadand.

mazgTi bammgrub nemixorid2

nAitiorban. TArzi nidardm.

ye garsOni xAst bagomg heir!

bezane.

der Tin resturAn garsgni nist,

bema qamg bede 2

dam. Tin gghr hotel° restorini nist2

3.8 Specific Direct Object Suffix 7-6/ N /-r6/ /-rd/

1.

2.

gargbo mey1 konid.

qmsgro baorim.

9.

10.

tone-Or hArfetunobezanid.

dArso tamdm konim.

3. ketgbo bexonid. ketgbo 16tf konid injg.

4. garsOno begid biyad inja. 12. tarjomAro Nord komin.

5. TabexordAno 16tf konid TinjA. 13. sinemgro goft112

6. an safe Tas ketAbo xundid. 14. xmlabgno migid.

7. hAmino mixam. 15. gdgto Apo mAyl kardid?

8. hgrfetuno bezmnid. 16. Tin sear° bexonid.

112

17. faun qa3zSro X6rdand

18. ketibo teirzmikonan, qdrbun.

19. tabgro migid ya/mabo.

20. pasebdno begid biyad

21. imzAro 16tf konid

22. ketAbo biStene

23e dArso tamAm kmrdam.

24. qamAro bedid bemin.

hiksten.

OD. 3.9

gor osne

tin ketib male mAne.

tin clezi mAle tatlaye jamadist.

xuneye taclaye javadi, male lust,

ya nA6

tin kett.b, tun Taggst.

tin male &mast?

tin forudgA male tin Aare.

gdite tin restor&i, male kojAst?

qamAtike tavord, mile tun

restorgne.

tin mile ane, vm fdn male /oast.

tinhl male tunast.

tin cizhS male restorAne

forudgahe mehrabide.

113

P.30105

25. mazio magidbo

26. fenjdno bedid betacIA.

27. sathAie ketdbiro bdz kardo;

gord kard bexundAn.

28. ketibiro bmraye ma

tavordand.

a9. ye safh4 14BZ ketibiro

xund

sath mile xanOme.

hotAle tacidye tesmit male IA

sod.

tin tabxordan male main nist.

mole xanome jmvaalz4.

tin mehmunxune mile taclaye

jeevadi niet.

gierib male magi nist.

tin nonzgl, male magi nist.

tin /irinihaye xdb, male kogst.

xuned male tunAst.

tin zamin, male forudiahe

mehrabSde.

koddm xund male iomast.

P.3.106

S.D. 2.6-8 Verbs

Change the underlined verbs into present tense.

tam kojg tamadid. yek qmsgye xdb baraymm Iavord.

taterz kardmm, fig& linjg nistand. ketgbetuno biz kmrdid.

ketabgtuno bastid.

ligAno ngbmxgid.

sa'&t naldagtmm.

ketgbetuno bgz ngkarda m.

ketgbetuno ngbastim.

pasebgn tam gmhr %mad.

cizi bmrgyem n6avordid.

lgrz akardam Ianhg raftmnd.

bebmxgid, Iegtebgh farmudid.

fmhmidi, ci gator'.

xeyli tOnd lamadand. ycevgg h&rf zmdim.

yek botrf. Iabejow Iavardand. yek fenjen qmhve lotf kardid.

lagamidmni ngdagtim. mey1 dagtid berim sinemg?

ce ay' kardid2

salgtetuno biz kardand.

laclaye lesmit xeyli legteba kard.

moltmfet nggod ci goftid.

aste rest Ricida m.

ligdn kojg rgftand.

nkEehmidam ce fmrmudid. held beforud residim.

las sinemg lamadim. bald harf mgmeedim.

xeyli gmrgb Iavordim. arse mg gord god.

laggye lesmit lin ketgbo bemmn arsetuno key sore kardid.

16tf kardand. mey1 ngdagtmm berm restorgn.

cetemr, cizi meyl nakardid. sinemg salgte hmgt tmmam god.

ligdn xeyli xdb tarjome kardmnd. moltmret godid:

lamgdamo yek ketab bgz kmrdmm.

lanhg dgste cgp picidand.

11.0

lam ligdn xaheg kardmm linjg

biyand.

11111MIIMIFF.M110...--1111grgo........

tegteb& fmrmddid.

nAxastmm lino begmm.

xeyli h&rf zedend.

deers salete di tam&n god.

'awe lesmit dmrsego rib:0nd.

ldsme hotelo xand.

Questions

S.D. 3

restorSn iodzes ya

kethe gomd and smni dare.

ketabgro bgz kerdid.

cent moltefgt nemigid.

moltiefet godid ci gonna

ce sa taeti fez xunti mirld.

nahgretun cetowre2

qmatun xube: megrbetun cetowre.

Oftid hot41 nezdike forudgAt2

nowbAte kist.

xanOm Oftend ketabharo bgz konid:

cerd ketabhgro ngmibendid.

resturgn kogst.

sinea halg bgzes tang mirid7

resturgnegans kogst.

laggye jemadi ketabhgra tmrjoa

kerds ya xan6meg.

P.3.107

sinemg nsfreftern.

cizi nhcordid.

arse a sallte noh sort god.

ketgbo dadmm betaqgye jemadi.

cimamo dadend.

midunid hall sinemg bgzes ya net.

cg ssergrixo bgz kardid.

tOnd mizenend?

molten% neMigid tun taqd ci

migend7

!awe lesmit ce salEtti bexua famed.

kOy ling lamedid.

xaam vm tacidye tesmit migand,

sinemd kdy sort age.

xanome leumit nezdike salAte d6

IEM linja reft?

bah& sort kardand behead zeds1n2

pasebgn kojgst.

nahgr tAtalte and mixorid.

hall clezg mixorid,ya bAld.

4! 115

P.3.108

kfretun teztn m Nod?

bardyenandr sibmaninimixorid?

laqdye tesmit xailmbdne?

ketdbo bdz kardid?

gomi mixahid xmlmbdn begid?

nAgoftid ye fenjun bardtun

birrarid?

midunid lacid vae xan6me jmvadi

kojd raftemd.

tan *acid lemrikasist ya 'Irani.

'fez restordn besinemd, xeyli. duce?

*igen tired hastand?

ddrse sero hale tmmiam kardid?

tin geed xdbe, ya nse.

tabejow, behtfr t aez tin mixahid?

jamdbe lin soalo didid?

lardbe xdb deer sin gahr nAdarand?

midunidodastillutiye forudah

kojdst.

11= goa xandg kard ketdbetuno

bebandid2

forungdh begAhr nasdike, ya ddre.

kojd, mind.

saute ydk kojd nandr mixorid.

lac:Aye 'emit ce tegtebihi lord.

I4sme Tun forudgi ciye.

kAy. famadid.

midunid, j6w ciya?

nowb&te tdst, ya nowbette gamdu

bdbmaid, behtar tam tin ratdarid?

ars° xdnlid?

UetAbo bemAn ndmidid?

S.D. 8 Specific and non-specific direct objects.

Use the proper direct object form, as

given in parentheses.

ketAbo biyarid

(a book)

(your book)

(the wine)

(Mr. Smith)

amnia =No

011101111101.

1111111

116

indicated by the English

(that book)

(beer)

(coffee)

(Mrs. Smith)

-a-

401.11.1

(that gentleman) - --

(the glass)

(that policeman) ---

kettibo

(this door)

(this bottle ofwine)

(the restaurant)

(the watch)

(an airport )

(a restaurant)

(an hotel)

(that hotel)

(that airport)

(that restaurant)

(a bottle of adrink)

ketAbo

(coffee)

(your coffee)

(her book)

bdzkEerdsfind

111111410

beam dad.

117

P.3.109

P.3.110

(their bottleof wine)

(wi,ne)

(the beer)

(a glass of beer)

(a good book)

(that good book)

(this)

(that)

(a watch)

(the pod watch)

(an answer)

(his watch)

(their answer)

ket4bo

(books)

(that book)

(wine)

(a glass of wine)

(beer)

(the watch)

(a watch)

(your watch)

(soft drinks)

f.! 118

111.M. dim dm

dm dmemllim

mVMMOVM.

if1.1110.1.

nEradarid?

--a

111111101110

P3.111

(their books)

(i qr watches)

(my books)

ketibo

(the door)

(a door)

(the doors)

(that door)

(your book)

(my book)

(his book)

(the door of therestaurant)

(one door of thathotel)

mibEendmme

11111MIM

6.1

10.1

Conversation - Variation Drill----------

der restorin

garsOn: maim qcxrban, ci m4y1 dagtid.

Smith: deer tin restorin megrdbe xdb darid2

g: bale. cjur magrdbi m4y1 dagtid.

S: ye botri labj6w terAm biyarid.

g: xan6metun, a awl mikonend.

S: ligin yek fenjan cediv6, mixorend,

g: nahrir ci men mikonid.

5: bifildriznegrdb begoma migem.

0%1.19

P.3,112

Mrs. Smith: bmraye An, ci gofti biyare.

S: yek fen* qmhve.

Mrs. S: near nigofti biyare:

S: nee. bmIdmz marl% be t u migem.

Mrs. S: pees beEraye main begid qmziye firani biyare. tS ci mixori.

S: minmm hmmintowr.

g: befolmalid clorbun. ?In paribe some, vae tiamm qmhveye xancim.

cize digs, mey1 nemikonid?

S: belle. qemaye tiradye xub bmrimun biyarid.

g: bebmxgid facia. qmerlye 'Irani hall hazer nist. ye saute digs

hazer mige.

S: qmeiye teinrikati cetowr.

g: bebmxgid. ci fmrmudid.

S: eftmm qmzeye lei rikali cetawr.

g: rte, ilingm mar nist.

S: pAs ci hazer darid.

g: xeyli bebecgid. cizi hazer nidarim.

S: xenan. gars& mige cize hazer nist. mixahi cekir bekonim.

Mrs. S: p613 berim berestcrine forudgi. lanji qmzeye darmnd.

S: xob. berim.

deer law

!ma bebEmcgid, midunid sinetniye xib kojiist?

bEele. yeki dar tin zuezdikiyi hist.

michmid key biz mile.

11)0

P.3.113

nee gorban. m nemidunon. Idn %gal midune.

tgqa. tin sinemg ce satmti biz mile,

bamdn h&rf mizmnid2

bagamg hterf mimenmm.

xgyli bebmaid. tin sinemg hall biz mist.

midunmn biz nist. mixam bgdunern cg saldti baz mile.

catdte cgr slorbune

xgyli motegeakkgram. xodg hafgz.

NARRATIVE

ask [(Mr. Javadi)] [to do tam [(taggye jamadf)] xahgg

so-and-so l keerddn

ask [(Mr. Javadi)] [for tam [(tagya jamadf)] sotgl

information] kiwi&

Tehran tehrgn / tehrdn

deer forudgghe mehrab;d1 taqaye tesmft tme taqgye jamadi xahgg kard

ke deer restorgne forudgg bahmm nahgr bexormnd. qmmaye restorgn xub nabud.

garsdn, teen taqaye lesmit sotglkard ke, meegrdbmm mdyl.darand, ya

nee.

tesmit jmmib dad ke, d6 botri tabj6w berg= biyarid.

bEetdmz nahAr, taqaye tesmito jwvadf, attend hotgle tehrgn ke der

Uhr bud. der mehmanxang, xandme tesmIto /i14 hmm budard..

ialg goft. xdnome tesmft, qmhvg mey1 darid, ya mardb.

xandme tesmit Oftmed yi fenjun qmhvg, behare.bAld galg 183Z gars&

sotgl kmrd. dmesguti ddste ape, ya ddste rest.

121

P.3,114

garsOn goft. cgirbun, d&ste rIste.

laclaye lesmit vie lagayejEmadl, mmgrAb xastEnd, gars6n goft.

cize digs m4y1 daridZ

jmvadi goft. cizimm bmraye mme4 biyarid, gale goft. satiate gigs

heave bah& berim besinemA.

jEvadi xast bedune, sinemd satiate cki lord mile.

nEzdike hotel, jmvadi bepasebAn goft. einem& kojast. pasebAn goft.

*bun, cptdri tem Ting ddre.

leen& goft. midunid, satiate gn gord mile. paseban goft digs

Idno nemidunmm. laclaye jmvadf befaclaye lesmit goft ke, gomA farsfro

xeyli xdb h&rf mizEnido, mifahmid. vm hmm goft ke firaniA, farsiro x4yli

t6nd hArf mizenan. xanome fesmit begale farmud. xAnom, moltmfet godid

ke tin *acid, fenglisiro behtar 'az mien h4rf mizmne:

gale goft. b4le midunmm.

sotallt

1. faqaye tesmft vie tagaye jEmadi kojA budand.

2. laciaye lesmit tme taciaye javadi cf xaheg kard.

3. gold deer forudgahe mehrabld nahar xordid, ya nee.

4. cimaye resturAn, chow bud.

5. clEzaye restoran, xdb bud, ya

6. gars6n 'as lei:Faye lesmit cf sofal kmrd.

7, gars6n befaqaye Tesmft cf goft.

8, deer mehmanxan41 Ial4 bexanome jmvadf ci goft.

9. faqaye fesmito jEvadi ci xastEnd.

I: 122

13413.115

to. josvadi, of xast bgdune.

it, jEevadi bepaseban ci goft.

12. pasebin of goft.4

13. sineml IEez resturan ddr bud, ya raezdhc.

114. xan6me 'emit bei.a.14 ci goft.

IS. gond tenglisi tondt&r mizanid, ya tarsi.

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P.40126


Unit ti

Basic Sentences

Alborz

night saeb

tonight lemg4b

work, job, occupation kdr

to work kdr karan (kon-)

2 3 1

What are you doing tonight? temgceb cekdr mikonid.

ParvizONO MM.= M. WO M,

honestly, really

correct, exact, right;

correctly, exactly

vallS.

dorOst

2 3 I 2 1

I really dontt know. valid; dorOst nemiduneanf

to think, to believe gman karan / gasman karan

house, home manzel

that I be bdgam

2'3I 2

1

I think Itll stay home. gman mikonam, manzel bagcem.

Alborz

Would you like to go to the

movies?

/Manzelam.

2 3 2

meyl darid; baham besinemd

berimi

Parviz

imagination, thought

to intend

Yes, what time do you intend to

go (shave the idea or intention

of going92

Alborz

limits, extent

about, approximately, around

(with olnn. /=el)

Around eight otclock.

Parviz

previously, before

before, prior to (followed

by a noun)

dinner

Well, then, come over to our

house for dinner before going

to the movies.

Alborz

but

trouble, inconvenience

P.46127

xiyAl

xiyAl dagan

3 1 & 2 3 1 2

bele: ce sal4ti; xiyAle

reeftelno dari.dt

hoddd

deer hoddd

2 3 1 Adeer hoddde satAte halt:

gashl or pig

Velams [114b1 14e] or

pigmz 14e]

sam

2 3pees atlas rmftsgne besinemA;

2 3 1 2.

beraye sum, beranzhe mist1

biyatido

P.4.128

2 3 2

But I don't want to inconvenience veeli nemixam; begoma

you. bedEemf

Parviz

nothing hie

no trouble at all hie zmhm&ti / hiczammti

to see, to meet, to visit did (bin.)

well, happy, good, pleasant, xcg

gay

glad, happy

Itts no trouble. [My] wife will

be very glad to see you, too.

X0ghil

2 3 4.1

hic zwhmEtti nist: xanom hmm

3I22Ims did4ne soma, xeyli

xoghdl migmnf

(one who is) expecting, montezer

waiting

to wait montmzer sodeai / bud&

by all means, certainly hmtmAn

to come (polite) txdrif lavmrdain

(ar - [av4r-])

We'll be expecting [you] to

come, by all means.

Alborz

Very well. Thank you very much

for your kindness.

2 3 2

montozdr hmstim; hstmein tarif1

biyarid. ./Montezeretun

minim....

2 3 1 4/ 2 3, I 2

besyir het lotfetan; xeyli

1

nmenminen4/

condition 'art

provided (that) begcerte linke

that you be biaid

Provided both you and [your] wife

be my guests at the movies

after dinne)

Parvi zIMMIIMPOW,O

...)11140129

2 3

beg&rte !inke gomAo xanOm hmml

2 3 f 2

beetdmz slm; einem.; mehm4ne

mstn bagide

every, aay, each helr

as ('in any way that ,l) hmr tOlfr ke / hclEr tOwrike

Well, as you wish. 3 I 21 4/

Xeob, her tOwrice meyle goingstZ


today lemniz

period, cycle, course dowre

to review dowre kmran

We're going to review today.2 3 1 2 1

temrliz; dowre mikonim,

apology mezerctl,

to apologize mmizeralt xasteen

late dir

to be late dIr lamadn or

dir kmrdsln

I apologize for being late.

patience

43.

2 3 2 1

mezerett mixam; ke dfr lammdmm,

sEtbr

P.4.130

to be patient, to wait

until, so that, within, as

soon as, by the time that

Please wait a bit until it's your

turn

leaf, sheet of paper,

play card

to turn over (a page, a

leaf)

Turn the page over.

s4br keard4n

t&

2 3 2

qdri seer konid; t& nowbtte

goa beresee

were©q mean

2 3 1

saehdiro vmr4q beranid.

chalk, plaster gEtc

small, little kucik [kucek / kuak]

big, large, great boz6rg

to write nevegtan (nvis -[nevis])

2 3 I 2 1 2That chalk is [too] small, write !tin glAc; kucike. baflin g44ce

3 1

with that large ones boz6rg benvisid

class kelSs

cigarette sig1r

to pull, to draw kegidaln (keg-)

to smoke

Please smoke after class.

sier kegian

2 3 12 3 i

xaheg mikonam; bmtdes kel&s;

2 1

Bier bekegid.

NOTES

Note 4.1 Arodek/

sinemg, key gord mige.

xanOm didgne soma, X4yli

xoghgl migan.

montamgretun migim.

134,4411131

When will the movies start?

[117] wife will be very happy

to see you.

We'll be expecting you.

The verb /godaln/ 'become' is sometimes used in Persian where

English has the future. These are cases where the statement is not one

of simple equation Tx is yl (or 'is x yll in a question), but where there

is a change, a 'becoming' something one is not. In the above sentences

the movie 'becomes started' (it has not yet started). The wife !becomes

glad' at the guests arrival; it isnot a present situation. We become

'one[s] who wait' /montazgr/.

The verb /raise/ is not used for such a question as /kojget/ 'where

is he' or 'where will he be'. 'He' is not changing in this situation;

he is not becoming something. /mile/ (or another of the present forms

of the verb /godAn/) is used where there is a change of status involved.

Note, however, that the verb 'to be' is usually also possible in the

same sentence, as in imontezer hmstim/ or /Montasgr

Note 4412 Word Order - The Verbal Sentence

Note 4.2.1 The Simple Verb

mlfahmam. I understand.

Oftid You said.

bgrim Let us go.

bgbmxgid. Excuse me.

These are examples which have occurred of a verb alone serving as

a complete sentence. This is, of course, the simplest form of the verbal

P.4.132

sentence. Note. however, that every verb here has an ending indicating

the subject - Men/ :II, 1-1/ 'you' (singular familiar), /-id/ 'you'

(polite singular, plural), whether the verb is present, optative, past

or imperative. The simple verb always indicates the subject as 'It, tyout

(singular familiar or polite singular, plural), the (she, it)', 'we',

'they" but does not apedfy it in any greater detail.

The simple verb may have the negative prefix - /nemirmm/ "I'm not

going', /n4reeftmg/ 'I didn't go' (Note 1.8). The imperative and optative

replace the /be -/ with /681-/ for the negative - /n4binid/ 'don't look',/b4rsem, ya n4vmm/ 'should I go or shouldn't 12' " Pronominal suffixes

may be added to some verbs - /aidmmeg/ !I saw him'. Usages of these

will be taken up in a later note.

Our simple verb has then the following structure:

Present (ne-) mi-\

Optative (Affirmative be-

Negative

Negative nEe-Present Stem

Imperative Affirmative be.

zero

Past

Negative nee-j

(nee -)nee-)

Imperfective (ne-)J mit - stem

-on

-1i t

-e

-im

-id -'id

-End -nd

-zero

-id -tid

-mm

zero-im

-id.end

(Pronominal

Suffix -

where used)

(Pronominal

Suffix -

where used)

The negative imperative in literary Persian (mostly in poetry) may

also have ,4n&. /: 164binid/ 'don't look' /m&gu/ 'don't speak t.

P.4.133

Examples of each of these are:

mi- mibinmm II see'

ne- mi- ntmibinmm !I don't see'

be- bebinmm that I see'

zero twjami konma 'that I translate'

nm- nEtbinmm !that I not see'

be- bhinid !see)!

zero tmrjome konid Itranslatel!

nm nbinid 'don't see'

didmm II saw'

nes- adidam fI didn't see'

mididmm 'I was seeing'

114- nemididmm !I wasn't seeing!

(Note: the imperfective past (mi-past] has not yet been used in the

Basic Sentences. It is given here for completeness' sake.)

Note 4.2.2 Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases

hal& beforudgah residim. We have now arrived at the air-

port.

gomA x4yli xdb, farsi hmrf You speak Persian very well.

rgst berid.

saf&te gig biyalid.

Go straight ahead!

Come at six o'clock.

Words such as /hal4/ !now' we call adverbs. In Persian prepositional

phrases (sum as /1mr tehrin/s /begom4/) are used in the same way as

(occur in the same places as) adverbs. Nouns are frequently used adverbi-

P.4.134

ally, also, so that we have PinjA/ 'this place' uses as !here!,

/lemg4b/ 'this night, this evening' used to indicate the time ('where

are you going tonight ?') as well as being used as a regular noun

('tonight is cooler than last night!). In the sentences quoted above

we have /hala/1 /X4yli /r&st/, and /sa'&te gig/ as adverbs.

Prepositional phrases and noun phrases used as adverbs we may call

!adverbial 'phrases!. Adverbs (including adverbial phrases) may come

before or after the verb.

Note 4.2.3 Objects

jam-lb bedid.

sigAr darid?

ci mixAid.

game biyarid.

tmrjome mikonim.

xaheg mikonmm.

Answerd (r give an answer2)

Do you have a cigarettes

What do you wants

Bring coffee.

We'll translate. ('make a transla-

tion!)

Please. (!I'm making a requesto!)

The words canswer!, !cigarette!, !what!, !coffee! indicate what is

'given', !had!, !wanted! or !brought!. They are the 'object' of the verb

in Persian (as also in English traditional terminology). [This does not

mean they would be the object of the verb in any language. Each language

has its own way of stating things, so each has its own unique linguistic

structure.] The words !translation! and 'request' are what one may call

!compound! objects, a' !make translation! (meaning !translate!) and

make a request' (meaning !please!) are combinations of object plus verb

which may replace simple verbs in the sentence structure (see Note 2.8 on

Compound Verbs).

The object usually comes before the verb, as in these examples.

When the object is specific, [-re] (/-ro/, /-o/) is usually used (see

Note 3.8). There are also suffixes such as /-mm/ !also! (independent

form /hewn /) which may occur after the object, as in Adpmm mixam/ 'I

want soup, too!.

Note 4.2.4 Adverbs and Objects

a 0 Vlemleb cekgr mikonid.

0 a Vfarsf xub nemifthmaam.

P.4.i35

What are you doing tonight2

I don't understand Persian well.

a - a 0 - Vgeedri yew halwf bemnid. Speak a little slower.

Here a is put over adverbs, 0 over objects and V over verbs. The

compound verb is shown by connecting the 0 and V with a hyphen. Adverbs

which belong together may also be connected with a hyphen. We see from

these examples that adverbs may occur before or after the object.

Note 4.2.5 Specific Subject and Emphatic Subject

IIt

1 sdpmm mixam.

2 main sdpo gdgto sibmmini

mixam. soma cetowr. mAn

ygfenjun qmhvg mixam.

mamndnam.

2 meal lemrikafitam.

2 meal xmlmbgnmm.

'you' familiar

1 didi?

2 to kojA

'you' polite, plural

mifeehmid?

2 gomAo xanOm Biwa mehmline

mien bead.

2 soma gEsihr mirid2

413t

I want soup, too.

I want soup, meat and potatoes.

How about you I want a cup

of coffee.

Thank you ('I'm grateful!).

Ism American.

I'm a pilot.

Did you sees

Where were you

Do you understand?

You and [your] wife be my

guests at the movies.

Are you going to town?

P.4.136

!hes she, it or Noun subject

1 IA 'list. It not bad.

2 qahviye van restortin betide. The coffee to (gof!) that

restaurant is bad.

Examples with !we! and !they! could also be given, but the above

sentences should be enough to make the principle clear. As stated in

Note 4.2.1 above (The Simple Verb), every verb form (present or past)

indicates the subject. You always know whether the subject is II! (/-am/,

/ -m/ ending), 'wet cyout singular familiar (/-1/), !you!,

polite or plural ( / -id /), some other person or thing !he, she, it! (/-e/,

/-d/, -zero), or several of them !they! ( /- send /, /-nd/). In the above

sentences all those marked i have the subject so indicated by the verb -

and only by the verb.

Examine the examples numbered 2 under II! and 'your (both familiar

and polite). In every case there is some degree of emphasis on the !I!

or !you!. Contrast !Did you see [anything]or and 'Where were you7t.

Another, closers contrast is /kojA budi/. 'Where were you?! and /t6

kog budi/. !Where were pull. The examples numbered 2 all have the

independent pronoun used as subject in addition to the indication of the

subject in the verb. This use of the independent pronoun may be called

the !emphatic subject!. The student should go through the above sentences

to note the emphasis given by this use of.the pronoun. [For !I! and !you!

different pronouns are sometimes used to show a more deferential attitude

toward the person addressed (see Unit 5). These are /handl,/ for 'I' and

barkir/ for !you!. These are less used than formerly, however, and

/meal/ and /goa/ are perfectly polite. For !he! the 'form showing more

deference is !they!.]

When the subject is same other (third) person, persons or thing, a

separate pronoun subject is emphatic (if, for example, /Id/ the, she,

it', Mn/ !that one, he, she, it!, 'they' or /unhi/ 'those,

they! are used). More commonly we have a noun subject. This does not

emphasize but simply makes more explicit (more specific) just what the

i4 (Itto

Pe4.137

subject is, (hence it may be called the 'specific subjects). Examples

are found in the sentences numbered 2 above under 'he, she, it' - noun

subject. 'It's not bad' doesn't say what is bad. You have to know from

the context. It might also be 'he's not bad! or 'shes not bad'. The

next sentence is very explicit - the coffee's bad.

The emphatic or specific subject usually comes before the object

(This hotel - a restaurant - it has). Our basic sentence pattern is,

then

SUBJECT OBJECT VERB

This is by no means absolute. Other word orders are possible, but this

is the most common. If the verb is to be or its equivalent (such as

?become!), we do not have an object but a word describing or equivalent

to the subject.

the coffee bad is

SUBJECT descriptive word VERB

We may, for convenience sake, call this descriptive word the 'predicate'

and symbolize it by P. (Compare the word following connective /-e/,

Note 2.2 ).

Adverbs may occur throughout the'sentence -

a S a 0 a V a

(adverb) - SUBJECT - (adverb) - OBJECT - (adverb) - VERB - (adverb)

Using the symbols a, S, 0, V, P one may make rapid analyses of most of

the sentences which have occured. For erample:a S P V S a 0 V

temgetio gom£ mehmdne mf hastid. goa ling cekir mikonid.

0 V a ayA cinziye tiran/ mixam. half beforudgithe mehrabad

Vresidim.

Compound verbs, such as /hairf man/ (Note 2.8) function as simple V in

most sentences. For example, /tarsi/ is the object of a compound verb

1450

P,4.138

in:S a a 0 V

some xeyli xdb farsi hairf mizmnid.

An understanding of sentence structure is indispensable for the

constant substitution exercises necessary to gain fluency in the

language.

Note 4.2.6 Alternative Statements

'In nmzdiki4 rmsturAni bast, ya n&. Is there a restaurant in this

vicinity, or not?

qmhve mixaid, ya labej6w. Do you want coffee, or beer?

xeyli xdb nae, vaai Ami mIdunEm. Not very well, but I know a

little.

The first two sentences illustrate the use of /ya/ 'or'. In the

first, the negative /h4/ poses the alternative to the affirmative word

/h4st/ 'there is'. In the second Pabej6w/ is the alternative to only

one word of the preceeding sentence, the object /Tailveti After /ya/

the alternative may be given to the subject, object, verb) or adverb of

the preceeding phrase.

Note 4.2.7 Sequence of Simple Sentences

V S P V1 Oftmm, tin dye. I said, what's this

V S a P V1 migmn, qmhvAye ling xeyli Abe. They say the coffee here is very

good.

V a axall4g mikonmm, qmdri ymvAg Please, peak a little slower.

Vharrf be amid.

V P V1 mige salmte dost. He says it's two o'clock.

V c a V2 mmizer4t mixam ke dfr tammdmm. I apologize for being late.

1464!

S P c 02 meal lemrikatimm, vmli farsi

Vhelrf mizmnmm.

Itm American but I speak

Persian.

P.4.139

These sentences illustrate phrases which follow each other. Those

with number 1 at the side are simply juxtaposed, The sentences with 2

have connecting words /ke/ Ithatt and /1161i/ 'butt.

Note 4.2.8 Optative in Second Verb Phrase.

V a

mey1 darid, berim sinmm4.

V 0 Vnemixam, man& bedmm.

a V ameyl darid, hall berim gIhr.

V 0 Vmixam tun xun4ro bebinmm?

V a 0xahg mikonmm b&Idatz kel&s cigar

Vbekegid.

a amey1 darid, halS bmrAye nmheir

V abiyalid manzele mg.?

a V c 0qmdri saw konid, to nowiAte

Vsome berese.

Do you want to go to the movies?

I don' t want to give trouble.

Do you want to go to town now

I'd like to see that house.

Please smoke after class.

Would you like to come to our

house for lunch now

Please wait a little until it's

your turn.

These are examples of two verb phrases, the second of which is in

the optative (see Note 2.5). The first phrase often has a verb such as

'want, wish' or a phrase such as tis possible', 'is necessary', etc.

(See further Units). The first phrase may have a verb in the present,

past, imperative, or optative.

P.4.140

Note 4.3 Suffix / -t&r/ 'comparative)

23I 20 v

3 I

xaheg mikonmm, kmmi ymvastmr; Please speak a little slower.

2 1

halrf bezmnid

2

magrdb darim ke gargb vm tabliwsi

2 1

tEeZ hamg behtegree

2 3 1

cleedri tondtalr begide

We have drinks and our wine and

beer are the best.

Say [it] a little faster.

The suffix /-t4r/ (always stressed) added to an adjective indicates

'more, -ert. Words in / -tear/ may of course be used adverbially as in

Anmvaig/ 'slow', hmmagt4r/ 'slower'. The suffix / -tear/ may also be

added to nouns, as in Pagat4T/ 'more [of a] gentleman'. As in English

some adjectives have irregular comparatives:

x4b !good, well' behar 'better'

xgylisbesyir tmuch, many, very' bigtfer 'more'

The regular comparative Ikubt&r/ also occurs but is less used than

/behteer/. Most adjectives are regular.

Persian usually uses /teez/ for the English 'than', as in /behtelr

'as man farsi h4rf mizmne/ the speaks Persian better than It. However

when the word order is changed and the preposition used for English 'than'

does not immediately follow, the comparative Ai/ may be used instead of

/tez/, as in Aehar farsi bele mizmne ta an/. /ta/ is always used

when the comparison is made between two clauses, as in /64n behttire nailer

bexoram ta besinemg berm/ 'I'd rather have my lunch than go to the

movies'.

Note 4.4 Superlative

The comparative forms a compound with /-in/ ( /'in/ 'this) to make

the superlative ('most', ?best', 'biggest!, etc.). Like /fin/ itself and

148'

P.4,141

other compounds with /tin/. the superlative precedes the noun it describes,

as in behtwrin g4hr/ !the best city! and does not get the connective

/-e/ when the noun it modifies is in the singular.

When the noun is in plural the "azaf4/ (corn / -e /) may or may not

be used, as in /behteerSne gmhrh6ye bran/ or behtxrin s8ehrh4ye

The connective /-e/ is always used in formal speech.

In addition, the comparative / -tear/ preceded by /tEez Male/ 'of

all!, as in /tin tiez lame behtaltre/ !this is the best (of all)!, is often

used as the equivalent of the English superlative.

Note 4,5 New Compound Verbs

Here are some compound verbs (see Note 2.8) based on the build

ups given in this Unit:

dor4st kardAn

dorcist godaln

xiyAl kmran

art kardetn

wart bEst4n

to make, to prepare, to

correct, to arrange, to

set

to be made, prepared, corrected,

etc.

to think, to suppose, to

guess, to believe

to guarantee, to make it a

condition

to bet

P.4.142

Grammatical Drills

GD.

mige sinema, satmte heegt gord kami sibs konid. teerjome

mige. mige.

migmn tunja forudgg mige. nib moltceet nimise, ci migid.

ya sateabe digs linja bagim, hie montmzeremun nemige.

dir mige? gorosne mige.

lintowr ke tunja Mhr mice. montmzar mige b4rid, bebinideg.

salmte no kelasg biz mige. xmlmbgn nemige. pasebgn nemige.

ta satate car, tem& mige. garscinmm nemige. pees el

nemixad bege sinema key goru mige. mixad bege,

dir mige. biya rid, berim. ta salmte peenj, montmzeretun

gAm, montmseremun n4gid namiyatim, migmm.

ya resturane xub, deer tin' hotel, lin forudgg, ta seruze digs,

biz mige. hazSr mige,

GD. 4.3

restorgne badtar Immin nist. laclaye jamadi, laqatmrmz laclaye

las lamrikalihg, lamrikalit4re. lesmite.

beht4rmz tin, naldarid? bah ymvagtsfir, h4rf bezmnid.

xubta;raz gone midune, nahgr, kamteerms soma xord.

behterm tin n4midunid: beg begid, kmmta5r hmrf bezmne.

mmnzele jmvadi, nmzdikt4ras mmnmz soma, gorosnetbmn.

meenzele tesm1te. jmvadi gorosnet4r, tez gagst.

150 al

P.4.143

forudel Imz 'inja durt4re, ya qEdri tondt& beheg begid.

lmz lung. gmrAb behtkram lin, adarid2

xaheg mikonn, tontr tun kAro behtlre ke bellS begid.

bekonid. begid qaargo yavagtr bexore.

gale, xoghalt4r lam gomSst. begid kgro qadri dirt 4r goru kone.

'in salAt, !az tun sat kuciktalre, behare ke lino bejmvadi begid.

-mad behdar kar mikone. Trmizele laclaye jmvadi,

farsim, behtlre, ta lenglisim. bozorgt4re, ta manzele 'esmit.

beht4re ars bexonid, ta dates xonan, behtalre, ta sinema

sinema berid. rafte!n.

javadil lenglisi beht4r hErf farsiye lssmit, behtlre, ta

mizane, ta fereydlln. farsiye jevadi.

lesmit, lenglisiro beht4T jmvadi, tondt4r harf mizane, ta

mifahme, ta farsi. xaameg.

hales, gorsnetcgram ta yek satate

Pls.

GD. 4.4

behtErin hotelist, ke dar behtErin xmlmbAniro ke

gkhre. javadist.

td, lino tam hame behtAr midune. bchtari.n oamAlike xord4m, dar

'in, behtarin tarjomelist ke lamrikA bud.

'ill forudgAhl razz hEme forudgahAl

tun taqA, farsiro lmz hone behtalr behtAre.

midune. hgleg, taz ha me beht4re.

151 44.x.

P.4.144

farsi, 'az ham4 behar hair' IA, tam Keane yavagar hmrf

mizmne. mizmne.

ga16, teen hamAgun yamagt4r kar tun resturgn, teez hmme resturang,

mikone. nmzdikt& re.

gorosnearms hairdist. bozorgtarine hotels, Ign hotele

restorgnike feermudid, kuciktarine temrikatist.

restoranhgst. bigtslr taez hEang, tegtebg kard.

leez hmme tonar xund. tem haane bigar montazereg &dim.

bigar lam hmme Ard. beheg begid, behtarin sibo

xancimeg, Ims hmme dirtier tamed. biyare,

kuciktarin Uhrmet. Tin gAir 12EZ kuciktarine

tun gAhr, tEeZ bozorgtmrine gsdhrgye tamrikgst.

gsdhrgye tirgne. tehr&n, bozorgtarin Mire tirgne.

xan6me jmvadi, lino tem hmme tin, bozorgarmz hmm4st.

behth. midune. gals, kucikt4r tam hamgst.

gmrgbe mg, tmz hamgye gmrabg beht4re.

GD. 4.5

tin satAto dorcist konid. tags. 'in salmt dorost god.

qmAro dor6st kardid2 xiyAl mikonem ta yhafete digs

jmvadi xiyAl kerd: InAm Jinja dor6st mige.

of stain. xiyAl damn: lemgmb berm sinemA.

jevadi girt ksard ke tin kAro ta man bagoma gertmibendem ke

yA as digs bekone. jevadi tin kayo mikone.

152

xiyal amikonam, soma baymd

&dirt bebmndid.

manzele jamadi xdb dorost god.

P.4.145

gmrt bmsta, kare xubi nist.

jmvadi manalego xdb dorost kmrd.

xanOmmm girini, xdb dorost mikone.

Variation Drills

qmmaye tin resturAn, cet6wre.

bmtdam gAm mixam ye gilas gmrAb

bexormm, soma ci mixavid.

ci meyl darid bexorid.

cOrban. rtiram

mmn tinja kAr nAkmrdmm. deer

resturane tun hotel kar kmrdmm.

hAlegun cetowre.

farsi nemifahmeend. yalvAg hArf

bezmnid,

begoma d6martebe goftmm, hot41

tunjAst.

dmstgutig, xdb nist.

ketAbo xub tmrjome nAkmrd.

gord kmrd bexund&n.

ketAbo vain% nAmmnid,

bag gArt kmrd ke tin kAro ta

yesatmts digs .bekone.

berid, mmteerAthexatid.

abr konid, ta tdham biyad.

153

bale xanom, tunjAst.

bike oorban. ci meyl mifmrmatid.

bid nist. migmnd ke qmmaye

tiranig xeyli Abe.

in nmmdikiA, dmstguti nis t?

bebinim ci dyad.

bmraye m4nam yek gilas gmrAb

biyarid.

tenglisi xdb midunand. yeerrAg

herf nAMmnid.

ce mifarmatid.

mifermatid, to tin kAro bekone?

dArs tmmum god. hal& ci mix:a/id

bekonim.

y6k satinet dir kmrd.

dOsatmt Aar kmrdim, mmli

tagrif ayavordand.

gAm manale ma miyand begmrte

tinke sinemA mehmune tunhA bagim.

hall tin kAro bekonid bald berid.

P.4.146

begid gAmo hazer kone. nowb&te to bud, vtli raft.

ktmi tondttr htrf bezanid. sinemg key gord mige.

mifmhmmm. d&rs tmmgm god, berim.

bahmm rmftmnd besinemg. nowt to gomgst ke deers bexonid.

mixatim siggr bekegim. dfro tesme tun resturgno, midunid7

bebmndid. begoma goftands ke tacialre jmvadi

bmsttne ar baldst. tiranIst?

resturgne tiranl deer temrikg rust. tun taqaye temrl.kati ke tinja bud,

dmr tin hotel resturgne xubi nIst. dar resturgn montaare gomgst.

mIdunid halg kojg hasteend, ketabhgra beba ndid. halg mixatim

ee seetira mixunid. bezmnim.

moltmfet nod ei goftid. d6 bebmxgid lino befarsi sup

mmrtebe beg begid. migmnd?

moltmfet migid2 xiygl darmnd betirgn bermnd.

mixam bedunam arse mg key lintowr xiyal mikonmm.

sore mige. temg4b eekgr mikonid:

gmman nemikonmm temgalb tinja tem gomg xaheg kardmnd ke tin

biyand. kgro bekonid.

key tinjg tmgrif tavmwdmnd. xiyal darmnd betemrikg bermnd.

gmman nemikonmm temg4b gam 'Arl darid bah& besinemg berim.

biyand. 4 saltiti xiygl darid berid.

Astand begomg begmnd sinea temgAb.mixad tinja biyad.

key gord mire. reertmnd nagr bexorand.

eft ke tagaye tmfgAr yek resturgn vm hotele xdbi

baxanomeggn besinema rtertmnd. dagt.

lo4

P.4.147

teclaye lesmit nemixad xmlabgn pasebgn bagomg hcirf zmd?

bege.'

jecradi dir lunmdo, mmIzeratmm saute cmnd betehrgn residid.

xgst. b4le didblmeg v *Wen

midunid salalte and betehrgn xoghgl bud.

miresmnd. montmzer bagid. hmtmln miyad.

ce sateen lung miresim. mehmanhgye 3aciaye jamedi key

gEehrike mif&xmatid ddr 'am 'inja budmnd.

finjast. gmblms gam mmgrub bedid.

sate 'Aft bgrif m4rarand. ye saute dige smbr mikonmm.

Taclaye imfggr vmxandmegun temgmb.nemixed tinja bage.

betehrgn rmftmnd.

Variation Drill

(Conversation)

Smith: smagm 'mleykom, 'aclaye fereyddn. hgletun cetowre.

Fereydun: b4d nistmm motgmkkermm. hgle xanome some, cetowrmst.

Smith: hgle xan6m, xdbe. mmmndnmm.

Fereyduns soma farsi xdb midunid?

Smith: xdb nemidunmm. vaeli kalmi hmrf mizmnmm.

Fereydun: feral kojg xandid.

Smith: deer bran.

Fereydura xanOmettinmm farsi deer bran xendmnd.

Smith: ameyr. xanclamm farsi nemidunmnd.

Fereydun: halg mixalid bahmm beresturgn berim.

135 ti61

P.4.148

Smith: bae. bec4 resturgni berim.

Fereydun: resturgne tun hotel.

Smith: resturgne digs, tin nmzdikia nist.

Fereydun: nee. resturandye dig4 hast ke tmz ting ddre.

Smith: x6b. pgs berim ben resturdn.

dear restardn.

Smith: tgqa. dmstguli kogst.

Waiter: lung. elate cap.

Smith: m mirmm bedmstguti. soma begarsOn begid, qmzd biyare.

Fereydun: c4jur qmsgti mixatid.

Smith: gomd, c4 xiyal darid bexorid.

Fereydun: amidunmm ci bexormm.

Smith: x6b. sold]. bekonid, bebinid ci dare.

Fereydun: tdqa. nandr, ci darid.

Waiter: hmm4 ciz.

Fereydun: bmraye ma, ye qmsaye !Irani° ye clasaye temrikatf biyarid, -gm

ye botritmm tatbe xord4n.

Waiter: mm rub, meyi nemikonid2

Fereydun: beele. d6 botri gmAbo ye botri tabej6w biyarid.

Smith: gOftid gas& biyare2

Fereydun: b&].e. hall Aft, biyare.

Smith: mmgrdb gbftid, biyare

Fereydun: g6ftmm, d6 botri gmrib weyek botri %Wow biyare.

Waiter: b4fmrmatid. tin mmgrdb. vs 'imam qm2A.

156

P.4.149

Fereydun: me nahir bald= mmgrdb xistim.

Smith: bear& xub. lismetun dye.

Waiter: jmvadf, clorbun.

Smith: ling kir mikonid?

Waiter: b&le clorbun. soma farsi, xeyli nib hirf mizenid.

Smith: xeyli xub nee, Ali clatdri mifmhmam. taqiye jamsdi, xahgg

mikonam ye botrfye digs knit) biyarid.

Waiter: yek botrf fmrmudid.

Fereydun: ng. farmddaad, yek gilis.

Waiter: b4le raga.

Fereydun: gomi xgyli mmgrub mixorid. ion-Stun xdb ntst.

Smith: bile maln xdbe. begid garib biyare.

Fereydun: x6b, xob. mfgmm biyare. veeli Odri ymvAg hurl* bezmnid.

do botrf digg gmrib biyarid. yeki baraye meat,

ygki bariye tame tesmit.

Waiter: betle saga.

Smith: saift ande.

Fereydun: salmte s4.

Smith: 14h, meal minim, kir dares% xodi hafgz.

157 ti

P.4.150

Narrative

When we arrived there betunjS ke residim

I don't know because I nemidunmm. bmraye finite

wasntt here. tinjA n4budam.

tees men xoheg kmrdid, ke q&dri bmrAtun h4rf bezmnmmd

mg, Mgt mehmin dagtim.

mehmunAye ma, tailaye tesmito xancimegun,taqaye jevadio xancimegun,

vm cmhAr mehmline dige budeld.

ma, cmhgr jtir qmzaye tiranio, dcijur qmzAye temrikei, bmrAye

mehmmnAmun dAgtim.

saqte hlft, taqaye jeevadi vm xanOmegan, residmnd. beetd, tesmit

vth xancimegan. mehmanhAye digs xeyli dir tamadend, vm xeyli mmtzEulca,

xastand. vm yAkigun bemA xeyli zmilmett dad. vmyekigunean, neeyammd.

qeeblmz reett4n, ma cmnd fenjun qmhve xordlmo, sigAr kegidim. vm d4re

mmnzelo b stun. vm hmme bah4m berestorAnike keemi tam mmnzel dtir

bud, reef tim.

berestorAn ke residim, gatim baraye ma cmhd botri gerAbo tabjciw

biyarmnd. xanomA megrai n4cordand, vaeii cmnd fenjun qoahvA mey1

keerdmnd. vm hameg bamA hmrf zeimnd.

laclaye jmvadio taqaye tesmitmm, xeyli gmrAbo tabejciw xordmnd.

bmtdmz tin besinemA rmftim.

dear geehr pasebAnira didim, vea bema goft ke, bebmxgid. behttere ke

hagne bemmnull berid. beraye tinke xiyAl mikonmm, hAletun xub nist, vm

158 tit

P.4.151

keitmi hem magrdb xordid. xanoml goftand, tintowr mist, soma kAmi

legtebd mikonid. hAle ma xeyli Abe.

satAte de% bud, ke besinand residim.

sotalAtWOW .1111.

t. cAnd, mehmAn dagtid.

2. mehmanhdye soma, haunt; tunja budand?

3. and mehm4n, doer manzeletundagtid.

4. hmmeye mehmund, xanOm budeend, ya !acid.

5. saute celnd bud, ke taclaye jamadi vv xanSmegan, bemanzele gomA

residand.

6. and jur gaze, be dadid.

7. taclaye tesmit vas xancimegun budand ke dir famadand, ya mehmAnhaye

digs.

8. mehmanhAtike dir tammdand, mmtzerAt xastand, ya nee.

9. ciAblas raftAne besinemA, soma cAnd fen jan qahv4 xordid.

10. xan6me gomd, sier mikegmnd?

11. gamd cetowr.

12. beresturAnke residid, begarscin ci goftid.

13. deer restoran, xSyli harf zadid?

14. xanomdm mar& xSrdand ya nee.

15. pasebdn begomd of goft. .

16. xanamd doer jamdb ci goftmnd.

17. ce sathi, besinema resideend.

159 OZ,

t.

P.4.152

01..21 .c..3144.

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P.5.162


Unit 5

Basic SentencesammamwmoGO

(Thereto a knock at the door - taq, taq, tag

servant

who

Who is there?

to be present, to be

there (polite)

Is the gentleman tof the house]

at homes

no (polite)

half

to carry, to take (away)

to go, to leave (polite)

outside

No, sir, he went out half an

hour ago.

excellency (a deferential

term)

you (polite)

EigxecimEet

Alborz

Eigxedat

idye.

ki

tmgrif dagt4n

2 3 IIII

taga tmgrif darEend

noIxeyr

an

bord4n (beer -)

tmgrif bordEtn

binin3 i 44 2 3 1

nAxeyr:- tisun nimsatmrte pig;

2tmglIf bordered

jenAb

jeabe tall

P50163

What's your name, sill

Alborz11111

2 3 1 #lesme jenSbe 'all cisto

friend ddst

p1. dusts [dusthg/dust6n]2 3 B 2

I'm Alborz, Mr. Parviz's ddste laciSye

3 1 4g

friend. peervizeem:

Mrs. Parviz (coming out of the room)

why cer&

in, inside

Hello Mr. Alborz. Why don't

you come ira

pleased, glad

td

2 3 1 B 2

sail& faclaye ImlborI: cer4

3nemifmrmalid

xogv4xt [xogv4qt]

you (polite) serk4r

2 3 2

xeyli xogrAxtmm; ke serk4rPm very glad you came.

Alborz.11=.1.=111OMPM

Thank you very much, madam.

presenting one's respects

service (with connective /-e/

used in lieu be /be-/ or

big/ 'to') (polite)

to come (to visit), to

pay a call

1

tegrif 'avordid,

2 3 1x4yli motegeekkermm xanom#

'amaze sa4m

xedmett

gmrafyAb god&

P.5.164

I came to present my respects

to you and your husband

('gentleman').

2 3 2

bardye htrze maim; xedate

Mrs. Parviz4.1.121.

sarkdr va taqd garafy4b

1 4gOd83/1:

order, instructions &est&

glass gilds

or livdn

or

Thank you. May I offer you

a drink ('would you like to

have a glass of an alcoholic

drink, so that I order them

to bring [it] for you21).

Alborz

lestekAn2 3 1 4 2motAlekkdram: yek gilds

3 2

magrAb m4y1 mifarmatid; ke

dastdr bedam bffirdtun

biyarand.#

to like (with Asez/) As tamed&

2 1 a 2

No, thank you. I don't like mdrsi: an 'az magrilh xogam

3 1

alcoholic drinks. amiyad.

only, just fel*

if 'Age . ['eer]

kindness marhaat

to give (polite) marham4t.kardAn

If you'll be kind enough to give

me a glass of water, I'll be

very grateful.

2 3facia the ye gilas 'ab merheeditt

I 2' #konid, xeyli nman= miswEen.

Mrs. Parviz

by chance, incidentally,

as a matter of fact

eneral, total

in general, on the whole,

as a general rule

to dislike (with Pez/)

lettefmq4n

kolli

bet6wre

bald I arbsedh

Pe5065

2 31As a matter of fact I don't IettefMgmn min betdwre kollip

2 1

like alcoholic drinks either, 'cm mew& bddmm mVadt

to know (someone) genaxtAI (sends-/gn&s-)

2 3Do youknow.Mr. Javadil gomA laclAye jamadiro mIgnasidi

Alborz(deferential) bende

honor "efteAr

meeting (a person), seeing molaqft

yet, up to now tabehgl

2 3 1 44 2No, I haven't had the honor nameyr: bid tabeh41 Ieftexttre

of meeting him yet ('up to nowt).

to introduce

Then please come this way so

that I can introduce you to

him ('him to you').

Mrs. Parviz

3 1molacyfte Igdnra adagtelm#

jadagte tam]

moherrefi kmrdten

, 3 2

ptS bkmrmatid;Aa

1

begoa motEerrefl konmm!

Po5.166

head, top, and, on, at (withconn. /-e/)

table, desk

at table

Well the dinner's ready now.

Please come to (tats) the table.

to request, ask, beg

first, at first

After you, madam ('madam, I

beg of you, you go first

please!).

Alborz

s&r

mis .

are miz

3 I 2

Ab; halg gdm hazeree

32befmrmatid,I Are miz

#.

testeda Iceman [testedtti

karan]

myvEti.

2

Anom tested& mikonmmi teemel

gcmg befmrmatidi

Mrs. Parviz=111111 1111 11.111111=1111

by the way, indeed, really rasti

to forget

Thank you. ay the way I forgot

to introduce you to Mr. Javadi.

Mr. Javadi, Mr, Alborz.

Alborz

feeramdg ka3rdaln

2 3 1 # 2 3mmmndnam. rasti fmramdg kmrdmm,

23 1 2tagdye jemadiro, begomd

1

moterrefi konmm.

2 3 2 1 4taqaye jmvadi; taqaya tEelborz:

acquainted 'agent /

acquaintance tagenalf / tagnall

glad mmsrdr

Dm very glad to meat you,

P.5.167

2 3 2 1

teen lin lagnati; xAyli mamrurams

Javadi

also, toe, as well, hamenin

in the same man.mr

It's my pleasure (land I as went).

cold

Well, please come., everybody.

The dinnerts getting cold

( ;became cold' ).

2 3I 2 1 #bEend4 hmm, amcenin,

Mrs. Parviz.1111111/11....

Ord

3.12 1 4 2Xib..4 ha:a befarmalid: stn

t Award Xodg

Classroom Expressions--------------

story hekaytet / dastlin

to describe, to tell; to ka3rdeln

speak highly (with /la3z/)2 3 2

Tell us the story of Unit le, hekayEete dense cro tearknun

1 4teelrif konidt:

ear

to listen

Please listen [to me].

word

IV

gel dad&23Y 2 1 4Xahat mikonan; bedid:

log&

pronunciation teazeiTOz

13.5.i68

to pronounce tmlmffSz kmrdin

" 21 a

[Please] pronounce the word locgto, dorost tmlmeaz konica

properly.

manner, way, method tetrz

attention tmvmdgh

to pay attention temdj6h lard&

to repeat tekrAi Iowan

[Please] pay attention to the

way I pronounce the word,

then repeat [it].

2 3 1

betArze tmlstfoze loq&t

2 1 2

tmvmdjoh konid ff. bold tekrAr

1 a

Grammatical Notes

Note 5.1 Degrees of Politeness

I. cS farmudid. What-did you says

2. fiadn, feItebi bermudends He mistaken.

3. *ban, Idiz kmrdmm, cf meyl I said, sir, what are you

mifarmatid. going to take?

4. ciddri tabxord4n, 18tf konid. Give [me] some water.

5. montmzer hmstim. hat & WelIl be expecting [you]. Come

tailf biyarid. by all means.

6. taqi, Wife derma Is the gentleman of the house at

home;

7. nee clorban. tatin nIntsalmte No, sir, he went out half an

hour ago.pig, twirif bordmnd birdn.

i76

P.5.169

8. cerA amifeermatid td. Why dontt you come in

9. x671i xogvAxtam, ke sark4r

tmgrif tavordid.

I'm glad you came.

10. baraye tmrze sml4m, xedmmte I came to present my respects

sarkSr sawmfygb godmm. to you.

11. ye gilas tab, marhmmit konid. Give me a glass of water please.

12. beend41 teftexare molaqate I haventt had the honor of

tigglara, tabehal adagtam. meeting him yet.

13. testedt4 mikonmm, tavv41 After you, please.

gong befarmatid.

Persian has a selection of forms to indiPate degrees of politeness.

For example: the pronoun /beside/ for tit shows more humility on the part

of the speaker. The pronoun /t6/ for tyout shows familiarity, /some/

polite equality, /scerkgr/ or /jenSbe tall/ deference. Using the plural

instead of the singular in the third person (he, she, it, they, noun

subject) shows more deference: Pagg3re jmvadi t inja hmsteend?/ for

/tingsW. Many languages have differences such as these in their terms

of reference to people spoken of (third person) and people spoken to

(second person), as well as words referring to the speaker (first person).

In sentences 1-13 above are examples of verbs, both simple and com-

pound, which are used to show greater deference to the person spoken to

or the person spoken of, or more humility on the part of the speaker.

Note, for example, the difference in politeness between the Persian and

the English versions of Sentence 4. The English is very abrupt. To

make it polite, one must use different words, such as, Would you be so

kind as to give me some water.). This is really a better English

equivalent, as the Persian is polite by virtue of the words used for

tgivet /16tf konid/1 as opposed to the abrupt /bedid/.

P.5.170

Note 1.7 illustrated. some uses of the imperative form of the verb

/fmrmudalnh In sentences 1, 2, 8 and 13 are examples of other forms of

this verb.

Sentence 1 =What did you .says may be said in six different ways:

A. el gofti. .D. ee goftid.

B. 04 gofti. E. of fammudid.

C. ci goftid. F. 94 fmrmudid.

A and B should be used only if the speaker addresses a child, a member

of his family, a very close friend or a person whom he considers to be

socially below himself (servant, laborer, etc.). The choice of /Cl/

or /c4/ depends mainly on the speaker but /9i/ sounds somewhat more

familiar than /c4/.

C and D are used while addressing both equals and inferiors to whom

the speaker usually says /gad/ 'you' and not the familiar /t6/

E and F are more polite forms of the same sentences and shovld be

always used by the student in any more or less formal situation.

Sentence 2 'Hers mistaken' can be put in three different ways:

A. legtebA kmrd

B. Tegtebg. kmrdand

C. legteba fmrmudmnd

The degrees of politeness are expressed here by substituting the 3rd

person plural for the 3rd person singular of the verb /kmrdSEn/ and by

substituting the verb Affirmudaln/ for /kmrd4n/ as part of the compound

PegtebAh kt.mdalnh

Pegteb£ kard/ can be said about somebody whom the persons engaged

in the conversation do not know personally or whom they consider to be

socially inferior. /legteba kmrdmnd/ should always be used in a polite

conversation and Pegteba fmrmudand/ is a more polite or deferential form

of the preceding.

In sentences 8 and 13 the forms of ifarmudAn/ are used for 'come',

Po5.171

and !got respectively to show greater deference to the person spoken to.

This illustrates the substitution of Ammudaln/ for other verbs where the

nature of the action is clear from the context, and the polite verb may

be uied,without ambiguity.'

Sentences 5, 6, 7, 9, 10:

Polite substitutes for /Taman/ !come!, /raift4n/ Igo! and /bud n/

!be! are: /imgrif !al/radii:1/ (Ito bring honor!), /imgrif.toran/ (Ito

take honor!) and /tegrif dagtaint (!to have honor!) respectively.

These expressions are very common in every day polite conversation.

/imgrif layordam Pavard4W, Amarif bordain/ and /tmgrif daatd!n/ can

be used only in the and and 3rd person plural. /Xedm4t/ !service!

combined with ./gmrmfyab god4n/ !to become the honored one! means no go

to see someone!, to call on somebody!, Ito pay a visit'.

Sentences'3 and 7 use /tclorban) clorhein/1 literally IsaCrificel, When

used independently the word Norban) can be paralleled most of the time

with the English !sir! or !madam!, as in:

/ix 1e qorban/ !yes, sir (or madam)!

/nee gorban/ !no sir (or madam)!

/hale soma cetowre.

or

/gorban. hale soma cetowre/ !How are you, sir (or madam)!

The informal Aorban/ usually means !please! as in /*bun. lino bemaki

bedid/ or Milo bemten bedid qorbun./ !Will you please give it to me.l.

/4orbdn [ gorban]/ followed by an independent pronoun or a pronominal

suffix can mean either !thank you!, as in Aorbane soma/ !thank you! and

the familiar Aorblinet/ !thanks!, or !until we meet again!, /gorbane

goal or !so long!, !see you! /4orbline t6/. The /wrz/ of sentence to may

be used in /14rz kard4n/ meaning to make a request!, (Plrz/ meaning

(lOrnan/

first !presentation, exposition!, then !petition!), hence it means Ito

say! (deferentially).

Po5.172

Sentences le and 11: /lotf loran/ and limeerheaneet keerdeln/ to do afavor' are polite forms for /declaim/ to give.

Sentence 12: The word /ban* 'slave', 'your obedient servant' isused in deferential speech for 'II, When using /bends/ one shoulduse /sEerldrior'/jenhe %Li/ for 'you', /memo elom4/ 'you and I' in apolite or deferential; style of conversation becomes /baride vee serldr/ or/beende vee..4en Abe "034

SenenO4,13: estedlet bran/ 'to implore' is a substitute forhCahn k*delin./ in a deferential style of conversation.

. .

Note' 52 Verb form in /-e/. Present Perfect

tabeh41 leftexgre molaqg.te I haven't had the honorlig&nra, naldagtee'm of meeting him yet.[needagte teem]

This form /dagte/ is the t-stem with the suffix /-e/. It isroughly equivalent to English 'Past Participle' forms in -n (gone,given, thrown), -t (bought, caught, liked) and -d (sold, held, had).The /-e/ form means 'having (done so-and-so)'. English uses 'have' withthese forms (have gone, have bought, have sold); Persian uses 'am, is,are') as illustrated above.

Following is the Present Perfect paradigm of the verb /reefteln/.The first column in brackets) gives the formal speech forms. The

second column gives the normal colloquial forms where the /-e/ of theverb form and the vowel of the verb 'to be' are replaced by a longgliding vowel, i.e. the vowel plus /1/. This is the same kind of longglide that is represented by a vowel plus /I/ before a consonant (asin /beard /). In some speech this vowel is shortened, as in the thirdcolumn.

184

P.5.173

1 2 3

[rmft6 Imm I have gone reeft&Im reeft4m

ret4 Ii you have gone rmftil regd.

rmfte 'asst 'he, she, it has gone mete' 'Tete

matte tim we have gone reti'm rmftim

reaft6 'id you have gone rmftild rmft/d

ret4 tared] they have gone neftEeln(d) rEettgn(d)

In situations where the verb loses its stress, there is no distinction

between the simple past and the form in the third column, except in the

third person singular.

The third person singular is the most frequently used form. The

first person is often used in ordinary speech when emphasis is being put

on the fact: Pwe paid it', 'I did go', etc.

The form in /-e/ is also found in narrative style but occurs much

more frequently in formal speech and written material. Otherwise the

usage of the Present Perfect in Persian is about the same as in English.

Note 5.3 Verb: Impersonal Compound Verbs

mEgn Imz mar& xamm I don't like alcoholic

n4miyad. drinks.

Aram fez mmgrilb begdmm

miyad.

I don't like them ("the

drinks') either.

The verbs hog- lameada'n/ Ito like', /beed- lamman/ 'to dislike? and

certain others are used impersonally, i.e. the verb itself is in the

third person singular while the person 'liking' or 'disliking' is

expressed by the pronominal suffix affixed to the first part of the

compound verb. The thing or person o-lie likes or dislikes (i.e. the

direct object of the English verb) is always preceded by the preposition

Aez/ 'of, from, about'' For example:

misen,Imz laqaye jmmadil xamm miyad. I like Mr. Javadi.

P.5.174

to, teen, !awe jmvadi, mget miyad.

Ti, taz, faqaye javadi, Agegmiyad.

leez taclaye javadi; Agemun miyad.

soma, teen laclaye jmvadl, Agetun

miyad.

Tung., TEM laclaye javadi, xogegun

miyad.

You like Mr. Javadio.

Hel she, it likes Mr. Javadi.

We like Mr. Javadi.

You like Mr. Javadi.

They like Mr. Javadio

/MAn, teen !awe jam-ad., Agmm tammd/ liked Mr. Javadil Asez un4,

Asemun, ayammd/ tWe didn't like them', etc. (See GD. 5.3 below)

Note that the person 'liking? or idislikingt may be expressed not

only by the suffix to /kog-/ or /bead -/, but also by an independent word

in addition to the suffix (here the pronoun).

Grammatical Drills

GD. 5.1

gatid behot41 berm.

(polite) farmddid band4 behot41 berm.

migid cik4r konam.

(polite) mlfmrmaiid band4 celdr kona m.

gift bagord farsi hArf bezanam.

(polite) farmildmnd band4 basark4r farsi harf bezanmm.

jmyadi goft femgetb n4miyad.

(polite) laclaye Oftmnd temg& amiyand.

(more polite) laclaye javadi farmddand lemgmb tmgilf n5miyarand.

befarmalid. sier bekegid.

b4fmrmatid

b4fmrmafid, ket4bo bAz konid.

b4farmalid. tun degro b4bandid.

P.5.I75

tegteb4 kmrdid. eftmm, satmte hkt.

(polite) tegtebgh farmudid. tmrz kMrdmm, saterte.heeft.

xahgg mikonmm, keldse farsfro gord konid.

(polite) testedtg mikonmm keldse farsfra gordbefEermatid.

jmvadf qmegro axord.

taqaye jmvadf.qmaro axordmnd.

(polite) taqaye jmvadi qmzgra meyl nlkardmnd.

(deferential)taqaye jmvadf qmegra mgyl n4ParmudEand.

ketgbo bean bedid,

(polite) ketgbra bebmnde 16tf befmrmavid I... mmrhmat konid.

mgrdbi bean adadid.

(polite) mmgrdbi bebmnde mmrhmat nmfmrmudid.

Oftmm, hotel kojgst.

(polite) tam kmrdmm, hotel kojgst.

mixam bevaqaye jmvadi begmm, tinjg ayand.

(polite) mixam betaqaye jmvadi tmrz konmm vinjg tmgrif ayarmnd.

taqgye tesmit rmftmnd manzele taqaye jmmedf.

(polite) vaqaye vesmit tmgrif bordmnd mmnale taqaye jmvadi.

xanome jeevadi an dmnd somaro bebinmnd.

(polite) xaame faqaye jmmadi tmgrif tavordmnd jengbe valira

bebinmnd.

lesmit ling bud, vaeli yesatmte pig raft.

tagaye vesmit vinjg budmne, v4li yek sattte pig rmftmnd.

(polite) taqaye vesmit vinjg tmgrif dastard, vaeli yek sate

pig tmgrif bordmnd.

P.5.176

xandme jmmadi bean eftund ke somas biyatid tinjg.

(polite) xandme jmmadi bebmnde fmrmddmnd ke smrkgr tmgrif biyarid

(polite)

(polite)

jmmadi emgmb mSre tehrdn.

taqaye jmmadl temg4b mirmnd tehrdn.

taqaye jmmadi temg4b betehrgn twgrif mibmrmnd.

xahegmikonmm tea& gomio xanOm biyarid mmnzele an ke

qmzgye !Irani bexorid.

testedte mikonmm temg4b smrkgr vm xancim tmgrk biyarid

bemmnzele lond4 ke qmzgye tirani meyl befmrmatid.

temg4b mixam blyam gomgro bebinmm.

(polite) temgh mixam biyam jenabe talira bebinmm.

(deferential) tea& mixamxedate jengbe tali gazmfygb begmm.

going key tmgrff mibmrid bemmnzele

laqaye jmmadi?

temgetb sateete nest mirmm.

key tm'grif miyarid menzele mg?

tea& miyam.

temgmb ma nzele 'awe jmvsdi

tmgrlf darid2

ale. astmm.

firmaid seat mends

teem kardmmeallte care.

cerS wan) men nemikonid.

nemixara cizi bexormm.

ketgbo betaqaye jemadi 16tf

kmrdid?

b41e, dgdmm.

fmrmddid temgAb xedm&tetun

gmrmfygb begmm.

beele. tarz kmrdmm twig&

tmgrif biyarid.

or

bke. Oft= tern&

biyarid.

Pe 5.177

GD. 5.2

1. tabehal gmegye t Irani 16. haig gord kmrdEgind behmrf

axordmtm. zmden.

2. rmfte xangmego bebine. 17. tammdg bagomg halrf bezmne.

3. tmgrif bordOnd beforudggh. 18. rmftEttnd !awe jwvadiro

4. tammdeStnd bemolacigte jenabe bebinmnd.

tall. 19. el migid. clanA xoratrld.

5. xedmehe taclaye jmmadi tegrif 20. yek salEfte ke retAtnd.

bordtAnd. 21. bale. goru kmrdg betarjcmg

6, tammd6tm bmrgye qrze salAm. karan.

7. bmndg talrzi nmkerdEttm. 22. A tintowr goftg.

8. tabehgl tmgif Aravordg. 23, halg gmb godg. bgrim.

9, tabehgl kelgs gord rgegode. 24. tun ketgbo xandg.

10. d4rso gorA karcle. 25. xonomi tinja tm;Crif

11. farsigo kojg xundg. tavoratnd mixand gomgro

12. c4nd mmrtebe begomg goftg. bgbinmnd.

13. tehrgno tabohgl

14. t aqa, ar baste.

15. nAceyr mg tabehal fing

T85

P. 5.177A

GD. 5.3 Variation Drill

tettefaq4n bemEn fmrmddmnd, ke 7mz

rmftmne besinemS Agegan miyad.

xede jenabe tali farmddid, ke Imm

Ti begdetan miyad.

4ge teazin restorgn bEedetun miAd,

berestora.ne dige mirim.

114m tmzin x6gmm miygd, 1114m tazdn.

min nhoftmm ke !Es Tabejew

b4dmm miyad.

7mm tabejOw b&deg miyad, -741i tam

gmrgb, Ageg miyad.

fmrmddid, smrkgr tmz Ids xaetan

nemiyad?

cerg teen tin ketg b4detun miyad.

bemAn goft, lcez jenabe tall Ageg

nemiyad.

the tmz mmgrAb bide tun miyad,

migmm, tagamidmnf biyarEnd.

teen cizike b4dwg miyad, mmgrdbe.

me, lettefaci4n, mash Imz sigar

kegians baldim nemiyad.

xiyal n&ikonmm ke tmzin tmrjome

Ageg biyad.

teen rmfane betunjg, Agemun

nemiyad.

teen molaqate bats, hfc Agmm

nemiyad.

betowre kollf, mmn tast15 biLdam

miyad, vae meyl rAdarmm tdro

bgbinmm.

the b4detun miyad, migmm,

nlyarmnd.

tem goftalne loqmte baaci, baidmm miyad.

Adegan xedmmte jenabe tali

gmrEfyib godmnd, vm Oftmnd, ke

tmz rmftmne besinemg, x6gegan

nemiyad.

Adegan bebmnde fmrmddmnd, ke

Id b4degan miyad.

tintowrke gale eft, tmz Boma

xeyli Ages miyad.

tettefaq4n Imz didmne 7d xgyli

Agmm tammd.

tem tagnatlye bard xgyli xogeg

tammd.

tmzin ars, xeyli Agm nemiyad

arse digro gord konim.

tettefmcialn, hickari linja n4kmrd.

q4b1mz mftalne besinem60 gomao

xaametun bfflraye gam, manzele ma

biyalid.

P. 5.7778

beende feftexare molaqate ligdno

tabehal n4dagtEm.

doer hoddde safate tint miresim.

deestdr dSdid meegrub biyar42

187es ?N. I

P050178

jmmadi rmfte bemolaqAte tesmit. nemidunmm baxencime tesmit tagenAst,

lettemOn,tiglino motmrrefi kmrdmnd. ya n4.

xancim. testedtA mllonmm, gomt gAm hazere. befmrmatid sure miz.

befmrmatid. fmrmddid, xanome jmvadiro

the mmgrdb meyl nmdarid, migmm n6migenasid2

qmhve biyarmnd. bmnde tabehAl tin teftexAro

tabehAl t isuno molaqAt n4kmrdmm. nmdagtmm.

tettemovn, min las jmvadi mArsi, m4n teen magrdb Agmm

Ageem nemiyad. nemiyad.

nalxeyr. fmramug nAkerdmm. fmramdg kmrdid bemehmunA begid,

Ike nimsatat Arkonid, tagrif gAm hazere2

miyarmnd. bmraye fmrzaseam, xedmAte taqgye

cerA nemixayd bmraye gAm inja fesmIt gmrafygb god.

tmgrif dagte bagid. tam tmgrlf lavorane smrkAr,

satmte dowo nlm tmgrif bordia xeyli xogvaIxtmm.

locietto yek Mmrtebe tekrAr konid. cerA linlA tagrif favordmnd.

x6b. borne tmgrif biyarid. gam, mend martebe loqmto tmkrAr kmrdin

s4rd god. fmq4t befmrmatid yealase tAb

nimsalmte pig tmgrif bordmnd. biyarmnd.

key funja tmgrif mibmwid7 tmgrif dagte bagid. miyand.

fez tegrif favord4negun baling key fmrmddid finjA biyand.

cfzi nhoftmnd. Ano xancim, bah4m bemmnzele

'Age moltmfet nemigid, jamadi mirim.

befmrmafid. bid h4m hmmeenin las molaqAte

beheg begid, eg Bede. smrk.Ar mmsrArmm.

188

P.5.179

beheg gdg bede. bebin, ci mige. bebaxgid. logeho xdb tmlaffoz

fin logetto bexonid. nEekardid.

taqaya javadi tmgrif dgrand2 nimsatate pig tagrif lavordand.

midunid kojg tmgrif bordan7 satmthg montmzereg godam, v4li

!Age to nimsaiete dige sabr, wkamad.

konid, tmgrif miyarand. cer4 nemlfarmafid t i 'age manza

dastdr bedid, der hoddde satate tmgrif darand,

heeft berg. yesalate_pig dowre kardim. halg

mersi, m4n betowre kolli ma grdb arse pelnjo sore mikonim.

nemixormm. sera gdg nemidid.

dorOst bejavadi gdg bedid. bebinidt loci4to xdb tmlmffm nlkmrdid.

ci mige. ciAbimz rmftlne besinemg,

ce safhetiro mixonid. beresturgn tmgrif mibarand.

ce saTheliro bgz kamdido xoda hafeze sarkAr.

Conversation

Smith: salgm larz mikonmm, !awe jamadi.

Javadi: seam lea bmnde gorban, xaheg mikonam, befarmatid td.

S: xeyli motgakkeram. hgle jenabe tall, ke xubast?

J: b4le. x4yli mm mndnmm. hAle sarkare xaam eetowrmst.

S: fig& halS deer tehrAn tagrif needarand. befenrikg raftmlnd.

J: qahve meyl mifarmalid, dastdr bedmm biyarand.

S: tmz marhamketun xeyli motEakkeram.

hlelmmd kojd raefti. qahve hazer god, ya nee.

189011.;

13405.180

Ahmad: bate gorban. halg mi,yaram.

J: do gilgsol ye botriymm tabegw biyar.

A: bete gorban.

S: motegmkkermm. maen taz tabgw xgam rgmiyad. dastdr befarmatid,

fagat qatve btrare.

J: mifarmatid, tart tabegw b4detun miy4dT

S: axeyr. xeyli beedmm nemiyad. Ali halg nemixam.

J: x6b. haIrtowr ke meyle jengbe talist.

A: befarmatid gorban.

S: motgakkeram.

J: xclb tagaye tesmit. teen jahgtike didid tatrif konid. lac tehrans

xgetun miygd?

S: belle. belle. tehrgn, gilhre xdbo boz6rgi .ode.

J: yek qmtveye dige meyl mifarmatia

S: n& motegekkeram. yek fenjgn bEeste.

A: xancimi birun tagrlf darmnd, va mixand xedmaltetan garafyib begmnd.

S: Igsmegun, dye.

A: cOrban. farmddand, xantme saleh.

J: to.. bgles belle. begu tagrif blyarand td.

xgnom. steigm terz mikona m. xeyli xogingxt godam ke tagrif

tavordid.

Xancim: motegakkeram, tagaye jamadi. hgle soma vae xaametun ke Abe.

J: 10,1 maniimmatte sarkgr, bald nist. xeyli mamndnam. xanZm, sarkgr

tagaye tesmIto mignasid:

X: axeyr. tabehtil teftexgre tagnatiye tigdno naidagtam.

190c

P.5.084

4L0

7$.0 ,

J: !guys tesmit. xancime laclaye salgh. laggye !emit.

S: !az did&ne sarkgr, xgyli maerdr vm xogvAxtmm.

X: anmm, hAmcenin.

S: mnn halg bay& beratm. bmtd gomgro m!birmm, xodA hales.

J: xodg hafgz.

S: 'az molacigte sEarkgr xeyli xavcext godmm.

X: mersi. motgmkkgrmm.

191

P.5.182

192

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P.6,190

200Persian Basic Course

Unit 6

Basic Sentences

possible

Excuse me, sir, could you (tis

it possible that....') tell me

what time is it now

quarter

Its a quarter past two.

Smith

Javadi

Smith

momk4n

3 1 2 3

bibmxgtd tags momkene

befarmalid! halA 04

salatisti

rob [r6b1]

2 3 I 2 1

saute, dewo rOble:

day rim

letter name

newspaper ruznam4

Thank you very much. Would

you please pass me that

newspaper.

Javadi

of course

Certainly, here you are.

3 2 1 2 3

x4y1i; meennlineem: momkene;

2tun raznamgro lett'

befmrmatia

telbatt42 3 1

# 3 1 #helbmtt4 clorbun. b4fermatid.

as, like mgsle

it seems as though mgsle tInke

accent, dialect lmhjg

French fmransami

Excuse me, sir, it seems as

though you have a slight

accent. Are you French?

No, Ifni American.

Smith

Javadi.100.4M0

P.6.191

3 1 # 3 1 30fgqa. bSbmxid, mesle tinkel

2 1

soma kmmi lmhjg darid.

a 3fmransmvi hmstidi

3 1 # 2, 3 1ameyr. mEn temrikafi hmstmml

goodness xubi

so well (tto such goodness?) belln xubi

memory ygd

to take gereftAn (gir-)

to learn ygd gereft&

Then were did you learn

Persian so well?

Smith

2

pAs soma kojg farsi betin

3121xubi; ygd gereftid!

authority, options freewill textiygr

oh please; not at all; you textiygr darid

have complete freedom; on the

contrary; it is your prerogative

alone, only; lonely tmnhg

perhapss but, rather betake

201

P06.192

not only but .also

Oh please, I not only speak

Persian with an accsnt but

I also make mictakcs,

Javaii

Ohl

conversation

to speak, to talky to converse

Oh sir, what kind of words are

these. You speak quite well.

I wish, would that

to be able

English

I wish I'could speak English as

well.as [you speak] ('your')

Persian.

kindness, love, affection

Thank you for [your] kindness.

Did you learn Persian in Tehran?

1 Ws

Smith11=g-

Javadi

202

atanha blIke

2 3 1 2, 3,2lextiy4r darld': man neetanha

farsiro baImhiS htfrf mizmneeml

2 3b4lke legteb4 hmm mikonam.

ley

sohb4t

so!lbelit karan

3 214y tags

2xeyliyam

2 3 i

tin ce hmrfalist.

3 1

xi5.b sohbEet mikonid.

kSgke

tunestaln (tun-)

[tmvanestain (Umviln-]

lenglisi / lengelisi

2 3 i 2Wke an hem; asle farsiye

3 1 2

gomil mitunestmm tenglisi

heal' bezmnmm.

mohabbegt

2 3 2 1

lam tin mohmbbAt; mamminma

2 3jenlbe. tali farsiro deer tehrSn

yad gereftidl

---....wwwernarmreaw

Smith

self

myself

By the way, I forgot to

introduce myself (to you).

Charles

member$ officer

pl.

Embassy

IN Charles Smith, a member

[of the staff] of the American

Embassy in Tehran.

Javadi

P.6.193

xed

X8dTM

2 32rasti fa rama kmrdmm, ke Admmo

3 91 2

xedmalte jenSbe tali, moimrrefi

konmm.

gSrlz

tozv

kelzA

s efar&t

2 3 2

bmnde gArlz fesmit; tOzve

3 2

sefareete femrikV, dwr

tehrAn4:

engineer mohmndes

employee karmAnd

ministry vezarett

road r4h

And IN engineer Javad Javadip

an employee of the Ministry

of Roads.

time

how long

20$OV

23bet/1de hmmI mohmndes 3ievgde

3 2

jmvadij karmAnde vezar&te

rah'.

velat [1.74qt]

Amext fca5nd v40]

Po6o94

language; tongue

to study

How long has it been since

you studied the Persian

language?

whin [ zbtin]

mo tale I g laerdEtn

3caumxte kel soma zeabgne

3 2 1

farsiro j motale t g krerdid

Smith

month; moon mgh

foreign xarejg

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, vezaate xareg

Department of State

Washington va&Engtem

2 3noh mhe ke zdbgne farstroj deerI studies Persian at the State

Department in Washington

nine months ago,

indeed, really

beautiful

Your Washington is really a

beautiful cityt

Javadi

Smith

could it be that (on hearing a

remark contrary to expectation)

you have been

2

vezarEtte xaregye tenrikg dew

3 2vasengt6n; motalef4 kmrdmmt

valet&

qg2 3vaciet4n vageangtece Somg;

2 1 /2

Mire cregAngist:

(mmer) age

(budglid] budIld

P. 6.195

Oh, you've been in Washington? mtggmr some dmr vagmngtOn budi'd.

[buds'id]

Javadi

year edl

life zondogi

to live zendegi kmrdefn

university danegeh

Yes, I lived for two years in

Washington and went to George

Washington University.

Smith00 1.14004.0

3 1 4 2bete g- dOsal dam vagmngtem

3 I2zendegi mikmrdmm, vas bedanegahe

3 2 1

grj vagmngtOn; mireefteml

tomorrow faesda

the day after tomorrow

Would you like to come over

to our house for lunch the

day after tomorrow?

invitation

Thank you very much for your

invitation, I shall certainly

come.

paasfterdd

2 3 2

mey1 darid; pmsfara bmrdye

Javadi

nandr tgrif biyarid

ma-Ale md

the'vest

2

tEez dezes.vtte jendbe tali xdyli

3 2

mmmndnmm; vas seelhmtte

xah4m lamed/

P.6,196


pencil

to sharpen, to shave,

to scrape

Where can I (lone') sharpen

this pencil?

pen

ink, essence

full

medSd

taragideln (taxa-)

2 3 1

'In mead° kojA mige taragidf

claim

jowh&r

p6r

to fill, refill .p6r lard&

This pen doesn't have [any]

ink. Where can I (lone')

fill it?

tape

Did you listen to the

tape today?

3 12 1 Ai

tin gems; jowhoir adare:2 1

k014 mige pOreg kaard.

zus-vgr

2 3few& benmvar gdg dadidi

2 3You (tone') must listen to hEer ruz bay& bensvdr gdg

1

the tape every day. dad.

Note 6.i

ADa-/

Prepositions

balun gace bozOrg

benevisid.

Notes

Write with that large [piece

of] chalk.

P.6.197

/be-/ lino befarsi, ci migid. How do you say this in Persian?

hal& beforudgahe mehraba% Wetve now arrived at the

residim. Mehrabad airport.

meyl darld, bahmm besinemi Would you like to go with me to

berim. the movies.

fmramdg kmrdmm tagaye I forgot to introduce you to

jmvadira begoma mofmrrefi Mr. Javadi (tMr. Javadi to

konmm. yout).

bedaneggAhe jorj I went (fused to ge!) to

vageigt6n mirmftmm. G. W. University,

Aez/ !am ling, koj& berim. There should we go from here?

tin forude tee gmhr Is this airport far from the

are? city

xanOm hmm tam didmne My wife will be very glad to

soma, xeyli xoghS1 see you too,

mise.

tam 1Stfetan, xeyli Thank you very much for your

ma mansem. kindness.

tmz tin tagnati, xeyli Itm very gladd to meet you.

mffsrdrmm.

tam dmtvmte jenabe tall Thank you very much for your

xeyli mamminalm. invitation.

maln tam mmgrub mgam I don't like alcoholic drinks.

amiyad.

P.6.198

/der/ ys restorane xdb, rimer

'in nehmanxane hmst.

der tin restorgn mmgrib

darid?

bmnde garlz teamit.

tOzve sefarmte femrikd

deer tehrdn.

&mg deer vagmngton

budid?

d6saldair vagmngtotn

zendegi mikmrdmm.

/ta/ bmnde tabehdl, leftexAre

molaci4te lig4nra

naldakcetm.

/bmrdye/ TM cizi hem bmraye

/b1-/ mmze, bmrdmun biyarid.

bmraye larze

xedmete-smrkdr,

gmrmfydb godam.

/salre/ bdfmrmafid were miz.

/id/ seri ndmifmrmafid td.

There's a good restaurant in

this hotel.

Do you have alcoholic drinks in

this restaurant?

I'm Charles Smith a member of

the American Embassy in

Tehran.

Were you in Washington?

I lived in Washington for

two years.

I havenft had the honor of

meeting him yet ('up to

now!).

and bring (for) us also some

hors d'oeuvres (tsomething

for hors dtoeuvrest).

I came to present my respects

to you.

Please come to the table.

Why don't you come in

/xedmeSte/ feerama imerden ke

xOdEano xedme3te jenabe

tall., moterrefi konarn.

P.6.199

I forgot to introduce myself

to you.

These are examples of forms which function as prepositions, taken

from the Basic Sentences of 1-6. While all of them form phrases which

function in a similar fashion, several different types of construction

are involved.

The first category is that of inseparable, prefix forms, such as

/be-/, /6-/, as in /beforudgi/s ibefarsi4 /bah4m/, /batlin/. Before

pronominal suffixes the 'prefix preposition' may have special forms,

as /beh-/, /bah -/ (see Note 3.2).

The second category contains those prepositions which may be said

as separate words or may be prefixed to the following word. Examples

are /dEer/s /tEez/, /ta/: /dyer tin mehmanxan6/ or /da3rin ../ In this

hotel', /teem ling/or /taming/ 'from heret, /ta ling/ or Aatinjg/

'up to heret. This is dependent on the style of speech. Compare also

/behttlerelzfn/ tbetter than this', /bEe'dmggAm/ (for /bmid teen gull, with

assimilation of /z/ to the following /g/) rafter dinner'.

The third category is that of 'nominal prepositions'. These are

nouns which may take connective /e/ (ezafe) and form adverbial phrases

functioning as prepositional phrases. Examples with ezafe are:

/xedm&te /, /s4re/s AmtrAyeA, The first two of these are regular nouns

frequently met with otherwise: /xedmAt/ !service' and /seer/ 'head'.

The third is no longer in use as an ordinary noun but falls into the

same category because of its use of ezafe. Occasionally the ezafe is

dropped with nominal prepositions. With /tu/ both forms are frequently

found: Au mmnz41/ and Adye nranzel/ tin the house'. Ati/ as a noun

means 1(the) inside'. Persian has a very great number of these nominal

prepositions, many of which will occur in later units.

Note that no one English preposition ever translates anyone

209

P.6.200

Persian preposition in all its uses. Translations of prepositions are

always just rough equivalents. An accurate translation can only be

made when the preposition is used in a sentence. Then it is a transla-

tion of the preposition as used in that santasseLfor. that situation.

This is typical and is true of all languages having prepositions. The

student must simply get used to the way in which a given preposition is

used.

It is, however, possible to give general translations for Persian

prepositions which may help the student in 'remembering their uses:

lba-/ 'with'

/be-/ stogy att

Pmz/ 'from, of, than, about!

/deer/ tin, at!

/ta/ Ito, ;up to, until, than'

/bmrdye/ 'for'

Mere/ ton, at!

/tu/ tint

/xedin&te/ 'tot (person)

It is very important to note the use of prepositions with certain

verbs. Following is a list of verbs and prepositions which have

occurred, illustrating their meanings when used together:

lamed& be.. tto come to (place) dirdz betehrin lammdmm.

lame& pa:3 Ito come tot (person) lammdmm pi'e Komi.

bid Taman lms Ito dislike ! tme ling bAdmm miyad.

dmetdr dad& be- to instruct, bemmer dmetir dad, ketib bexunmm.4

lestedia kmrdin seen 'to request! teen Koma lestedli mikonmm.

(polite) kmmi yamaKt4r hmrf bezmnid.

fehmidin lam Ito learn (find lino Inez Komi fshmidmm.out) from'

gotten be. 'to say, to tells f/no bemin goft.

hirf man ba- 'to speaks tintowr batmen hmrf nimmnid.

1 410

jmvAb dad& be- Ito answer!

lotf lard& be- !to give!(polite)

magzeralt xast4n !cm Ito apologize!

motegmkker budmn hez Ito thank'

rear.' same as lammdmn

resian be- Ito arrive!

solS1 kmran laz Ito ask(a question)!

sohlott kmrimn ba- Ito talk!

glrt kmran ba- !to guarantee!

sore kmrdetn be- Ito begin!

tmlrif kardmn (TRANS.) !to describe,to tell!

talrif kard4b Imo Ito speak highly!

tmvmjj6h kmrdatn be- Ito payattention!

xaligg kard4n IXZ Ito request!

xog !mean 1ms Ito like!

xogvEtxt goan !az !to bedelighted!

mehmat dad be- amixam begomA what bedmm.

P.6.201

ben& javab adad,

ketho bebmnd4 16tf konid.

Tem soma mmtzeriet mixam.

!mz soma motegmkkSrmmo

k4y miresid betehrin.

Ifno !cm mmn solil kmrd.

bagoma belenglisi sohb4lt mikonmm,

men bagomS gtrt mikonmm ke !in

kSro to yek satmte digs tam m

bekonmm.

or kmrdmm bexundfil.

'in hekay4to tolrif konid.

leez soma x4yli talrif kmrd.

bek&re x6detun tmvmjjoh konid.

!me soma xah4g mikonmm, ymAg

hmrf bezanid.

fez tin keth Agmm miyad.

!az dianetun xograIxt godmm.

/pile/ (compare big/ !before!) is another nominal preposition.

/xedm&te/ may substitute for /be -/ or /age/ when a politer phrase is

desired, as hedmAte god, admm/ for jbegoa, admm/Hand hced4te soma,

1k/til

P.6.202

sameldmm/ for /pige gourd, samAdmm/ (see Note 5.:).

Note 6.2 The Stem Form of the Verb

114. sintowr ndmige goft.

kojl mine greg kmrd.

No it's not possible to say

it this way.

Where can it be filled.

rum baymd benfievar One should listen to the tape

gug dad. every day.

In these sentences the subject is unspecified. In situations where

the subject is unspecified, constructions like 'possible to says, tone can

fills, 'one should listens consist of a verb form in the third person

singular followed by a special form of the verb..

This special form of the verb is the t-stem. It is tenseless and

impersonal (does not indicate who is doing the abtion or when it is

being done). The forms Apft6 her kmrd/, /idg dad/ above are examples

of this tenseless impersonal 'stem forms of the verb.

Words that may precede the stem form are:

/60e/ or its more formal counterpart Aitmvan/ 'is possible, is

permissible, is feasible, one cans and /bayeld/ 'is necessary, must, one

should, (all these forms are the third person singular of the verbs

/godsfin/, /tEevanestEinV and /bayestan/ used impersonally).

When the subject is specific, these verbs are followed by the

Optative form, as in /baymd bdigid/ 'you must says or /ndmiie 'in biro

bekanid/ 'it's impossible for you to do this'.

Note 6.3.1 The use of /Obi= NEU 430/ sbefores.and /bold= [bed

seem]/ *afters.

1. Ohl= reefane besinemA, Come over to our house before

bemmnzdle and biyasid. going to the movies.

2. bittdms gdm, sinemd Be my guest at the movies after

mehmane min band. dinner.

I 212

P.6.203

The adverbs /gyeb1/ or /Pig/ 'before' and /bm'd/ or /pees/ 'after'

are always used together with the preposition /teen/ when preceding a noun,

as in /bm'dmz gam/ !after dinner' or a verbal noun, as in /44blas

reeft4n/, !before goings.

When followed by a verb, the fullowing constructions are used:

/44bleez sinke/ or /pigmz 'inke/ 'before' and /We'd= linke/or Ms=

linke/ !after'.

Thus, sentence i can be rephrased:

cimblas 'inke berid besinem4,

bemmnzele m4 biyatid.

and sentence 2:

Come to our house before you go

to the movies.

b4Idmz tinke sam xordid, Be my guest at the movies after

einem& mehmmine ran bagid. you've had (!you ate') dinner.

After jgmblac 'inke/ (or bfgam tinke/) the verb is always in the Optative

even in situations when it refers to an action completed in the past..

For example:

in rmftmm pigas !inks god I left before you came.

biyalid.

Alter Aces dm linke/ (or Apetsmz 'inks /) the verb is usually in the

Simple Past even in situations when it refers to an action which is

going to be completed in the future. For example:

b4Odam tInke soma tammdid, Ill' leave after you have come

an dram, ('camet).

The main clause of the sentences tells us whether the speaker refers to

the past or t1 future.

Note 6.3.2 The use of/bed/ and /pals/ 'then'.

The word bed/ !then' is used in Persian only in the sense of

'next in order of time', 'later', 'afterwards',

P.6.204

Examples:

b&ld &Ara mibinmm. see you later.

rdcrtim berestur&n, bPd We went to the restaurant and

r4ftim besinemd. then to the movies.

/p4s/ 'then' is used in the sense of lin that case!, or 'well, then'.

Examples:

the nixatid bdrid resturAn,

pals berim sinea.

If you don't want to go to the

movies, then let's go to the

restaurant.

Os ye botrf lab36w bemmn bedid. Well then give me a bottle of

beer.

Note 6.4 /be-/ and /betin/ before Abstracts in /-1/

pees some kojg Tarsi belin xuhf, Then where did you learn

yEid gereftid. Persian so well?

The Suffix /-f/ 'pertaining tot when affixed to adjectives was

discussed in Note 3.5 paragraph b). The phrase /belin xubf/ translated

literally tto such goodness' corresponds to the English 'so good, so

well'. Other examples: /be in bmdf/ !so bad', /be' ire qmgmngi/ tso

beautifults etc.

The English 'as ast (e.g. as good as') and 'not so as:

(e.g. 'not so good as...') is rendered in Persian by using the same

suffix /4/ with the ezaf4 connecting it with the word which is being

compared. Examples:

'in ketab bexubfye tun ketatbe. This book is as good as that

one.

'in ketdb bexubfye ketab This book is not so good as

nist. that one.

Note 6.5 Verb: imperfect

aSsal deer vagmngt6n zendegi

mikmrdmm, vee bedaneggihe jorj

vase ngtdn mIrmftmm.

kiffice m4n hmm, asle farsf4ye gomg,

mitunestmm tenglesi hmrf

bezmnmm.

P.6.205

I lived for two years in Washing-

ton and went to George Washing-

ton University.

I wish I could speak Persian as

well as you speak English.

When referring to the past, this form corresponds roughly to the

Past Progressive in English (used to do so and so).

The Imperfect described a habitual or continuous state or action in

the past. The verb /aanestAn/, for instance, which denotes a continuous

state of knowing, is not used in the Simple Past tense e.g. /tino

midunestmm/, when, however, a single act of knowing something at a given

time is expressed, an Iranian would use the verb Amhmid4n/ tto under-

stand' rather than /aanestmn/ tto know?. For example /tun vast

fehmidem ke hAleg xdb nist/ tat that time I knew (i.e. realized, under-

stood) that his health wasn't good'.

The Imperfect is used to denote wishful thinking, as in /kggke

mitunestmm lenglesi h4rf bezmnmm/ II wish I could speak English'.

It isalso used in conditional sentences where the condition is

hypothetical, i.e. refers to an action which could have but did not

take place. This use of the Imperfect will be taken up in later units.

Note 6.6 Verb: Future Tense

teen dmtv4te jengbe tali xAyli Thank you very much for your

mmmanmm, v8e tmlbmtte xaha5m ('and') I shall

'amend. certainly come.

The future hcahmm TamEed/ TI shall comet is a compound verbal form

consisting of the present 'indefinite' form (without the /Mi-/ prefix)

of the verb Aastaln/1 which takes the appropriate personal endings, and

P.61,206

the t-form of the verb. Example:

xdhatm tamed tI shall comet xahim tamed twe shall comet

xahi tamed 'you wail comet xahld tammd tyoumill comet

xahefd tamed the, she, it will comet xisand tamed 'they will comet

This form is used whether in very formal speech or when the speaker

wishes to emphasize the certainty of the action which is going to occur

or the state of affairs which will exist. It is, therefore," very often

accompanied by such words as !certainly, of course, definitelyt, etc.

Otherwise the future tense in the spoken Persian is expressed by the

Present - Future Tense (mi- form):

Grammatical DrillsGD. 6.t

mean !madam betinji, &aro

bebinam,

mAn lamadmm pise

jamadi tamed age men,

fmrdd xedmate coma miresmm.

tem% pfge soma miyam.

xiyil darmm bevagMngton berm.

tam forudg4 ta gmhr, rih ddre7

main temiruz mirmm betehrdn, vm

y4k ruz deer lung xahmm bud.

ddruze ke deer tehraln hos'am.

Bare satate dd, xedmAtetun miressem.

berim tuye xanS.

jeevadf tamed bemanzele msin.

ml, tammdtm betehrSn.

soma fOBZ kojd tamadid.

bellOma goftmm ke kSr dagtmm.

beld begid pdsferda xedm&t

miresmm.

haZ4rid bamem berim behotel7

taz mmnzele main ta mmnz4letun

ddsatmt rahe.

k4y miresid betehrdn.

digab save miz xedmdte taclaye

javadf moterred godmm.

;men *me lin ket&b, btedam tamad.

satire mize gdm xedmmtetun tarz mikonmm. tem lotfetan besyir motgMkkdrm m.

jamldi fez tesmft bmdeg miyad. m4n begars& &est& dadam, qme4

biyare.

P.66207

paseban beman daetdr dad, ke lam Boma lestedlA mikonam, farsi

leez linja bgra m. hart bezmnid,

lam xan6metun xahgil kardam, gAm lam laclaye javadi fahmidmm, ke

biyalid mmnzele me. lesmit belamrikA raft4.

meal dige bagomA lenglisi harf meal begoma goftmm, farsi hmrf

nAmizanmm. bezanid,

lestedlA mikonam, luno balm 16tf xanome &wadi tin ketAbo bemoan

konid. lStf kardand.

yek fenjan gaehv6 beman lotf nemixam beso'aletun jamdb bedmmo

konid, motegakk4r migmm. lmz soma solAl kardam kojA midid.

jamadi lam paseban solgl kard, pasebAn betu javAb dad sinemA

sinemA kojast. daste raste hotAle.

kgy besolale man jamb midid. zeyli teaz soma mmlzerAt mixam ke

Jamie Tam soma =Ozer& xast? dfr lamada m.

las soma xatigg mikonam, are les diddne gomd xeyli xogv4xt

safmte d6, biyayid tin ja. godam.

tam some xeyli maitzeralt mixam, be tin ars xeyli tammjjoh konid.

ke bgtun zahmAt dadmm. beharaye laclaye jamadi, tamajjoh

xandmam lam tehrAn, x4y1i tmlrif konid.

lard. lino baraye min talrff konid.

xun&tuno baraye mAn tmlrif kard. lam xun&tun xiyli Writ' km d.

bexanommm, lam tenglisbe gold bAgid baraye mm gairod biyarand.

Writ kard. 'fn ketAbo bmraye kelps tmlrif

gord 'card betmlrif kardAne lin konid.

ketgb. mi mixam biyam pipe gamd.

P.6.208

lamruz reeftid pi'e 'acme jevadi?

GD. 6.2 The Stem Form of the Verb

xedmketun lammdmm, bArim pile

'awe jmmadi.

/Amiga. bay4d qamego goft. bay4d xodahafezi kmrdo rift.

mice tfno tmrjom6 kmrd: bared 18BZ tisun xah4g keerd, ke

?fritowr befarsi /Amiga goft. bermnd.

halA bay4d tagAro xast. beed bAgid, baymd tam4do kAr kmrd.

sat4te car, baymd betunjA resid. lino baymd picido b6rd.

clOrbun. halA mile sunja rmft7 tin° remise picid.

deer tmrjorg abaymd legtebd kmrd. tondt&r ?mein remise heerf zed.

ymvagimr teed mige hmrf zmd: bay4d Met° be!d dad.

tin karAro baymd k&rdo rmft. halA bay& dowre kmrd.

bay4d retfto taro did. remise ?inkAro kmrd.

qmedro bay Ardo raft. remise lintowr goft.

mice t.intowr goft: bay4d nahAro lung xord.

mice ha]A 'ord kmra fln azdro bay4d dunest.

halA qmeS n4baymd xord. 'fn cizLo abayad goft.

tun xaamo n4baymd did. bajmvadl remise lung raft.

tin kAro tintour raise kmrd. tintowrike migid, amige goft.

tin ci2hAro bay4d fmhmid. m/ge behin dastguff rmft?

nAmige rest rmft. baymd dmete hag bay4d d4rso sore kmrd.

cep berid. fin tmrlom4ro halA remise

hal& ke tinjA hmstim, bay4d tmmdm kmrd.

farsfro xdb yad gereft. temg4b raise funjA berim.

P.6.209

las ling mite begethr raft? ceteur m4ge linkSro bekonim.

b4baxgid momkene befarmatid yamagar !man /Amiga harf zeal?

hali ce sataltist? kel4s tam& sod. halA raise raft.

teen tung bemanale taggye jamadi lemgmb mige lung raft2

mige raftT nee. temg4b, nemige.

salke peenj, mige besinemA raft? ngod besinemS berim.

nod xandmo bebinim. ling amige sier

baymd rdzi yek sal& tin natrAro mice bemanza bord?

benavSr gdg dad. tfntowr amige kdr kard.

lino /Amiga befarsi tarjome kard. xSstam turo bebinam, vgai agod.

n4xeyr. nod ?Jiro bebinam. xiyAl dagtim bah& bemmnzele

tin locialto lintowr nemige jamadi berim, v&li neggod.

taieff6z kard, dar vagangtOn, zabdne farsiro

ldntowr abayad xund. koiS mite motalet4 kard.

halal qmd netbayad bexore. farsfrr lintowr abayad hvrf sad.

qm1Smo por akonid. tun kdro magrdb lintowr abayeed xord.

twv41 baymd kard. baraye gomS xdb nist.

tin cizo n4bayad bedune.

GD. 6.3

pigez tinke sore bekonid betarjame

karan, 48741 ketdbo bexonid.

ptgas gordte betarjome karanetnn,

tavv41 ketdbo bexunid.

pig= !Like befmrmatid ttio bafaqaye

jamadl sohbalt bekonide

qablaz linke besinema togrif

bebarid, bay& gAmo bexonid,

P.6.aio

bmidam rettAnemun besinemi

beritun migmm.

bmtdem sinemi, beritun migmm.

Axed= tInke besinemi

buritun migam.

taclaye jevadf net.

gekamm tinke taqaym jemadf

rft.

betdem gims tabejdw mixorim.

bEetdEez tinke gam =dim, tabejem

mixorim.

ages doers xandinetan, ketibo biz

konid.

pigmz tinke &gra bexunid, lath°

biz konid.

pflmz teem= godAne &firs, jemadfro

bsbinid.

plgem tlnke ars team begs,

jemadfro bebinid.

cleiblEez tavordAne well* bibinid

satAta dande.

cleblea t/nke clehmAro biyarid,

bibinid satAte cAnde.

cleblem *fake berarsi begid yi

motebi betenglisl begid.

bEttdmz residnemun begiihr, lim

mixorim.

bEetdetz tinke begehr'residfm,

gimmixDrim.

'Aldan reftlnetun begrthr bayed

tinji biyatid.

bEetdas tinke begmhr reetfd

bayed tinji biyatid.

Oblez dadene grim, tvlbibinid, gorosnAst ya n46

qAkaem tfnke gam bedid, temvAl

bibinid gorosnAst ya

pfgmz tinke begehr berid, bay&

tIn kir° tem& konid.

pigez reftAnetun begmhr, bay&

tin kiro team & konid.

plgem nahir tegrff biyarid

Wks tinke nail& bexorfd, tmgrff

biyarid

pigem xordAne nahir tegrff

biyarid

palems nahir vanhiro mfbinmm.

pEesEez tinke nahir XOrd1171,

tunhiro mfbinest.

420

P.6.211

gam aim besinemi tmgrif gMblme linke tmarlf biyarmnd,

mibearmud. some bgymd berid.

pas= !Like aim meyl kerand qmblmz tmarif gavordeinehn, aomi

besinemi tmarif mibmrand.. baymd berid.

W. 6.4

restorin begin xubf neadide. genglisf bexubfye =Alia sohbEet

fars1 begin xubf, koji yad.gereftid. mikone.

hotel begin bozorgf neldidEegnd. gesmit gengliairo bexUblye

bexubfye Ifn manzel hicja nist. xandmea mixune.

xanegi begin bozotgf hIcvmxt xandme begin qmamngf diegd2

adidmm. hfcgemrikagf bexubfye gaciaye

hfc firani nAdideelm ke begin xubf gesmit herf nimizmne.

genglesi hirf bezmne. hic sagAti begin xubf kar nemikone.

bebozotglya vaamngt6n, jitira jigi begin durf naldidmfm.

adidem. qmhve begin xubf, nixorde budim.

geatebi begin bozorgf n4adde.

GD. 6.5

mfgottandxdbmifirenaxtaandelun.

didmmea ke bedmssauff miraft.

bagaggye jmvadf miya madand.

dfdamea. besinemi nitre ft.

javadlo xanemeao dfdmm, ke einem&

larnfarsiroxubmidunest, halm

genglisir0.

2

g/no xdb midunest.

miyammd tine bagomi sohbset bekone.

lards° xdb midunest vm xdb

mffmhmid.

berstorine forudgih mirmftmnd.

mfdid ke t inJe hmstwnd.

P.6.212

amixastmnd begomi zatrAti bedmnd.

amidunpstmnd, koji baymd raft.

mIxastim bshigun h4rf bezadm.

amiOppest koji bere,

m/xastmnd montmeSretun begmed.

taqiye jadf hair rue 'inja

miyumd.

farsiro amr tfn danegglh yid

migereft.

asie linke fmransS hsrf mized.

jmvadi tme tesmft xogeg nelnipused,

vm lesmit teen jmvadf.

hicvmxt tuna adidsm.

tamed tinji, ke Its some

xodahafezi bekone.

vixtike tammdmm Menzel,

xan6metuno didmm.

v&xti tamsioninmnzel,

xandmetuno didern.

n4mixastmnd bmpaye gim bemanzgle

jawed bermnd.

mixast b4dune sinemi key sore

mige.

gmdin mikmrdmm =me] jmvadf

r4ftmnd.

v&xtikemfxundEendxSyli lesfebi

mhaerdmnd.

baimhjSye xilb hmrf amized.

hicvmxt tme taclaye jmvadf xamm

amiyammd.

.Narrative

Itve never seen him.

He came here to say goodbye

to you.

When I came home I saw your

wife.

Just as I came home 7 saw

your wire.

dastineiek

dirdz 'awe tesmft 'amend bemmnale taclayejmvadl bmaye near.

xiiii 1ms lamriki vas jahiye dier bah& sohbefit kmrdmnd. jmvadf hfcvmxt

dmr tamriki nefbud vie Arita-A dagi bSdune ke lung cejur jitist.

22 4i'

P.6.213

baraye tin, fagiym tesmit cidsatmte tam& fisz 41mrik4 sohbe5t mikmrd. *tam

vagamgan goft, tam nyoyfrk goft, tam kalifornyi goft. tam

tmtrif kmrdine tesmit, besydr xoiel tammd. lesmit beard xoda hafezi kmrdo

raft.

so taldt

1. key tagaye tesmit raft bemmnzSle tagaye javadi,

2. tagaye jmvadf dirdz koji met.

3. lomi dirdz ko3d retid.

4. card tagaye tesmft raft bemmnzile tagaye javadi.

5, ki bmroye nahir tammd bemenzile jmvadi.

6. Somi dirdz nahar xordicil

7, kojd, nahar xordid,

8. tagaye tesmft vs tagaye javadi tmz ci jahAti bahmm sohbet laerdend,

9. jmvadi ceri mAyl daft tam tamriki xSyli cizhi bidune,

10. tesmit mend sat& tmz family& sohb&t mikard.

it, jmvadi tem tmtrff kardine tesmit bride; lammd, ya

12. bmtdmz tin !awe tesmft cS kerd.

destine d6

immidmnblenidAu (error rinerr- / imam :1) t4 hear

dirdz beraye tagaye javadi yak raze xiyli bidi bud. tam ?cavil

aid xdb nibud. vixtike tamed sire kir, betd eftand ke digs amixond

to lung kir bekone, rm bayid tafera tez tunja bere birdn. tez

Senidine tin h&rf hile Id hear sod, vs raft mail. Thai 'mad

mmnz41, =Ana tam Id sotdl kard, ke ceri tin Batik tamale. jevadi

P.6.214

gdft,,ke 01 ;Ode, xandmejmmadf, blAtliez linke lin hmetro lenfdy lees

xand net birdn, vee dig ayammd.

sotaldt"1.1.041.01.0.11111111

1. dirdz odjur rdzi bmraye javadf bud.

24 bmraye ki diruz raze beldi bud.

3. diruz odjur rdzi beeraye gomd bud.

4. hdle jmvadi oetdwr bud.

5. hile kis xdb abud.

6. javadi bekog lamed.

7. 16mi kily are kar taemdid.

8, bejamadi of goftmnd,

9. cent bmdtmr sod.

to. vixti jmvadi lamed moral, ki lung bud.

11. xandme 111 cekir kard4

12. xandme Iomikoilst.

13. memzhe 16mi kojast,

P6215

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GO4

P. 7.225


Unit 7

Basic Sentences---------

to sell foruxtetn (fordg.)

cloth, material para

cloth seller parcefordg

Rarcefordg

command, statement

pl.

May I help you, sirs ('What

command did you have')

fm rmay4g

fmrmayegAt

3 1 3, 1ce fmrmayegi dagtid!

Smith

coat k6t

trousers

suit kotgalvir

pertaining to a suit kotgalvari

3, 22I'd like (II wanted al) material yek parceye, kotgalvari

for a suit.

Esfahan

zrom Esfahan, pertaining

to Esfahan

mixastaan#

parcefordg......

2350CV

lesfahin

lesfahani

P.7.226

Here you are. This is Esfahan

material.

sight, look, view, opinion,

mind

to have in mind

Oh no, I had some English

material in mind.

Smith

31 ji 2

b6fmrmatidr 'In paraye

3 itesfmhanlye:

dmr =Or dahaln

3,1 di 2 3nmxeyr:- min parciye tenglisi;

Earcefordg

wool

pure

to weave, to knit, to

make into cloth

to be woven, made into cloth

This materials is pure wool and

it's:very-well manufactured.

I know :'its good, but I wanted

English material.

All right, whatever you may.

Thank you.

Smith

2 1

dew nEezEer dahcani

xalgs

baftlen (baf-)

bafte godin

2 3 1 2 1 a 2tin parcel, pAgme xal4se: vee

xiyliyem xdb; 'haft( ) BodeA:

3 1 2.1 di 2midunmm; xdbe: yeti part ye

3. 1I englisi mixasteant

Eareeforlit

3 2 . 1

x6b; hArtowrike gomi mifmrmatid.

Smith

2 3 6i' ,t

2 t 41

motatakkirunif.

parceforda

excellent, of superior

quality, first class

Here you are. This is excellent

English material.'

ashes

grey

dark blue

I don't want grey, I'd rather

have ('I had in mind'). dark

blue.

atm! I see

. careful, attentive

Smith

1307.227

fEetlS

3 1bkmxmaticif

3. 1

tenglisve;

2

fin paraye

2 1#IMIla:

xakesteli

xakestairl

sormelf

2 3 2 1

xakestari; nemixam!

2 3 1 2 . 1

sormelf; day naar dagtaint

EarcefordI

to take notice, to get

the idea, to pay attention,

to understand.

I see, now I understand whit

kind of material you want.

It / lean

motevmmd

(motevajjehimotamadjeh]

motovadj6 &an

:211/1 geld n An motevrAS

goami Lai Cijurl parcS ti

mixa Iid

P.7.228

Smith

only, just fact

Ample, regular, plain sadg

Just give me plain material,23 2

xahgg mikonmm; fmcgm ye

plegse. paraye sadg bedid.

parcefordg

Scottish, Scotch teskatlmndi

to show, to point out neglin [negin] dad&

cheap 4zran [fmran]

cheaper herzunt4r

This is a Scottish cloth and itts

both better and cheaper than the

one Itve [already] shown you.

Smith

2 3 12tin paraye teskatlmndiye; vm

hez tun y*ki ke neillnetun

3 2 312

1 4dadAM;betraro; fmrzunare:

meter mgtr

a metersper meter

Fine, thatts what I want. How

much is it a meter?

since, 'because, as

mgtri

3 121 # 3 IX6b; hino mixam. metri,

2 1 aander

parcefor4I

can

piece, unit ti

several anta [and ti] mendin

store, shop megazd

a roll, a cannon, a ball

bill, account, check

mathematics

to count, to calculate

Since we have several rolls of

this material in the store,

we'll let you have (treckon

with you') very cheap.

Smith

for instance, for example

How much, for example$

P.7.229

tip

hese%

hesab kmdgn

2

min ante tip twain paree

3 2 .3ddrim; baaomd;

2

xeyli I cerz

1

un hesgb mikonim.

ineasmielta

2 3 2 lit

mEesEegn; '.r

parceforlig

hundred

fifteen

tuman (ten rials)

A hundred and fifteen tumans

a meter,

Smith

daddy, chap, fellow

wow:

expensive

to buy

sgd

punzdgh [panzdgh]

tomes [tumAn]

3 2 1

metri; setdo punzdgh tomr n!

babg

tgy babg

gerdn [gergn]

xaridgn (xter.)

P.7.230

Wowl it's too expensive. If

you'll let [me] have it a

little cheaper I'll take two

and a half meters.

2 3 213 1 J1 2

'gy babg; xesrli geruneT

3lwrzuntir hesab konid,

2 3 2 1

&metro nim! mficeerted

Earcefora

customer mogtari

that very same ham& [hamgn]

ninety naveld

3 2

xgb; hale ke some mogtariyeWell, now that you have become

a customer of ours, we'll give

it to you for the same ninety

eight tomans a meter, which we

otrselves bought [it for].

3 I 2mg dodid; hamun mgtri naytido

hat tomike xgdemun

2 1

begomg nddim:

Smith

to be busy kgr dagteSn

patience hawselg

to have patience, to feel howselg dagtein

like, to be in the mood

chin cure [cane]

to bargain, to haggle cund Wan

2 3Well, since I'm busy and don't xelb cdn an ker darmmol

2feel like bargaining, give howselgye cure wadi en

C240"

me three meters.3 2.1naldarmm; sketr bedid!

P.7.231

Earceforig

God willing, I hope tangalld [tengataaldh]

blessed mobar4k

conoatulations (ti God tengalld mobar4ke

willing it will be blessed?)

Here you are. This is three

meters, and good luck.

much, a lot, a great many

good bye

Thank you very much.

Good bye.

Itts been my pleasure, (tYou

came well')

Smith

3 1 2 3 2

bkeerma id. 3 in SSTaBtrj VB3

3 2 1 4lengalli; mobarlekeg-

ziydd

mach net ziydd

2 31 a 2 3,xeyli meaaninEan; mmrhtimmte

2 1 4

soma, ziyAd7/

parcefordg

3 1

x6g tAmmdid,

Macaroon Expressions..........

to count Somoranigemord4n

(filar-) (omar -]

eleven yazdAh

twelve do/awl&

thirteen sizah

P.7.232

fourteen

fifteen

sixteen

seventeen

eighteen

nineteen

twenty

twenty-one

thirty

forty

fifty

sixty

seventy

eighty

ninety

hundred

hundred and forty-six

Count from one to hundred.

enough

to continue

This is enough. You continue

[please].

person

card& (cmhardw%)

punzdEth [panzah]

gunzah (ganzdk,

hivdm% [hevall

hi&195h [hejah]

nuzalb

bist

bIsto ySk

st

c41 [cella]

pmngh

Mot

heaftdd

hiseStitd

nen&

eted

gdo al° ifg2 3 1 2,v1 A

taez y4k to seed; besmarid:

kaff

iedame dad&

2 3 14/ 2 3 2

kaffst: tedamA

1 Abedid

near

How many people we are in

the class now.

once more, again

[Say it] again, please.

Note 7.1 Verb: Passive Voice

2 3 I 2

hale din nmfmr,! der kelds

hEestim.

d6bare

3 1d6bare xaheg mAkonzan.

Po70233

tin parce xeyli xub bafte Bode. This material is very well

manufactured Noven

In Note 4.1 and 6.1 various uses of the verb /goani !beoomet were

discussed. In Note 5.2 the verb form in /4/ (past participle and

perfect) was discussed.

The passive voice constructions in Persian consist of the same past

partiniple form (as ire. English: was sold, is broken, etc.) but with the

forms of the verb /SodiAm/ !become!. Examples:

gofte raise

xorde god

tavorde sod

nevegte Bode bud

xande xahmd god

Note 7.2 Counters

can ante tlip 4ezin parce deer

mmgaa darim, bagome xeyli

tom& heseb mikonim.

!it's being said!

it was eaten!

!it has been brought!

!it had been written!

lit will be read!

As un have several rolls of this

material in the store, weal/

let you have it very cheap.

hale an nmar deer keles How many people are we in tha

hmstim. class?

2

P.7.234

kin parcd, sez tdn yekike

.negimetun dadAm, beht&ro,

tarzuntAre.

This cloth is both better and

cheaper than the one I've

[already] shown you.

When items counted are referred to as individual pieces or persons,

the numerals (and /cAn(d)/ 'how many; several!) involved are followed by

/ta/ or inafEeri'. The latter are 'counters'. /ta/ is used referring,

primarily to things, less often to persons. /mmfmr/is used only to

refer to persons.

Numerals and /cold/ followed by counters are used as nouns. They

may be followed by the noun counted.or used independently, (e.g.

/3onmfar xan6m/ 'two ladiest; /dOnafmr/ 'two persons'; Akita/ 'two

pieces' or stwo personal.).

Used as nouns /dots, 'seta/ 'the two (of them), both (of them);

the three (of them)' are paralleled in usage by /yAki/ 'the onet;

Pin she/ 'these threes; pAnjta/ 'those Jives; Pin yeki/ 'this

ones; /Idn ydki./ *that ones. Note the stress shift in Pin yekfice/

'this one which', /tin yekiro/ 'this ones (object), Pin dotdro/, Pin

setdro/7 etc.

'One of (a certain number )s is /Oki 'two of (a certain

number)' /d6ta etc. /y4kL/may also have the meaning of 'some-

one, somebody', as in /yeki bemAn goft/ 'somebody told met.

Names of specific measurements, such as /mdtr/ 'meter', /ki.16/

'kilogram', /kilom4tr/ 'kilometers, /mil/ smiles etc., are also used as

counters.

Counters combined with preceding numerals or quantity words are

compounds which pattern like many others in the language.

For example /ofimamfar/ and icAnsa 'et/ are similar compounds. The

first has as second member a 'counter! and may be followed by a scounteds

noun. The second may not.

The counters are not connected by the connective /-e/ (ezaf4)

with the counted nouns, e.g. /ddnmfar xanam/, /sgmetr parcel, etc. but

244P

P.7.235

are, rather, in apposition to them.

Words like 'glass, cup, pack!, etc,; are also used as counters, e.g.

/y4k fenjin qmhve,/, /Ydk gilds 14b/, etc. Some speakers, however, may

say /yek fenjine qmhv4/1 /yek gilise.lab/ etc.

The following chart shows the use of counters in connection with

the numerals and the nouns counted:

Number Counter Noun Counted English....... --------....

do ta ketab two books

do nacfmr xanom two ladies

do ta xanom two ladies

cmnd ta ketab several books

mend nefar xanom several ladies

cold ta xanom several ladies

do kilo qmhve two kilograms ofcoffee

do near parce two meters of cloth

do kilometer raofa dis2tance

kms(troadl)

.do gLias tab two glasses ofwater

do fenjun qmhve two cups of coffee

Grammatical Drillsww...mwOmmmandom

GD. 7.2

h&fta ketdbe farsi, lungst. ante lag& fammdmnd bemmnale

n6hta ketdbe tenglisis bemfil dad. csinta xanom, Imm sinemi

ante ketdbe fars/1 fungst. lammdmnd Ardn.

anta ketibe lenglisi, bemin dad. n6kilo gdit, mixam.

s4ta xan6m, retand sinemi. del kilometr ra rmftmm.

245

P.7.236

Ametr parch mixam. semetro nim para baraye some,

anmetr parse, taz morn xast. kafist.

gigmil bigare, ya gig kilometr. fmcOt dosatAto nim, lung

hivah mil, rd raftam. budam.

car metr paratiro ke mixastid, seruzo cars be ke betirdn tmgrif

xanOmetun bord4. bordAmd.

nim metr digm bedid. tun data botri tabjewro biyarid.

emndin metr parce ham, beld bedid. dOta ketdbike tunjdst, male kist.

aft, vm aft kilo gdgt xmrid. yazd6 mdhast ke farsi xana.

tun calnefelrike tunja hasand, sizdm mdheke betirdn raftand.

farsi amidunand. omnd mdhi ham dap temrik4 budand.

&Salta ketAbike bemmnad, xub abud. some, ansal deer tirdn tmgrif

done fear xaam linj& tmgrif dagtid.

dagtmnd, vae mixa,tamd, bajenabe temg4b, an nafar tinja miyand.

tali sohat bekonamd. nuzah rdzeke betehran rmftmnd.

baraye temg4b, bistop&ni nmfmr tun yekike tungst, male test.

mehan, dmiveert kerdilm, seta 1E2 sibhglike favordid,

se car satAt, montmzere sarkdr zorda m.

budmnd. genjta taez tabejohdro bAz konid.

haf agta sham, bejamadi bedid. Alga bean dad, Acigo

carmsaarike lemgab tinja miydnd, bejamadi dad, vm atago

taz dustine tagaye tesmdtdend. betesmit.

tEez tinja to !irk, an mile. sgnafar tmz mehmunhd ayammdand.

haftadop4mj tup paratike foruxtid, d6nafar hez tun xanomhd, farsi

male taclaye tesat bud. amidunand.

dit

P.7.237

arnalfar tam tuna betirin mirand. data tem mehmuni tamedand.

arta lam ketabharo bordend.

Variation Drills

tin behtax4n parceforugist, ke restordno hotSlo bah& foruxt.

deer tin &dire. !emit mixad ma nzelego beifruge.

yandmike mixast bagoma h&rf fermayegAte gamdro 'eta teat

bezel& b3restorin raft. kardand.

xarid&ne manaliro deer rear kOtgalvIrike xarid42.0gme

dagt. xalSse.

tastEtregam pegMlye. tin para deer lesfahin baftS

telatakin parcehd deer tenklis Bode.

dorcit mine. befarmatid. tin hetlatarin

maeti xakestari n&nixam. sormeti paratist ke ma darim.

doer naz4r dagtem, can paratiro ke soma mixatid

tinja tinjur para nemiforugend. noldarim, tin pararo xeyli

massaLln, 0/ goft. terzun bagomd heal, mikonim.

xandmetun tamadand, vecimhitike ley babd. tin xeyli gerdne.

mixastid, xeridando, baxodegun bay& tarzuntAr heal, konid.

bemanzeLbordand. mixastand kotgelvardtuno

neez4regoma;Tdat. bebarand, befrugend.

taclaye tesmit manalego foruxt. dar near dagtand temgab tegrif

deer naar-datim, Mira der biyarand, sarkdro bebinand.

restordn iney1 konim. bay& xdb tameljgh konid, ve

kdb befahinid.

P.7.236

da®r flamer Odagtands 'mg& beld Warmalid. parcerye lenglisf

besinemA ttgrif bebarmnd. n4xarand.

'in was Iaez came xel4s nee k6teg It p4gme xales baft4

baft4 node. Bode nee galvareg.

tagiff btyurids NM mehmane ms lextiyAr darid laqa. lin parce,

bagid. ImllSst.

lextIyAr darfd. x4yli xog lammdid. tarjom4lira ke hazer kardids

ling mmnz4le Adetune. beligAn 16tf konid.

beeldam nahAr haz4rmnds b4rmnd. dOsalate ke tmgrif bordmlnd.

lagamidanfros beldam nahar moltaat nAmige. d6bare beld

bmrAgun b4barid. begid.

der hodddesalete,h4t.bud,.

lextiyAr darid. hfc zahmArti

tmgrff bordwnd. nmbud.

fsermddids fag& ylk fenjan mfyand, xodeguno.besarkir

qahvA barAtun biyare2 molEerreffbekomend.

gamin amikonam larzuntaram vAxtike dideineguns tette:Dig&

bedand. bahan qahv4 mixordand.

lab bigttfr lam qshv4 minors. farmayegAtetuno letalak neekardo,

m/dunid lin parc4 deer kojA raft.

baft4 farmddids x6detun baftfld.

lettefs*, lam ld x4yalxogam can some cfzi afgroolidI

=Wad. ham cfzi aloft.

motevajj4h nAgod. d6bare beh4g mesle linke motevajgh nagode.

befarmalid. earl lames b4dam biyad.

lam qamaye tiranf, xogetun miyAd?

24*

P.7.239

hem t83Z kOte xakestmri xoge5 nee. bgdmm nemiyad. berim.

miyad; ham tam Imitire sormeti. xdb.motevadjgh migid?

beld begid, gul beds ke behtmrin qamahiro bares

motel/AU& bege. tavordmnd.

tettefaqgn bah&n rmftim, parce tmrzuntgr !min nemidand.

bexmrim. mmseIgn, cf migoft.

the tarzunter tmzin headb the xibe, sera ziydtgr nemimEridl

konid, mogteritun migim. teetlatmrih parcehgro bmr4I

satke haft bud ke gord kerdand, tavordmnd.

bekar kardAn. gord kaardeed bermftge.

xdb bexunid ke motevaljgh bege. sotAl kard, vm belu

berido, terjome konid. jamib dadim.

dastgn

He was fired ('they fired him') bitdnegkardand

v4xti dirdz fame tesmit besere kir resid, yek name beti dadand,

vm goftmnd, berido tiro terjome konid.

taqaye tesmit, ke 'az tin ciz x6gegn4anzeie bud, nanufro gereft,

vm hic nggoft. vas beresturgne lung raft ke yek fenjan qmhve bexore.

tettefaqgn ddstsego did. pia raft, ve scelgra-kard, vas eft. koji

hastid. ciker mikonid. koji kir mikonid. kojg zendegf mikonid.

vgli mesle tinke distea Tiazt bideg miyamed. beti:hie jamdbi ngdad.

qmhvgao tam& kard; vw restur&nbirdn mgt.

tun rdz, mesle tinke rdze bgdi be:waive !awe !emit bud. xeyli

betd kgr dadand: ta3ndrne laxt qmhve mixordo, sit* mikegid. lord

P.7240

ke sateAte omhgr b4reo b4ge, ke'hileg xub nist. Wake b4gmnd, xdb, hall

ke gold hAletun xub mist, bemmnzil tmgrif bebmrdi.

vthli tintSwr n& d. vw begye tan, kAre bigthl beld dadmnd,

vm gatmnd, linhirmm bared tmrlornS bekonid.

taciaye tesmft ke m/did, tag r tin kAro akonmd, birdneg mikonmnd,

gaft, besyAr xub, hmmin temrdz, karhiro tmmim mikonmm.

sotalitMt.

1. taclaye tearnft, key besmre kir maid?

2. lung betu cf goftmnd.

3. laclaye lesmit, /men Ageg Cammd, ya de.

4. cera berestorAn rmft.

5. deer restoring kfra did.

6. vmxtike ddstego did, kog rmft, vm ci goft.

7. ddsteg cekAr kard.

8. tan rdz, ce rdzi bud bmraye tesmit.

9. cera ruze baldi beraye to bud.

10. tmame vaext ce karhiti mikmrd.

11. pfge xod, cS xiyal kMrd.

12. held Of god.

13. *Kaye tem& dmr jemba, ef goft.

rib 13 I) Coto lb

.re) 3 J 4 ..;-)11 Leo! ;1 3: 1 co-;

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Po7.242

c--10' ()* ;I .-"y Lis

/41,41 4 w.I i-tvi Jt )4A

e... I) jet t aik.%

cd..I 4 J /4

Arc rtj

Att° At rA 4:Pou-

AZ 1 acor., Laftir 4g., Jj.r

4N: L: I

Ilke 3 J.:Z..: 1, 1-?4,g I f.:14.- .72;3

JZZig C...us 0) 111/41-:-,

r...t elc.$ 4,:j14.14 ;.;ro

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J413 i 1)44 tterb t CAA

a :WAN J JI:To 144t ...Afts Iisij

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252

JI).> 4i I, ttig c J I J con I, ott4

Ce46.w 14t J

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P.7.243

(510 4.f.,; y

J Cig4.4.

'6...P If L."t 451P dr, rt;)14 d's

JI.:1.40: cr. jta L1.46. c,T; I f:ap, 1..1.1,, cat. lap

c.,10 Leir; I is; Ja-r,

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a: J.,:r 14., ; I bp,

tat":

ji-grt7 001 el C.461 ;),

4.:1 a Jo

4.41-tt 1, 3-?.1.cs )24 b, c,,T

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c.rfeat &el J., AS I -:-)1 CAti_fr: 4.7n I 4:1%. I JJ1k+ cs,r,13 J; l:

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ca's J..; Jj,.: lice J rJb 406 14 J.L?,-,

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Cam. I ("As

1- cx.A.-1.

ft.t 1,11:4 d I

J-14);*ta or.ergI Wel

LA;r' J4T CA:4A>

P.7.244

"Uri 4j4rt: 4.41 I I 4: J oi: J J;JoilediAt 1,; 4

4.14 .111; p.l It rtl ;I

..s.r.t 14 14 4:0Le. Lt 4!14 .6A rt:

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Jtym 4)Ltis ;I .1'4 I, c.i4:414T

jat; J)1 CdoL J3 4.1.

JAL.; cA:410 66.* 1133 .s.g

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9tiaLci


Unit 8

Basic Sentences

Mts. Smith

soul jin [Om]

dear (tmy souls) (term jdnmm [gram]

of endearment)

What are you doing: here dear?

I came (tI had comet) to by

some material for [my] suit.

finally, at last,

eveutually

kind, sort

What kind [of material] did

you finally buy2

Smith

Mrs. Smith

Smith

P.8.247

3 1 4 3 1

j nTrumm. to tinja cekar mikoni.

2 3

tamd4 budmml yeS paraye

kotgalvarl bexmrmme

belteexar4

nowt / no t

2 3 2 ,1

beltmcarg; cenoti xceridi.

2 31I bought that English hfinun parcaye lenglisfro

material.

color

to choose, seilect, elect

Mrs. Smith

257

xxeriden.

rang

tentexAb kardela

P.8.248

lining

lining material ('pertaining

to linings)

You selected a nice color. Did

you also get some lining

material?

The cloth merchant didn't

have the exact lining that

I had in mind.

Smith

Mrs. Smith

'astir

lasteeri

2 3 1

rige qmgAngiro lentexab

4 2 3keerdi: lastmrf hear mr1dig

2 3

tastEtrike mixastc6,

2 1

parcefora radagt:

purchase, shopping xmrld

tailor xmyygt

tailor's shop xmyyatf

Dye done mu shopping and

I've nothing to do now. Why

shouldn't we go to the

tailor's together?

Smith

2 3 12an xisrideno katrdam; ym halt

kiri nAdamm: cent bah&

3 1 21 4bexmyyati; arim:

promise, appointment, date vm1dg

to promise vmId4 daan

each other hmmlig4 [hmmdigAr]

together

I can't [right] now. I promised

a friend of mine (lone of my

friends') to have lunch with

him ('that we eat lunch with

each other').

I'll come. with you.

P.8.249

bahmmdigg

2 3 1 ji 2halg ngmitunem: beyeki lam

3dustgnmm veldg dada m kel

2 1

bahmmdigg nahgr bexorim!

Mrs. Smith

3 2 1 4

=In hem; bat& miyam:

Smith

because cdnke

child barckl

school mmdresg

pl. mmdargs

person k gs

someone, anyone, somebody, kgsi / kgsi

anybody, (with neg. verb -

no one, nobody)

No, that won't 'do, because the

children are coming back

from school, and no ore will

be at home.

Mrs. Smith

thread, string

3,A 3,1 A 2neg nemise: cunke bmccehg

3 2

las madresg miyand; vm

3 1 21

#kgsi, tdye xune nist:

nefx

P.8.0o

button dokmg / don

clothes, dress, suit

If you want, buy the

lining, threads and buttons

for your suit.

Thank you, dear, [but I think]

it will be better if I buy

them myself, because you don't

know exactly [what I want].

All right, just as you wish.

Smith-

Mrs:, Smith

Smith1111= OM OVOID

lebgs

2 3 2

mixati; meal lastm4ro

3 I 2axo dokmg; bmrgye lebgset

3 2 1 A 2

jdnmm; mmmndnmmr beht&re

3ke lungro xgdmm bexmrmm!

2 1

clinks to ckorOst amiduni!

3 1 /i 2 1A_oP ffxgb: hrtowrike; mgyle 'at.

main street, avenue xiyabgn [xiyabgn]

crowded iolgq / &am;

to be careful mOvazgb bwiin

Dear, since the streets are

crowded, be careful.

Mrs. Smith

not crowded, with a few

people in, lonely; privacy

in thi7 respect, as far as

this is concerned

3jdnmm, can xiyabunl &Ike;

2' 1

movazgbe xedet bait

xelvtet

fmz fin hays

rest, repose, ease, comfort

donst worry (I May your

thoughts be at eases)

at present, just now, for

the time being

No, they happen not to be

crowded today. Don't worry

(in this respect). Goodbye

now.

.sentence, phrase

134,8021

rah**

xiydlet rah& base.

fel lEgn

31 a 2 3, 2

nEe7 settefacian; semrdz xayli

1 v. 2 3xmlAte: saz sin hays;

2 1 4/. 2 3xiySlet rah& bage fellEtn;

2 . 1//

xodS hafaz:


[it] me ,ns

What does this sentence

mean in English?

he is (in the process

of) talking.

Don't ask now, heats

talking.

jomle

yEtsni

2 3

sin jomla besenglisi;

2 1

yEetni ce

dgmend hArf mizmnmnd.

2 3 1 a 2halal soldl nEekonidg.

3darn nd heerfinizEenEend,

Useful Vocabulary

Colors

white sefid

P.8.252

black siyd [ siygh]

red geraz /sdrx

blue tabi

yellow derd

green san

Grammatical Notes

Note 8.1 1Terb! Past Perfect

tamed4 budmm, ye pargye

kotgelvari bexerem.

I came to buy some materials

for my suit.

The Fast Perfect is formed by the Past Participle followed by 'was,

were', as illustrated above. Example:

/reft&n/ refte budem ret4 budim

refte budi mete budid

mite bud ret4 budmnd.

The Past Pe.fect forth is used

1s to describe a past action or state preceding another

action or state in the past, as in /Actike some

tworqd, to mite bud/ 'When you came he had [already]

gone.'

20 to describe an actisAa that took place in the absence

of the person spoken to, as in Pammde budmm, ye

pare4ve kotgelvari bexmrmm/.

3. to show more respect to the person addressed. Thus

the sentence Pamad4 budmm, domgra bebinem/ II came

to see you' is more polite than /tameedmm goara

b4bineam/.

---,Erromirsor

P.8.253

4. in narrative style to describe an action which occured

in the distant past (very often with 'before? or 'never

before', etc.) or which implies the occurance of some

other subsequent actions.

Note 8.2 /4/ . /114/ after modifier (alternate to Basic Sentfnce)

h4mun parce lenglisiy4ro I bought that English

xmridmm. material.

In Note 1.9 the use of the suffix /4/ to demote the definiteness of

nouns in colloquial Persian was explained. When such a !definite! noun

is used with a modifier, the suffix /4/ is affixed to the latter and the

two wQrds are used in Ipposition (i.e. without connective /..e/).

Note 8.3 Verb: Progressive Form

halt solal akonid. eisun

darmnd h4rf mizmnmnd.

Donut ask now, he's

talking.

This compound verbal form is used in colloquial.Persian to describe

an action in the process of being performed or a state in the process of

undergoing a change.

The Present progressive is formed with the present tense of the verb

/aagt4n/ and the present tense of thelverb expressing the action or state,

e.g. /damp' mirmm/ !I am going!, /aarmm gorosne migmm /II am getting

hungry'.

The Past Progressive is formed of the past tense of the verb

JaattAn/ and the Imperfect of the verb.

The Past Progressive Form is often used with words corresponding to

English 'when!, !while,/ etc., e.g. MxtikegbmIra didmm, dAgtid kettb

mixandid/ !When I saw you, you were reading a book'; /Ohm gorosne

migodmm/ !I was getting hungry.'

P.8.254

Note 8.4 Pronoun /xod/ 'self'

rastl faramdg kardam, ke

Adamo xedmilte jenabetali,

molarref/ konmm.

hamun metri navIdo h4gt

tomalnike Ademun xaridim,

begomA

By the way, I forgot to

introduce myself [to you].

We'll give it to you for the

same ninety eight tomans a

meter, which we ourselves

bought [it for].

The pronoun /xod/ 'self', 'oneself' used with the pronominal suffixes

means 'myself, yourself' etc..

Adam 'myself' Ademunjkodeman 'ourselves'

Adet/Adart 'yourself' midetunAddetan 'yourselves'

xodeg/admg 'himself, herself' xodegun/X6degan 'themselves'

It may be used as a reflexive pronouns as in Moira molarrefl

Iowan/ Ito introduce oneself', and as an emphatic word, as in /x6demun

xarid/m/ 'we ourselves bought [it]'.

If used for emphasis, it either precedes the noun or pronoun so

emphasized and then takes the ezafe (conn. / -e /), as in /Ade laqAye

javadl 'Inc bemoan goft/ 'Mr. Javadi himself told me this', /Ade 5omi

tino bemmn goftid/ ?you, yourself told me.,thisl, on follows them, as in

Nqaye jamadi Ades 'Ino bemAn gofth /goal Adetun bemoan goftid/

and then is in apposition to the noun or the pronoun emphasized. As an

object of a verb /And/ with the appropriate pronominal suffix is often

used in colloquial Persian interchangably,with the pronominal suffix

itself, e.g. /ketAbego bemau ci&i /, /ketAbe Adego balm did/ 'He gave

me his book?. The second sentence sounds slightly more polite. At

the same time it clearly states that 'he gave me hiss own book (not

somebody else's books)'.

In written, and sometimes in very formal spoken Persian /xod / is

used without the pronominal suffixes, e.g. /ketabe Adra bemoan dAd/ 'He

264

gave me his book'.

/xodbex6d/ means thy itselffs fautamaticallyl.

Grammatical Drills

GD. 8.1

genidmm, fummd4 budid, bahmm berim

sinema, v4.11. au xune abudmm.

fa:Nye jmyadf fummde bud, lebasdgo

tear xmyyatf begire.

tun vwxte sob, kojS mete budid.

rmfte budim fereyduno ?az

forudga biyarim.

mmge fereydun kojS rmfte bud.

rmfte bud lemrikS, xaammgo b4bine.

genidmm xaaneg fummde bud rinja.

rmfte budmm Amdrese, lose

dige lunja a bud.

tun ketSbike bemn gofte budid

bexuam, xlinamm.

balaqaye jmvadi mite budim fun

xunero bebinim.

an ke fummdmm, gdmaha tinja

nmbudid kcj4 rmfte budid.

jmvadf bemmn goft ke tmz

molaqAtetun xeyli xognext

gode bud.

265

P.8.255

bmraye molaqate an xmlmb4n,

beforudgS rafte budmm.

ce sal4ti beforude rmfte budid.

faqaye jmmadf nahArego deer

mehmunxune, xorde bud.

IA bexanom goft bud, ke scar

raze digs befemrikd mire,

jevadi bmraye didmne an, befing

tammde bud.

vmxtlice xanom fammd, an

qaamo xorde budmm.

rastf, mean !lira y4 mmrtebe

dig& molaqat kmrde budmm,

tms tiran betu nevegtelmidando

ke rAngeg qermez bage.

xayyStimm verde dade bud, ke

lebaSSmo temruz bede.

soma ke tammdfd, an Tun namero

twrjom4 kmrde budmm, vm

legtebahgtegram dorOst kmrde

budmm.

P.8.256

fereyddn try kelase some xeyli

miges tamade bud.

GD. 8.3

tgsmit jun, kojg dari miri. damn mirmm yliki tam tun

darn mirmm kotgmlvdrmmo tam parcehgro tentexab konmm.

mmyyati begirEm. vAxti dagtEm tun jomlgro

pas zuttAr berid cunke xiyabung minevegtmm. kgsi "unja nAbud.

darmnd gold(' migmnd. dare xiyaimm tazin hays rah&

vAmtike dagtam miraftmm. tastalre mine.

kotgalvgramo begirAm. bmccehg dared mirEnd madras&

xiyabung xmlvAt bud. darn mirmm bmccehgro tam

vAmtike dagteam dmr restorgn (ma merest, biyarmm.

mixordAm, jai:nadir° didmm. xunemun dare xmlvAt mige.

cake dagtmm miraftmm lebas cg not parceye tastmri dari

zmrdAro bebinam, nAtunestmm miri bgxEri.

were sate% xedratetun 1)41-m8mm. darmm mirmm tun parce tastmriye

damn miram parce sender° germearo bexareem, TM Adam

bebarmm mayyati. rahAt koneem.

dagtmm mire-teem lebasgmo bggira m. darand yak forudgahe boz6r,1

cunke xiyabung xeyli aoluq dorbst mikonmnd.

budand, dfr betunja rasidmmo kojg darand forudggho dor6st

vAmti dagtam IEM madrese mikonsend.

miyumadmm xua, bmccehaye mean damn tin nanviro teeriam4

jEmadiro didam. mikonmm.

P.8.257

darid cekgr mikonid. dagiam mirmftam meenzele

cerg darid bamedade clermez, ciz javadil ke bah.= berim

minevisid. restorgn, ye tab jour bexorim.

damn Adam bmraye retool,

bekelgs, hazer mikonmm.

D. 8.4

AdsaCrEgftmm tdra bebinmm. r&ge lebrsse Adagral tabf

soma Adetun bemmn goftid. tentexab kmrd.

xode gomg bemmn goftid. parceye xcidago dirdz bexayyati

141 Adego betagaye jmvadf bord,

motmrrefl kFrd. td lebasago Ades nixere.

Ades xast bore. ddste Adago dm gighr did.

tung, Adegun mirand. Ade gomS, bay& tinkgro bokonid.

mg, xeklamun xiyale reftsino darim. mg, Ademun ketabhgro bordim.

tanhg, Adegun taclaye jamadfra Imz gahre Admg, Agg miyad

n4didmnd. xode gomg., ba tagaye jamadf

faqaye jamadf, xedegun goftaind, h4rf media

ke batanhg mirmnd. mmn Admm batiglin heal zmdmm.

xode faclaye jamadil bediane cerg xAaetun besinema nmrmftid.

'awe tesmit raft. tenglisiye xode maim, Ime

beraye xmridmne cahAr metr farsiye Id, beedt4re.

parceye lebasf, Ades begmhr mAn ketabhaye xe'darma tmz

raft. xune lavordmm.

teez rgarge parceye xodalg, xeyli xode gomg beam goftid, ke

tatrff mikmrd. mehmunf fardgst.

P.84258

fereydun =keg lirudge, mai

xan6meg temrikali.

to baxanome 'cad besinema net

jmvadi baxanome x&1 xuneye mg

budmnd.

lmhjeye xode dm, 1ms lmhjeye

gomg, bmdtgre.

mean, lebashaye xodra bexang

bordmm.

care x6detun besinemg nthrmttid.

ceri bmraye Adetun, 1abj6

ngyavordid.

xandm labjoye Adeguno dadmnd

berms.

salhe man xodbexAd, kgr

mikone.

jmvadi, =keg baxSdeg h&rf

mizmne.

tengavEalla, 1Mhjeye some xodbpxod

xdb mige.

mom, xodbexcid lenglisi yad

gereftmm.

meal Ad mm baymd pige mehmung

bagmm.

Variation Drill

lagaye javadl, key gamAra

belaclaye tesmit molarrafi kmrd.

lemrAz mean gamgra mibmrmm pige

'acme jmvadi vm molmrrefitun

mikonmm.

bmnde fas lagnarlye bataclaye

jmvadi, x&yli mmerdr godmm.

heggr 16tfi befermatid, vac tun

ruznamgra bgdid, motgekker

268

gomi.dor6st goftid ke taclaye

yevadi, karmgnde vezarAte

rah hmstmnd.

pmsfmra bakime nahar, In&

minim =aye temmit, ke bald

bgrtm bediane yek laclaye

tesfMhani.

csind raze pig, xan6mo +awe

leamit lamgdmnd besefargte

bmraye k&ri.

P.8.259

!awe jamadi, tiraniye xales deer xiyabane gal% bayad

hasteend, ya Arr. movazab bud.

tin parceye lebase soma, reengeg fell& kgei deer xane asst.

qmlinge. taqaye tesmit teezin hays xiyaleg

hartowrike soma bokonid, mgrom rahmt god.

mikonmm. xmyyatlye baaccehA, temrdz

lebase tmtla, deer ting nist. xalvEtte.

!acme jamadi dirdz yek lebase beltaxmra parce zardaro xarid.

germ& bargye sanOmeg xarid. dogmeye tin lebasetuno, ki

kotogmlvAre jamadi tabi bud, tentexab karde.

ng smbz. gang vmtd4 dade budid, memo dept

meal motevmjje godsem ke Barker tam tun xiyabune goldq bebinid

lebase x&testari bigtgr x6getun cettrar sod.

miyad to 'az lebase sormeti. movaz4b bagid ke parceye tdn

naedike malazeye *emit yek tup lebasetun, bebadiye tin

parceye ward didaEm. lebasetun nae.

tear& baraye lebSsam kmmi beltexare, ce rAngiro beerays

parceye siyd xaeridam. tasteer tentexib kardid.

taqaye jamadi yek xagyate xib, mite tin Batch, cist.

tentexab karde. law& bexayyatmm mmtde dadmm,

n6te parceye tastmr-iymi ns4ye. bersm pige td.

bsccehi famruz hong bamsdree4 bmcceye Noma, famruz kojast?

mirand. tsar= dagtsm bal/Kaye jsmadi

taqays jamadi nahari barrisn h&rf mizadsm, ke eamit famed

veldt; dade. tu, vs goft, seam.

P.8.260

gourdceri darid tintowri hart*

miza nid.

dagtid cizi migoftid ci bud2

bebsexgid. hal& amituomm begonia

jamib bedams can damn basin

taqi harf mizanmm.

dastinIND.. =NO Ls

rrAn dagtmm aro biz.mikardam,

ke jmmadi tamed td.

jamadi dare mire besinemi.

parcehiye tin magazd,

rizi jamadi, bmraye foruxtAne sate xxideg r4fts begethr. der tang

dar nmar dagt ke bare va;yek lebise ger& baray4 xSdeg b4xare.

tettefacgn, Axti tamad begerahr, did ke hicja lebise tmt1Sye hazSr

adarand. vm bared parawo taster axmre, vm tanhira b4de beyek

xmyyit. baraye tin rift, ttlye yek magaz4, ke namdike imedresiye talbotrz

bud. tin mulazdye parceforugis ke deer xiyabane gahrezi bud, yek mmotazhe

xdbo qmg4Ingi bud. dmr tin, yek xandme parceforuge ciasengi kir milord.

jamadis to 14ro did, raft pige tai, maim keerdo, eft:

yek paraye xdyli x4yli tmtl4ye ger& mixam. dirid, ya xmyr.

xancim jamib dad:

bale. talba tt4. a ye paraye xdyli tmtldte teskatimndi darim ke

dor6st bmraye goa dordst gode, vm b4tdeem goft4ne tin hetes yek parceye

besyir besyir gerdnira bejamadi dad.

jamadis v&cti fahmid ke tin para gerund, amidunest akar bekone.

veglis can pigmz tun bexancim goft4 bud ke yek paraye-gerdn mixed,

be1 taxar4 tdno tat xandm xaridos raft birlans bexiyile tinkes hali

sahete xddego beforuge.

P.8.261

Tettefaqan, Orja raft, nAtunest vanio,:beforuse.

soTalSt

1, jmvadi baraye ce, begahr ret,

2, eerie raft bexayyati.

3. parceforugi, koje bud.

4. ki parcera bejmvadf foruxt.

5. cejur parceli bud.

6, mmgazelike jmmadf raft tug, cejur mmgazeTi bud.

7. midunid cerg javadf Tun parcero arid.

8, gourd, xan6me parcefordgo dfdid?

9. Tin xan6m nazdike a mmdrese kAr mikard.

lo. ki sat to taz javadf xmr/d.

II. nmzdike magazeye parceforugf cf bud.

124, some mikalid lebAs Neraye xPetun dorOst konid.

13. lebgse hazer mixaid bexmrid.

14. x&yyate some kogst.

15. der tehr&n, xayylte xdb, kfst.

217flif I

Poe.262

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P.8.264

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P.9.270

p2r2iap Basic Course

unit9

Basic Sentences

taxicab

to find

Officer, where can I find

Gone can find') a taxicab?

side, beside, near, at

entrance, arrival,

importation

pertaining to the entrance

end, last

hall, corridor, vestibule

Beside the entrance door at

the end of the hall.

Smith (at the airport)

taksi

peydA leadAn

Policeman

Smith

Ferdowsi

to take (Ito cause to arrive');

to send (Ito cause to reach')

2 3 1 2 3 I 2

lagAye paseban. taksi; kojA

mige peydd kerd;

kendr

vordd

vorodi

'axr

[deign] dal&

32

kendre d&re vorudi,

144

deign:

2

axtzere

ferdowsi

resundi (res111-)

(resanan (resin -)]

Will you please take me 'to the

hotel Ferdowsi.

P.9.271

2 3 2

xahtg mikonsen; metno bemehmanxaneye

3 2 1

ferdowsi; b4resunid!

Taxi Driver

luggage, furniture, Imsasa3re

equipment

Do yru any luggage? temaslye2

Smith

suitcase caned& [cmmedgn]

rear, behind, in the back taqh

to put, to lay, to place, gozahln gozardeen

to leave (gzAr./zgr- [gozar-])

pocket-book, purse kif

briefcase kite dmati

front, forward:, in front of jelOw / jell;

Yes. Put the suitcases in

the back and the briefcase

in front of me (trlyselft).

3 t#

2 3bEeleY cmmeduaro taq4b

I 2 3. I

bezarid; vm kife dmstiro;

Taxi .Driver

eye

all right, certainly, with

pleasure (!upon [my; eyes!)

obedience

yes sir (madam);

(tit will be obeyed!)

2 1 Ajel4ye xeidmmr

481

cain

czerim / becam

fetal&

tete& miIe

P.9.272

3 1 a 2 3 1 a

Yes, sin cam: setattet age:

Smith (in the hotel)

room toth

ledger, register, office, daft&r

desk

office totke daft&

2 3 2 1 a

Wherets the office? take dmft&rj kojist:

Eigxelmt

manager

Do you mean the office of

the hotel manager?

Smith

Yes, I wanted to see him.

modir

2 3deeftstve modlre mehmanxangra

mifmrmatid#

3 1 a 2 3 1bets: mixastmm ti tiro bebimenf

up, high, upstairs ball

second

Please [step] upstairs. Second

room to year right.

Haw do you do, sir. Ifni

Charles Smith, a member [of

the staff] of the American

Embassy.

SmithOa .=

dovv6m / doyydm

2 3 2

befawmatid bali; lotke

3 I 21#

dovv6m, aste rest:

2 3 1 2

seam herz mikomeld .1114n

3 2girlz fesmftj '6zve sefar4te

amriki hmstamt

your obedient servant

All

Mostowfi

Kow do you do Mro Smith. Your

obedient servant All Mostowfi.

informed

no, not

Glad to meet you. I wonder

whether you've been informed

(+they informed you') of my

arrival (or not).

yesterday

Yess of courses but I was

expecting you ('your coming')

yesterday.

delay

Rome

events occurance

to come ups to occur

p.9.273

modir

cak4r

'ii

mostowfi

A , 3 1

smldm leez bmnde 'aq4ye 'esmit!

2 3 2 7

caker; IFel.rye mostowfi.

Smith

mottelel

Ayr

3 1 2 1 I/ 2

Ayli; xo5v4xtmm: nemidanmm

3 1 2

jeabe lallra; 'az vordde

3 1 2 3 (2bid MOttM141 kelramnd; ya

14Ayr:

moslir

dirdz

3 1 a 2 3 14 2b4ler lalbmtt4." bande

Smith

3 j 2

montaare

1 41

sarkdr budomm:-

tmixir

rom

pigamatd

piXam4d kmrdeen

amazdErne

P0,274

to fall

to be deferred, postponed,

delayod

Since I was delayed ('a delay

occured1) in Rome, my arrival

to Tehran was postponed for

one day.

modfrON.1101

ketadetn ('oft -)

be toftaan

2

cdn tmlxiri deer rdm bmrdym

3I

pilamsed lord; vorddam

3 2 3 2

betehrdn; bey& ruz, ImOb

1

loftad.

obstacle, impediment mane,

that's all right, there's mangli adare

no objection

face, form, list, statement mirk

at any rate, in any case claw halm' surat

to hold, to keep, to stop, negAh l'neggh dagteln

to reserve, to retain

That's all right. In any case

we have reserved a room for

you ('the room for you has

been reserved').

Smith

2 3 1 I/ 2maati adarel; deer hEer

3 I 2 2 3Burk; totk bmriye soma,

2

negai date ode

tired last.;

2 3 I 2

Thank you very much for your hezmohabbAtetun; Ad.'

1 a 2kindness. Could you tell mimmnammr momiane befermalid

284

P.g.275

me where it iss because 3 2kojdst I cdnke mgn xtryli

Itm very tired. xmatd hisestaj

modtrMrYside tmrEtf

this way tmeffn tmrAf

number gomard nomrd

key kelfd

2 3 2

Certainly. Step this way felbeettd; 'az tin twee

3 2please. Your room is tmgrff bebmrid; loacietun

23 1 2

number fourteen and here domardye carahel vm tInmm

4

is the (tits') key. [ ;in hmm] kelldeg:

Numbers (continued)

200

300

400

5oo

boo

700

800

goo

1000

1959

375,223

285j.

divist

sisgd

cars& [cmharsgd]

punad [panad]

sigs4d [ degad]

hmfad [hmftedd]

hmaad [hmgtad]

nosed [nohad]

hear

hearo noado pmmgo n6h

siado hmfddo pgnj hear°,

divfsto bisto

.".---^....1111MPION11111.1..11111=1

P.9.276

zero

million

16,798432

decimal point

10602

to give back

Will you, please give me

back that book.

84fr

milvdn /may& / mil;ydn

/may&

gunzdailmilydno hmfactOo

nEevgdo hat hezgros

punsgdo sic) d6.

mommFygz

dgh =mew& sgfr 6:10.

Classmam_Enressions

board, blackboard

to pick up, to take

face, surface; on (with ezafg)

Please take the chalk and write

on the blackboard.

paper, letter

father

I got (shad!) a letter from

my father yesterday.

mother

pge dadgn

2 1 4 2 3 2qdrbmn: tun ketibo, bebmndg

1 4pets bedid:

tmxt4

bmrdagtgn (bmrdar.)

rd

2 3

xabll mikommn ggco b6rdaridj

2 1

vm rdye tact benevisid

kaggz

per'2 3dirdz fez pedgreem kagge

dahaat

mad&

Is your mother in Tehran?

to keep, protect; take

good care of (with NO

Take good care'of this books

Note 9.1.1 /fir, Mr.,/

x&b, hArtowrke m &yle

goast

/fir/ corresponds to English tevery,

When prefixed to the follouing word,

P.9.277

2 3maaaretan deer tehrin hmstmndi

negmhdarf kmrdAn

2 3 2

tmz tin ketdb; xdb negetdarf

konid,#

Grammar Notes

Well; as you wish.

usually corresponds to the generalizing

compounds /h6r-/ is generally stressed,

/hdrvmmt/

/harki/ [hdike]

,4i&rkoja/

At Erci/ [arcs]/dela//neertowr/

Aufirkodum/

Note 90.2 ihmm N -an, 11=4

=Am, h&nintowr.

bmnd4 hewn, h&ncenin

any,. each'.

/ha -/ forms a compound and

' -evert in English. In these

e.g.:

'whenever'

*whoever'

'wherever'

'whatever'

ternryWheret

'whatever, in whatever manner:

'everyone, anyone'

The lady [will have] the same

thing.

and I as well

28 7W

P.9.278

hImun mgtri nmvgdo hat We'll give it to you for the

tcmgnike xmridfm, begomA same ninety eight romans a

midim. meter, which we ourselves

bought [it for].

beygki tam dustgnmm vmtdd I promised a friend of mine to

dadmm ke, bahmmdigg nahar have lunch (together) with

bexorim. him.

/fin/ and its suffix form /-an/ means 'also, too, and, in addition'.

/.:: hmm is used as 'both and...' in English, e.g. /hen

gemdra mibinmm, hear xan6metuno/ 'I'll see both you and your wife'. In

such kxmbinations as jbeimin/ 'this very Barnet, /hAmintowr/ 'exactly so,

this same way' Ama-/may not correspond to any particular word in English,

or may correspond to something like gust, very, same', etc.

Note that /hear -/ is prefixed in a manner parallel to /:ear -/.

We have had the following parallel formations:

cetdwr hirtowr hgmintowr

Note 9.1.3 /heath, /hmmg-

Ammg/ means tall, the whole'. It either precedes the word it refers

to and is then connected to it ter the ezafg ihsaye tanhg rift:end/ 'they

all went', or follows it, and then stands in apposition, there being no

ezafg Panhg, hmmg rEettmodi 'they all went'.

Used with the pronominal suffixes Amin, tun. gun/, it has the

forms: /hangman 'all of us', Alsatian tall of you': /hauggian tall of

them*.

Used in other compounds it often means 'every, each' as in Amaja/

'everywhere' , /arm sgruz/ or /hmmgruz/ 'everyday'.

Examples of other compounds: Afribmmil 'so much, so many ('this much,

this many"), Pgnhmmei 'so much, so many ('that much, that many"),

/batinhmme/ or /bahmmgye tin/ tin spite of all that'.

288

Note 1.9.4

/hic/

Examp'es:

/hie, hic-/

means 'nothing, none, no, any,

hic nmgoft

hic nmdarmm

hic nmdarmm

hic xan4 :Alarm

hic, tura neldidmm

hic betehran nefretwm

ialgra hie didid2

P.9.279

at ail, never, ever'.

'he said nothing'

II have none'

II have no soup'

II don't have any house'

'I didn't see him at all.'

II never went to Tehran'

'Did you ever see Zhale?'

fn::::-/ occurs in a great number of compounds, e.g.

hicja

hicci [hicciz]

hickms

hickodum

hicyek

and many others.

GIS

GIS

nowhere

nothing

nobody

no one, neither

no one, neither

Note that with /hic/ and /hic-/ the verb is always in the negative

form, as in /hicja nArmftmm/ 'I didn't go anywhere!, except in some

question sentences where /hic/ has the meaning of 'ever!, e.g. /hfc

'aqaye jemadira mignasid7/ 'Have you ever met Mr. JavadiV

Note 9.2 Verb: The Causative Suffix /-un- [-an-, -ani-]/.

xah4g mikonmm no bemehmanxantiye Will you please take me

ferdowst, beresunid. to the hotel Ferdowsi.

The verb /resian [rmsidgn)/ means 'to arrive?. /resundmn

[rmsandmn]/Oto cause to arrive', that is, Ito take'.

The suffix /-un- [-an-, -ani -] / is regularly used to form 'causative'

verbs.

In colloquial Persian this suffix is /-un-/ or /-an-/; in the formal

speech /-an-/ or /-ani-/ interchangeably.

t289

P. 9.teoThe causative form is nearly alwgys formed by adding this suffix to

the present stem of the verb. Other examples:

Verb Present Stei Causative----- ammo

fehmidAn

xordin

picidign

11.Momftlromponwammowywo

/feehm-/

Am.//Pic -/

Note 9.3 New Verbs and Verb

The following verbs and

taggibe ksi ratan

lagAbe keel lamed&

paes gereftek

feehmundem (fEehmaniden) Ito explain:

xorunan Noraniden) Ito feed!

picunan (picanian) ?to twisty

Uses.

verb uses should be noted:

to go after somebody

to come to get someone

to take back

Note 904 Numerals: Ordinals

lodge darvem, delete rest. Second room to your right.

The ordinals of the first three numbers are: Pevv4:1/ or hek6m/

'first!, iaovvem/ or /aayyem/ !second!, /eevvem/ or /aeyycim/ !third!.

The most common word for !first! is /Tema/. /yek6m/ is used in

numbers above 20 ending in 1, as, e.g. bisto yekOm/ !twenty first! and

also in more formal speech instead of /tanntell. A third word for !first!

or !prime! is /nacest/ or /hoxest/, used in some compound words, e.g.

Almost vmsfr/ !Prime Minister! and in very formal speech in place of

/Tes741/.

The other ordinals are formed from the cardinals by the addition

of the suffix /-6m/, e.g. /omharem/ !fourth!, /eisedo bisto pmnjam/

'the hundred twenty fifth!. etc.

The ordinals are used both as modifiers, as in /raze panjom/ 'the

fifth day!, and as adverbs, as in Pmv41, 'oma befmrmalid/ !You go

first?.

With the suffix /4/ they mean !the first!, !the second! or !the

first one, the second °net, etc. as, for example: /e4nmfar xanee fammdand.

xanOme soma' bud, dovvomi, manOme Iacleye javadi, vale sevvomf,

madiAre Yacleye tesmit/ !Three ladies came. The first (one) was your wife,

P.9.281

the second (one) Mrs. Javadf, and the third (one) Mr. Smith's mother'.

knother group of ordinals is formed by the addition of the suffix

/...in/ to those of the first group, e.g. /immvmaini, /dovvomin/, etc. This

is the same as the /tin/ 'this', found also as the suffix which is used

to form the superlative. Compare bozorgtmrin/ 'the largest' (of all)'

and Pmvvmlini 'the first 'of all)', 'the very first'. Like the superlatives

they precede-the word they modify and do not take the ezafd. Example:

temrdz, temvain rdzist ke Today is the (very) first day

bevagangt6n tamezda3n. I cane to Washington.

The ordinals in /4n/ when used to indicate which numbered item was

the last unit of a series may be used interchangeably with the ordinals of

the first group but are slightly more emphatic, for example:

tin, meharoMin mdhist ke

farsf mixunmm.

'in, mdhe catrSme ke farsf

mixunmm.

This is the fourth month I've

been studying Persian.

This is the fourth month I've

been studying Persian.

The quantity word /and/ may have the same suffixes as the ordinals.

bmnd6Vand /esendomin/ mean 'which (of a certain number) t, e.g.

/tem& omname mdhe/ 'which day of the month is today?'

Grammatical Drills

GD. 9.1

temrdz, hArja ke rmftetm, leamitmm Wherever I went today, Smith was

'unja bud. there too.

larsalmtike meyl darfd, tegrif Please come anytime you wish.

biyarid.

P.9.282

min, hilrmmrtmbe ke bemmnzele Every time that I came to your

e:arkar lamadgm, Kama abudid. house you were'nt there.

hkrce man be'u migam fin kayo No matter how often I tell him

natond.behmee mean, giL not to do this, he doesn't

amide. listen to me (Ito mw wordsI).

h4 Iiranl'is.faral xdb hart Not every Iranian speaks good

amizmne. Persian,

hgrkas ke lunja biygd, Everyone wno will come to that

hmtmgn midune ke bayed Ienglisi place [will] know perfectly

hmrf bezmne. well that he must speak English.

h&rce javadi mig4, baygd.kmrd. Whatever Javadi says must be done.

hgrce lama goftfd, mAnmm, Whatever you said, I said the

hgmuno goftmm same thing.

fairmddid, hgmino mixalid, ya Did you say, you wanted this one

tun yekiro. or the other one?

hgmun ruzike migoftgnd, tmirlf They left the same day they

bordand. said [they would leave].

hic mehmanxangli, becimiangiye There is no other hotel as

lin yekf mist. beautiful as this one.

men Iemrdz, hic Ienglisi I didn't speak English at All

ngzmdmm. today.

Barker cerg hic nemixalid, Why don't you want to speak

feral hmrf bezmnid. Persian at all?

hgrkodum lam inaro xastid, Take anything you want ('from

befirdarid. these!).

292i

P.9.203

hceryek IEBZ gomand, bayed fmgeit Each one of you must' work only

bmraye iirgn kar kone. for Iran.

hickodum 'az Tung, farsi None of.them knows Persian.

nemidune.

hicyek laz fund lenglisi xub Neither of them speaks English

harf nemizane. well.

smrkdr hAm farsf xub hmrf You speak both Persian and

mizmnid, h&m lenglisl. English well.

qntowram ke migid nIst. This isn't exactly the way

you say.

hA fazing mige raft, helm You can go both this way and

tmwinjd. that way.

hdmantowrke goftAm, lesmit As I said, Smith did it.

tinkaro lard.

berid, va hAmantowrke xastid, Go ahead and do it the way you

bdkonid. wanted it [to be done].

raft, vea hie ham. ben& He left and didn't even say a

nmgoft. word to me.

h&rcera ke xastid, b&rdarid. Take whatever you want.

h&rtawrike ayle gomist. Just as you wish.

hicvaxt lintowr hmrf asmnid, Don't ever speak this way, it's

xdb nfst. not good.

hie cizi behtmraz hart zmdmne There's nothing better for you

farsf, bmraye Boma xdb nist. than to speak Persian.

P0.284

h4rvmxtike xastid Any time you'd like to come,

bemmn begid. just tell me.

hmm4ye. !anted, farst, xdb hmrf All of them speak good Persian.

mizmnmnd,

h&rjanke berid, abaymd 'mzu You shouldn't speak about him

sobbet konid. wherever you go.

Id hear, hmmeja, 'az Boma He also speaks about you

sohba% mikone. everywhere.

halrvmxt.xaste goad, bemmn Anytime you're tired, tell me.

bggid.

awn, hetrvmxt xaste migAm, Whenever I get tired, I don't

hiImm bid mige. feel well either.

hmmeci 'inja peyd4 mige. You can find everything here.

ficlaye jemadis hArce soma Mr. Javadi, whatever you said

fermddid, dorost bud. was right.

hdimun saeb, betehrin retmnd. They left for Tehran on that

very night.

fund, hmmgun, 'En soma tetrif They all spoke highly of you.

mikmrdmnd.

lettefa*, hma4, demino As a matter of fact, they all

migoftmnd. said the same thing.

hicjaIi, bozorgt& !as finjg, There is no place larger than

nist. this one.

hickesira nadidPm, ke belin I haven't seen anyone who

xubi, leaglisi hmrf bezmne. speaks English so well.

4 P.9.285

hic restordnira be'in qmgmngf, He hasn't seen any restaurant as

beautiful as this.

hfcvmxt, hicja neemirmnd. They never go anyplace.

motegmkkdrmm, hfckodumo Thank you, I don't want anyone

ndmixam, of these.

axeyr, hfcyek 'meta ncebudmnd. No, neither of them was here.

nimem hickodumegun, awmftmnd. No, none of them went.

helmantowrike soma fmmudid, '1 Just as you said, he left.

raft.

hAr kethira ke bra lavordeend, He read every single book they

xund. brought him.

hfrci xdst, bmrdg biyarid. Bring him whatever he wants.

hee.mun ketAbira ke 'avorde budld, He took and read that same book

bOrdo, xdnde you had brought him.

befd begid, hArtowr mixid, Tell him to do whatever he

'unkaro bekone. wants.

haerjalike tmgrff Go wherever you want.

bebmrld, berid.

berid, vm hetrce mixayd, bdgirid. Go and take whatever you want.

hicja, behtmrez ling, !list. There's no place better than

this one.

GD. 9.4

lin dovvomin merteb4st, ke

lagaye lesmito didmm.

24011V

lemrdz hmgtomin rdzist, ke doer

vagmngton hmetim.

P09.286

tun kote dovvomiro beman 'agar mud= mixatid, tuye

bedid. sevvomin %tag tagrif darmnd.

tamvall ke tamed td, ki bud. larval bAdunid, bAtd befahmunid.

ketabe tavvali tat of bud. dovvomin gethre bozorge

gahre dovv&nike deer tiran tabrize.

tesfmkuln bud. tin, panjomin sat4itist ke

dovvomi betowre kollf nayamad. man deer temrika xar/dam.

tem& qmviro b&corid, be5td biids sinemaye dovveme

terif konid. xiyabune ruzvAlto bebinid.

raze sevv6m, man tinja netbudam. dovvomin sinemaye bozorge

satmte ambaromf, t6nd kar tehrin sinema palls%

mikone. tin, oandomin sAle, ke deer

tin tmv-vmlfn taksIst, ke tagabe temrika hastid.

taclaye tesmft tammde. tIn maim candeme, ke deer tin

tam &Ire dovvomf raft. madrese hastid.

farmddid, tin sevvomin dare tamvaain rdzike betamrika

vorudiye tin hot4le Z tamadam, gomira

*alma, tagaye jamadfro didam,

beresunid, bleed berid sire raze tavAlike betamrika

kiretun. tamad4m, tem& tamvmain

tuye dovvomin cameddnike didid, tamrikatiti bud, ke main

cf bud. bats lad godmm.

Variation Drills..=1....11the baraye taggye jamadi moMkin dare vorugye tin manz41, hem

god, bmccehiro bemmdrese mfresune. bozdrge, vm ham qmilhge.

2C.16.`k.'

tasasiyel vm clzhatike farmudid

bgbarams b6rdmm.

tagaye javadi, lasasiyehggo deer

taksi gozats vm baxOdeg bord.

tin ruzhg, loft dastiye xanomhg,

.xgyli geran gode,

taksi cmmedeenira tavords vm goft,

male taclaye jmvadfst.

modfre madresgs to satmte

panjonim, montazgretun bud.

kifike deer sinema jg gozagte hid,

peydg kmramnds vm beh461 dadand.

tagaye jawadira jel6ye dare

manzgletans didam,

tazggs pees gereftids ya net.

ce5mgm temrdz xgyli xmste god4.

taksi, emmedungtuno jeloye dare

vorudi gozato, raft.

temrdz, arse dovvome farsiro

mixumm.

!awe jawed goft, cakgr hear

deer tin hotel zendegi mikone.

raftane ma betirgns betselxir

lofted.

297

P.9.287

tin texteye siyghike tinja

tavordandl xgyli kuceke.

beltaxargs taqmbeg retis ya neto

ce sathis texAbetun tamad.

mgyle jenabe tali, tinast kes

halg tagmbegan berams ya 1144d.

tettefaqIns hAmintowrike

farmudg budids tagmbegun

rEetams veeli tunja abudmnd.

ketgbike betu dade budid, pals

gereftids ya nEfi.

bay tunja bgrims vm montmzer

bagim.

'awe jmvadi eftmnd, oigms

tin karo mikonam.

cmmedunls vm tesmsiygro j eloye

dmre vorudf gozat.

taz tin kare taclaye tesmit,

dirdz mottalgt godmm.

raftsine taclaye jawadis betexplib

toftad.

deer surest, reef tame tiggn

naafi nadare.

negandagthie tmeasive vm cmmedung,

beraye 'awe javadis xgyli

zahmmt dare.

P.9.288

xanome jmvadi, tmzin tmrmfe

bet4n tmree xiyabun

mire.

/omargye totaqe taqaye javadf,

gurizast.

kel/de dmre menalo, bax6d

n4yavord.

tmxteye siyahe kelds, boarge.

ketabiro taz ruye miz bmrdagtmm.

pedero mad&re taqaye jmvadi,

dmr tehrAn hmstmnd.

men heard nadarwm, veal behare

emmedundyntuno bezarmm tuye

tun taksi.

jeloye totaqe detArmm, yek kife

dasti peyda kmrdmm.

tun kite desdra, xanome jemudi

tunja gozagt4 bud.

modSre :in hot41, Irani mist.

be hez tin kdr, mottmat

nistmm.

tin qmhv4ro neeh darid, to mmn

bsraye soma Xirinf biyarmm.

temrdz, x4yli xaste nmstmm.

298

taqaye tesmit tegrif bordmnd

sine-4a, vii kelide totiqedo

abordaand.

Iomareye manz6letun, cfre.

kelide lotk, tintmrste mizetune.

tin kelid, male totaqe

funtermfist.

montmzere vorude gomi budim.

sera tmgiff wavordid.

daldne tin hot41, ce qmgInge.

ketdbira ke betu dads budmm,

bemmn pals nmdade.

xahn mikonmm, qmdri girin/tmm

begrdarid.

jeloye dire vorud/ye hotel,

montmzeretan xahmm god.

arfetUno tetateet akerdos rift.

cmmedundyetuno peydd akerdam.

tin tmkslio hmm, bazmhmAt

peyda ka rdmm.

are vorudiye tin xarg, hewn

boarge, vae hmm qmOng.

xunere laclaye jmmadf, pdrez

tmsasiOye temrikatist.

Narrative

hotele hilt&

manzele some, mend

tmboole dare.

P.9.289

Hilton Hotel

How many floors do you

have in your house.

bozorgtmrin hotel deer firSn, hotele hilt& xahEd bud, ke nasdlke

bebist tmbEge xahad dagt.

tin mehmanxaneye bozOrgo cimang, kenSre tehrin, vmmcfilro

karmmndSne tan, ?Irani vm temrikati xahEnd bud.

tEsasiyeke tin mehmanxaneye bozOrg bigt&r dmr xode firin doreist

xahad god. karmEndAne firan4re tin hotel, hmMe deer tamrik4, vice jahSye

diglr dAree negandariye hotel, xande tend. tin hotel bedmste mohmndesine

tirani dorOst xahmd god, vm Immvmlin hoteli xahmd bud, ke betin bozorgi

deer ?Irian dordst xahmnd kmrd.

sotaldt

10 tesme bozorgtErin hotelike doer tirSn dorOst xahmnd kmrd, cist.

2. tin hotel, deer kojS xahmd bud.

3. karmmndane tin hotel, kojS deers xand4 tmnd.

4, 04 deers mixandmnd.

5. tmsasiy4ye tin hotel, bigtmreg deer kojS dorOst xahad god.

60 halS doer firin hoteli betin bozorgi hmst, ya xeyr.

7. midanid, modfre tin hotel, ki xahad bud?

8. Asira mignasid ke modfre hotel' bagma

9, tam mehmanxane bigtmr xogetan miyayEd, ya fez mmnzel.

299.10C

P09,290

10. mey1 dSrid vmxtike beltran twgrif bordids omnd vdxti dwr 'In

hotg1 zendegi konido

jlfr,c)4.4T »14-) Aztit

r

JI.f 1.44 ..1).4.0

ejV I J J3.0

P.9.291

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Poo0298


Unit 10

Basic Sentences

Smith

to sand ferestaan (Crest- [ferest-])

2 1 It 2 3 1 2Miss, will you please (s if' xinam: !Ewer momken4i yek

3 1 2 14/it's possible') send up a pigxedmAl befrestid balg:

bellboy.

secretary, clerk mongi

Excuse me, sir, whatss your

room number?

Ism Mr. Smith. MY room

number is fourteen.

minute

The bellboyill oame in a

few minutes.

monE

Smith

mona

3.1 2bOmxgid /agar gOmar4ye

3 I 2 1 4tothetun; dye:

3 sesmit. nomrgye sotkmm;

2 1#carast:

dadrIS [daqiq4]

2 3 2

to and dmiq4ye dige; pisxedmat

xah4d sammgr

You sent for.me, sirs (ldid

you have a command, sir2l)

P. 1 0 299

Eigxeddit3 1 4 2 3,qcSrban; ftermayesy i dastia

Sulth

pin, map nmqS4

to be acquainted with bmad bud&

something, to be

familiar with, know

Yes, I wanted a map of the

city because I'm not very

familiar with Tehran streets,

3 2 3 1

bgle. ye nagNeye Uhro

, 2

mixastamir cunke xiyaburgye3 2 1 4

tehrSno; xdb bm1a5d nistmm:

Eigxedm&

drawer keg keMw

3 2

There's a map here in the ye nagg6 lung; deer kegye

Adesk drawer. maze;

Smith

pain, ache

to be of some use, to

serve onells purpose

This isn't a map of Tehran,

and it's of no use to me.

antbedard xozdtat

23 I 2sin nal:Nye tehrai, nist,

3 2 1

bed&rde znAr4 rgraixoreZ

EilxedmAt

permission lejazS

3O

P*100300

downstairs, below, down

If you allow me I f U bring

you one from downstairs.

Smith

Patin

1 3

Se e lejaa befarmatid,2

teaz

3 2 1

pal/n y4ki, barAtun mlyaram.

cooler (noun) ku14r

2 3 1 1 2 3 2

Yes please By the way, is xaligg mikonEemi: rassf, tan

this cooler in order (2workst)7 kul4r kSr mikone3

RigxedeAt

air, weather hmovi

silent, extinct xamig

to put out, to extinguish, xamdg karan

to turn out, to blow

outs to switch off

31 2 3

No, since the weather is axeyrr can hale hmvi seard4;

cool now, itts off.

SmithIMPOIMMOIIMON

how, in what manner

bright, lit, lighted

to light up, to turn on,

to switch on

How can one turn it on

2 1 Aov

xamuse.

cejurf / cetowrf

rows

rowg4n karan

2 3 I 2 1

cejuril ledge row:37meg Itterdt

Elixedat

unforttnetely motelassefang

3 leo

ruined, demolished, out of

order in bad condition,

spoiled, decayed

Unfortunately itvs out of order

now.

Smith

Pe10,0301

xsarSb

2 3 I 2 4motesmssefan41, hal4 xgrabe:

defect, fault, wrong qyb

2 3 1

mhe a ISybi dare.What9s wrong with it?

Eigxedmit

mechanic mekanik mikan:fk

set, apparatus, mechanic: .m dasse [dmateh)

new n6w

to installs to fix in place kr gozag'an

I dontt know for sure. The

mechanic said that a new

one should be installed.

Smith

2 3 2 1 2

rang; nAmidnnam: mekanik

3 2 3 2

gofte; ye dmssehe n6w, bay&

k4r gozagtf

heater, stove, fireplace boxari

ice yx

refrigerator, ice-box 3Au-41

Pardon me, then do the heater

and ice box work?

311 ialir

3 1 4 2bSbeersid; p&s boxar4yo yamal

3ke kr znikonei

P.10.302

pigkedmAt3 1 x 2 3 1 2

Yes, I turned them on today bteleg" h4min temrdz1 rourg4nersUn

(I this very today? ).

sheet,

clean

Are these sheets clean2

exchange, reward,

compensation

to change, to replace

Yes they were changed (tthey

changed them') today.

Smith.10.7410-

kaardsen.

!In maaafehS (714 IAN) ts33nizei

2

EigkedrA

Smith

tEevetz kaarddin

3 1 2 3 12bker fungro Temrdz, Immiz

kmrdEnd,

bathsbathroom hismigm hears am]

Does this room have a bath22 3lin loth hamdmdarei

EigixedmAt

bathtub vdn

shower dui

towel how].

sabdnsoap

cupboard, cabinet genj

31 23

bctle qorbunr h&n 'an daresYes, sir. It has both a bathtub

312

and s shower. And towels

and soap are in the cabinet.

All right; thank you.

Do you wish anything else?

P.10.303

2 1w 2 3hear thin howl4o sablinmm,

2 1

tyre gazajtst.

Smith3 2

*1Xdb; xAyli maMnunmm.

Eiaxedmetrt

2 3fmrmayge digs nnarid

Smith

yes (to a negative question) ara

to forget yid net&

to ask (a question) porsidtn (pors-)

blanket pmrti

extra, additional lezaff

3 1 II 3 1 2 1

Oh yes, I forgot to ask you, are.: yidmm rat; b4porsmm.

2 3 zcould you bring (me] an momk4ne; ye peatiye lezafiymm

extra blanket? biyaridi

Eigxedatt

Yes, sirl

meaning

What's the meaning of

this word?

library, bookstore


P00.304

2 1 di

What does the word Iketabxangl lociAte ketabxang, yEetni ci."

mean?

to stand, to stop, vgystadmn Myssadmn

to wait (vayst-hayss-hass-)

(istaan (tist-)]

to sit, to sit down, to negmsan (negin-/ngin-/gin-)

take a seat, to be

seated, to dwell

chair

Donut stand there, please.

Take a seats

to turn, to look around,

to look for, to stroll,

to become

to come back

At what time will you come

back to class tomorrow2

always

At 9 oldloCk as always.

smndeali

2 3 2 1 2 1 4g

xah46 mikonmm; vgnawasid:

32 1

I23

bgfmrmalid; ruye smndsli

2 1

b411.ginidlor

gmgt4n (gmrd-)

b4rgmgten

2 3 12faardg co satmti; bekelgs

bgimigmrdid.

hamiI4

2 v12 1. AmIsle hamilg; salmte noh:

Poos3o5

NOTES

Note loot Verb: The verb ibegmstin/

This verb implies both the idea of the state of Ysittingt, and the

action cf. 'sitting down,. A3 its past participle /neamr-c4/ means rather

tsittingt than !sat', the Present and Past Perfect; Tenses are generally

used to eXpress the state of 'sitting!, whereas other tenses express

eiblur the performance of the actual action of !sitting down! or a pro-

longed state of !sitting'.

Hera are some examples to illustrate the usage of this verb:

melh ling neg8 ste5tm, vm

dayam ketgb minunmm,

vtxtike tam4dam, hag negastg

budand.

befmrmatid, benginid.

(state) Ism sitting here and reading a

book.

It When I cane everybody was sitting.

(action) Please, sit do4-1,,

tagaye jamcal, halg dare =gine. tt Mr. Javadi is now sitting down.

nemixam benginam. t t I dontt want to sit down.

vtxtike didtmeg dagt rge tY When I saw him he was sitting

EandmIl mlnegast. down on the chair,

tam4d, vm rgye sanamll negaste tt He came and sat down on the chair.

mirim lung, minginim. (prolonged Welll go there and sit.state)

tagaye jamadl hairrruz ling Mr. Javadi used to come here

miyamad, vm rgye tin sandmil t1 every day and sit on this

minegast. chair.

axeyr, motegoldcgrEen, haiminja t No thank you I'll sit right

minginmm. here.

P. 10.306

(prolonged

fit hArruz miyad lingwo, state) She comes here every day, sits

mIginewo ketttb mixune. It and reads.

mixam lung benginmm. tt I ?d like to sit there.

m4 ein14 negtestimo neg4stim, f t We sat and sat here until you

to bellaxamg, gomg tmgrif finally came,

favordid,

Note lo,s Pronoun: Modifying Object of Verb or Preposition

In Note 3.2 the use of the Pronominal Suffixes was discussed and in

'Note 8,4 the use of /xod /.

Following are some examples of pronominal suffixes used as modifiers4.4

of the direct object of the verb or of nouns preceded by /be-/ or /fmz/.

1. The person expressed by the verb is the same as that indicated

by the pronoun:

xan6mmmo didea

[xan6me x6dra didmm]

xanome IcOdmato didmm

bexanOmeg goft.

[bexanome x6d goft.]

bexaname x6de6 goft.

f/no fmm xan6mmm gereftlam.

[ linra las xanome x6d gereftmm]

Ilno Ins xanome xtimm gereftmm.

I saw my .wife.

I saw my wife.

I saw my (own) wife.

He said to his wife.

He said to his wife.

He said to his (own) wife.

I took it from my wife°

I took it from my wife

ttook it from may (own) wife,

2. The person indicated by the verb is not the same as that indicated by

the pronoun:

xan6metuno didmm.

xanome x6detuno did an.

xanome gomdra didaa.

I saw your wife.

I saw your (own) wi:s.

I saw your wife,

316 4,

IP.'

bexan6metun goft.

bexanome.x6detun goft.

bexanome some goft,

lino DMZ xan&metun gereftam,

!in° !mm xanome Adetun gereftmme

!Ino !mz xanome gom4 gereftmm.

P.100307

He said to your wife.

He said to your (own) wife.

He said to your wife.

I took it from your wife.

I took it from your gown) wife.

I took it from your wife.

As these examples show, the independent pronoun in such a construction may

be reed only if the person expressed by the verb and that indicated by the

proncun are different.

9003 Preverbs

'fn ketabo bArdarid, vm Take this book and give it to

bem&n bedide mel

xaheg mikonmm, fmrda balrgmrdid. Please come back tomorrow,

xaheg mikonmm, vinmyssid. Don't stand [there], please,

Some Persian verbs are used with preverbs. The resulting meaning

is usually different from that of the original simple verb, e.g. /aagtin/

!to have /b4rdagtmn/ Ito pick upl; /gmgte5n/ .uto turn, to become'

/bArgm4tmn/ Ito come backt; but Pistaan/ and Mystad4n/ 'to stand, to

stop!.

The verbs with preverbs do not have the /be-/ prefix in the Imperative

and Optative forms, e.g. /beirgmrdid/ !come back!.,. /amixam !inja vAysbmal/

II don't want to stand here!, In other tenses these verbs follow the

pattern of compound verbs) e.g. /hArf mizmnmm/ talk' /b4r migmrdm/

III11 come back', midarmm/ II111 take!; /beer amidarm/ II wontt

taket etc.

Note that the preverb always receives the primary stress.

Note 10.4 Use of Tenses

agnvmxte ke, some zab.ine How long has it been since ('how

120100308

farsiro, motaleeg kardid. much time is it that') you

studied the Persian language?

Contrary to English usage, the Present Tense /cInvaxte [cAnd vet

fast)/ is used in the above sentence, The Present Tense (not the Present

pArfectS) is used in Persian when a condition or action has existed or has

been going en for some time and still continues,

Examples:

How long have you been in

Washington?

calrivamte (ke) der vagangtonid.

or:

calnvaxte.(ke) dar vase ngton

hastid.

I've been here for three months, sg mahe (ke) linjgm.

or:

sgmahe (ke) finjg hastmm.

How long have you been studying drivaxte ke farm! mixanid.

Persian2

The sequence of tenses in Persian is also basically dlfferent. The

tense used in subordinate clause does not depend on that of the main

clause. Thus the English: 2He said he liked the city' is in Persian:

/g6ft ke lam gthr x6geg :dyad/ whereas the Persian sentence /g6ft ke tam

ge6hr mga lamed/ would mean 'He said he had liked the cityl. /g6ft ke

:dyad/ means the said heed comet, but /g6ft ke I:dyad/ would mean the told

him (or her) to comet.

The Simple Past is often used with reference to future action

followed by another action in the future, e.g. /V1Ktike refftid, xahgg

mikonam baraye man siggr bexmrid/ 'When you go (after you have gone)

please buy some cigarettes for met. (Compare the use of tenses after

bmed las finkeh Note 6.z.2).

The Simple Past is also sometimes used in informal Persian to

express the immediate future (i.e. something that is going to occur or

ry31,13ti

P.10.309

be performed right away), e.g. /lamtdam/ may rowan II'm coming!, PavOrdmm/

ilm bringing [it], /Attain/ 'I'm leaving', etc.

Note 1065 Verb: /listadain vdystadmn/

The verb /listadan/ denotes either the state of 'standing' or the

action of 'stopping'.

In Colloquial Persian this verb is used mostly with the preverb /V4-/

In addition to the above meanings MystadEen/ has also the meaning of the

state of 'waiting' (or staying). Thus the sentence /['ing befistid]/

means 'stand here!' or 'stop here!' and /ling vdystid . ling vAyssid/

means 'stand herell, Istopherell or 'wait herel'. The Present and Past

Perfect tenses have only the meaning Ito stand', e.g. /64n listadPm/

['istade lam] 'I am standing, /soma listade budid/ 'You were standing.'

Note 1o.6 Verb: Imperative (Familiar Form).

In Note 2.6 the Imperative !polite! and 'familiar! forms were

discussed, and it was mentioned that some verbs had special forms of the

familiar Imperative.

Following are several such special forms of verbs which have occurred

in the units:

/b4gui or /belgu/

/b6row/ or /b6ro/

/Aysta/, Myssah

Mstah /vissa/

/begrioh /begnow/

Note 10.7 New Verbs and Verb Uses:

negih kardEtn

faciAbe kasi rerestadan

'agape kasi loftaan

faciabe oIzi gagtan

tsayit

'got'

'stop!', 'wait!!

'heart'

to look

to send for or after somebody

to chase some one

to look for something

319 0,N

Poo.310

mmtni kerdn

deer nezkx weft&

beamzlr residAl

benaseram nr!rese

GD..10.1 and 5

to explain (the meaning of)

to take into consideration

to seem

it seems to me

Grammatical Drills

diA403 besinemd raftim, vie can

j& niuud, tachme %Text tunJe

listadim.

cerd lung tistadid, befarmatid tic

Inixtike didameg, rung wiyistade

bud.

dose deige linja bdristid, to

bola-garden.

listadd budand, ya negmst4 budand.

velxti besinema rani% xanOmmm

negastd budaend, vie Ai tistadd

budan.

tunja n&tistid. tindro beIrdarido,

bdbarid.

hArvmxt tanhd base, hmmig4

migine vmkdri ndmikone.

to mdme vtext linja tistadd bud.

beldam mehmani, be tunja bArgmgtimo

vas negalstim.

320

rdye sun smndmli anginid, rdye

tan smndmlf b4farmatid ben5inid,

clZharo pees gereftim, Ilm.montmedr

listadim.

v4xti bedianegan rktim, der

totage daftaregan nest

budmnd.

listadd bud, vie ketdb mixund.

motegmkkdrmm. himinja minginmm.

listad&ne dear tinglbehar hez

negmet4ne.

xaheg mikonmm, bdfmrmatid, rdye

tin sandmlf benginid.

listed, bud, vas befarmayegate

smrkdr, gdg midad.

parceforignelEgste bud, vie mean

teed pared mixmridmm,

veexti tunja rAftim, amr:nmzer

adaltim fagmt bduginim, bake

ndxastim ketAbmm bexumdm.

P610.311

tistad4 bud, vm yek cizi hsfirvmxt minsind, yecizi mixore.

mfbaft, gistad, vm ta heagtdd gom6rd.

net bud, TW: motevmjj4he 2unjd bdfistid, vmmontmgreg

hfccizi nitituk, bagid.

ging bdtistid, vmmonJ-,sar vdxti bexuneye tagaye jamadi

bans', ta to biyad. mitlebm4, pa'seban bemmn goft,

can xdyli montmzer tistadim hala *said.

dige hajmd b4nginim. cera tinja vSymissi.

ce4 tinja tistaditd, fekr hdrjalike meyle jenabe tallst,

ndmikonmm, biyad. benginid.

fistadd badaend, vm nthqX6ya gahre hemdg vdyssade, vm hdrf mizmne.

teherdno, natin midadand. hdminja bud ke taksi vdyssad, vm

cera ndmifarmayd benginid, jamadt lamad birun.

ke begmm ye fenjun qmhvd bmrdtun jmmadi betaksi goft ke, jeloye

biyarmn 2 sinemd, vayssa.

reftetim bemolagate 'igen, vm pmsmz qdrban, hdminja fmrmudid,

mend daqiq4like tistade budim, vdyssmm2

tisdn tmgrif tavordmnd. hdrci beheg goftan vdyssa,

tu xiyabun beheg vaOdd dade bud, vdynassad.

vm montmzereg fistadd bud. berid imgmbeg vm bdbinid, the

tu goluqf listed! buds d, vm liuija fisted!, bebmrideg

hmmdg hdrf mizmdmnd. besefardt.

benginid, yes xiydletun rah&t vmmtike raftmm legmbesg, ddgt

bage. minegast.

h&rce monteegreg negthstfm, mean mirmm, nazdike boxari

ndvammd. bdginmm.

32

PplOo312

Variation Drill

mks mong....gua xiyabunaye tehruno

bm1gde?

mesletinke, bgmin nmsdikiyd, yek

ketabxan6 heeste

cerd nmqgeye gghro, baxpdetun

nmiavordid,

momic6ne bdrid, nmqgeye ggihro tem

xanSm begiria

gom4 yek restorane xdb bid

hastid?

pees mmn mlvmm. she fMrmayerse

diggri darld, bepigxedmgt begid.

ng, kire dig ri nddaram. fag&

bemekanik begid biyad, boxariye

sotaqmmo dordst kone.

pigxedmmt beman goft, ke mixand

yek yaxcale nbw bmrdtun

biyarand.

gamin radkoneem hmvaye birdn, x4yli

sgrde.

yek dmatehe kulere aw, baraye

gomd, kdr xahmm gozagt.

motelmssefand, ha mume xdbi, tin

namdikiyA nist.

bend bald, ye bepigxedmmt begid,

biyad patin.

bdrid, gmzu bdporsid, ke ha mim

kogst.

rasti yideam net las goma

beporsmm maldfaro lam& kwrdid,

ya nee.

ladle, hey& kerdmm, vm ye pwtuye

Iezafilmm 2aviirdam.

boxart xmrdb gode. baymd bekesi

goft, biyad dorosteg kone.

momkdne tmgrif bebmrid vw yek

nmqgsye gdhr, bwraye man

bexacid vm biyarid2

mmge boxer/ ce tdybi dare, ke

rows An nemige.

motelmssefand cimn vmxtist, ke

tura ndidEetm.

boxarira lemrdz kar gozagtmnd,

v&Ii bayed t4rz konmm ke, kdr

amikone.

tin maaafiro, heanin temrdz bad

bOrdo, tem& kard.

32t;r

P.10013

vglxti raftid, yak howle, va temg& totage mean xgyli s4rde,

dosgta slbdnam bexarid. cdnke boxari adaram.

tot4clike mix4m, bayad hat an cejuri tin boxarira rowg4n

gni16 date bage. mikonid.

man vagetgn Ahem raft ke digmb rasti, ygdmm raft bemekanik

tunjg biyam. began, ke yaxcgl ham xargbe.

maim to mu porsIdami vael.i cfzi malnam ye boxariye now damn, va

beaem AQ.Ct: mixamkgr begzaramo

ce sat&A bkomigardid ke mongiye mane, ygdeg rafte bud, ke

montasgretun bagam. boxarfra xamdg kone.

raft&negun deer tin sei& mmeni cerS ! in ymxcAlo favals nemikonid,

adare. VW ye ymxcale new bexarid?

midunid gomargye totomobflike cerS tinqadr dfr kardid.

nazdike manzel tistade bud, tejazg midid kulgro xamdg konam7

cfst7 havg Ayli s&rde, kulgro xamdg

hAmin jeloye der bagid, to kon.

1561.gal-dame xaheg mikonam, tin locAto

halg safate yazawo d4h baraye mAn maetni konid.

deximst. temruz raftam ketabxang, vaeli

satathd montazgreg listadd atunestam mminlye tin logato

budim peydg konam.

goal sabre tehrgno, xdb balk yek tabje. tam tuye yaxcal barve

hmetica mean biyarid.

hamdme xuneye mg, ham van dare, mi$x,Ayli Ardame.

ham ddg. td xcideg, javabe harfe x6dego

mide.

32110;

Pol0c314

Id, mmtniye herfe x6dmgo hem lino bdgirid, betig4n pass

niimifehme. bedid.

ban mixatim berim kenare boxari cizhdtike ruye miz bud beIrdagtems

benginimp vm gerabo tabjd vm tuye gang gozagtem.

bexor:bn. beergegtendo cemedundguno

tin ketdb, belardo gcma amixf.:Te? b6rdend.

bete, tin ketdb bederde men mixore. :xti tunja b4rgegtid, el god.

the stfrdetune, boxar/ra row, n vaxti kdretun tea:dim god, besinemd

konid. beberideg.

jevadi, yldeg refte, boxarlro tesasiyehAtike ehotel ferestadido

row kone. berftun lunja neglb midarend,

rastf, begid ye petuye tezafilem ve bek4si ami dend.

beraye man biyarend. ce sal4ti beheg goftid,

tem pigxedat, nomreye totage b4rmigerdid?

tagaye tesmito porsidem. gebvetike beraye man nog& date

tistad4 bud, vm tuye keg6ra budid, kojd gozagtid.

negdh mikerd. der mmIniye tin loci4t, tegtebd

tin kotgeelvdr bederde men Bode.

amixore kucike. Ilene gethr, tegebe jervadi.

mesle tinke tam Boma Iejaa hemigd dir miyad, sae mmIzertfit

gereft, vm reft bald. mixed.

lung tegrif bordand, vFe neg.& kon ke Iundro xdb bepice.

montmz4retunnegmstEgind. paSebdn hemiNe tagebe magind

ketfibike beheg dad4 budid, p&es mdyofte.

gereftid?

324

Poo,315

bem4n goft, ti4S smbr konid, hfrce doer sinema

ve x6deg re-ft tagmbe ye cizi peydSgun bekonim, nMod.

begmrae. tin loqfto, soma cejuri, mmtn4

bmcgye tammithaegan, yek manzele mikonido

xdbi dar nmzmr gereftim. hamge vm cizi

lintowr benmzmr mirese, ke digs birdno negah kon, b6bin the

tmgrif n4yarmne. tungist, begu biyad

goft ke imgmbegun rmfte bud rAftim, ye do sat4ti birtn

peyd4gun nAmrd. begmrdim.

benmar mirese, ke mmtnlye dirdz ke dmr gMhr migm5tim

locOte, xdb moltefet taggye ja wed. vm xandmeguno

n4gode, didimo

kgri adagtimo, rktim ye do gmman nemikonmm, tintowr mmtni

sal4=ti to g6hr begmrdim. ke mikonid, dorcist bage.

negAh konid ke dthr xdb bmste hiamige mmgrdbego bay& mixore,

bage, bem4 goft berestorSn mire,

gomSn mikonmm, ye same pig, bPd, hatrci gtegtim,

tmgmbeg ferestadmnd. peydSg n4kr.drdim.

pig= tinke berid, xaheg ben& goft, ting smbr konid,

mikonmm, ye gilas tabe 3,6x vm x6de5 raft, tmgmbe cizi

bemeln bedid. begmrde.

negSh.konid, vm bebinid ce

smSh4tist-

hmmige miyad tinja, vm zmhmek

mide.

P.100316

Narrative

(Jar in i madres41 (Arita naqgeye xube !irk dide migavad motetassefan4,

yeki daa tam an nmqgehA Odri teyb darted . vaeli n4bayad xiyil kmrd ke

hamkre naeaeigilm dar tiran dor6st mikonand, t.iyb darad. dEr tirb

naggehave besiyAr tali did4 migavad, ke mAsle 14n dar Ting k4mast.

han:;.gS baraye tinke naqgS nib bagmd, bay& movazebe de) ciz buc4 yell

kgy tan n,4244 dorost god41 vas digger tinkel der kog. vas tIn do

cizra b-- hartrdn dear wok- Bereft,

motegassefanS, xeylihS movaz4be tin nistand, vm h&intowr mil-ER-and

vas naggeti mixed vas bagd ke milahmand, tin nau04 bedard nAmixormd,

mimand, deer rEq1='sye x4b, peyda amigmvad. tin dorost nist,

adnke dmr Ting ham, *agar yek naar movazeb nlbagad, mitavanad yek

naqgdye xeyli bldi bexmrEd3 vas nemigavad goft, ke cwa dar tamrid yek

nacige 1:41dEt, tae me nmqgehaye tamrikS b43 has-band.

sotalSt

1. deer tin madresS naggeye Than hast?

2. deer kog, o4nta naggEest..

3. ciatagun, t4yb dare.

4. hambe naggehgyb tirAn, bead hmstand?

5. der tirSn, cSjur naqge mige xarid.

6. baraye xaridane yek naggeye xdb, bay& movazebe ci bud.

7. soma, nalgeye *Iran arid?

8. der tamrikg, rim:Owe xdb, peyd4 mige?

P010.317

9, gomd, kog mixatid nmiolg4 bexmrid.

lo, cerg mixatid, ne44 bexmrid.

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33k.


Unit ti

Basic Sentences

Rezg

morning s6b [s6bh]

welfare, good, charity, xgyr

blessing

last night direb

sleep, dream xgb

to sleep, to lie down, xabian ()cab-)

to stop, to come to

a halt

Good morning, Mr. Smith, I

hope you slept well last

night.

Smith

2 3 1

sObhe soma bexgyr faciaye tesmit!

2 3 1

tengallg ke dig& xdb xabidide

so much that; inasmuch tam bske

as; to such an extent

that; so... that

window pmnjarg / pmnjerg

noise smrosedg

at all (with neg); Iasi&

originally

33B

Thank you, but I couldn't sleep

at all because of the noise

outsiae my window ('so much

noise was coming from the

outside of the window?).

tali,, high, long, loud

to get up

At what time did you get up2

Reza

SmithODalmaw

P.11.3'7

3 1 41 2m4rsi: .411 Imz bAske

3blrdne pmnjer4 smrosedg

,) 3 2,1miyammd; tmslmn; nmtunestaim

bexabmmf

bolAid

boLlnd sod

2 3 2 1

ce sal4ti; bol4d godid!

most; the most part of; Im011411

mostly

Compelled, forced, obliged mmjbdr

to, be compelled, to have to madbdr god&

time (instance) dEef to

foot, leg pa

to get up, to rise a god&

2 3 2,1 a 2At seven; but since I couldn't salalte; haft: cue mcambe

sleep most of the night, I had

to get up several ('two, three')

times and smoke a cigarette.

3Mb Agmitunestmm bexabmmi

2 3

madbdr godmm dose dmftg pg

2 1

gmmo; sigSr bekegmmf

Reza1011110

qL:iet, noiseless bidmrosedg

3

P.11.328

thought fgkr

to think

Oh, that's terrible. I

thought you had a quiet

room.

satisfied, content

If you are not satisfied with

this room, we'll give you

another one tomorrow.

afterwards later on

Very well. I'll think [it over]

and let you know later on.

breakfast

Pm hungry now. Where can I

have my breakfast (twhere can

one eat breakfastt)2

Smith

Rea

fekr koarddn

2 3 1 2 3 1 _a 2,

tey 1E4; tin ke bald god: mmn

fgkr mikardem gomg totgqe

3 1bismrosedgti darid

razi

2

?mar tem tin totaq razi

3 I anistid, fmrdg ye totgqe

3i2 1

diggl begomg mid: m#

held&

3 1 it 2 3,xgyli xubY mmn fekr mikonami

2 3 I 2 1

van bmtdeln; begomg mignon!

nagtati / sobhang

2 3 1 ji 2

halg maln gorosame: nagtati

3 1

kojg mige x:ord

2 3 1 2

If you allow one I'll bring legAr ilejaz4 bedid; m4n

it to ('fort) you.

Thanks. What do you have for

Smith

1

beergye miyaramn!

2 3 1 & 2mmmablen: bawiye sobhang

344r

breakfast?

RezS

3, 1 di

Cl darid:

P.11.329'

usual magma

usually mmImulaln

bread nun [n.4n]

butter Imre

cheese pmnir

preserve, jam mormbil

seed; egg toxin

hen, bird m&rq

egg tame marq

tea ody / cayi

or vqrg

23 I 3 12 3We usually.serve bread and mmtmulaln, kmr4wo, pmnirop

2 3 I 20 Ibutter, cheese eggs, tea morabbSwo, toxme mOrqd, ,

or coffee.

honey

Will you please bring me bread

and butter and some honey.

Don't you want anything else?

Smith

2 '1

vmyS qMhve midim.,

2 3 2

xahtS mikonmm; bmrdye mein geldri

nano kmr4 vm 'mak biyaridReg

2 3cize digs mey1 neldaridi

Smith

half-cooktid, soft-boiled nimb&nd(3 minute)

331101"

"11.330

Bring me a soft-boiled egg,

too, please.

Yes, sir.

Rezit

2 3 2

xah4g mikonmm; y4 toxme mOrcie

I

nimbAndmm biyaridf

3 1

otegm clorbun.

(After Breakfast)

SmithGO OD 010.111.

to boil jugidki (jus-)

hot or boiling water tabegg / 'abji

beard rig

shaving rigtmragi

shirt, govr pireln [pirah4n]

to wash lost& (smr [guy ] )

to iron lotilmr&in

Agha Reza, bring me a little

hot-water for. shaving (t to

shave my beard) and have

(*give') this shirt washed

and ironed.

shoes

polish

Yes sir. Don't your shoes

need polishing:

Reza

2 3 1 # adri laS3Agamilacitt rest. O

2 1

berAyt rifftmragi biyarid.

2

VEe lin piraniro b4did

3 I a 1

b6gurmno; Icons:tat

lofa

vith3

113 1# 120fefgetuil %As anixacig(*sin.

34O

Smith

pair Soft

No, thank you. I've two pairs

P.11.331

31 2 3 1 4 24i

MOtekkk4/10171. d6 joft

of shoes that Ill/ give you kkg darmm ke tunAro fmrda

3 2 1

sob ; begoa midmdi

m:tomorrow morning.

Rea

awake bider

to wake up (somebody) bider keran

to wake up -(bneself) biar god&

3 1 2 3

Sir, at what time "do you want *bans fmrda sob a salatti

2 1

me to wake you up tomorrow mixatid; oiaretun konmm.

mornings

Smith

2is

31 2 1 4

I'd like to be waised up before pis= h&ft mixaml biddy gen:

seven.

narrow, tight tang

poor, poor man, needy fmer

person

to use, to make use, to testefaa kmrda5n

take advantage, to

benefit by (with NO

By the way, these trousers have

become too tight for me.

341

2 3 I 2

rastf; lin sail vdr bmrdye mein

taIng Ldee 171.4did bays

. .

P.1.1.332

3 2

Give them to some needy fmtri; 'razes testefade1 1/

person who could use them. kone:'

Rez4

3 1 4 2 3 1

Yes, sir, cagm: letal4t mise:

Smith

empty xalt

single, for one person yekneefmr4

double, for two persons donemr4

2

That room that you told me would tun totggike migoftid ferd4

23 2

be empty, tomorrow, is it a yeknemmest; ya

1,1

single room. or a double one? dons fmr4.17*

It's double.

All right. Thank you, that

will be all ('I don't have

any other work with you').

plural

Reza2 3 1

donmfEr4 clorban.

Smith

3 1 2 3. 1 a 2 312xdbr mamminmm: die; kgii

bagoa needaresm!


times (plural of Mxt/)

PowqAt/ is the plural of /YeAxt/.

singular, single

342111

sowcpit

2 3 1 2 1

lamig4JAmle TS:oaf?:

mofrald

antonym

The word 'bad' is the antonym

of t good' ,

verb

pl.

P.11.333

laqayen / taw&2 3 2 1

'age; mofralde aqayttne!

motezed mote3zad

2 3 I z 1#loqcete bald; mot,ezede

fet1

!Betel

synonym moteradef / motseradef2

The verbs /hArf zezdaln/ and fetle Yaw' f Z EECtEfri 783 sohoett

3 2 1

/sohbeet kardaln./ are synonyms. kardeen; moteradefand:

NOTES

Note 11.1 Expressions of Time

Note 11.1.1 baStti: A*/

. mimm bedunan sineme key I want to know when the movie

goru edge. starts

2. viktike tameldeen meanzel, When I came home I saw your

xan6metuno didean. wife.

Ac4y/ or /cevamt/ twhent is used in questions as in /key miyad/ or/cevanct miyad/ twhen will he corneal and in indirect questions, as in/amidumen, key miyad/ or /and lumen, cevaixt miyad/ t I don't know whenhe Ill comet.

fvelxtike/ and /alai/ are used to indicate: a concurrent time tvitent.

P.11o334

Mxtikel means 'at the time that, after the time that, while' and

hstexti/ 'just after,. the moment that'.

Note 11.1.2 Words for 'instance, occasion'

Time in the general sense as measured or measurable duration is

Mxt [v4qt]/, but,ftimel as an occasion or recurrent occasions (once,

twice, three times, etc.) is expressed in Persian by the words /in rtebg

mmrtmb4/, jamfIg/ and Air/. Thus:

/y4(k)defeh /54(101martebe/ and /y4(k)bar/ mean 'once' /agmartebeh

/agdele/ and /agbar/ 'three,times, etc.

Note that with the shift,of the primary stress to the last syllable

/yedelg/ and hemartebg/mean 'suddenly, all of a sudden', e.g.

Aigmartebe goft/ 'He said fit] once', but hemertebg goft/ 'He suddenly

said'.

Note 11.2 WOrd Usage

ikgb/ and associated verbs.

bexAb ret4n xab retain .to go to sleep,

or

xib bordin

/bexgb net/ or

ikabeN bord/

'crib tared&

to fall asleep

he fell asleep,

he went to sleep

to get sleepy

hcAbera miyad/ I'm sleepy

xibe kmera ya cizradidAn

xite domira didalm/

Note 11.3 Prefix /bi-/ 'without.'

main fgkr mikmrdmm, Iond

bismrosediti darid.

841

to dream about someone or

something

I dreamt about you last

nigu y.

I thought youhad a quiet

('noiseless') room.

P.11.335

The prefix /bi-/may be added to a great number of nouns in the

meaning of =without". It generally corresponds to English un-, as in

ibile.jaze/ lunauthorizeo ('without permission'), in- (or im-, it -, etc.),

as in /bihowseld/ 'impatient'. =1e s, as in /bifekr/ 'thoughtless, etc.

(When a word begins with /:/, this may be replaced by /y/ after /bi-/:

Aiyejaz4/.) Other Examples:

bihdl listless

bijmvdb unanswered, speechless

bicfz poor, indigent

bieunocerd indisputable (twitaout how

and wk.")

bimey1 unwilling

bizmtmA easy: if you please, if you

don't mind

binmdg colorless

bilabi drought, dryness

Note is.4 Prefix /hem-/ 'also, too, the very same',

/hmm../ prefixed to Pin/, Pun/, Pintowr/ and /Idntowr/ was discussed

in Note 9.1.2. This prefix may be added to a great number of nouns to

form compounds. :The resulting words generally =respond to English co-,

cam-, con-, or 'fellow, mate; alike; of the same kind, sort, quality, etc.

Examples:

hmmmadres4 schoolmate

hmmaid sympathetic

hamdmsti collaboration

hamrdh companion

hmmrsIng of the same color

hamembdn speaking the same language

hmmsdl of the same age

hmmar spouse

hmakhri fellow citizen

P.ii.336

hmmsohat

lamsecht

hmmfoSkr

hmmkarf

hamkelas / hmmkelasf

hmmoth / hmmotaqf

Note 11.5 Compounds with suffix /4/

tun lothike mfgoftid fmrda xalf

yeknmemrAst, yatonmeant.

companion in conversation

homophonous, agreeable

thinking alike

cooperation

classmate

roommate

That room that you told me would

be empty tomorrow, is it a

single room, or a double one.

The suffix /4/ is added to a phrase of two words, the first

constituent of which is a cardinal nuaber, to form a compound meaning

'characterized try t These compounds are used as modifiers, in

predicate position and adverbally. Examples:

d6 sal

bacaye dosal4

Onj sohpmnjsalertg tin k&ro kmrdmm.

two years

two year old child

five hours

I completed the job in 5 hours.

This suffix may be also added to compounds with /omnd and /.hear/ as

first constituents (occasionally -also with /hmmS/ and /hfch as ,in

bemekar4/ tfactotum, and /hickant/ 'good -for-nothingt). Examples:

and sal how many years

tin baled, omnsalS last. How cid is this child?

mind saga

emnsaleetS mige lin kiro hard,

heir reiz

how many hours

In how many hours can this

be done2

every day

kar, kire herrua nfst. This is not an everyday job,

816

hair sel

hersale miyad tinae.

Os 11..3

P.11.337

every year

He =WS here every year,

Grammatical Drills

tothike lig& der tan zendegi

mikonend, hem gehhe biserosedists

hmm ruzhe.

Ike momkene, bizehm4t tun

ruznamdro bebende merhamdt

konid

tin totkike bar& ger4ftids

bipainjer4st.

tin =did beciazi bimey1 Bode, vs

xeyli ketm craze mixore,

der temrika nimige hilotoplob/1

zendegi kard,

hemige mige beqsza bin yirems

vie tee mgno gomi bigt4r mixore.

home gmb tinja miyado vs tem

bisarosedatiye menzeleg hArf.

mizmne.

bitabi der hdija, ?abate bozOrgiet.

amitune biker bengine.

347

nAbayad tintowr bizebin bud,

nenetuno bakere my' mikonid,

ya bikeee

bixodahafezi bolkid Bodo, rat.

ruznameye bitegtebg, peydd

nemie.

!acid, some tinruzi xeyli bilotf

godid,

bizehmet lino berdarid, vs

bexaametlin pda bedid,

bitejaze rkto, tin kiro bard.

becce betin bimohebbeti

n4didsm,

netbayed bimotiebbst bud.

taclaye jamadi hemige bolAnd

mige vs bidstvalt hmmeja

mire.

biakr keri,nalkonids balretun

xeb niAt.

P.11038

man blcvmxt biakr kAri amikonmms

vae hmmige pigmz 'Enke kAri

bekonmm ?az tan sohbh mikonam.

Ti time Ade restoran xeyli xageg

tammds gofts ke qmzAyeg

bimam4 bud.

tam bixahl xmlst4 godmm.

GD. is.4

vaxtike bediane to rEeftEem,

bahEenotageg net bud, vm

mmgrAb mixord.

to tam hmmneginf batemrikalihA

xeyli xdgeg miyad, can batanha

tenglisf h4rf mizmne.

mAis vratike dam mmdrese budmms

yek hmmothe xdbi dagtmm.

legAr kez hamdier Agetan

nJmiyad, cbra hand bah&

hmetid.

lemrdz yAki tez hmmgmhrihaye

jamadfra dar restoran didmms

vm betel eft= ke bmraye scam

biyad

348

bizmhmat Idn ketdbo bebmndS

lOtf konid.

dirdz laqaya jamadf to mbetake

bihAl bud, amitunest haSrf

bezmne.

bilejaz4, kojA netid.

mean bed goft& kes amixam

bahfckma hEmiqmz£ bagmms cdn

tam tin kar xtigmm nemiyad.

to h4rja mire hmmneginhaye

xdbi peya mikone.

drat danege bah& hamdowrfi

budim.

teen hmmkarf vee mohmbEethrlye

Jenabe faliox4y1i.motegmkkAnaal,

ma fa qat gmbl bah& hmmezi

hsstim.1

jmvAdo fereyddn hEensilzends ye

deer yik kelAs ars mix4nmnd.

fmTfit gmbAs ke tEez daneggi.

beam:mei beirmigaardims hEenri

hEestim.

Poil0339

pares tike sarkir xarididp Ayli v4xtest ke bahaem hamkirend.

bapardetike bena =wide% Axtike der vaSengton kir

hamjlir nistend. mikardimp bafd hemhotel budim.

pares tike sarkar xarldidp ye bahemkeliseg tistad4 bud, ye

peratike bee-A xerldem, halrf mimed.

hamr&ng nistend. hemotigetun ling tamed4 bud, ve

xanome teem% vm xanome jamadip migoftp kul4ro kir gozagteendo.

he mzebin nistendp hamdigero hale dare kir mikone.

xdb mifehmand. me hmmkelis ve hammadresS hestims

mend mihe ke bikir Bode, ye ye der yek totig hem zendegC

bebikari vetxtego migzarune. mikonim.

tin herfi cistp to ke heemsile n4L in baham hamjdr nistend.

beend4 ve some nist. bayed b6rdo peSsegun dad.

GD. 11.5

totomobtlike faget

donefer4st.

der yek totomobile tab/ye

eleharnafari didemegp ke

bejiti mireft.

totigike deer tun hotel gereftip

yenateristyadonefer6.

to gomd finja binginidp mimitunmm doss salmtS berem

forudgihop bArgerdem.

349

min domand ndmitumm farslia

bexUb/ye tenglisip yid begirem.

tin dorusi hamaye vagangtOn, xSyli

behtegi Bode.

tagaye jawed/ domehi reftand

temrikip xandmeguno didendop

bterge&snd.

totigike tug kir mikonemp yek

totige doderlet.

P.11.34o

xanStike ma rmftim bebinimp mmnz4like mffmrmudid xmrid4,

gigotaq6 bud. s6 totaq balip andotaeast?

mm seta pa tfn. harruzep score sat& miy4dop

mongiye man raitune tin nam&ro kSrego mikone.

yesatEet4 hefarsi tcerjom4 xiyabdnike migortid, yetszeastp

kone ya doteerfefe.

nen hamertra, satatte gigs xiyabdnikep nmzdike mEenzele

scibh bemadres4 mir4mop p4nj mAstpsobal tez satate

atate brieldp beermigmrdmm. hEeft4Snim ta notonfm, yetaarEef4st.

fekr mikorlam, yek xankre hmeatike tunja tistadep

doseotaq4 bmraye mAno xaneep cansalelst?

katf bage. hamerua hirmnja rdreop

v4xtike maai betin hotel tammdrimp montEezeretunmfliste.

totaqe yeknefer4n4dagteldp mm tms totaqe yenetmr4 bigt4r

y4ruz totaqedonmfmr4 xxigmer miyadp t4 totaqe

zendegf kerdmmp vas beeld =near&

tot4qamo teev4z kmrdand. teem vagmnguin betirfinp emnruz4

k4rist ke bay md yekruz4 mile reft.

taraitm &MA.* mama mile. farsiro xafb yad

tintowrke migid hanzekaralst, gereft.

nfst. hma migmcdp hmmmkar4stp v4li

totomobflike xarid4p dodmr4p tintow ke mesa fmhmiamp

vm donmfa nist. hickarrist,

bigtir meyl dare mammas tms vagungtonta nyoydrkp mfge

hmftotaqS,dagte baste, ta yegmb raft?

carotage.dosalmt4 aft°, tin k4ro kard.

350 A,'aR

P*11.341

Variation Drills

meal digmb fmramdg kmrdmm, rassf, tmgmr bexahid, mItunim

pmnjereye totScimmo bAz konmm. berim birdn nagtali bexorim.

temruz saoh, fm2 b4eke smrosed& ta yS fotacie dige xali bege,

bud, an nettunestmm bexabmm. soma mitunid tmz otacie an

soma, xdyli xuneye por smrosedAti testefad4

darid. meal bared, pfgme saute heel%

bafin smrobedS, amitunam bexSb bidSr begmmo

berm. xanomb moan, hoer ruz, lebasSmo

soma nitro pmn/r mixalid, ya Iota mikone.

nano kmrewo mormbbS, tmgmr boxari kSr nemikone, caret

mien miser, rigmmo mitmragmm, dorcisteg n4mikonid.

vm miyam bahmm nagtafi mean didmb hlo xabmm naord, vie

bkorim. mmjbdr godmm, ketAb bexanmm

pals ta somas rigtuno betmragid, vie tas kmmxabi ea/am scirx

tan kmfgAmo vAks mizmnmm. /ode.

bepakedat goftmm, ke satmte dig& xgbe gomira didmm, ke

hmgte sobh, xan6mo bid& kone. rmfte budid befamrikS.

fSkr mikonmm Abe, ke xanSmetuno tmz lAske lam jeemadS Writ

hall bidar konid. kmrdid, mean digmb hmag

men baraye hare, nagbaff hazer xabego didmm.

kmrdMm. tmgmr temgmb dir bexa bid, fmrdi

hmma ardel cerS boxarfro rowgin score sat& nemituniu oolmnd

amikohid. aid.

35114G:

P.11,342

min teez mmdargsike mmjbdr pirmnglike mifiermudids gdstmndos

mikonmnd heard sestet gig totd kmrdmnd.

bidar beginds xb can dmiyad. mgile tinke tin kmag, bmraye

teen sObh to seb negmstgo, kgr page sore xgyli boz6rge.

mikone. tin cithglike tme tirgn baxodetun,

herwmxtike tmnhd yek jati misfired, tavordilds tiajg biteetefaditst,

xibeg mibere. cmnd gibelke betokie kollis

him deer hgle listed& bexgb mires bixgb godmm.

him dmr-hile neXastAn. bmccehgra xabdridlmo held besinamg

tmz biske tun parce gergn bud, rmftim.

parceye digeri xmrislen. digibs xgbe tagaye tesmito

cerg TIM vanja bolmnd aingido, mididmm,

Jaye digs benginid, halg xlbam miyados hoselgie

taeglebe tiranihg fteransi xdb hmrf motalelAro rigdenen.

mizmnand. kmagro vas. =18=0:Pike

tesalibe towqgt besinamg mirims fmrmudid.gozagtmm.

vas filmhaye xdb mibinim. tgbo baymd jugundo dear rndl

sobhangtike tumixorgs nuno gozaSt.

kmrgos mormbbgo wan:), tin pirki gedri bmrgm ange,

toxme mdrqe. pirine'bozorgtir mixam:

yemmrteb4 pg gOdo, gore kmrd beludilye fmerike tunjg tintadg

besmroseda kmrdin, buds getg raided.

fez toxme movie niainds x6y13 tin cizike gang beer tivordids

x0e; miyad, fekr amikonmm bedirdeg

bexcre,

3521

teas aye jugid4 x6gokm amiyad.

pigmz tinke bmccehi b4xabmnd0,

gimeguno b4did.

dd joft kargike tavordid, bmraye

taclaye tesmfte.

pig= tinke bexab4nd, tigdn

b4porsid, ce satiti mixand

biddy geld.

hat sal& xabidine dear 64b,

kafist.

gmmin mikonmm, salmte yazdig

bud, ke bexib rmftmm.

digib satmte s4 bud, ke xanOmmm

biddy god, vm xAbiro ke did

bud, bmriM tstrif kmrd.

b&nintowrke lung ragmst4 bud,

xibmg bard.

tmzbiske ruzi-Mixabg amiturie

kir bekone.

behterin tmemle Uri% male

girize.

tam vixtike deer temriki hastam,

ytk &arm neSlidam.

hminig4 deer-yek Jill. mama, vei

aim mikonev

P.1I.343

smrldr rdzi anmmrtebe

rfgetuno miteragid.

xSyli meyl darn ke bawl

hmmmmflz41 bege.

tin kmfgA Ariake xub nixordes baymd

yidare digd vlksegun zees.

hala ke lebasiro sosti, baymd

totdgunmm b6koni.

asa:mt negmste budimo,

behmedye bimagniye !emit,

gdg

tmzbseske hmrfgye bimmtni zma,

digs Iasi beharfeg gdg

toticlike day nmvmr dagtfd, hall

xaligode.

tin cizhitike mifmrmatid,

dear tiran mmlmdle.

ImgAr ruznamehira batammjgh

motaletd fMrmatfd, hmtm4n

tegtebi peyda mikonid.

xmriane tinhi bmraye and

testefad4ti adare.

togliebe temrikatihitike beiiran

mirAnds farsfinixammnd.

P.11044

hmmige miyads vm xabhgtira ke dig4b, arm xastmm bexab&n,

deer gmbe didgs tmtrif mikone. rigged.

bur sal betemrikg mire, vm miges befekre ddsts bexgb mire.

mixam motaletg bekonmm. basin smrosedahis ngmige xabid.

bmtdmz tinke befmrmayeggte smrkgr madbdr godim ke tin dgrso tmmgm

gdg dads bolgnd g6do raft. bekonim.

qgblmz tinke rigetuno betaragids

sobhang mgyl mifmrmatid7

Narrative

mullah roll&

Mullah Nasreddin molig nmsredtfn

rdiis molls nasreddin tme mmnzgle x6d lammd-birdn, vm sore kmrd

besmroseda kardgn.

*as td porsidmnd: eerg tas tin karhgye btd bgd mikoni.

jmmab dad: xanome meal diggbs vgictike xabidtbuds der xab did kes

rigs mean, male in nist. 1361)h, ke mean bidSr godmms didmms rig ngdarmm.

*as td porsidmm: rigmm kojgst. Id goft.: eizike mg Le to nists ngbaymd tam

tgn testefadS koni, vmmgn ripe t6ra tmragidmm.

yek nmfgr las td porsid: monis tin hmrfhg hma dor6sts vmai

smrosedgye to baraye cist?

molli goft: maai hmm diggb deer xab didgm kes anew bahmm hgrf

mizmdmnds mmmigoftend, ke tin mollit nAmidanmds ke ImgAr smresedg

bekengds hgrce'ke xanOme td tm Id gereftgs beta pEts

P*11.345

an ham damn scerosedi mikonems ke rigemra fez Id psts begirem.

so I alit110.10N1801.10

kis fez manzil tamale bud birdn*

2. ceris lez menzileg tamede bud bird4.

3. cekir ?

4* fez Id, ce porsidend*

5. jegmabe ids ci bud.

6. molli der xabsztdide bud.

7. xanome molli der xibs ci dide bud.

8. gold digeb 041 xab didid.

9. xibe soma xdb bud, ya n4.

1o. rdzi anmertebe rig miteragid.

t--.

f410 355

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P.11.347

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P.11.352

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P.12.356


Unit 12

Basic SentencesINIOMMIMMIN

Hello Mr. Smith. I heard

you didn't sleep well last

night.

monIf

Smith

2 3 1 4/ 2

selgm taclaye !emit: gmtimn

3 2,1

ke dig& xdb; nEexabidid.

means, mediator vaset4

on account of, because bevasetgye

of, by means of

building 'mark

opposite, in front of, ruberd

across, vis-a-vis

That's right, I couldn't sleep

because too much noise was

coming from the building

across [the street].

mongi

3 1 A 2bae: bevaseteye seerosedAye

ziyAdi ke Imz temarhe

3 2 1

ruberutf miyam4d; nemitunestmm

bexabeme

telephone telefdn

to telephone

16,1v- didn:t you give us a call

to let us know [about it]?

Smith

P.120357

tele& kmran / man

2 3 2

cere telefen nekmmdid; ke aro

3 1

mo ttee141 konidt

3 1 1 2 1

I didn't want to bother you. nemixastmm; mehmegti beim !

construction, building saxtemgn

former, previous sabgq

before, formerly, previously saber:14n

Whose building was this before/

mongi

2 3 2

tun saxtemen; sabeqa% male

2 1

ki bude.

owner saheb

occasion, time, moment, mowq4 [mowq4:]

occurence, opportunity,

situation

sick, ill, sick person, bimar /mariz

patient

hospital bimarestgn /mmrisxune

This building which is now

a hospital used to belong

to Mr. &stolen (it 'a where

was once Mr. Mostowfil)

3452?

[marizxane]

2 3tun saxtemini ke hale

3 2bimarestan4; ye mowootis

I

asihebei lame mostowfi

!bud.

P.12.358

necessary lazdm

before, in advance

Oh, excuse me, Mr. Smith I have

to (titts necessary!) ask you

a couple of questions.

Please do.

married

Your name is Charles Smith.

Are you married?

Smith

monsi

Smith11141

qEeblaln

2 3 3 1

raStl; bhmxsid taggye tesmitf

2 3 2 1

lazgme; manta sotdli tam

soma bekonam.

2 3 2 1

xahSI raikorgen; befeermat id

mote tak41 / mottefEehel

2 3 2 1

tesme serk4r) girlz tesmfte4

2 3jendbe tali motetandl hasti4

marriage tezdevdj

to marry

Yes, I married in America

and my wife is there right

now.

mongi

tezdevgj lard&

3 1 2

bmle4r bandd deer temrikg tezdevij

3 2

ICIEMA14 vae xancimam deer tin

mowq4 lung tagrif dareand

child (son or daughter) farand

Do you have any children?

Smith

2 3farand daridi

daughter doxtEer

3C8

son

Yes I have a daughter and

three sons, who are also

in America.

mongf

P.120359

pester

3 1 4heler yek doxtalro se pear

3 2denim; ke vanhi hem der lemrike

1

hmstend.

occupation, profession, gdql

job

What is your job in Iran?

Smith

2 3 1

Mae soma der lirdn aye:-

attache, dependant vabeste

Pl. vabmstegin

military nezamf

Ism a military attache of the

U. S. Embassy.

to stay, to remain,

to be left

How many days to you intend

to stay here?

monal

SmithIND 011m.I.MI

2

vabesteye nezamiye sefanite

1

lemrike.'

muniten (nun-)

[mend& (man-)]

312and ruz xiyal daridj der ling

bemunid!

yet, still handz

Really I don't know yet. 3villa, benuz dorest ngraidunian!

P.12.360

mongi

excuse, apology

to apologize, to excuse

oneself

Well, that fine (tthatts

You've answered all my questions

(!there isn't a question

further!), and I apologize for

having taken your time ("if

we took your time).

Smith

to acquire, earn, gain,

learn

information

Not at all. This is the kind

of information that you have

to get from everybody.

Idzr

T6zr xastain

3 1 2 1 4 2 3 1#x614 'Amin: digs solgli nist.

2

vas tmer 1,14xte &aro

3 2, 1#gereftimj lozr mixam.

kEesb lewd&

lettelafit

2 3 1 4 2 3 1

lextiyir darid: tin tettelatAtistl

2 3 1

ke soma bay& 'as hmme kmsb

bekonid.

mongi

from the standpoint of, tam imilize

considering, taking

in view

formalities formalia

Yes, these are just routine

questions (r these are

questions that are asked

from e'Verybody from the stand-

point of formalities1)_

Smith

rent, hire, cost, charges

fare

week

to pay, to be engaged in

doing something (with /be -/)

before, in advance

how much

I wanted to pay two weeks rent

in advance. How much 8 it

mondi....n111=MPM

490 tumans including ('with')

P.12.361

3 1 ji 2 3 12b&le: linhd sotaldtist; ke tas

312,a6eh4ze formalitez hemd

raise

keray4

heefte

pE6rdaxteSn (pram-)

qmbleln

ceq4d (ceqddrj

23mixastmm kerayeye do hEeft&ro I

2 1 # 2 3,qmbAn beperdamnY oeqed raise.

23 I 2basobhandwo nandro semi cars4do

breakfasts lunch and dinner. tun& torten:

Smith611111.M.I. 411

remainder, balance,

the rest

money

baqizaundd [baq.uucindd;

small xOrd

AWL

Po12.362

change, money of small

denomination

Mere you are. This is Soo tumans

and give MB small change for

the rest.

receipt

Oh, excuse me, I forgot to

give you the receipt.

meanwhile, incidentally

milk; lion; faucet

warm, hot

Incidentally I forgot to tell

you that the hot water faucet

the bathroom is out of

order.

noon

to come backs to return

Ittll certainly be fixed by the

time you come back in the

afternoon.

mongi

Smith

mongi

72

ladle Ard

3 1 a 2 1

baearIllatie. tin punaa tommne

2 3 2

va bagimundsego; pdle x6rd

1

beman bedid.

raid resfd

3 2,1 ji 2 3,to; bebaxsid: faramdg kardam;

2 1

rasido xedmktetun beds m.

dear zemn

sir

2 3 2,deer am; yudam rift behetun

!began.

#sx'e late galrme

3 a 1

haulm; kSr ndmikonef

zOr [zohr]

morajeteit kard&i

2 3 I 2I

hatan; to batdazor ke, morajetat

3 2 1

mikonid; dorost mige.

Smith

thirsty

Very well. Where can I get

(tcan one drinkt) some drinking

water, please. Itm very thirsty.

mongl

Hassan

quick, early

cool

Hassan bring a glass of drinking

dater for the gentleman [and]

hurry upl

to try, endeavor,

tens

2 3 1 4besy4r xub

2 1

kOjg mite

3. 1 44

tegame;

haesErEn

mid

xonac

P12.363

3 12 3I461'111114 tabX0rah;

axord

AJ: m4n xesyli

3 # 2h&seml. mid bag ye gil4S. be

3 1 2 1

xon&k; beraye 1aqg biyar.


make an effort

Always try and speak Persian

in the classl

373

11214g Iowan / sgly

(st4ty] kEerdEtki

2 3 a

hmmige siy konid; fars1 deer

1

kelAs halrf bezmfaid!

3741po.12.3614

Note 12.1 Kinship Terms

Following are charts to illustrate kinship terms in Persian (m. -

male, f - female)

Ascending. - s own family

pedmrbozdrg MadErboarg pederbe zdrg - -- madmrbozOrg

m. f m. fo

I I

I mmd lame pear maar d a t 1 xalem. f. m. I f. mt. f.

EGO

pedmrbo z Or g

m.

Fatherts Side

madEerbovirgf.

1 I

hend minsemd gowheerainme tamem. f. m.

I

f.

I I I

pe s amend doicteereni pe s waxing doxtserainni4

m. f. f.

EGO

Mother's Side

pedmrboulrg madarboz or g

mad& da t f - =lade t

f m. I f.

pear -m.

gowharxale xal4

I f.

m.

EGO

I I I I

pesmrda t f doxtarda t i pesancale doxtamal4m. f.

......

Immediate Fami4

peck& madtfr

P.12.165

bseradir Tzeribera &Car gowhEer- xalutr-r

xahslr I EGO bazradeerxand4 xabEerxandebaradser vide xaluerzade (adopted (adopted )

Descendents

1 1- 1

paw - 'mils damad - doxtsfir pesarxande doxtarxand41 1

(adpoted) (adopted)nave nmve m. f.

A. or f. m. car 1.

i1

nevezad4 nalvezaa4

m4 or f. m. or f.

Husband' a in-laws

1 I

peda3rzaln -- madam's&

I

EGO din

mo f.

375

P.12.366

376

Weis in -lawn

I

pedmr5owhe5r madmrgowhter

1

EGO itowhelr

f. m.

The terms used in these charts are:

Persian

83111714

teams

Imrds

bmradter

beradmmandd

beradmrzadd

dalf

darned

doxterw

doxtmreamme

doxtmemmd

doxtmrdali

doxterxald

Meaning usual English-------(where different)

paternal aunt aunt

paternal uncle uncle

daughter-in-laws bride

brother

stepbrother

brother's child nephew, niece

maternal uncle uncle

son-in-laws groom

daughter

paternal aunt's daughter cousin

paternal uncle's daughter cousin

maternal uncle's daughter cousin

material aunt's daughter cousin

13012.3i7

doxtmrxande stepdaughter

mad& mother

madmtboarg grandmother

madmr5owar husband's mother rother-in-law

madmran wife's mother mother-in-law

nave grandson or granddaughter

nmvezade great grandson or

great granddaughter

pear father

pedmrbozdrg grandfather

pedmrgowar husband's father

pedmran wife's father

pear. son

pesferairrtmg paternal aunt's son cousin

pesaramd paternal uncle's son cousin

peserdalf maternal uncle's son cousin

pesmmal4 maternal aunt's son cousin

pesmrxand4 stepson

Iowar husband

gowhserelang paternal aunt's husband uncle (b6r

marriage)

iowhmrxale maternal aunt's husband uncle (bymarriage)

gowhmrxahrfir sister's husband brother-in-law

father-in-law

father-in-law

xahAr sister

xahmrxandg stepsister

P.12.368

xaharzade sister's child

xale maternal aunt

zln wife

zmnamd Internal Unclela wife

zmnbaeradgx brother's wife

zmndali maternal uncle's wife

Note 12,2 Adverbs in /-en/

lettefaciln betclwri kolli,

mmgrdb 13.km miyad.

'as bEeske las birdne panjere

smrosed4 miyammd,

nAuneytam bexabmm.

xnd4

nephew, niece

aunt

auntmarriage)

sister-in-law

aunt (bymarriage)

As a matter of fact I don't

like alcoholic drinks either.

I couldn't sleep at all because

of the noise from the window.

Goodbye now.

haft& ter/71f bd.yarid. Come by all means.

mmlmuI&, x?' no, kerelo, qmir4 We usuaDy serve bread and butter

middnk and coffee.

mmsml4n, and. How much, for example?

Wan, begomi migmm. I'll tell you later.

nixastem kerayiye do haeftlro, I wanted to pay two weeks rent

cimblAn bepmrdazmm. in advance.

sun saxtemAn, sabeq mile Whose building was this before?

ki bude.

478

yageals vagmngteine gond,

64hre'qmgalagist.

P.12.369

Your Washington is really a

beautiftl city.

The underlined words of the above examples from the Basic Sentences

are all adverbs ending in /4n/, Nearly all adverbs formed by adding the

suffix /-4n/ are of Arabic origin. There are, however, a few adverbs of

.purely Persian origin formed by means of this suffix and even some words

borrowed from European languages, as for example itelefonaln/ t by tele-

phone . (The spelling of these adverbs should also be noted: The suffix

/-4n/ is regularly 't, that is, Pwlgf/mith itmovinh The /imnvin/ is

often omitted.)

The adverbial suffix /,seri/ is very productive. Some words enaing in

/-4/ have /-mt-/ instead of /-g/ before /-41/. Some examples of adverbs

in /.4n/ formed from words that have already occurred are:

16tf

mEejbir

:myna

difte

!kindness!

!compelled!

'first!

'time! (instance)

lotan

mmjburaln

!kindly!

!compulsorily'

'firstly'

'suddenly'

tirvwelAn

dmftmt4n

leftexdr 'honor! teftexaraln !honorarily!

team !name! tesm4n 'by names

teitebAh 'mistake! leItebah4n 'by mistake'

jEgint tpLoral' jamiliL2 'in all, all together!

jevdb !answer' jmvab4n tin reply!

nmear !sight' nmemr4n 'apparently'

swift !face' surman 'outwardly'

Pb12,370

tem& tanamEgn'entirely, fully'

telef6n "telephones telefoneln thy telephone'

xal4s 'pure' xalesSai 'purely, sincerely'

Note 12.3 Uses of /ke/

Note 12.3.1 /ke/ 'when'

hmtedn. to ba0dmvir ke morajetat

trikonid, dorbst raise.

It'll certainly be fixed by the

time you come back in the

afternoon.

/ke/ corresponding to relative pronouns such as 'that, which, who,

whom', etc. was discussed in Note 3.6. /ke/ is also used in spoken

Persian in the meaning 'when', indicating concurrent time. In this use

it is interchangeable with /V4xtike/ and /Vmxti/ (see Note 11.1).

Note 12.3.2 /ke/es an emphatic particle.

/ke/ may be used as an emphatic particle, generally translatable

into English by abut I (you, they, etc.) do or did so- and -so' as for

example /64n ke 'in kAro kArdmm/ 'but I did it' or /an ke begomei darn

migsm/ 'but I'm telling youll

Note 12.4 Verb: The verb Acabidmn/

In Notes lo.1 and lo.5 the use of the verbs /negest4q/ and

Pstadaln/ was discussed. The v.erb habian/ is the third verb of this

group, i.e. it denotes both the state of being asleep or lying down

(being prone), and the action of going to bed and lying down.

Thus the Present and Past Perfect tenses denote the state, e.g.

/kabide [xabide 'seat] /, means 'he is asleep', or 'he is lying down'.

/kabide bud/ 'he was asleep' or the was lying downs. %hereas, other

tenses imply the action of the prolonged state, e.g. /arm mixahmm/

III11 go to bed' or 11111 go and lie down', /ta saihe bet xabidmm/

!I slept until seven o'clock!,

Variation Drills

to sty nakonfd, t.)Sbane farsfro

ygd lAmigirido

lazem bud ke paufs,berfmvm

bosohbathaya 65

bedimc

xgyli Alga kardmm xe ?1.44.nra

harce zudttr b4himm, men

motnlassefang megod

baytd kuggg kard ke qtblaz sorute

sineas befanjg beresim.

xAyli dare kuggg mikones ke farsira

qahlam rafthie belirgn, yia

begire.

behtmrin qamahgro baza lavordands

vs dobarg goft nib nist,

arbanha farsfro balmhjg hmrf

mizanes hake legtebahiye

ziyidi ham mikone.

kuceitarin Uhrira ke didams

he in Uhrist ke deer lin

Iseatikw

381

Po2.371

ymitIze) !az !amrikg befirgni

ngir±it.Ce raft,

!e'er beritun momkong. lugeg

konid tin karo dosatatg

taus Iconid,

lazgme ke famv11 tarjomg

b6ld lama besefartit bebarid.

dig& namdikihgyassalertem5

bud, ke xedmAtetan 5arefygb

godam.

hAman saltitike farmude budfd,

xadmtetetan sarafyib god

vteli tagiff nAdagtid

hez molaqate bajenabe talf

xgyli =Mgt godam, vs

lengallg dobarg hamdierra

xahim,did.

yak pesaramd*eyek:pesaildati

dare, ke halg biar, vs dew

bimarestinmnd.

P.12.372

doktorg migoftend, halA amige

tdra bebimarestAn bord, bayed

calmd rdzi daw manal bage.

bevaseteye kare,ziyddi ke

dagtem, neetanestmm kaciegmi ke

mixastmm bar bAnevissem.

dobare r&fto negelst. vm sore

kerd benevegtgne name

bedustAneg.

doxtmremaye bendgst, n4

doxtmrxa14.

ggblem linke beraye xarid

bexiyaban berim, bayed Imir741

karhaye mmnalo tmmArn konim.

pigem rmft4neman besineml,

Jennie telefon kmrd, vae cta

sotAl fez a kerd.

doktorhA tahald goftgind, ke

bimariye to ofat?

to hileg badtAr nage, bebimarestAn

nemibereende6.

&IA Willa ferande jemadist, ke

hall der tehrAne.

lezdevaje pesere jemadf badoxtere

lesmit, *bud.

382 t

migoft ke banesmrmmdg xiyale

reftene belirAnra dare.

baheramrihAwg negmst4 bud,

vm tem g4hreg sohbgt mikerd.

dustanetan halA dm: Ian lemargit

negmet6Ind 114ge mixayi, bdrow

bgbinegun:

fermandane 111 hal4 der lamrikA

hestend, vm boyeki Tem

daneNgandys lanjA mirmnd.

&IA va mmrygm, doxterhAye to

hmstand.

ruberdye /awe jemadi negeste

bud we beherraye lig&n, gdg

be linke ddsal der lirAn

zendegf kerdand, belamrika

bArgegtend.

levy& bayed namelike reside,

tmrjoa kerd, we befild

bemehmanfye jemadf raft.

beraye kgdbe lettelalAt,

xedmgtetan gerefyAb godem.

timer ruznamgye tettelatAtra

mifermalid,h4r bete berAg

mires e.

hmsmn relfts vm labe xonacike

dmetdr dade budlds tavOrdos

ben& dad.

imz tegtebghi ke karde budmnds

xeyli tOzr xastmnd.

can tigdno xub ngmi5enasmm,

amiturom besotaldts i5omd

jamgb began.

/mgmr ha seenra milarma'ids td

pesaxxandgye taqaye lawadist.

lagmr tan mmnzSle ruberutira

mifmrmati4,.mgle.jevadi nists

mgle tesmite.

divisto pmnja dolgrike be td

Emzeg nggerefti

the momkenS befmrmatids ye

gilas 'abe xon&k beraye xanome

bmndgs blyarend.

vmxtike betirin mixast berg

amndfn davtgi kulgro ymxogls

baxcideg.bord.

nmmehaye men yeksald vnlrffn:Itsal4

hmsta3nd.

P.12.373

car Immmg dare, ke lanhi hmms

-dmr lesfahA zendegf mlkomand.

lotgqike tigSn dnr tgn zendegf

mikonmnds yeki tam bozorgtmrin

totaqhvevrenzglegune.

bismrosedatmrine totaqhg dm 'fn

hotgls hAmun totgqists ke mg

bokmg dadim.

ngtamba.dar daneggahe vagmngton

ars mixunands bmike bedaneggahe

dieri hmm mirmnd.

bazmhat ridge yek no parcg peydi

kmrd, ke ba y n parcgs hmmjdr

vm hmmrAng base.

pes&re laqayejmmadi bapeare

bmndg hmmsS1 hmstands ve

lettefaq4n beyek mmdresg

ham mire de

damn tin mend hArce salrf

kmrdim ke xedmdte tiggn

Sermfygb begims neegod.

tan saxtemane ruberutilike bsla

hotelgs ygvmxti danegg4 bud.

thas cotowrf mige lemarmte

raberulf telefOn bird.

P.12.374

tin 4evvm1in dmflg bud. ke lino momkene xandenlye dmrse oiro

genidmm. bwraye mmn Writ' konia

twgmr beraye soma mamkeng, betigun timer deer hodude salmte aft,

telef6n konid ke :gun= bmraye tmgrif dagte bagmnd, xedmeet

getm tagrif biyarmnd mdresmm.

fmgmr tavvjp6hi betmrze tmlefoze ealmte ha tonim bud, ke ligun

loqmthi, ngkonid, luntowrke tmgrif bordmnd. ven'eftmnd

bayad yid begiridsamigirido yeksalmte diggr, bgrmigmrdmndo

fez xgyli Ienidmm, vaeli xedmiteiun Imrmfyib iodims vmai

motelessefan4 tabehdl tmirif borde budeend.

molaqAtegan nglawdmm. lmer mirmvid, 14rze

velmtike bemmnzel residAm, hag smiame mgra, bgresanid.

seas miz negmete budmndo gEtb Bode, ya nmgodg, bayed

digtend nahireguno mfiordend, rAfto, tuna did,

yik vae ct. karmande vezarmte rahIestedili ngdagtmm fmeet

l&rzsm tin bud ke kgy mite bud, vgli hali, 16zve vezarate

64m xord. xnrejg gode,

hekaygt lam zendegye lam% ligun 4r tin zendagi

lesmit, de' lamriki gore mdkonmnd, hlan gmbhi bismrosedist,

mige. hgm ruzhio

Igen diggb fmramig kmrdmnd bahmmkelasigun listadg budo,

kaTfizo bgnevismnd, hali mige sohbgt mikard,

nevelt., the momkgnmst, Ian ruznam4ra

bapesmrxalgye !Ilan laIend hmstmm, bebmndg machmat konido

vtiai pessymmmgye tigAnra, Iselin

nemiIenassm.

vamtike dmr lemrik4 budmm,

fans motalet4 mikardmm, vm

arse farsf midadmm.

laqaye lesmit jenabe tallra hear

dmlv4t kmrthilnd, ke baraye sets

tang imgrff bebmrid.

nmmarhaye farsf, ke ruye miz

buand, kojg gozagtid2

medadh1lira ke fEannude budfd,

twagidEem, vm tuye kegoye

mizetun gozagtmm.

xaheg mikonam linqmielmo por

tam jowhJw konido, belaclaye

'emit bedid.

hamige tunja mfraftimo mtnegetim,

vmxiyablino neglh mikmrdim.

v4gtike sore kmrd betmlrif

kardine hekay&t, laclaye lesmit

batmmmjj6he ziyidi gdg added.

hicvmxt betunja nAretim, vm

qmmaye liranf na xordim.

tmz vixtike tmgrif bordand,

hickesi ling nkummd,

the lemgmb baraye sum hici

adarid, mirimo, deer ye restorgn

gdmemuno mixorim.

P.12.375

ndxast meenalego bkorde, vee

ye restorane bozorgar btamre.

tistade budmnd, vm befarmayegate

smrkir, batemmjjOh, gus

midadmnd.

tme parcehaye sadg, bigar xogeg

miyad.

ml mogterlye tun mmgazeye balati

mmgazeye palini.

leg= mixatid ars bedid, bay&

howsele date bagid.

dial), der hodude satate yaza,

beyeki lme xiyabanhaye

vageengtjn raftim, vm hfckesira

motelmesefanS, bmna vattdeli

adade budmm, ke gomdra der

sinemi bebinmm.

motelmesefang, biter NEZ tin,

ndmitunmm ling bemanmm, awake

bey4ki 'ez dustinmm vietdeye

molaqAt dadan4

madar1se siren, hmme boz6rg

nistand, can meat-48e kucekt&ri

bean dide mige.

85

P.I2.376

bayek kgsi linja listadg bud, vm

lam lingwo tunjg, bahmm

sohb&t mikaardeend.

vagmngton gmbhg, xmlvgto,

bismrosedgst.

tam fin hgys, xynetun rah&

bage. movazgb xahnn bud.

kugeg konid, ke lociatharo

befarsi benevisid, nEfi

betenglisi.

jomlgtike halg befarsi goftid,

xahgg mikonmm mina)

yedafte betenglisi begid.

mete, bamodire tin restoran

sohbft kone, vm Imlbmttg

gomAra Aottmlel xahmd kard.

xaheg mikonmm ketgbira

xe 'unja 'oftade, b&rdarido

bebmndg bedid.

gomira tam lin pigamk

mottmg kone.

deer kare gomA, hic maneti nist,

vm Imblattg hgrce zudt4

dorost xahmd god.

deer hgr sarat, !mow dfr kardmms

some g&metuno bgxorido, k&ni

bergye mean bggzarid.

ell dig& fmgmt sesalgt xabidmmy

few& x4yli =ate hasten,

vm hmtmefin temgmb baymd

sudtgr bexabeem.

ketibike betd dade badmm,

tav6rdo bemgn dad, ke bejenabe

tall bedmm.

'emruz sob, mowciglike deer

xiyaban budfm, kife doestlye

kucgkira peydg Imam.

Narrative hcandEerd/

ET:12rAye tin xiyabin, cehel

metreest.

ROO

This street is 4o meters wide

('The width of this street is

40 meters.1)

P.12.377

totobushaye tehrdn do The buses of Tehran are double

tabageti hmstand.

turupatihd, Nez tirdn

migegun miyad.

turupatihd dam tirdn xareji

hmsteend.

xarel tam tirin, tiranihd

xarejl.hastana.

Jame., zsbane talmanlra, xdbrw

bee mizmne.

jevadf, beraye tahsil, rafte

betamriki.

yad gereftie zabane farsi.

tasdne [tasanest].

jmvadf anglisfro lemmobfel xdb

mi.dene

MaINIO.N.11111

decked.

The Europeans like Iran.

The Europeans are foreigners in..--------

Iran.

Outside of Iran Iranians are

foreigners.

Javadi speaks German very well.

Javadi went to America in order

to study (tfor education')11111111,

It's east to learn Persian.

Javadi knows English more or

less well.

tehrin, bozorgtmrfn &dire !tans basaxtamanhhe boleindo bouirgs vs

xiyabanhdye golucle x6d, mesle gahrhiye digmre 'iran nfst. can taz

lahaze pa hnd vm ziyad budaine xiyabin, deer yekfst.

tin &Ire bozorgo qmaIng, mehmanxanehaye vm restoranhdye

besySr xdb dared, ke gmhrhaye digmre tirins mesle Idnra adareand.

smrosedeto, taksihdo, totobushi, vne mmotazehdye besydr, tdnra mesle

yek gmhre turupatf mikonad.

heemdjur xarejf, mesle temrikati, talmanf, tenglisi vae faransarrip dar

P.12.a76

lin geihr zendegi mikonmnd, vm did& migemmnd.

liranihdye tdirdn hmm, heave, Maar deer xareje bran tMhsil

kmroldwo, dyers xande Imnd Vierfic ya d6 zMbane xerejfra bexnbf midanmnd,

vas sohbdt mikonmnd.

nmraye yek nafar tenglisizabdn, vmya fmransezabin, xmyli lasAnmst

ke x6dra deer tehrAn befehmanmd, can facildbe tebranihd, tenglisi vm

fmransdra 'cambial midanmnd, vmmitmvarand lAnra sohbdt bmkonmnd.

Imlbmtte xdyli behtdrest,.ke yek nmfMr xareji, !leer zMbane farsfra

bedaneld, vm betmmanmd befarsi Nee bezmad, farsf bafirania sohbmt

bekonmd.

solalAt

1. fesme bozorgtmrin gmhre bran clst.

2. teen lm haze bozorgi, tehrAn omndomin &dire lirandst.

3, cerd tehrm mesle set rhAye digetre firAn nist.

4, tohranihd bigtmr.dmr. kojA, tmhsil kmrddlne

5. tehrdn, °data mehmanxane dared.

6. gomdtehrdnbudid?

7. mixayd, betehrdn beria

8. hic xarejf deer tehrAn llama

9, kodam ire digmre Uri% mdsle tehrAne.

10. twambe tehrania, ante' zmbAn midanmndo, h&rf mizmnmnd.

3:08:

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P.12.387

DOCUMENT RESUME ED 053 628 FL 002 506 Center for Applied

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Transcript of DOCUMENT RESUME ED 053 628 FL 002 506 Center for Applied