Document AnalysisMachiavelli1513 Florence, ItalyMachiavelli worked for the Medici’s. Italy is in the

height of the Renaissance; new art, writing in the vernacular

Rulers of any sortTo tell rulers how to be better rulersDo great things, set examples, use war to your

advantage, keep people busy so they don’t know what you are doing, choose the lesser of 2 evils, princes are better than everyone else

Able to write in the vernacular to reach more people, need better, stronger rulers than the ones we have now

Renaissance Pre TestCACCC

CBBCB

College SurveyTake about 10 minutes to answer

Northern RenaissanceGutenberg

Johannes GutenbergGermanCreated a printing press that made it possible

to produce books quickly and cheaplyShakespeare

British playwright

1517-1685

What was the Protestant Reformation?A religious movement that began in the 16th

century wanted to reform the churchJohn Wycliffe

BritEarly dissident of the Catholic Church during

the 14th centuryLollards

John HussStudent of Wycliffe, pushed for people being

allowed to read the bible in the vernacularHussites

Causes of the Reformation Social

Renaissance values of humanism and secularism -> people question the Church

Printing press helped spread ideas critical of the Church easily and cheaply

PoliticalPowerful monarchs (perhaps ones that took

Machiavelli’s advice to heart?) challenge the Church as supreme power

Leaders view the pope as a foreign ruler and challenge his authority.

Causes of the ReformationEconomic

European monarchs were jealous of the Church’s wealth

People resent having to pay taxes to the Church

ReligiousChurch leaders were becoming worldly and

corruptPeople didn’t like the sale of indulgences

IndulgencesIndulgence: a pardon

releasing a person from punishments due for a sin

Sin -> confess -> priest gives penalty -> forgiven

G-d reserves the right to judge, but Tetzel gave people the impression that by buying an indulgence, you could buy your way into heaven

"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, / The soul at once into Heaven springs."

Church Beliefs7 Sacraments

BaptismEucharistReconciliationConfirmationMarriage Holy OrdersAnointing the Sick

Accept Jesus as your lord and savior

TransubstantiationBread and blood

become the actual blood and body of Christ

Christian Humanism• New movement called, devotio moderna, “modern

devotion” in the Netherlands cultivates idea that lay Christians can act in the manner of monks and nuns

• Devotio Moderna spreads throughout Northern Europe

• Northern Humanists study early Christian manuscripts and writing of the early church fathers

• Erasmus of Rotterdam considered the “Prince of Humanists” criticizes the Church and Christians who mindlessly follow dogma

• He calls for a return to the basic teachings of Christ

95 Theseshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dt5AJr0w

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Martin Luther (1483-1546)GermanHis parents wanted him

to become a lawyer, but he became a monk

He wanted to be a good Christian

A doctor of theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany, Luther argues that faith alone saves the human sinner

LutherLuther did not like the sale of indulgencesHe wrote 95 formal statements, attacking the

“pardon-merchants” such as TetzelIn 1517, he nails his 95 Theses, which

confront the church and call for reform, on the door of the Wittenberg cathedral

Someone copied Luther’s 95 Theses and took them to the printer.

These actions began the Reformation

Luther’s TeachingSalvation by faith not faith and “good works”All Church teachings should clearly based on

the words of the BiblePope and Church traditions are false

authorities.All people with faith were equal, so you don’t

need priests to interpret the Bible for them.

Response to LutherThe Pope threatens Luther with

excommunication unless Luther recants (takes back his statements)Excommunication – the taking away of a person’s

right to membership in the ChurchThe Holy Roman Emperor objects

Charles V is a devout Catholic and doesn’t like what Luther is saying either.

German states are a part of the HRE1521 Charles orders Luther to stand trialLuther refuses to recant

“I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of G-d. I cannot and I will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. I cannot do otherwise, here I stand, may G-d help me. Amen.”

ResultsCharles declares Luther a outlaw and hereticIt is illegal for anyone to give Luther food or

shelterFrederick the Wise of Saxony does it anyway,

hiding Luther in a castle for a yearWhile in hiding Luther translates the New

Testament into the VernacularIn 1512 Luther gives up trying to reform the

Church and creates his own religious group, Lutherans

Peasants’ Revolt1524German peasants get caught up in the

reforms going on and call for an end to serfdom

They go around the countryside raiding monasteries, pillaging, and burning.

Luther was horrified by the revolt and denounced the peasants

In turn, the peasants rejected Luther

Warring German StatesMany German Princes supported Luther

because it gave them ultimate authority, not the Pope

1529 – Catholic princes joined with the Pope to fight Luther

Princes that supported Luther signed a protest against it, thus becoming known as Protestants

This term goes on to apply to any non Catholic Christian.

Warring German StatesCharles V went to war against the Protestant

princes and beat themHowever, he could not force them back into

the ChurchPeace of Augsburg – 1555

Whose realm, his religionCuius regio, eius religio