.DOCUHENT RESUME' - ERIC · ED 117 945 AUTHOR.Robbins, Janet L.. TITLE-Norms of Descriptive...
Transcript of .DOCUHENT RESUME' - ERIC · ED 117 945 AUTHOR.Robbins, Janet L.. TITLE-Norms of Descriptive...
ED 117 945
AUTHOR .Robbins, Janet L.TITLE - Norms of Descriptive Adjectiie Responses to Common
Nouns.
NOTE 7110-.; Not available in hard -copy due to marginal
.DOCUHENT RESUME'
0Q6, 34-9
gi
EDRS PRICE 1F-$0.83 Pluz-i4st&ge. e from E1DESCRIPTORS *Adjectives; *Association 'syciological);
Association Tests; Cognit e Processes; Form Classes '
(Languages); langua5e Pa terns; Language Research;Language Usage; Linguis is Performance; *Nominals;.*PSycholinguisticS; *S mantics; Verbal Stimuli;VocabAlary; Vdcabulary, kills
aDENTIPIERS *Word Association
ABSTRAC!EThis paper gives the results of a controlled
experiment on word association. The putpose was to establish norms ofcommonality ofTrimary descriptive adjective responses to common ,
nouns. The stimuli consisted of 203 common nouns selected from 10everyday topics of conversation, approximately 20 from each topic.There. were 350 subjects, 50% male, 50% female, Aelected from variousregions in the United States and stratified into.three age groups:15 -22, 51-65, and 66 and olden. 'The .norms, of commality wereestablished by-counting every-identic0. repetition of noun-adjectivepairs. Tv() tables giver (1) the index of common nouns used as stimulilin the experiment; and (2) the norms of descriptiveladjectiveresponses to common nouns, including the number of, repetitions.foreach adjective. The identical response pairs with the -largernumbers, such as 170 for winter--cold and 107 for circle--round, areconsidered of significant interest. (TL)
N*'
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NORN5 OF ,DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVE RESPONSES TO COMMON NOUNS'
IJ
er"
J.Q.. Robbins
University of Minnesotb4
)4
4
LT 7 arY AVAEABLE
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i:Sri' COPY AVM
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NORMS. OF DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVE RESPOWES TO.COMMONHODIANS
0 .
Introduction
The-purpose -cf arrrestritted,""wordHeasediat R-
experiment wdsto establish norms of,commonality of primary des riptei-v/e
adjective rePporTps tc 203 epmMon ;rc?.,pyd within ten ev4ryday.
.
topits o conversation. The common nounsiwere selected by choosing.
.
the u21 topics -nf converbtinn oith approximately twenty ormmpr.' nours
each tol:.fC%
:Although ftw "syntagmatic responsbs," or descriptive.adjvtive
responses to common no ns, are given on a free word avopiation test
:(Deese, 1965, 106), a controlled, or. rprtricted, Lord cvroof.atfon
test can be given. In a controlled word association test, each subject's
response is "chosen from a syecified semantici/
or conceptual Pategory"
(Crwer, 1968, 24).
Tq establish these norms subjects were selected by stratified
age groups. Probably "regional or geographic differenCes within the
,A . .
United States may not be large" for word aspopiation tests,(Entwisle,
1966, 56); yet, for the present etydy, the subjects were selected
in'grqups from each region of the United States. Only tho)irst
letter of each stimulus noun was capitalized, because 71. capital'ti
lett014'-lead to more proper names es responses (Cramer, 1968).
instructions were given to 20% of the subjects and ,written
'instructions were sent to the other 606 of thu subjects to'negate any
'differences in mAhod of instruction. which can influenco results
.(Cramer., 1968)..- Since females tend to eive more .common responses on
3
free associatlon tests (Palermo and Jenkins 19G5b) 50% of the
subjects are females and the other 50% of the subjects are males in
the present study..
V
. 4
I
fr
N
r
4,
A
a
off
Smbjects
fit;
1
e
Three hundred and fifty subjects in two n5thern Midwes,tern,
-two 6Jestern,0 one Eastern, and three Southern states volUnteeree.
The states were Minnesota, Iowa, Colorado, California, Texas, Oklahoma,
.Florida, and Pennsylvania. Approximately half of the subjects were
males, and the other half were females: SubjeCts were selected
agually.in 'each of the fnllnicing age groups: fifteen through twenty-twor
years, fiiftv-one through sixty-five years, and sixty-six .years and
older. 'Approximately two-thirds of the subjects had.attsnned college
and the other one-third had attended high school. Most college rm-ljdrs,
,
and occupations and professiona were :Jampled. All subjects weret
normally functioning members of Society in the Unita:: States,
Stimuli
The stimuli for the pilot study of 100 subjects were a-written
list of 20 cnmmon nouns. The norms of tommonality were established -
by courting every identical repetition of the noun-adjective pairs.
This revealed at least 29% of the 100 pairs. For example, outof 100
subject' responses for student, the responses included 30 for ynung,.as'
23 for busy, and 8 fob` intelligent, or a total of 6170.. Next, the
First time a response was counted, it, was considered an original
yesponse and only a repetition thereafter, This led to at least 25%
repetitions fnr each pair. An illustration is student, with repetitions
of 29 for young, 22 for,busy,. and 7 for intelligent.
The stimuli for the next 100 subjects were written list of
200 cnmmon nouns; eased on 10 common topics of conversation. The
54
stimuli wei.e dividegfinto groups of twenty words for ten 6enetal
aress'of life, but the words Russidn and Chinese ware included es .
bokh al-Aciun of people and as'a language subject. EStabliShbet-Oi------
the norms of commonality of the rehpnnses led to the fact that 132 of)
. :thnoun% from the present author's.two original wordaSsociation
teats met .the establishbO criteria of yielding 29% identical respon'Ses
and.25% repetitions. .
The .132 common nouns wh ich met the criteria'were the written
.
stimuli fo the next 125 56ibjerta. Finally, the four written stimuli,.,
) A. . (-
fall, winter, ppring, and summer, weresenl, to an additional 25 subjects. .,
in the three Southern. states to add balance to the commaTality norms.
Stimulus Materials
Tht only stimulus materiels were othe letter of introdUction and
explanation, the tot of stimuli words, each subject's own'pencil'or
pen, and for ,the second. 100 subjects ech subject's own clock or
'watch.
Procedure ,
Eighty per cent of the subjects received the Written lett.br of
'instructions and the het of written stimuli. The other 20% oftne
subjects were read the uritten letter of instructions and were given
the, list of written stimuli. Only the first letter of each stimulus
weird was capitaliA. (Se Table 1.)So.
The letter of instructions for the second 100 subjects follows.
(
' ,Since I am writing my Honors Thesis in Psychology at the
University of Minnesota,'I would appreciate having you use a
clock with a secondhand and time to the next full second the
length of time that it takes You to writea descriptive adjective,
such as blue, big, nice,,etc., after 'nch noun or listed word.
Thank you for your .cooperation.
6
I
Th6 lettei of 'instructions for the Cther250 subjects follows.
Since Iain writing* my Honors Thesis in Psychology, dt the..
F.University Of Minnesota, I Wou-Id appreo4at . having you write your4%- first descriptive adjective re--:4pdnge such es blue, big, rr;pei -,:.
etc., after each noun or listed word. P .. ,Thank you'for your coOper.ation. *,
.The 80% of the subjects who rece ived their stimuli bl mail,
sent them back to the experimenter.. The'other 20% turned them into-
the experimenter when the.subject had completed,wriiing,his.. responses.
The return rate- of Subjectje tests for the pilot study was d..00%.
The author originally gave or'sent one test to each ofil0 subjects,for
the second7group'of 100 returned. tests; thus; 100'returned the test
promptly, nine were never returned, 'and one was returned much later.),
Of 200 tests sent out, the third group o1' 125 tests were collected.
The return rate for the four bdllancing Wqrd tests was 100%. Since .
x'the norms were established by stratified age groups Tirld sections of
the country Of.r'eturned controlled wrrd association tests, the, iuthor... ,-, r,
.
feels that the return rate is irrelevant to the results..
7
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.The norms of commonality of primary adjective responses to
common nouns are presented in Table 2. (See Table 2.) Although the
cut Off criteria provided trig basis' of the study, the larger number
of identical response pairs, such as 170 for winter- -cold and 107 for.'"
circleround are of most'interest to the author.
The listing for 100' subjects of Chinese and Russian inclUded in
each a'group of people and a language fop'study resulted in two diffeednt
sets of pairs of identical responses. When the listing of Christians
for 92 subjects was included' under groups of people and under happy
occasions, the responses, were usually dupl4cates.,
.Although the reaction times of each of the second 100 subjects
to each stimulus noun Were collected and analyzed, these data seem
irrelevant to the establishment' of norms of commonality.
/Norms still need'to be established for children nder the age f
15 years. would have been better to have used lower identical
response pair an0 repetition scores fdr the cut off point for giving
the common nouns as stimuli to the last 125 subjects. Several of the
,ommpn nouns t.-.e..ee close to tOs:: cut off point and, every grnup of 100
subjects does not respond with the ZE1Me number of identical response
pairs and repetitions.
The index fnr the order of the 203 common nouns is n Table 1.
(See Table 14_,
Norms of commonality of primi.ry descriptive adjective resppnsesr
f I
to common nouns with each noun's tabulated numbers of identical
responses are in Table 2. (6ee Table 2.)
8
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r
.Table 1
Tn crex of "Cb mm on- 11toUils
Mgther Government
Father Church
Sister City#
Brother Town
Coustn County
Aunt Country
Uncle Village.
Grandmother Township
Grandfather( 05orougn
Self /Hospitak
Teacher, Office
Student. Clasp
Minister Represerlatia,
Doctor 4
Dentist 'President
'Librarian Judge
Employer Jury
Employee Mathematics
Supervisor Physics
Child Chemistry
School English
College Spanish
University French
7
Psychology
Art
Musid
Education
Philosophy
History
Engineering
TheatrePI
Biology
Foi.estry,
German
Law
Square
Circle
Triangle
Spring
Summer
Fall
Mountains
Valley
Plains.
Desert
Arctic
Europe
'Africa
Asia.
ArierIcas
Tundra
8
Train Blouse
Jet .Sweater
Airplane Slacks
Desk Suit
Stool Coat
Shelves Hat
Rain Vegetables Gloves
Sun Meat y Shirt
Snow Milk Belt
Sleet I Fruit '0Ockt#-
Antarctica. Cereal Shoes
, Australia Juice Boots
4 sal;d Tomato Umbrella'
RoCk Hath Mittens\
#
Table Cheese Hose
Chair Bread ..Slip
Piano Orange Scarf
Organ Cake. Jacket
Bed Pie Bank6
Apple Purse
Lettuce Loan
Steak Payment
Egg Check
Tuna OCdsh
Butter Dollars,
'Couch
Stove
iefriger4or
House
Calk,
Truck .
Bicycle
Tricycle
Coffee Cents
Dress. Savings
Bus Skirt Insurance
10
Will ,
Donation
Gift'
Gold
Economy
Trade
Employment.
tompenseition
Welfare
Finances
Whites.
Blacks
Negroes .
Clokcanos
Minority
Citizerie
Foreigners
*Visitors
'Russian
Chinese
Americans
Christians
Jobs
Hindus
Moslems
Indians
Mexicans
Agnostics
Catholics
Atheists
Birth
Death
Btrthday-
Christmas
Easter
Passover
Holiday
.Cohversion
Baptism
Matriage
Divorce
Locatioh
Relocation
Annivassary
Wedding
Festival'
-Feast.
Reunion
Thanksgiving
11,
----table 2'..4%
Nofhs of.Descriptive Adjective .Responses to Common Nouns
Mother (n -325) (Father)
kind 4, 47
loving 44 ,
warm .23
good 13.
beautiful
young
underystanding
l'sweet
patient
lovable
tender
MY
fat.
protective
gentle
nice
weak .
Father (h.325)e
strong
6
5
5
4
3
'2
co
2
2
2_ ;
2
goOd
kind
stern
bigo
dependable
proud
gentle
nice
strict
authoritatilie
old .
helpful .
respectful-
wonderful
warm
dominant.2
logical °
.2,
Sister '(n.325).
41,older
1. 2 .
C
.
39
10
9
8
6
4 -
4.
.4
. 7
/
3
3
2
r 2
2
2
z
_41
(iister) _ Biokher
little 32 older
-younger younger,
7
cute'.~ o 2Q little,
.10iing-, handomft
pretty' g friendly:
friendly- a 6 gpod,
fQ
swell fun
Yoyg helpful
-stall nice
,generous
young
3 elder
beautiful
kind
JjkAPPY
intelligent
sassy
blond,
helpful
2 -; messed up
. mY
good
her
fussy
energic
favorite
understanding
2
2 unhierstanding
Cousin (n =225)
2 first
2 distant
friendly
kissing.
'retard
tall
47 gOocU.U
13.
(CpUsin)
small
; snobbish
9Fet\
weird
-country
close
oler
n=100;)
loving
rcold
pretty-
gentle'
mean
oldc)
. sweet2
Paint (n4100)
Older
great.
aeseent
sweet
Grandfather (n--.100)
2
,
2-
laying
--pptient
dead"-
proud."2
. bonest
) friendly
sturdr
Self (n.241,00).:,
laving
Uncle (n.100)
favorite
rich
slim
jolly!
big
balding
.3
2
,.
2.
hopeful'
egotistical
selfish
lonely
goad
14
'reacher nr.325)
older
intelligent
demanding
knowledgeable
Stern
Arnait
good
strict
learned.A
kind
dedicated
excellent
capable
helpful
boring
respectful
interesting
emotional
considerate
aged
supervising,
talking
concerned
eager
dull
hard
(Teacher)
\f)old
22
authoritarian21
authoritative14
12. Student (n7325)
8
7young
busy7
studious
smart5
intelligent4
good3
working3
3lazy
tired3
Poor3.
patient.2
single2
interested
hard working
bright.
industrious
6
2'
2 Minister .(1=100)
2
2
2
1.5
foreign
visiting
39
30
16.
16'
12
12
5
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
-2
6
(010#90:
understanding 4 out 2 .
1 careful (2
Doctor (n=225)knowledgeable 2
effiCient 24 concerned 2
medicalDentist (n=100)
-good 10
family 8 painful
-IS.
old , 7
busy 6'
capable.
helpful.
quaCk
kind 4
'4
Libr an (n=100)
.4
painlessd-
carefree
talkati4N
'friendly
patient
3.
3 aged
Jct. 10
.quiet
. .
. nicex
,
efficient-
.._,
white 3 . silent
competent r 3Employer n=100) :
:expensive 2'
,
brilliant .. 2 stern'
surgidal,
2.. strict-
educated 2 .fair
reliable 2 reliable,'. .. '
.
special. 2
,
,,
,Employee (n=100):
experienced, 2
. ° .,.
professional,
2 reliable.
16
6
. 4
3
2
,3
2
2
(Employee)
neat
good
You,A9
4'
sullen
ambitious
Supervisor In=100Y 4
understanding
`bully
old
efficient. .
II
2
fp
Child (n =225)
small 3Q
:little < 12
beautiful 9
sweet
young 7
innocent 6
lovable 3
happy 3
blond 2
smiling 2
crying. 2
playful 21
inquiring 2
0
(Child)
first
, naive
1OVing
noisy
trusting
cute
depended
naughty
School (n400)
brick
new
noisy
old
College (n=1R0) .
small
defunct
large
accredited
:University
corrupt
bureaucratic
democratic'
free.
2
2,
2.
2
2
(University)
Nogood
Government (n=100)
-corrilpt 5
'bureaucrat*C. 47
democratic 4
free 4
. good - 3
Church (n=225). ,
,
rn
(Church) ,
beautiful
irot4stant'
quiet
Catholic
25'
17
8
6V..
stone, 5
.
. spiritual 4
big, 3
t large 3
holy 3)
11'611 t,3
active 2
good 2
brick 2
irresponsible'
Gothic 2
friendly 2
18
16
concerned
hypocritical
City n=100)
large
dirty
hot
expanding.
neat
, beautiful
Town (n=225) .
"
small 86
friendly 21
4
2-
13
6
2
2
° ,2'
lau,Sy ''5
peaceful 3-
old i .
cool . 2
Clean : 2
quiet 2
little. 2
sleepy
down
-home
1
2
2
2
CoUnty (n=100)
.large
Smaller
rich1'
2.
HoSpital (n=100)
.-9
3
(Borough)
small
noisy
busy
dark'
Country (n=100)
free
-.green,
):autt-fui
great
Village (n=100)
small
quaint
pretty
tiny
.41161
"Township (n400)
c4.ean
sanitary'
efficient ,
large ,.
qaiet,
Office .(n=1003
12
small
4
2
i
busy c
empty
large
irMer4
Clans (n100)
6 graduating
square 5 largeA
adjoining 2 obnoxious s-#
Borough (n=100)Representative (n=100)
I
winding 3new
young
A
19ak
5,o
4
2
10
5
2'
4
(Representative) (Jury)
thoughtless
, tilkati4e
Senator (n=100)
rung
old ;#,
incumbent
smiliP9
-President (n=100)
.::torrupt
/ wise
'responsible.
koopular
confident
responding
Judge (n=100)
fair
wise
honorable
critical
Jury (n=100)
hung
a
2
2
: fair
d) umb
Mathematics (n=225)
higher
4 easy
A 3 - diffidUlt
2 hard
boriftg
a view
5 coMpliCated,
4 numerical
3 fun
3 hateful
3 applied
dull
algebraic
logical
9 e9mplex
6 mechanical
3Physifs (n=225)
24
4
3
4
2
2t
2
2
2
simple 14
hard t 12
14 puzzling 11
20..
physics)
difficult
usefule-f
nuclear
scientifiC
dull
Ahsured.
theoretical
confusinj
harder.e
molecular. ,
quantum.
geo
dry.
bad
atomic
interesting
complex
terrible
boring
Chemistry (n=100)
English (n =225)
4
2.
.2
2
2
2
2
.2.
2
It 2
2
2
2 .
2
smelling 9
bubbling 5
irtteresting 4
difficult i ,4
simple 2
21
perfect , 18
fluent 16 .
broken 14'
-gdod.
interesting
difficult.
native
1144.
soft
spoken
friendly
exciting
poor
fun-
arrogant
modern
fasanating
stuffy
.tricky
Spanish (n=225)
1
speaking
easy /
musical
*.romantic
3.1..
.2'
2.
2
2
2 ,
2
2
2
18
14
10
10
(Spanish) (French)
20
spoor
hard
good,
fluent
8
5
5
4
musical,
nasal
precise
hard
5
"5
4
'4
, difficult. .
difficult '3
, dark 4 old
(daring. I'
.3 :
,
Parisiant-
2
melo6dide
II 'pleasant .
..,
.
.
artistic 2' gay .2, .. . 1.
interesting /2 ,fluent 2
challenging 2 articulate 2
flOwing-,
2 Canadian 2
nice 2 "fluid 2
. -' melodious' ' 2
'Psychology (n.225)C
romance 2
classical 2 human 18
child. 17French (n=2251
interesting 15
romantic 12,. abnormal 8
easy- 11 understanding 7
flowery 8 diffiCult 6
poor 6 Applied 5
beautiful 6 unpopular 4
interesting 5 easy 3
,quaintr° 5
behavioral 3'
..
. (Psychology) (Art)
-useful,
Freudian.(
3
t4 scientific 2J
.
personal 2 - '
poor,, /2
d
overemphasized , 24 , o -.
*.general
2i
fine4
pleasant 3
pretty 3.-
displayed .2
stimulating : 2
Medieval 2
. . 2
g ' Music:M=325)Mental+ . 2 .---'
, r : -
'
.
fascthating .. 2 soothing, A . .22
difficult 2 classical 1 -22. .
....11A---7-------.
v
pseudo . 2 .: enjoyable- 20I
s4lly 2 qUitt /, ,,,* 19 .
existential 2 be.s.autiful 14
social ' 2, loud r 13.
theciretical 2. soft 13
Art (nas325)
creative
escpressive,
beautiful
itoP
modern
interesting
colorful
Color
Grecian
melodious 7
sweet 6
31 refreshing
25 rock ' 4
24 modern 3
good 3
13 restful 3
10 .impressionist 2
9 syMphonic 2
4 plessegul 2
3 'jazz 2
23
N
(Music)
harmonious
folk
Education (n.225)
,g2
(Education)
2 great /.2
formal 2 -
Philosophy: (n.1225)
14 pesonal.
special 12 liviag
-continuing' 11 . my
, necessary 10 interesting
*econdarlio 5 Greek
Igood . 5 ancient
dull . 4/7 boring
completing 4 practical
helpful 4 life's
useful 3 great'._.. .
laborious: 3 Simple."
pri7gry 3 deep....
elementary . 3 logical
simple 2 Platonic
essential0 .
practical
learning
interesting
inadequate
liberal
boring
hard
2
2
old,
senseless
2 human
2 moral
sound
2 Aristotlean
2 necessary
2 ,gartesian,
24o
9
8
8
2
7
4
3
3
2
2
2
22
2
2
2
(Philosophy).
profound
stimulating
44,RKi
2
2
basic '- 2
thinking 2'
irrelevant 2
dull
ta
2
History n=225) 4
31
ancient 28
interesting
recording
--.-. pest
co8
7
fascinating 6
living 5
changing
EnglishConstruction
boring 4 .
2
23
Engineering (n=225)
mechanical
.'electrical 21
civilrr
18j
chemical :
mathematical - 8.0
mining 6 J'
practical . 6
building
structural .
dull 4
'boring 3
constructive -3
difficult 3
technical 3
exacting 2
hard 2
52
dull 3
American
timeless
vital
Medieval
informative
2
2
2
2 '
fun 2
-2 9
drawing
useful
crowded
contract
space
county
essential
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
(Engineering). (Theatre)
.
aeronautical 2.1, ... ,..: absurd.or
dry ,' z fasCinating :
. .
V .
Theatre (n=225) . Biology (n=100)L
.,.
dramatic 18 classifyingi .1.
,4
.living
t 15: simple'
.. e .
progressive , 9 interesting.
entertaining 8 difficult. ,
....
fun 8 living
ti
beautiful 5Forestry (n225)
artful 5
uncouth 4 green-
Guthrie , .4 preserving
exciting 4 beautifying
creative 3 'interesting
enjoyable 3 protective.1 ,
good 3 '1430014S
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3 rainy
Spring (n=350)
28
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2
2
36,
34
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fresh
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lovely
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nice
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hdtpitable
gentle
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bursting
bright
'lively
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cozy
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refreshing,
Summer (n=350)
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warm
Summer)
25 beautiful
24 lazy
10 humid
10 breezy
7 flowering
4 scorching
3 steamy
3 relaxing
3
2
2
2
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16
4
4
3
3
3
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2
2
colorful 56
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calm 14
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94 warm 9
37 windy 9
29
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3 narrow % 8
2 winding 3.
2 fertile - 3
2 hot \ 2
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28
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14 great 9 .
9 level 5-
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2 vast 3
2 high 2
2 smooth 2
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67 grassy 2
43
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Arctid n=225)
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freezing
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. beautiful
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6
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29
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3
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18 .
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11
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wet .11
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dripping > 63
gentle -2
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,
n=225)
hoter
60,
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i
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32
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:6
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'cold .. 31
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hard , 12
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sharp1
8
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prickly 2
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empty 4cmarse 3
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small 4golden 3
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far 4 Rock (n=225)
big 4hard 94
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solid
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flat
heavy
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Table In=100)
round.
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flat
large
Chair (n=100)
Organ (n=100)
24
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2 Bed (n.225)
2
17
5
2
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soft 7
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beautiful 7
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34
soft
comfortable
warm
sleepy
comfort
water
Couch (n=225)
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cold 7
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green
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7
6
warm=
2 large 5
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new 10Refrigerator (n =225)
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white 18 rusty 4
full 10
large 8
35
Truck (n*100) Bqs (n=225)
large .
powerful
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13
4
4
3
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dirty
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crowded
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new 4 large
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cityTricycle (n=225)
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small 41 empty
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sturdy 5
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5
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36.,
61
47
27'
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9
8
8
7
4
4
4
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3
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2 .
31
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Airplane 0=100)
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.
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small 3
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tall 5
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round . 3
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b
big 3 Shelves (n.100)
black 2
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37
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36
(Shelves)
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3-
2
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11
10.
tlean 10Vegetables (n=225)
expensive 10
green 57 dried 7
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variety )AI frozen 5
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raw 1
7
6
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tough
,
i
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4 sweet 5
Meat Cr=100)nutritious 5
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(C4eal)
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2
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2 bland
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acid
cold
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crisp
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13 mornin,
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6
5
3
3
2
2
2
2
Juice (n=225)
tart
()ramie
sweet
cold
refreshing
sour
tangyCereal (nm225)
liquid
dry 37 wet
crunchy 35 tomato
hot .35 good
39
(Juice)
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fruit
9
I (Ham)
2 delicious
2
2Cheese (n=225)
a
38
2
20Tomato (n=225)
soft. 9
red 59 tangy 7'
ripe - 21 sharp 7
juicy 16 'good 6
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green .Swiss 5
yellow
rotten
large
thick
cherry
acid
7
3
2
2
2
64
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plump 2
Ham (n=100)
thick 6
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pink:
fat
3
2
fresh 2
blue 5
mild 4
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aged 3
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cottage
smooth
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delicious
filling
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hard 2
4 0
3
3
.2
2
2
2
39
Bread (n=22§) (Orange)
.
,16
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juicestale 18
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Orange (n=225)
juicy 40
round 19
sweet 11
large 7
.' orange -7
sour 6
Cake (n=225)
5
4
4
/ 4
3
2'
2
2
chocolate .., -30
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e
white '12
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'coffee 6
41 L
(Cake) (Pie)
delicious' 6 pumpkin
crumbly 5 soft.
moist 5 sour:
pretty 5 taste
fresh 4 strawberry
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'fattening
'birthday
3 peCan
pizza.
frosted
dry.
2 .favorite
filling
carrot 2 fruit
rich 2 fruity
good 2
Apple (n=225)
Pie n=225)red
apple .28 cFisp
juicy 27 tart
crusty 14 wormy
large 12 jag!
fresh 11 green
delicious 7 delicious
blueberry 7 ripe.
lemon 4 . big
cherry 4 crunchy
42
4pple):.
hard 4
Harellson 3
sour 2'
fresh 2
baked' 2
Lettuce (n =225:)\
green 53
crisp 49
leafy 27
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crispy 5.
head 4crunchy 4
salad 3'
leaf 3
hick .2
bitter 2
boycotted 2
Steak (n=225)
rare 41
"tender 23
juicy 22
red 12
(Steak)
.-tough
thick
good
medium
. well done
beef '
expensive
T-bone
big
tasty
t*licious
warm
Egg (n=100)
fresh
large
rotten
small
6
3
3
Tuna (n=225)
oily 17
light 12
chunky 12
canned 10
dark 9
43
(Tuna)
smelly
fresh
fishy
white
greasy
flakey
hot
chunk
Chicken of the Sea
rich
melted
black ,
Starkist . 2' hot
delicious 2 strong
large 2 bitter
tasty 2 rich
ti aromatic8Utter (n.;:225)
stale
soft 30 masted
yellow
fresh
creamy
sweet
rancid
saltless
cad
greasy
28
14
brown
good
fresh
Dress (n=225)
3 pretty
3 short
3 :long
46'
.26
20
1,1
6
5
5
- 3.
3
2
27
19
15
(Dress)
red
blue
new
formal
nice
fashionable
lovely
cotton
indecent.
Colorful
green :
Skirt (n=225)
. .10
r
(Skirt)
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5 white
5 -sheer:
3 loose
3 pretty
, 3 floral
2 soft
2 sleeveless
2 , see through
clean
flimsy
:short 76 /green
pleated 15 tight
long 11 lacy
mini 6 frilly
blue 5 silk
wool 5.
Sweater (n =225).
dirty- A
loose 4 warm .61
full 4 tight 12
tight 3 blue 10.
plaid prettY. 8
brown 2 soft
All
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woolen
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CoatAn.225)
knit . 3
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bOt. 2.
cardigan 2
nice 2
cashmere 20
Slacks (n=100)
blue
flaring
worn
6.
warm
heavy
slicker-v
long
Winter
short
fur
bUlky
over
leather
woolen
brown.
Hat.(n=100)
black
floppylong 3
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highPik 2
white 3neat 2
torn 3
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seasucker 4 flashy. 2
black 2
Gloves Iiii225)
brown 2
soft 2 warm
dark 2 leather
46
I32
20
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white
heavy
a
14
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tretCh \ 5
long :4
brown '3
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furry
soft
cold.
2
2
covering 2
Shirt (n.100)
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cleein
blue
8
4
. (
floral
plaid' .
stripped'
3
2
Belt (n38100)
(Belt)
worn
braided
Socks (n=229
.
wide 9
white.
stretch
warm
wool
black
holey
clean
argyle
knee.
sweat
smelly
covering
dirty
nylon
long'
fuzzy
bright
Shoes (n=225)
black. 8 ,
long 4 comfortable.
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47'
\
4
3
3
3
3
'2
2
2
18
17
(Shoes) .(Boots)
new 13 leather 4
black 12 heavy. 3
leather 9 waterpcoof." 3
old 7. practical 3
worn 6 shiny 2
tight 5 protective 2
protective 5 brown 2
walking 4Umbrella (n -100)
white 4
sturdy 4 clear 11
polished 4 black. 4
high 4 huge: 4
tennis 3 ribbed. 4.
shiny 2 wet 3
earth. . 2 pretty 2
suede 2
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warm 51
.Sootsinm225):red 17
high 40 woolen 12
black 14 knitted 10
warm 12 fluffy 5
rubber 10 wooly 4
red 4 yellow 4
leaky 4 ski 3
48
(Mittens) (Slip)
fuzzy 1. 3 half
pretty 2 lacy
wet 2
cold 2 non
Mose 4n=225):silky
21 sexy.
14 , soft
A3 cotton.
11 slippery
10/. clinging
sheer
nylon
panty
long
garden
snO5ged 9 ;
water .8
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3
3
2
2
clear 6 pretty 24
wet 5 long -17
silk 5 , . warm 16
abort 3 red 9
fire 3 silk 8
suppgrt 2 lengthy 7
non-run 2 ,sheer 6
Square 5
Slip (n=225)pink 5
white 31 bright 5
pick 14 woolen 5
,49
(Scarf) (Bank)
gFe.en 3 river
wide
plaid 4' . 2 gray
blue
2 convenient
Jacket (n=100)
short
warm
washable
red
green
Sank (n =225)
2
Purse n=225)
large .
10 empty*
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.411bladk.
3 bulky
2
leather
coinc-;
. .2
savings . . 30 heavy
large 13 full
'money 10 red-.
secure 8 white
big 6. shoulder
piggy 6 cluttered
safe 5 stolen
rich 5 clutch
Soft 3
Loan (n =225)security 3
solid 2 small
.50
large 13
ti
(Loan)
bank
poor
term
financial,
helpful
easy
installment
ample
unwise
joint
student
necessary
Pig
P yment (n=225)
large
down
hard
Monthly
time
final
small
cash
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big
first
5
5
.
A'4
I
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
93
31
25
14
13
8
7
6
5
4
51
(Payment)
regular
lest
loan,
overdue-,
prompt
late
Check (n=100)
3
2
2
boUncing
bad
personal_
lost
5
5
3
3
Cash (n=225)
green 22
petty 21
ready 17
cold 15
lose 10
hard 9
little,
jingly
7
4
loOse 4
quick 3
small 3
('40)
necessary .
handy
good
rich
immediate:
..50
(Cents)
ten
lost
common
green
silver
many
round
few
ten
valuable
. crisp
disapPearing
American
five
31
3
little
pennies
worthless
Savings (h=100)
small
2 large
2 dual
2 helpful
.2
unit 2Insurance'(n=100)
5
3
3
3
3
2
18
5
2
2
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1.. expenSive 3
'Cents (n=225) .
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copper 21
Will (n=225)many- -7
loose 5 final 34
small 5 last 27
52
Will) (Donation)(
strong .13 money 2
legal 7 thoughtfUl 2
determined Cheap . 2
'good
pr9bate
long
free
important
benevOlent
Donation (n.225)
small
generous
large
charitable
free
charity
big
gift
one
'helPfUI
deducible
willing
kind
poor
4 liberal ,
4Gift (n.225)
.3
2
loving 24
'2 birthday 14
2
small 10
. .
generoUs 9
D
tboughtfill. 10.
23 beuatiful .
20 eimensiVe
12 pretty i
11" Christmas
9 surprise
7 free
6 specili
5 heartfelt
parting
4 wedding
3 love
2 nice
2 happy e
2
itt) o .
8
7
6
.
3
3 ,
2
2
2
2
2
2
Gold (n.225) (Economy) .
0
soundyellow . 21
risingpure ' 17.
badShining 14 '
unstableshiny 12
inflationaryold
valuable
9thrifty
tightexpensive 7
stablesolid 5
beautiful 5
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balancedhard 3
nationalglittering 3
politicalpretty 3
faltering.rich 3
0 louiy. fool's 3
declining'bright 3
sparkling . 2 Trade (n.100)
metalic 2
free'
silver 2
equal
heavy
Economy (n=225)
-2
unwise
common
-false 16 Employment (n=100)I
poor 14scarce
fluctuating 11
(Employment)
:full
equal
soundi
useful
Compensation (n=225)A
Minimal
workma4n's
small
fair
money
adequate
monetary
regular
une4loyment
good
old
sufficient
ample
just
°necessary
low
big
O
7
ftlfare (n=100)
growing
public-
popular
free
Finances--(n=225)
22high f
16poor
14unstable L
. 7
substantial.5
low5
lost4.
balancing4
good- e . 3
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bad3
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household3
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increasing2
shorp2
dwindling
55
16.
9
8
.5
5
5
3
3
2
2
2
2.
(Finances)
rich
needed
troubled
ambitious
good
many
egg
majority
rich,
dress
prejudicial
respectfdl
tall'
beautiful
proud
pale
light
intelligent
2
2
2
15
8
7
5
5.
4
4
4
4
. 4
3
3
3
2
Blacks (n =225)
massive
athletic
advancing
. racist
bad
-dark
minority
5
jet
militant
oppressed
poor
beautiful
dull
southern
noahern
protesting
many
African
singing
predominant 2 Negroes (n=225)
middle class 2
blacknice , 2
41141
C.
56
2
26
f'15
55
(Negroes)
Singing
Southern
lazy
9
8
6
(Chicanos)
good
young
:advancing
4
.3
3
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many
-63
Spanish,
minority
2
2
poor 3 angry 2
race . 3 deprivedi
24,
stacky 2 swarthy 2
proud 2\ cheerful 2
friendlyy, g emotional 2
American 2 exploited 2
deprived 2
Minority (n=225)
good,.,
2
rich 2 small 50
;
discriminated 2 clamoring 17-
Chicanoi (n =225)
growing,,--
.
10
silent 7
striking 12 few ,5
Mexican 11 underpriviledged 5
(..,
dirty 10 unreasonable 4
brown 10 vocal 4
few 5 oppressed1
4
laboing 5 radical 3
squatty 5 poor 2
poor 5 black 2
Citizens (n=225)
q;
American
natural
worthy
.good
(Foreigners)
disrespectful 2
calm 2
wealthy 2,PP
inquisitive 2
12
working
concernedt
free
aging
8
f6
loyal 6'
many. 5
.thoughtful
United States 5
senior 4
resppnsible 3
solid 3
sceptical A 2
active
unaware
Visitors n=225)
1-::IriendlY
welcoMs.
foreign
,tutiOus.
pleasant
hapPY
polite
few-
hospital
many
noisy'.
unexpected
interestingpoor 2
\lonelyinterested
informed 2 Russian (n=225)1
young 2strong
Foreigners (n=100)- difficult
visiting 10cruel
.14
13
11
57..
(Russian) Chinese (n=225)1
hard-'
cold
militant
8b.
6
unknown 6
black 4
friepdly
rid 3.
Communistic 2.
,suborn '. 2r,
loud 2
.2cunning
haughty
easy
singing
uzzling
emotional
unhappy
enigmatic
perplexing
complex
white
gutteral
tzarist
interesting
2
2
2
2
2
2'
2
2
2
2
2
yellow 17
crafty 11
red- . 9'
.cruel 5
'Oriental 4
industrious 4'
heavy 3
huge
beautiful
3
3
good 3
hardworking.
slant eyed 3
smart 3
intelligent
yellow skinned 2
Mandarin 2
Eastern0
visiting 2
small 2
few
2 Americans (n=225)
2
2
happy 13
4.
1
'-(Americans)
young
loyal
good'
intelligent
beautiful
proud
ugly
patriotic
busy
rich
quiet
native-
grumpy
friendly
materialistic
white
fat.
industrious
confred
middle class
conglomerate
North
inforMed
istians n=225)2
9
7
5
5
-5
loving
good
faithful
religious
.happy
88
24
21
20
13
11
5.protergtant 6
5 .
devodt 5
4hypocritical 5
o4
kind 43
many 3
3crusading 3
33
2proselytising 3
2early 3.
2truthful 3
2singing 3
2
forgiving 3
2concerned 2
2
irrational' 2
2
2 Jews (n=225)
2
concerned 13
2wealthy 12
2.$
60
(Jews)
greedy 11
religious .9
persecuted :8
deceitful 5
good 4
evil 4
_orthodox
squabbling
boastful
thrifty'
Suppressed
trying
stingy
devoted
onest
cIrcillsh
European
Hindus (n =225)
destructive
pkaying
IAdian
Eastern
muderous
many'
1
.4
4
4
4
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
16
16
9
7
6
3
59
indus)
mysterious
mystic 3
spoor 3
d ceitful'
3
3
:pa sive 3
g 3
Asian
peaceful
humanly
brown
ancient
Moslems (n =225)
2
2
2
2
2
black / 11
r. wealthy. --...
8
61
kneeling 7
warring' 7
Eastern 5
religious . 5
unknown, 3
ritualistic 3 ',!.
Arabic 3
interesting 3
secular1
.2
(Moslems)
.veiling
handsome 2
faithful 2
praying 2
Arab
foreign 2
Indians n=225)
American 36
red 26
vanishing 9
red skinnedr 6
tribal 6
angry 5
Artistic 3
wild 3
brave 3
poor 3
peaceful 2
stealthy 2
mistreated 2
sadsad 2
good 2
struggling 2
O
Mexicans (n=220.
laboring
colorful
poor
friendly
Spanish
brown
migrant
dark
singing
dancing
dirty
. musical
struggling 2
AgnOsics (q=100)
ripting
cold
hating
crazy
dense 2
N -,
Catholici (n=225)
3
2
11
L_ 8
2
62.,
devout 34
hypocritical 14
(Catholics)
religious
kneeling
Roman
Irish
praying
few
friendly
wealthy,
good
traditional
conservative
'strict'
bigot
loyalC
many
powerful
Atheists (n=225)
(Atheists)
11 selfish
6.. sad
6 smart
5 religious
5 bewildered
4 many
4Birth (n =225)
3
2
2
3 premature 59
3 normal 17
2
easy - 14.
joyous 12
hapPY 9
2 new 8
2 beginning 7
2 painful 6
natural 5
live
screaming ti. 12 exciting
destructive 6 sad
ungodly 5 traumatic
unbelieving 5' wonderful,
few
radical
stupid
4
3
Death (n=225)
63
a
4
4
3
2
2
A40 30
(Death)
lingering
peaceful
13
10
(ChristmaS)
holy
-. sno;?/ 2
painfry
sudden.
u!,
1
8
Easter (n=225)
final 6 happy 60
ending 6 joyful 32
premature 4 quiet 5
.
tragic 3 beautiful 4
continuing 3 bright 4
quiet 3 sunny 4
timely 3 beginning 3
inevitable 3 Christian 3
. slow 3 solemn 2
religious 2
Birthday/1n=225)holy 2
happy 103 green 2
Celebrating 7 yellow 2
old 6Passover (n=100)
frequent 2
first 2 religious 17
goodA
Christmas (n=161)sorrowful 2
merry 60 beautiful 2
joyful 16
white. 13,t
64
6'.
Holiday (n4:225) .(Haptism).'
beautiful 3
happy 28. flowery 2
gay 14
free.,
fun
11.
11
Marriage (n=225)
.happy . 27
restful 9loving 10
Joyous 6good 8
quiet 5lasting -8'
relaxing 5
binding 7
welcome 5beautiful 6
good 4combining 3
tragic 4 0.quiet 3
summer 2
unhappy 2
religious 2
together 2
long, 2
union 2
fami* 2shotgun 2
Conversion (n100)Divorce.(n=225)
total 13sad 27
quick 4unfortunate 8
+graceftil 2bitter 7
O
-Baptism (n=100) quick 7
separating 6
watery 11harsh 5
emerging 4unhappy 5
65
(Divorce)
selfish 3
bad 3
necessary 3
difficult 3
painful,
sudden
3
3
heartbreaking 2
never . 2
tragic 2
messy 2
Location (n=100)
good' 9
pretty 5
expensive
dirty 2
poor 2
Relocation (n=225)
ideal 12
convenient 8
new 8
beautiful 7
upsetting 5
difficult,)
5
(Relocation)
larger ,
exciting
necessary
urban
unhappy
forced
vast
G4
Anniversary (n=225).
happy,
observing
62
12
golden 11
wedding 10
celebrating 9
memorable 7
silver 6 '
'first 5
fun
yearly
beautiful
3
2
Wedding (n=225)
66
beautiful 28
happy 21
white 8
11
(Wedding)
shotgun
gay
small
5
0 e 4
,4
large 4
pretty 4
sad 743
joyful 3'
big . 3
church e .
'2
quiet ,2
joyous 2
lovely 2
taditional 2
golden . .2.
uniting --.
Festival (n=100)
gay
colorful
joyful
. noisy
Feast (n=100) -
happy
2
12
6
5
-4
8
joyful 4
(Feast),
pleasant
friendly
tearfUl
2
r's 2
2
Reunion (n=225)
happy 30
.
thankful 19
family 13
bountifUl 9
grateful /
class 3
joyful 3
fun. / 3
,...-,.
many
blessed
gay 2
school 2
loving 2
twentyfifth 2
bountiful
Th4nksgiving (n=225)
happy 20
free -17
thankful 17
6
674
(Th hksgiving)
cOMpiete
stuffing
full
plentiful
pr4f61
family
grate ful
good
joyful
Cm.
(Independehce)
5 persoriel
4 quiet:
3 .earned
3 important
3 complete
3. freedom
.2 necessary
2 glorious
2 ,npisy
oUk 2 new
Independence (n=225) vi
fourth
free
American
joyous
good
revolutionary
41 precious ,2
,66
5
5
4
4
.3b
3.
3
25
io
10
1100 Ss responded to. this word twiceA
292 S responded to this word twice
68
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