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7/29/2019 doc/98500041 Original from: http://gurujobalert.blogspot.in/2012/06/tet-latest-study-material-tamilnadu.html Copyright http://gurujobalert.blogspot.com/ - All Rights Reserved

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Behaviour Analysis

Unit IV


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Individual Behaviour

Individual Differences

Ability: Capacity to do a work

Intellectual ability

Thinking, reasoning and problem solving

Biographic Characters

Race (American, African, Asian, Whites, Blacks etc.)

Gender (Male vs. Female)

Age Religion


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Learning

In order to understand individual behaviour

it is important to know how people learn

Learning is defined as a relatively

permanent change in behaviour that

occurs as a result of experience.


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Theories of Learning

Classical Conditioning

Formulated by Ivan Pavlov

Meat: Unconditional stimulus

Reaction of dog: Unconditional response

Artificial stimulus created by bell

Bell: Conditional stimulus

Reaction of dog: Conditional response


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Operant Conditioning

According to this theory, behaviour is a

function of its consequences.

If any behaviour fails to be positively

reinforced the probability that the

behaviour will be repeated declines


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Social Learning

According to this theory, learning happens

by observing or just by told or through

experience.

Learning process defined in this theory:

Attention

Retention

Motor reproduction

Reinforcement process


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Shaping Behaviour

Positive reinforcement : Something good in

return of behaviour, appreciation

Eg: Salary hike for performance, Recognition

Negative Reinforcement : Something bad or de-motivating a behaviour so that it does not recur.

Punishment: Anything unpleasant that is done to

avoid recurrence of a behaviour

Extinction : To make a behaviour extinct, its

necessary that the behaviour has to be ignored.


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Schedule for reinforcement

Continuous

Reinforcement is done whenever the

behaviour exists.

Intermittent

Reinforcement is done periodically at regular

intervals of time.


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Attitude

Attitude is defined as Evaluative

components either in favour or not in

favour of any person or thing.


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Components of an Attitude

Cognitive component: Description or belief

towards something

Eg: My pay is low.

Affective Component: Emotion attached to thebelief.

Eg: Im angry that my pay is low

Behavioural Component: The behavioural

change that happens as a result.

Eg: Im going to look for another job that pays better.


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Cognitive Dissonance

Does behaviour always follow attitude? No


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Personality

The development and growth of a persons

whole psychological system.

Defined as Sum total of ways in which an

individual reacts to or interacts with

others.

Personality

Heredity

Environment


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Myer Briggs Personality Types

Extrovert vs Introvert Extrovert : Open and frank

Introvert : Calm, moody and shy

Sensing vs Intuitive

Sensing : Practical Intuitive: Unconscious thoughts, not logical

Thinking vs Feeling Thinking: Reasoning, logical

Feeling: Emotional

Judging vs Perceiving Judging: Controlling

Perceiving: Flexible and adaptable.


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Big Five Personality Model

Extraversion: Sociable

Agreeableness: Cooperative, warm andtrusting

Conscientiousness: Reliability andresponsibility

Emotional stability: Control of feelings and

emotions Openness to experience: Has wide range

of interests


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Other personality types relevant to

OB

Core self evaluation: Degree of likes and dislikesto one self.

Machiavellianism: Prepared to do anything that

needs to be done to move ahead. Narcism: Love for themselves, over confidence.

Self Monitoring: Ability to adapt to externalfactors

Risk Taking: Willingness to take risks Proactive: Well planned and prepare ahead,

foresees future and takes actions ahead.


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Values

Values are basic convictions or firmly held

belief or opinions.

Eg. Self respect, honesty


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Perception

A process by which individuals organize

and interpret their sensory impressions in

order to give meaning to the environment.


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Attribution Theory of Perception

Explains the way in which we judge people dependingon the meaning we give for a behaviour

The way one perceives things may to attributed to twomain causes: Internally caused

Externally caused

Consensus: Similar behaviour by everyone. In this case,the behaviour is attributed as externally caused

Distinctness: The behaviour is attributed as internallycaused as it is a distinct behaviour

Consistency: Same behaviour repeated by anyindividual. The behaviour is attributed as internallycaused.


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Judging based on perception

Selective Perception Interpret selectively based on ones interest,

background, experience and attitude.

Halo effect General impression based on single characteristic

Contrast Effects Judging or perceiving based on the comparison with

other people to rank higher or lower.

Stereotyping Judging based on the group they belong to.


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Common bias or errors in Decision

making Overconfidence bias

Error that occurs because of too much of over confidencetowards oneself

Anchoring Bias Tendency to be fixed on initial information and fail to adequately

adjust for subsequent information Confirmation Bias

Gather information selectively rather than collecting it objectively

Availability Bias Tendency to judge information based on the available

information alone Escalation of Commitment

Staying with the same decision even though negative thoughtsabout the decision were provided.


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Interpersonal/Group Behaviour

Group: Two or more people interact and interdependentwho have come together to achieve a particularobjective.

Types of Groups

Formal Groups: Defined by the organization Informal Groups: Not formally structured or determined.

Command Groups: Determined by the organizationchart.

Task Group: Formed to complete a given task Friendship Groups: Persons grouped together for

common interest or characteristic.


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Team Forming

Five Stage Model

Forming

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