DOC B.10 Landrover

7/29/2019 DOC B.10 Landrover

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CELL PHONE BASED LAND ROVER

BY

G.Mounika (07241A0279)

G.R.L.Keerthi (07241A0291)

K.Spurthi (07241A02A8)

B.Swathi (07241A02B1)

Vishnu Manasa.K (07241A02B7)

GOKARAJU RANGARAJU

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by A.I.C.T.E and Affiliated to JNTU)

(Bachupally,Kukatpally ,Hyderabad -500 072.)


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CONTENTS

1. ABSTRACT

2. CELL PHONE BASED LAND ROVER

3. DTMF DECODER MT 8870

4. 74LS04 HEX INVERTER

5. AT89C51

6. L293D

7. CODING USING KEIL

8. CONCLUSION

9. BIBIL IOGRAPHY

10. APPENDIX


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1. ABSTRACT

In this project, the robot is controlled by a mobile phone that makes a call to the mobile

phone attached to the robot. In the course of a call, if any button is pressed, a tone

corresponding to the button pressed is heard at the other end of the call. This tone is called

dual-tone multiple-frequency (DTMF) tone. The robot perceives this DTMF tone with the

help of the phone stacked in the robot. The received tone is processed by the microcontroller

with the help of DTMF decoder MT8870. The decoder decodes the DTMF tone into its

equivalent binary digit and this binary number is sent to the microcontroller. The

microcontroller is pre programmed to take a decision for any given input and outputs its

decision to motor drivers in order to drive the motors for forward or backward motion or a

turn. The mobile that makes a call to the mobile phone stacked in the robot acts as a remote.

So this simple robotic project does not require the construction of receiver and transmitter

units.


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2. CELL PHONE BASED LAND ROVER

INTRODUCTION:

Conventionally, wireless-controlledrobots use RF circuits, which have the drawbacks of

limited working range, limited frequency range and limited control. Use of a mobile phone

for robotic control can overcome these limitations. It provides the advantages of robust

control, working range as large as the coverage area of the service provider, no interferencewith other controllers and up to twelve controls. Although the appearance and capabilities of

robots vary vastly, all robots share the features of a mechanical, movable structure under

some form of control. The control of robot involves three distinct phases: perception,

processing and action. Generally, the preceptors are sensors mounted on the robot, processing

is done by the on-board microcontroller or processor, and the task (action)is performed using

motors or with some other actuators.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:


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The block diagram of the cell phone based land rover consists of the following blocks. They

are:-

DTMF Decoder Microcontroller Motor Driver.

CIRCUIT DIAGARM:

An MT8870 series DTMF decoder is used here. All types of the MT8870 series use digital

counting techniques to detect and decode all the 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code output.

The built-in dial tone rejection circuit eliminates the need for pre-filtering. When the input

signal given at pin 2 (IN-) in single-ended input configuration is recognised to be effective,

the correct 4-bit decode signal of the DTMF tone is transferred to Q1 (pin 11) through Q4

(pin 14) outputs.Q1 through Q4 outputs of the DTMF decoder (IC1) are connected to port

pins PA0 through PA3 of microcontroller (IC2) after inversion by N1 through N4,

respectively.Outputs from port pins PD0 through PD3 and PD7 of the microcontroller are fed


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to inputs IN1 through IN4 and enable pins (EN1 and EN2) of motor driver L293D,

respectively, to drive two geared DC motors. Switch S1 is used for manual reset. The

microcontroller output is not sufficient to drive the DC motors, so current drivers are required

for motor rotation. The L293D is a quad, high-current, half-H driver designed to provide

bidirectional drive currents of up to 600 mA at voltages from 4.5V to 36V. It makes it easier

to drive the DC motors. The L293D consists of four drivers. Pins IN1 through IN4 and OUT1

through OUT4 are input and output pins, respectively, of driver 1 through driver 4. Drivers 1

and 2, and drivers 3 and 4 are enabled by enable pin 1 (EN1) and pin 9 (EN2), respectively.

When enable input EN1 (pin 1) is high, drivers 1 and 2 are enabled and the outputs

corresponding to their inputs are active. Similarly, enable input EN2 (pin 9) enables drivers 3

and 4.

WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT:

In order to control the robot, you need to make a call to the cell phone attached to the robot

(through head phone) from any phone, which sends DTMF tunes on pressing the numeric

buttons. The cell phone in the robot is kept in auto answer mode. (If the mobile does not

have the auto answering facility, receive the call by OK key on the rover-connected mobile

and then made it in hands-free mode.) So after a ring, the cell phone accepts the call. The

DTMF tones thus produced are received by the cell phone in the robot. These tones are fed to

the circuit bythe headset of the cell phone. The MT8870 decodes the received tone and sends

the equivalent binary number to the microcontroller. According to the program in the

microcontroller, the robot starts moving. When you press key 2 (binary equivalent

00000010) on your mobile phone, the microcontroller outputs 10001001 binary equivalent.

Port pins PD0, PD3 and PD7 are high. The high output at PD7 of the microcontroller drivesthe motor driver (L293D). Port pins PD0 and PD3 drive motors M1 and M2 in forward

direction. Similarly, motors M1 and M2 move for left turn, right turn, backward motion and

stop condition.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

The main components of the hardware section of our project are given as:


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Microcontroller Crystal Oscillator DTMF decoder IC(MT8870)

Motor driver DC Motor Head-phone Resistors, Capacitors Hex inverter.

ACTION PERFORMES TO CORRESPONDING KEY


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3. DTMF DECODER MT 8870

DUAL TONE MULTI FREQUENCY (DTMF):

Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling is used for telecommunication signalling over

analog telephone lines in the voice-frequency band between telephone handsets and other

communications devices and the switching centre. The version of DTMF used for telephone

tone dialling is known by the trademarked term Touch-Tone (cancelled March 13, 1984),and is standardized by ITU-T Recommendation Q.23. It is also known in the UK as MF4.

Other multi-frequency systems are used for signalling internal to the telephone network.

As a method of in-band signaling, DTMF tones were also used by cable television

broadcasters to indicate the start and stop times of local commercial insertion points during

station breaks for the benefit of cable companies. Until better out-of-band signalling

equipment was developed in the 1990s, fast, unacknowledged, and loud DTMF tone

sequences could be heard during the commercial breaks of cable channels in the UnitedStates and elsewhere.

TELEPHONE KEYPAD

The contemporary keypad is laid out in a 3x4 grid, although the original DTMF keypad had

an additional column for four now-defunct menu selector keys. When used to dial a

telephone number, pressing a single key will produce a pitch consisting of two simultaneous

pure tone sinusoidal frequencies. The row in which the key appears determines the low

frequency, and the column determines the high frequency. For example, pressing the !1! key

will result in a sound composed of both a 697 and a 1209 hertz (Hz) tone. The original

keypads had levers inside, so each button activated two contacts. The multiple tones are

the reason for calling the system multifrequency. These tones are then decoded by the

switching center to determine which key was pressed.


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DTMF KEYPAD FREQUENCIES:

DTMF signaling is used for telephone signaling over the line in the voice-frequency band to

the call switching centre. The version of DTMF used for telephone tone dialing is known as

Touch-Tone.DTMF assigns a specific frequency (consisting of two separate tones) to each

key so that it can easily be identified by the electronic circuit. The signal generated by the

DTMF encoder is a direct algebraic summation, in real time, of the amplitudes of two sine

(cosine) waves of different frequencies, i.e., pressing 5 will send a tone made by adding

1336 Hz and 770 Hz to the other end of the line. The tones and assignments in a DTMF

system are shown in Table I.

MT8870:

The MT8870D/MT8870D-1 is a complete DTMF receiver integrating both the band split

filter and digital decoder functions. The filter section uses switched capacitor techniques for


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high and low group filters; the decoder uses digital counting techniques to detect and decode

all 16 DTMF tone-pairs into a 4-bit code. The features of MT 8870 are: Complete DTMF Receiver

Low power consumption Internal gain setting amplifier Adjustable guard time Central office quality Power-down mode Inhibit mode Backward compatible with MT8870C/MT8870C-1

The applications of MT 8870 are:

Receiver system for British Telecom (BT) or CEPT Spec (MT8870D-1) Paging systems Repeater systems/mobile radio Credit card systems Remote control Personal computers Telephone answering machine


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FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM:

The MT8870D/MT8870D-1 monolithic DTMF receiver offers small size, low power

consumption and high performance. Its architecture consists of a bandsplit filter section,

which separates the high and low group tones, followed by a digital counting section which

verifies the frequency and duration of the received tones before passing the corresponding

code to the output bus.

Filter Section


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Separation of the low-group and high group tones is achieved by applying the DTMF signal

to the inputs of two sixth-order switched capacitor bandpass filters, the bandwidths of which

correspond to the low and high group frequencies. The filter section also incorporates notches

at 350 and 440 Hz for exceptional dial tone rejection. Each filter output is followed by a

single order switched capacitor filter section which smooth the signals prior to limiting.

Limiting is performed by high-gain comparators which are provided with hysteresis to

prevent detection of unwanted low-level signals. The outputs of the comparators provide full

rail logic swings at the frequencies of the incoming DTMF signals.

Decoder Section

Following the filter section is a decoder employing digital counting techniques to determine

the frequencies of the incoming tones and to verify that they correspond to standard DTMF

frequencies. A complex averaging algorithm protects against tone simulation by extraneous

signals such as voice while providing tolerance to small frequency deviations and variations.

This averaging algorithm has been developed to ensure an optimum combination of immunity

to talk-off and tolerance to the presence of interfering frequencies (third tones) and noise.

When the detector recognizes the presence of two valid tones (this is referred to as the signal

condition in some industry specifications) the Early Steering (ESt) output will go to an

active state. Any subsequent loss of signal condition will cause ESt to assume an inactive

state (see Steering Circuit).

Steering Circuit


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Before registration of a decoded tone pair, the receiver checks for a valid signal duration

(referred to as character recognition condition). This check is performed by an external RC

time constant driven by ESt. A logic high on ESt causes vc to rise as the capacitor

discharges. Provided signal condition is maintained (ESt remains high) for the validation

period (tGTP), vc reaches the threshold (VTSt) of the steering logic to register the tone pair,

latching its corresponding 4-bit code (see Table 1) into the output latch. At this point the GT

output is activated and drives vc to VDD. GT continues to drive high as long as ESt remains

high. Finally, after a short delay to allow the output latch to settle, the delayed steering output

flag (StD) goes high, signalling that a received tone pair has been registered. The contents of

the output latch are made available on the 4-bit output bus by raising the three state control

input (TOE) to a logic high. The steering circuit works in reverse to validate the interdigit

pause between signals. Thus, as well as rejecting signals too short to be considered valid, the

receiver will tolerate signal interruptions (dropout) too short to be considered a valid pause.

This facility, together with the capability of selecting the steering time constants externally,

allows the designer to tailor performance to meet a wide variety of system requirements.

Guard Time Adjustment

In many situations not requiring selection of tone duration and interdigital pause, the simplesteering circuit shown. Component values are chosen according to the formula:


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tREC=tDP+tGTP

tID=tDA+Tgta

PIN CONNECTIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS

The above figure shows pin connections.


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The above figure gives gives pin description.

DTMF DATA OUTPUT:


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4. 74LS04 HEX INVERTERS

DESCRIPTION:

These devices contain six independent inverters. The IC package is as follows.

The functional table at each inverter is as follows:


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The logic diagram i.e. positive logic is shown below

The schematics at each gate are as follows:


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5. ATMEL 89C51

AT89C51:

AT89C51 is an 8-bit microcontroller and belongs to Atmel's 8051 family. AT89C51 has 4KB

of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM) and 128 bytes of RAM. It

can be erased and program to a maximum of 1000 times.In 40 pin AT89C51, there are four

ports designated as P1, P2, P3 and P0. All these ports are 8-bit bi-directional ports, i.e., they

can be used as both input and output ports. Except P0

which needs external pull-ups, rest of

the ports have internal pull-ups. When 1s are written to these port pins, they are pulled high

by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. These ports are also bit addressable and so

their bits can also be accessed individually. Port P0 and P2 are also used to provide low byte

and high byte addresses, respectively, when connected to an external memory. Port 3 has

multiplexed pins for special functions like serial communication, hardware interrupts, timer

inputs and read/write operation from external memory. AT89C51 has an inbuilt UART for

serial communication. It can be programmed to operate at different baud rates. Including two

timers & hardware interrupts, it has a total of six interrupts.


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PIN CONFIGURATION:

FEATURES:

Compatible with MCS-51 Products 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHzThree-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O LinesTwo 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources


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Programmable Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

PIN DESCRIPTION:

VCC

Supply voltage.

GND

Ground.

Port 0

Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight

TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance

inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during

accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups. Port 0

also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during

program verification. External pullups are required during program verification.

Port 1

Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output buffers can

sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the

internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being

pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 1 also receives the

low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

Port 2




pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 2 emits the high-

order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to

external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, it uses


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strong internal pullups when emitting 1s. During access to external data memory that use 8-

bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.

Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash

programming and verification.

Port 3




pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the functions of

various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:

Port Pin Alternate Functions

P3.0 RXD (serial input port)

P3.1 TXD (serial output port)

P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)

P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)

P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)

P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)

P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)

P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.

RST

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets

the device.


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ALE/PROG

Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to

external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash

programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator

frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one

ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation

can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only

during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the

ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN

Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C51 is

executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle,

except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch

code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note,however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should

be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt

programming enable voltage

(VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.

XTAL1

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Oscillator Characteristics

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which

can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartzcrystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source,


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XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2. There are

no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal

clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage

high and low time specifications must be observed.

Idle Mode

In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on-chip peripherals remain active. The

mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions

registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any

enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a

hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to

two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware

inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To

eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset,

the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin

or to external memory.

Power-down Mode

In the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-

down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers

retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down

is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The

reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be

held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.

Program Memory Lock Bits

On the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) or can be programmed

(P) to obtain the additional features. When lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA

pin is sampled and latched during reset. If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch

initializes to a random value, and holds that value until reset is activated. It is necessary that

the latched value of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order for

the device to function properly.


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ARCHITECTURE:


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6. L293D

DESCRIPTION

The L293 and L293D are quadruple high-current half-H drivers. The L293 is designed to

provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. The L293D

is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to

36 V. Both devices are designed to drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and

bipolar stepping motors, as well as other high-current/high-voltage loads in positive-supply

applications. All nputs are TTL compatible. Each output is a complete totem-pole drive

circuit, with a Darlington transistor sink and a pseudo-Darlington source. Drivers are enabled

in pairs, with drivers 1 and 2 enabled by 1,2EN and drivers 3 and 4 enabled by 3,4EN. When

an enable input is high, the associated drivers are enabled and their outputs are active and in

phase with their inputs. When the enable input is low, those drivers are disabled and their

outputs are off and in the high-impedance state. With the proper data inputs, each pair of

drivers forms a full-H (or bridge) reversible drive suitable for solenoid or motor applications.

On the L293, external high-speed output clamp diodes should be used for inductive transient

suppression. A VCC1 terminal, separate from VCC2, is provided for the logic inputs to

minimize device power dissipation. The L293and L293D are characterized for operation from0C to 70C.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:


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FUNCTION TABLE:

LOGIC DIAGRAM


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SCHEMATICS OF INPUTS AND OUTPUTS (L293)

SCHEMATICS OF INPUTS AND OUTPUTS (L293D)


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APPLICATION INFORMATION

Two-Phase Motor Driver (L293)


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Two-Phase Motor Driver (L293D)


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DC Motor Controls(connections to ground and tosupply voltage)

Bidirectional DC Motor Control


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BIPOLAR STEPPING-MOTOR CONTROL


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7. CODING USING KEIL

KEIL SOFTWARE:

Many companies provide the 8051 assembler, some of them provide

shareware version of their product on the Web, Kiel is one of them. We can download them

from their Websites. However, the size of code for these shareware versions is limited and we

have to consider which assembler is suitable for our application.

Keil Uvision2:

Thisis an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write,

compile, and debug embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components:

A project manager A make facility Tool configuration Editor A powerful debugger

Building an Application in Uvision2:

To build (compile, assemble, and link) an application in uVision2, you must:

Select ProjectOpen Project(For example, \C166\EXAMPLES\HELLO\HELLO.UV2)

Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target. UVision2 compiles,assembles, and links the files in your project.

Creating your Own Application in Uvision2:

To create a new project in uVision2, you must:

Select Project - New Project.


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Select a directory and enter the name of the project file. Select Project - Select Device and select an 8051, 251, or C16x/ST10 device

from the Device

Database Create source files to add to the project. Select Project - Targets, Groups, and Files. Add/Files, select Source

Group1, and add the source files to the project.

Select Project - Options and set the tool options. Note when you select thetarget device from the Device Database all-special options are set automatically. Y ou only

need to configure the memory map of your target hardware. Default memory model settings

are optimal for most.

Applications:

Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target.

Debugging an Application in Uvision2:

To debug an application created using uVision2, you must:

Select Debug - Start/Stop Debug Session. Use the Step toolbar buttons to single-step through your program. Open the Serial Window using the Serial #1 button on the toolbar. Debug your program using standard options like Step, Go, Break, and

So on.


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PROJ ECT CODE:

#include

#include

void main(void)

{

unsigned int k,h;

while(1)

{

k=~P1;

h=k & 0x0F;

switch(h)

{

case 0x02:

{

P2=0x89;//Forward

break;

}

case 0x08:

{

P2=0x86;//Backward

break;

}

case 0x04:

{

P2=0x85;//Left turn

break;

}

case 0x06:

{

P2=0x8A;//Right turnbreak;


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}

case 0x05:

{

P2=0x00;//stop

break;

}

}

}

}


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8. CONCLUSION

Conventionally, wireless-controlled robots use RF circuits, which have the drawbacks of

limited working range, limited frequency range and limited control. In our project with the

use of a mobile phone for robotic control can overcome these limitations. It provides the

advantages of robust control, working range as large as the coverage area of the service

provider, no interference with other controllers and up to twelve controls. Although the

appearance and capabilities of robots vary vastly, all robots share the features of a

mechanical, movable structure under some form of control. The control of robot involves

three distinct phases: reception, processing and action. Generally, the preceptors are sensors

mounted on the robot, processing is done by the on-board microcontroller or processor, and

the task (action) is performed using motors or with some other actuators. So the motive is

that to increase the range of remote controlled products. For this mobile phone operated

control is best because we can globalize our project & no limitation of range.

ADVANTAGES:

The advantages are:

Wireless control Surveillance System. Vehicle Navigation with use of 3G technology. Takes in use of the mobile technology which is almost available everywhere. This wireless device has no boundation of range and can be controlled as far as

network of cell phone

DISADVANATGES:

The disadvantages are:

Cell phone bill. Mobile batteries drain out early so charging problem.


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Cost of project if Cell phone cost included. Not flexible with all cell phones as only a particular ,cell phone whose earpiece is

attached can only be used.

9. BIBILIOGRAPHY

WEBSITES REFERRED:

1. http://www.8051projects.info/

2. http://www.instructables.com/

3. Cell phone operated land rover Electronics For You Magazine,Edition

JULY 2008.

4. DTMF Tester,Electronics For You Magazine , Edition (June 2003)

5. http://www.alldatasheet.com/

TEXT BOOKS REFERED:

1. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems by Muhammad Ali Mazidi andJanice Gillispie Mazidi, Pearson Education.

2. 8051 Microcontroller Architecture, programming and application by KENNETHJ.AYALA


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10. APPENDIX

MT 8770:


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74LS04:


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L293D


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