Do Roman Catholics KnOw the Epicurean Paradox?

8/13/2019 Do Roman Catholics KnOw the Epicurean Paradox?

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Do Roman CatholicsKnOw

The Epicurean paradox ?Is God willing to prevent evil, but not able?

Then he is not omnipotent.Is he able, but not willing?

Then he is malevolent.Is he both able and willing?Then whence cometh evil?

Is he neither able nor willing?Then why call him God?
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Epicurus (341 BC270 BC) was anancient Greek philosopher as well as the founder of the

school of philosophy calledEpicureanism.Only a few fragments and letters of Epicurus's 300

written works remain. Much of what is known about Epicurean philosophy derives from later

followers and commentators.

For Epicurus, the purpose of philosophy was to attain the happy, tranquil life,

characterized byataraxiapeace and freedom from fearandaponiathe absence of

painand by living a self-sufficient life surrounded by friends.He taught that pleasure and

pain are the measures of what is good and evil; death is the end of both body and soul and should

therefore not be feared; the gods neither reward nor punish humans; the universe is infinite and

eternal; and events in the world are ultimately based on the motions and interactions ofatoms

moving in empty space.

Biography

His parents, Neocles and Chaerestrate, both Athenian-born, and his father a citizen, had

emigrated to the Athenian settlement on theAegean island ofSamos about ten years before

Epicurus's birth in February 341 BC. As a boy, he studied philosophy for four years under the

Platonist teacher Pamphilus. At the age of 18, he went toAthens for his two-year term of

military service. The playwrightMenander served in the same age-class of theephebes asEpicurus.

After the death ofAlexander the Great,Perdiccas expelled the Athenian settlers on Samos to

Colophon,on the coast of what is now Turkey. After the completion of his military service,

Epicurus joined his family there. He studied underNausiphanes,who followed the teachings of

Democritus.In 311/310 BC Epicurus taught inMytilenebut caused strife and was forced to

leave. He then founded a school inLampsacusbefore returning to Athens in 306 BC where he

remained until his death. There he foundedThe Garden, a school named for the garden he

owned that served as the school's meeting place, about halfway between the locations of two

other schools of philosophy, theStoa and theAcademy.

Even though many of his teachings were heavily influenced by earlier thinkers, especially by

Democritus,he differed in a significant way with Democritus on determinism. Epicurus would
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often deny this influence, denounce other philosophers as confused, and claim to be "self-

taught".

Epicurus never married and had no known children. He was mostly likely avegetarian.He

suffered fromkidney stones,to which he finally succumbed in 270 BC at the age of 72, and

despite the prolonged pain involved, he wrote toI domeneus:

I have written this letter to you on a happy day to me, which is also the last day of my life. For I

have been attacked by a painful inability to urinate, and also dysentery, so violent that nothing

can be added to the violence of my sufferings. But the cheerfulness of my mind, which comes

from the recollection of all my philosophical contemplation, counterbalances all these afflictions.

And I beg you to take care of the children of Metrodorus, in a manner worthy of the devotion

shown by the young man to me, and to philosophy.

The school

Epicurus' school, which was based in the garden of his house and thus called "The

Garden", had a small but devoted following in his lifetime. The primary members were

Hermarchus,the financierIdomeneus,Leonteus and his wifeThemista,thesatiristColotes,

the mathematicianPolyaenus of Lampsacus,Leontion, andMetrodorus of Lampsacus,the

most famous popularizer of Epicureanism.His school was the first of the ancient Greek

philosophical schools to admit women as a rule rather than an exception. An inscription on the

gate to The Garden is recorded bySeneca in epistle XXI ofEpistulae morales ad Lucilium:

Stranger, here you wil l do well to tarr y; here ourhighest good is pleasure.

Epicurus emphasized friendship as an important ingredient of happiness, and the school

resembled in many ways a community of friends living together. However, he also instituted a

hierarchical system of levels among his followers, and had them swear an oath on his core tenets.
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Teachings

Prefiguring science and ethics

Epicurus is a key figure in the development ofscience and thescientific methodbecause of his

insistence that nothing should be believed, except that which was tested through direct

observation and logical deduction. Many of his ideas about nature and physics presaged

important scientific concepts of our time. He was a key figure in theAxial Age,the period from

800 BC to 200 BC, during which similarly revolutionary thinking appeared in China, India, Iran,the Near East, and Ancient Greece. His statement of theEthic of Reciprocity as the foundation of

ethics is the earliest in Ancient Greece, and he differs from the formulation ofutilitarianismby

Jeremy Bentham andJohn Stuart Millby emphasizing the minimization of harm to oneself and

others as the way to maximize happiness.

Epicurus's teachings represented a departure from the other major Greek thinkers of his period,

and before, but was nevertheless founded on many of the same principles asDemocritus.Like

Democritus, he was an atomist, believing that the fundamental constituents of the world were

indivisible little bits of matter (atoms,Greek atomos, indivisible) flying throughempty space

(kenos). Everything that occurs is the result of the atoms colliding, rebounding, and becoming

entangled with one another, with no purpose or plan behind their motions. (Compare this with

the modern study ofparticle physics.) His theory differs from the earlier atomism of Democritus
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because he admits that atoms do not always follow straight lines but their direction of motion

may occasionally exhibit a 'swerve' (clinamen). This allowed him to avoid thedeterminism

implicit in the earlier atomism and to affirmfree will.(Compare this with the modern theory of

quantum physics,which postulates a non-deterministic random motion of fundamental particles,

which do not swerve absent an external force; randomness originates in interaction of particles in

incompatible eigenstates.)

He regularly admitted women and slaves into his school and was one of the first Greeks to

break from the god-fearing and god-worshipping tradition common at the time, even while

affirming that religious activities are useful as a way to contemplate the gods and to use

them as an example of the pleasant life.Epicurus participated in the activities of traditional

Greek religion, but taught that one should avoid holding false opinions about the gods. The godsare immortal and blessed and men who ascribe any additional qualities that are alien to

immortality and blessedness are, according to Epicurus, impious. The gods do not punish the bad

and reward the good as the common man believes. Theopinion of the crowd is, Epicurus

claims, that the gods " send great evil s to the wicked and great blessings to the righteous who

model themselves after the gods,"whereas Epicurus believes the gods, in reality, do not concern

themselves at all with human beings.

It is not the man who denies the gods worshipped by the multitude, who is impious, but he who

aff irms of the gods what the multi tude beli eves about them.

Pleasure as absence of suffering

Epicurus' philosophy is based on the theory that all good and bad derive from the sensations of

what he defined as pleasure and pain: What is good is what is pleasurable, and what is bad is

what is painful. His ideas of pleasure and pain were ultimately, for Epicurus, the basis for the

moral distinction between good and evil. If pain is chosen over pleasure in some cases it is only

because it leads to a greater pleasure. Although Epicurus has been commonly misunderstood to

advocate the rampant pursuit of pleasure, his teachings were more about striving for an absence

of pain andsuffering,both physical and mental, and a state of satiation and tranquility that was

free of the fear of death and the retribution of the gods. Epicurus argued that when we do not
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suffer pain, we are no longer in need of pleasure, and we enter a state ofataraxia,"tranquility of

soul" or "imperturbability".

Epicurus' teachings were introduced into medical philosophy and practice by the Epicurean

doctorAsclepiades of Bithynia,who was the first physician who introduced Greek medicine in

Rome. Asclepiades introduced the friendly, sympathetic, pleasing and painless treatment of

patients. He advocated humane treatment of mental disorders, had insane persons freed from

confinement and treated them with natural therapy, such as diet and massages. His teachings are

surprisingly modern, therefore Asclepiades is considered to be a pioneer physician in

psychotherapy, physical therapy and molecular medicine.

Epicurus explicitly warned against overindulgence because it often leads to pain. For instance,

Epicurus warned against pursuing love too ardently. He defended friendships as ramparts for

pleasure and denied them any inherent worth. He also believed, contrary to Aristotle, that death

was not to be feared. When a man dies, he does not feel the pain of death because he no longer is

and therefore feels nothing. Therefore, as Epicurus famously said, "death is nothing to us." When

we exist, death is not; and when death exists, we are not. All sensation and consciousness ends

with death and therefore in death there is neither pleasure nor pain. The fear of death arises from

the belief that in death, there is awareness.

From this doctrine arose the Epicurean epitaph:Non fui, fui, non sum, non curo (I was not; I

was; I am not; I do not care)which is inscribed on the gravestones of his followers and seen on

many ancient gravestones of theRoman Empire.This quote is often used today athumanist

funerals.

As an ethical guideline, Epicurus emphasized minimizing harm and maximizing happiness of

oneself and others:

It is impossible to live a pleasant life without living wisely and well and justly (agreeing "neither

to harm nor be harmed"), and it is impossible to live wisely and well and justly without living a

pleasant life.
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Epicurean paradox

The "Epicurean paradox"is a version of theproblem of evil.It is atrilemmaargument (God is

omnipotent, God is good, but Evil exists); or more commonly seen as this quote:

Is God willing to prevent evil, but not able?

Then he is not omnipotent.

Is he able, but not willing?

Then he is malevolent.

Is he both able and willing?

Then whence cometh evil?

Is he neither able nor willing?

Then why call him God?

This argument was a type favoured by the ancient Greekskeptics,and may have been wrongly

attributed to Epicurus byLactantius,who, from hisChristianperspective, regarded Epicurus as

anatheist.It has been suggestedthat it may actually be the work of an earlyskeptic writer,

possiblyCarneades.According toReinhold F. Glei,it is settled that the argument of theodicy is

from an academic source which is not only not epicurean, but even anti-epicurean. The earliest

extant version of this trilemmaappears in the writings of the skepticSextus Empiricus.

Epicurus didnt deny the existence of gods. Instead, he stated that what gods there may be, do not

concern themselves with us, and thus would not seek to punish us either in this or any other life.

Epistemology

Epicurus emphasized the senses in hisepistemology,and his Principle of Multiple Explanations

("if several theories are consistent with the observed data, retain them all") is an early

contribution to thephilosophy of science.

There are also some things for which it is not enough to state a single cause, but several, of

which one, however, is the case. Just as if you were to see the lifeless corpse of a man lying far

away, it would be fitting to list all the causes of death in order to make sure that the single cause

of this death may be stated. For you would not be able to establish conclusively that he died by
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the sword or of cold or of illness or perhaps by poison, but we know that there is something of

this kind that happened to him.

Politics

In contrast to theStoics,Epicureans showed little interest in participating in the politics of the

day, since doing so leads to trouble. He instead advocated seclusion. This principle is

epitomized by the phrase lathe bisas .Plutarch elaborated in his essay I s the

Saying " L ive in Obscurity" Right?( -An recte dictum sit

latenter esse vivendum) 1128c;Flavius Philostratus Vita Apollonii8.28.12, meaning "live in

obscurity", "get through life without drawing attention to yourself", i. e. live without pursuing

glory or wealth or power, but anonymously, enjoying little things like food, the company of

friends, etc.

Legacy

Bust of Epicurus leaning against his disciple Metrodorus in theLouvre Museum

Elements of Epicurean philosophy have resonated and resurfaced in various diverse thinkers and

movements throughout Western intellectual history.
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The atomic poems (such as 'All Things are Governed by Atoms') and natural philosophy of

Margaret Cavendish were influenced by Epicurus.

His emphasis on minimizing harm and maximizing happiness in his formulation of theEthic of

Reciprocity was later picked up by the democratic thinkers of theFrench Revolution,and others,

likeJohn Locke,who wrote that people had a right to "life, liberty, and property." To Locke,

one's own body was part of their property, and thus one's right to property would theoretically

guarantee safety for their persons, as well as their possessions.

This triad, as well as theegalitarianism of Epicurus, was carried forward into the

American freedom movement andDeclaration of Independence,by theAmerican founding

father,Thomas Jefferson,as "all men are created equal" and endowed with certain

"inalienable rights," such as "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Jefferson

considered himself an Epicurean.

InAn Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding,David Hume uses Epicurus as a character for

explaining the impossibility of our knowing God to be any greater or better than his creation

proves him to be.

Karl Marx'sdoctoral thesis was on "The Difference Between theDemocritean and Epicurean

Philosophy of Nature."

Epicurus was first to assert humanfreedom as coming from a fundamentalindeterminism in the

motion of atoms. This has led some philosophers to think that for Epicurusfree will was caused

directly by chance. In his "On the Nature of Things"(De rerum natura),Lucretius appears to

suggest this in the best-known passage on Epicurus' position. But in his Letter to Menoeceus,

Epicurus followsAristotle and clearly identifies threepossible causes - " some things happen of

necessity, others by chance, others through our own agency." Aristotle said some things

"depend on us" (eph hemin). Epicurus agreed, and said it is to these last things thatpraise and

blame naturally attach. For Epicurus, thechance "swerve" (orclinamen)of the atoms simply

defeateddeterminism to leave room for autonomous agency.
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Epicurus was also a significant source of inspiration and interest for bothArthur

Schopenhauer,having particular influence on the famous pessimist's views on suffering and

death, as well as one of Schopenhauer's successors:Friedrich Nietzsche.Nietzsche cites his

affinities to Epicurus in a number of his works, includingThe Gay Science,Beyond Good and

Evil,and his private letters toPeter Gast.Nietzsche was attracted to, among other things,

Epicurus' ability to maintain a cheerful philosophical outlook in the face of painful physical

ailments. Nietzsche also suffered from a number of sicknesses during his lifetime. However, he

thought that Epicurus' conception of happiness as freedom from anxiety was too passive and

negative.

Works

Epicurus,Nuremberg Chronicle

The only surviving complete works by Epicurus are three letters, which are to be found in

book X of Diogenes Laertius'L ives of Eminent Phi losophers,and two groups of quotes: the

Principal Doctri nes, reported as well in Diogenes' book X, and the Vatican Sayings,

preserved in a manuscript from theVatican Library.

Numerous fragments of his thirty-seven volume treatiseOn Naturehave been found among the

charredpapyrus fragments at theVilla of the Papyri atHerculaneum.In addition, other

Epicurean writings found at Herculaneum contain important quotations from his other

works. Moreover, numerous fragments and testimonies are found throughout ancient

Greek and Roman literature, a collection of which can be found inUsener'sEpicurea.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzschehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzschehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gay_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gay_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gay_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Chroniclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Chroniclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Chroniclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lives_of_Eminent_Philosophershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lives_of_Eminent_Philosophershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lives_of_Eminent_Philosophershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Nature_%28Epicurus%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Nature_%28Epicurus%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Nature_%28Epicurus%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyri_from_Herculaneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculaneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Usenerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicureahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicureahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicureahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epicurus_Nuremberg_Chronicle.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicureahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Usenerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculaneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyri_from_Herculaneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Nature_%28Epicurus%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lives_of_Eminent_Philosophershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Chroniclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gay_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzschehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer


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Hero cult

According to Diskin Clay, Epicurus himself established a custom of celebrating his birthday

annually with common meals, befitting his stature as heroctistes (or founding hero) of the

Garden. He ordained in his will annual memorial feasts for himself on the same date (10th of

Gamelion month.Epicurean communities continued this tradition, referring to Epicurus as their

"savior" (soter)and celebrating him as hero. Lucretius apotheosized Epicurus as the main

character of his epic poemDe rerum natura.Thehero cult of Epicurus may have operated

as a Garden varietycivic religion.However, clear evidence of an Epicurean hero cult, as well

as the cult itself, seems buried by the weight of posthumous philosophical interpretation.

Epicurus' cheerful demeanor, as he continued to work despite dying from a painful stone

blockage of his urinary tract lasting a fortnight, according to his successorHermarchus andreported by his biographerDiogenes Laertius,further enhanced his status among his followers.

In literature and popular media

TheApostle Paul encountered Epicurean andStoicphilosophers as he was ministering inAthens.

Horace describes himself asEpicuri de grege porcum"a swine fr om Epicure's herd"in his

Epistles.

In Canto X Circle 6 ("Where the heretics lie") ofDante'sInferno,Epicurus and his followers are

criticized for supporting a materialistic ideal when they are mentioned to have been condemned

to the Circle of Heresy.

Epicurus the Sageis a two-part comic book byWilliam Messner-Loebs andSam Kieth

portraying Epicurus as "the only sane philosopher" by anachronistically bringing him together

with many other well-known Greek philosophers. It was republished as graphic novel by the

Wildstorm branch ofDC Comics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctisteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attic_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_rerum_naturahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_culthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermarchushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_Laertiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostle_Paulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistles_%28Horace%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistles_%28Horace%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighierihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_%28Dante%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurus_the_Sagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurus_the_Sagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Messner-Loebshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Kiethhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Kiethhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Messner-Loebshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurus_the_Sagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_%28Dante%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighierihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistles_%28Horace%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostle_Paulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_Laertiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermarchushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_culthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_rerum_naturahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attic_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctistes


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Epicurus and the Epicursim

In Judaism,Epicurians are ones which do not have a share inOlam Habathe afterlife and the

world to come.

In Rabbinic literature the termEpikorosis used, without a specific reference to theGreek

philosopher Epicurus, yet it seems apparent that the term was derived from his name.

Epicurus's technicallyhedonistic views and philosophical teachings, though opposed to the

Hedonists of his time, countered Jewish scripture, the strictlymonotheistic conception ofGod in

Judaism and the Jewish belief in the afterlife and the world to come.

TheTalmudic interpretation is that theAramaic word is derived from theroot-word ;RKP "lit. licentious), hence disrespect.

The Christiancensorship of the Jewish Talmud in the aftermath of theDisputation of Barcelona

and during theSpanish Inquisition andRoman Inquisition,let the term spread within the Jewish

classical texts, since Roman Catholic Church censors replaced terms likeMinim("sectarians",

coined on the Christians) with the termEpikorsimorEpicursim, meaningheretics.

References:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epikoros_%28Judaism%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_eschatology#Olam_Haba_-_the_afterlife_and_the_world_to_comehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_%28linguistics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputation_of_Barcelona#Aftermathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Inquisitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Inquisitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputation_of_Barcelona#Aftermathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_%28linguistics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greekshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_eschatology#Olam_Haba_-_the_afterlife_and_the_world_to_comehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epikoros_%28Judaism%29

Do Roman Catholics KnOw the Epicurean Paradox?

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