*SLM-NTK · 2020. 2. 13. · Title *SLM-NTK Created Date: 1/15/2020 3:22:46 PM
DO NOW: Write 2 Level Two Questions for Chemistry NTK.
Transcript of DO NOW: Write 2 Level Two Questions for Chemistry NTK.
DO NOW: Write 2 Level Two DO NOW: Write 2 Level Two Questions for Chemistry NTKQuestions for Chemistry NTK
SEPTEMBER 17SEPTEMBER 17PROPERTIES OF WATERPROPERTIES OF WATER
• DO NOW: Homework Check in
• Learning Target: Explain the properties of water that make life on Earth possible
• Lesson: Notes on Water
• Homework: Bozeman Video on water (see Link) and complete water and the fitness of the environment.
Acids, Bases and pHAcids, Bases and pHOne water molecule in 550 million One water molecule in 550 million
naturally dissociates into a naturally dissociates into a Hydrogen Ion (H+) and a Hydroxide Hydrogen Ion (H+) and a Hydroxide Ion (OH-)Ion (OH-)
Hydrogen Ion Hydroxide IonHydrogen Ion Hydroxide Ion Acid Acid BaseBase
H2O H+ + OH-
The pH ScaleThe pH Scale• Indicates the concentration of Hconcentration of H++
ionsions• Ranges from 0 – 140 – 14• pH of 7 is neutral7 is neutral• pH 0 up to 7 is acid 0 up to 7 is acid … H+ • pH above 7 – 14 is babove 7 – 14 is basic… OH- • Each pH unit represents a factor
of 10X 10X change in concentration• pH 3 is 10 x 10 x 10 (1000) pH 3 is 10 x 10 x 10 (1000)
stronger than a pH of 6stronger than a pH of 6
AcidsAcids
• StrongStrong Acids Acids have a have a pH of pH of 1-31-3
• Produce Produce lots of lots of H H+ + ionsions
BasesBases
• Strong Strong Bases Bases have a pH of 11 to 14 11 to 14
• Contain lots of OHlots of OH--
ions ions and fewer H+ ions
BuffersBuffers
• Weak acids or bases that react Weak acids or bases that react with strong acids or bases to with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH (neutralization).in pH (neutralization).
• Produced naturally by the body Produced naturally by the body to maintain homeostasisto maintain homeostasis
Weak AcidWeak Acid Weak BaseWeak Base
http://www.johnkyrk.com/H2O.html
Chapter 4~Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life
Slide shows combined and modified from:http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Lecture/lecture.htm;http://www.explorebiology.com/
• Organic chemistry is the study of CARBON compounds
• Can form FOUR stable covalent
bonds at same time (=tetravalence)• Common partners = O, H, N
4 covalent CARBON BONDS form a shape called a TETRAHEDRON
Tetrahedron modified from: http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mole1440.htm
Images from: http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/chemhydrocarbon.htm
TETRAVALENCE makes large complex molecules with a variety of shapes possible
http://nrr.georgetown.edu/NRR/struc,actv.html
AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons• Only carbon & hydrogen
(Ex: petroleum; lipid ‘tails’)
• Covalent bonding;
• nonpolar
• High energy storage
http://www.world-petroleum.org/education/petref/index.html
Carbon compoundsCarbon compoundsSkeleton may have single or double
bonds
http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/Hughes/tutorial/cellmembranes/
AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005
ISOMERS-ISOMERS-compounds that compounds that have the same have the same number of atoms but number of atoms but different structuresdifferent structures
STRUCTURAL isomersSTRUCTURAL isomers differing covalent bonding differing covalent bonding arrangementarrangement
C6H12O6 C6H12O
6
C6H12O6
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.htmlhttp://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpghttp://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpg
GEOMETRIC isomers - GEOMETRIC isomers - differ in differ in
arrangement around a DOUBLE BONDarrangement around a DOUBLE BOND
trans- form cis- formhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/geometric.html
Be Careful! Be Careful! Single bonds can rotate! Single bonds can rotate!
. . . it’s still the same stuff. . . it’s still the same stuff
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/geometric.html
ENANTIOMER isomers - ENANTIOMER isomers - differ in arrangement around a differ in arrangement around a ASYMMETRIC carbonASYMMETRIC carbon
. . . Mirror images. . . Mirror imagesAP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005
Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
• Hydroxyl Group
Ex: alcohols • polar (oxygen);• soluble in water Names typically end in -ol
Ex: Ethanol
Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
•Carbonyl Group
KETONE:within carbon skeletonALDEHYDE:at end of carbon skeleton
GLUCOSE is an ALDEHYDEGLUCOSE is an ALDEHYDEFRUCTOSE is a KETONEFRUCTOSE is a KETONE
http://61039206.sinagirl.com/carbohydate.JPGhttp://web1.caryacademy.org/chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/CompoundWebSites/1999/Sucrose/sucrose_structure.gif
GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE
Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
•Carboxyl Group
• Ex: carboxylic acids;• polar
Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
• Amino Group
• Called: amines
• Ex: amino acids(have both amino & carboxyl groups)
http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch106-05/common.htm
H |
R -C -COO- |
+NH3
Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
• Amino Group Can act as a base and pick up a H+ ion
• Carboxyl Groupcan act as an acid andgive up a H+ ion
Functional GroupsFunctional Groups• Sulfhydral Group
• Called: thiols•
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Disulfide_bridge.htm
DISULFIDE BRIDGESDISULFIDE BRIDGES
• Disulfide bridges stabilize protein
structure
http://www.britannica.com/ebc/art-3207/Conformation-of-lysozyme
LYSOZYME
Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
Phosphate Group phosphate ion
• Makes moleculenegatively charged
• Can store & transfer energy ~ ATP
Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
METHYL Group • Makes molecule more
NON-POLAR
• METHYLATION:Adding methyl groups to DNA “turns off” genes
http://students.cis.uab.edu/rmeghana/methylation.html
BUILDING BIOMOLECULESBUILDING BIOMOLECULES
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/biokit/chnops.html