DO NOW … What four characteristics are common to

all living things?

What are cells?

Name different types of cells you know of...

What is a difference between living and non-living things?

THE CELLChapter 1

Objectives

Describe how cells were discovered and named.

Identify the scientists that discovered and observed cells.

List the 3 parts of the cell theory.

What is a cell?

Basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms!

They come in different shapes + sizes

Unicellular vs. Multicellular

Unicellular – a single cell

Multicellular – made up of many cells

Who discovered the cell?

ROBERT HOOKE

Observed dead cork cells

Said boxes looked like tiny rooms or jail “cells”.

Used a microscope at 30x magnification

How were cells discovered?

The light microscope

helped discover cells!

Cork cells!

*Cork is from tree bark (dead cells)

Animalcules

Who else discovered the cell?

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

Observed pond water

1st to observe “living” cells

Used a microscope at 300x magnification

Do you have these recipes at home?

People thought organisms grew from non-living materials!

Fransisco Redi Experiment

Placed meat in both an open container and a closed container to see what happened.

Redi’s Conclusion

Maggots come from flies, NOT the meat!

Life must come from life, which proved that spontaneous generation is not real!

People still did not believe him but he was right.

Louis Pasteur Experiment

Showed that bacteria are present in air and do not appear spontaneously.

Louis Pasteur Conclusions

Discovered that cells MUST come from other cells

Disproved “Spontaneous Generation” and said life cannot just appear out of no where.

Helped verify Redi’s research!

Pasteurization

Pasteur came up with the idea of Pasteurization after discovering bacteria could contaminate milk from the air.

This process kills the bacteria so that it does not harm us!

Used in milk, cheese, yogurt, etc.

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp03/0302003.html

Cell Theory = Every living thing is made of one or

more cells Cells carry out the functions needed

to support life Cells come only from other living

cells

Do Now

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Why do we need so many more organelles than bacteria do? Explain.

Objectives

Compare and contrast a scanning electron microscope vs. a transmission electron microscope.

Describe prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Section 1.2 - Microscopes

How small are cells?

Unit used = micrometer (um)

One millionth of a meter

Most cells range from 1 um to 1000

um.

Types of Microscopes

1. Light Microscope

2. SEM Microscope

3. TEM Microscope

Light Microscope

Uses light

Looks at thin specimen

Total Magnification = 40x-100x

Use to see cells, but not detailed organelles

SEM vs. TEM

SEM “Scanning electron microscope”

Beams of electrons bounce of the surface of the coated cell.

Images appear 3D- Outside Specimen

Total Magnification = 100,000x

Must be dead . Specimen coated in metal

TEM “Transmission electron

microscope”

Electrons pass through the think section.

Images appear 2D

Total Magnification = 300,000x

Allows us to see organelles inside the cell

SEM

TEM

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells

What are the differences you can see?

Prokaryotic Cells

Have circular DNA

NO nucleus

Does not have membrane bound organelles ex: snow globe

Most unicellular organisms are prokaryotes

Example: Bacteria

Eukaryotic Cells

Have linear DNA – double helix shape

Has nucleus

Have membrane bound organelles

Most multicellular organisms are eukaryotic cells. Some are unicellular though.

Example: You!

Do Now

What is found INSIDE a cell?

Do plant cells and animal cells have the same stuff inside?

What do plants need to do that animals do not?

Objective

To compare and contrast animal vs. plant cells.

Identify each organelle in a diagram of a cell.

Explain the function of each organelle

To create flash cards for the next test

CELL ORGANELLES

Nucleus

Endoplasmic reticulum

Vesicle

Golgi apparatus All have specific

Lysosome functions!

Mitochondrion

Chloroplast

Central vacuole

THE WALL – protects the internal structures of the cell.

Selective permeability -Determines what comes in and out of the cell

A.K.A- Cell Membrane!

Plasma Membrane

Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton

Cytoplasm- Clear FLUID that contains the organelles.

Cytoskeleton- Provides the FRAMEWORK for the cell, holds organelles in place.

Nucleus

Nucleus- CONTROLS the cell

Nucleolus- produces ribosomes

Nuclear Pores- Allows things in and out of the nucleus.

Challenge Question

Where do you find the DNA or a eukaryotic cell?

If prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, where is their DNA?

Ribosomes

Produces Proteins!

Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide chains of amino acids.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough- Contains ribosomes and synthesizes PROTEINS

Smooth- No Ribosomes, synthesizes LIPIDS (fats)

Gogli Apparatus

Modifies proteins and fats and gets them ready for export!

Lyosomes

Contains ENZYMES break down cellular waste product and debris

Centrioles

Involved in cell division! (will talk about this later when we do mitosis!)

Cilia and Flagella

Flagella- Used in cells for movement

Cilia- Used in stationary cells for moving substances around the outside of the cell.

Mitochondria

Convert oxygen into ENERGY (ATP)

(we will talk about this more when we do cellular respiration!!)

Central Vacuole

LARGE WATER “bubble” in the plant cell

Maintains the SHAPE of the cell, without it, the plant cell would shrink and the plant would wilt

Stores water, along with ions, nutrients, and waste.

Chloroplasts

Captures light ENERGY and convert it to chemical energy (sugar)

Cell Wall

Supports the cell and maintains its shape

Works with central vacuole to maintain “Turgor Pressure”

Challenge Question!

How can chloroplast, a structure found in plant cells but not in animal cells, provide energy for both plants and animals?

Endosymbiotic Theory

explains the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria and their double membranes.

Theory: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria were once prokaryotes that were engulfed!!

Theory = Evidence!!

•Have circular DNA like bacteria•Replicates(reproduces) like bacteria separate from the host cell•Make their own proteins•Two membranes (one from the host cell and one from their own cell membrane)

Index Cards!

Front:

Name of Organelle

Drawing

Back:

Location

Function

Plant Both Animal

Do Now: Classify the organelles as plant, animal, or both

Quick Refresher!

Objectives

Compare and contrast the 3 Domains.

Understand multicellular organization.

Explain the significance of models in science.

Section 1.3 - Domains

3 domains of life: Eukarya – Have a

nucleus. Plants, animals, and fungi.

Bacteria – prokaryotics.

Archaea – “ancient”. Genetically different from bacteria.

ArchaeaProkaryotic (Cell wall and ribosomes)

Unicellular

Can survive HARSH environments

Bacteria

Prokaryotic

Unicellular

NORMAL living environments

Eukarya

All other organisms- Eukaryotic cells

Can be unicellular OR multicellular

Specialization

•Specific cells perform specific functions.

Ex: Blood cells can only be blood cells. Muscle cells cannot be turned into blood cells.

Organization

Organisms are organized:

Cells Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

Plants are Organized too!

Organs Stems Roots Leaves

Tissue and organs

Tissue – group of similar cells that are organized to do a specific job.

Organ – different tissues working together to perform a particular function.

Scientists use models to study cells!

Build models to study small parts. A. How could YOU creatively build a 3-D model of a cell?

B. How would you represent DNA? Rosalind Franklin – used x-rays to produce images of DNAWatson and Crick – put together a 3D model of DNA with

sticks and present it to the world in 1953 (Now it could be done with computers)