DO NOW Tell a friend what you feel like on humid days. What time of year do we have humid days?
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Transcript of DO NOW Tell a friend what you feel like on humid days. What time of year do we have humid days?
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DO NOW
Tell a friend what you feel like on humid days.
What time of year do we have humid days?
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Chapter 2:
“Understanding Weather”
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HumidityHumidity – the amount of water vapor in air Air’s ability to hold water vapor changes as
the temperature of the air changes.
Increased temperature means the air can hold more water.
Decreased temperature means the air can hold less water.
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Relative Humidity
Relative Humidity –ratio of water vapor in the air to the maximum amount the air can hold2 factors that affect relative humidity:1. Temperature2. Water vapor
in the air
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How to measure relative humidity? Psychrometer – a tool to measure relative
humidity; contains a wet and a dry bulb.
1) Wet-bulb thermometer –bulb covered with wet cloth
2) Dry-bulb thermometer –bulb is dry
Measuring Relative Humidity
The difference in temperature readings between the 2 thermometers is used to determine the relative humidity.
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Determining Relative Humidity
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Water in the Air Dew Point –temperature when the air can no longer hold any more water (gas condenses to a liquid)
Happens when relative humidity reaches 100%
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DO NOWWrite the answer to this question in
the DO NOW section of your binder:• What is the relative humidity if the
temperature in the classroom today is 20oC on the dry bulb and 17oC on the wet bulb?
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CloudsClouds are groups of millions of tiny water droplets or ice crystals
2 Steps to Cloud formation:1. Air rises 2. Air cools below the dew point, water
droplets form
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Water droplets – form when water condenses
above 0 C
Ice crystals – form when water condenses
below 0 C
o
o
Clouds Are Made Of…
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Clouds
2) Shape:• Stratus clouds (sheets, stripes,
bands)• Cumulus clouds (clumpy & puffy)• Cirrus clouds
Clouds are classified by:
1) Altitude• Low clouds• Middle clouds• High clouds
*NIMBO or NIMBUS = clouds producing precipitation*
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Low Clouds
Found below 2,000 meters & made of only water droplets
Three Types:1)Stratus Clouds2)Nimbostratus Clouds3)Stratocumulus Clouds
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“Overcast”Ill-defined edgesIn layersBlock sun
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Dark stratus cloudcontinuous rainGray, rainy days
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Lumpy & Low lying Patches of clouds with some blue between.Flat (Doesn’t look like popcorn)
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Found between 2,000 meters and 6,000 meters
They are made of water droplets or ice crystals
Alto- means “middle”
Four Types:1) Cumulus2) Cumulonimbus3) Altocumulus4) Altostratus
Middle Clouds
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White & PuffyDistinct edges popcorn-like; NOT flat
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Big & Dark cumulus cloud
Thunderstorm cloudsHail, tornadoesTallest clouds
anvil shaped top
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Layered cumulus clouds Distinct cloud elementsPatchy, scattered, or in bands
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Uniform & Scattered CoverageDifficult to detect individual features
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High Clouds
Found above 6,000 mTemperature are very cold and made of ice crystals
Cirro- means “high”
Three Types:1) Cirrus Clouds2) Cirrocumulus Clouds3) Cirrostratus Clouds
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Thick white wispyDistinct patchy or wavelike appearance
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Sheet-like & cover entire skyUsually transparent
(sun/moon can easily be seen)
.
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#1 #2
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Recap!!!
What is weather? What does it greatly depend on?Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a certain time and place. It depends greatly on the amount of water in the air.
What is the difference between humidity and relative humidity?
Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. Relative humidity is the ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air to the maximum amount the air can hold.
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Which two main cloud shapes are seen in this picture?
Stratus
Cumulus
A
B
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Which two main cloud shapes are seen in this picture?
Cumulus
CirrusC
D
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CirrusClouds
StratusClouds
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Recap!!!What does nimbo or nimbus mean for clouds?
It produces precipitationWhat does stratus mean for clouds?They are layered
What are each of the following clouds made of? 1) Low Clouds 2) Middle Clouds 3) High Clouds
1) Water droplets only2) Water droplets/ice
crystals3) Ice crystals only
What are the two most common forms of precipitation? Rain and
snow
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Air Masses
Air Masses – a very large volume of air that has a certain temperature & moisture content
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When air masses meet, the less dense air mass rises over more dense air mass.
Since warm air is less dense, warm air masses usually rise above cold air masses
Front– the place where two or more air masses meet
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The four main kinds of fronts are:
1) Cold Fronts2) Warm Fronts3) Occluded Fronts4) Stationary Fronts
Fronts
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Cold FrontsCold air mass moves under a warm air
mass and pushes the air upCold air mass replaces warm air massMoves quick & brings heavy precipitation
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Warm FrontsWarm air mass moves in over a cold air
mass leaving an area.
Warm air mass replaces cold air as it moves away
Bring light rain & followed by clear, warm weather
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Cold air mass pushes Warm air mass replaceswarm air mass away a cold air mass
Visual
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Warm air mass is caught between 2 cold air masses.
Brings cool temperatures, rain, and snow
Occluded Fronts
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Cold air mass & a warm air mass move toward each other.
Neither has enough energy to push the other away.
Remain in same place causing cloudy weather
Stationary Fronts
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Occluded Front = warm air mass is trapped between two cold air masses, which move together and push warm air away
Stationary Front = air masses stay in one place
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Cyclone – air mass formed that has lower pressure than surrounding air. Air rises and cools Forecast: Clouds can form & cause rainy or stormy
weather
Anticyclone – air mass that has higher pressure than the surrounding air• Air sinks and gets warmer• Relative humidity decreases• Forecast: Warm sinking air brings dry, clear
weather
Air Pressure and Weather
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Cyclones and anticyclones can affect each other. Air moving out from anticyclones move towards areas of low pressure. This movement can form a cyclone.
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What does air mass depend on?
Recap!!!
Water Content (Moisture) & Temperature
What are the four different kinds of fronts?
Cold FrontsWarm FrontsOccluded FrontsStationary Fronts
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Recap!!! What is the difference between Cyclones
and Anticyclones?• Cyclones lower pressure than surrounding air
• Cools as it rises.
• Anticyclones higher pressure than surrounding air
• Warms as it sinks.
How are front and air masses related?• A front is where two or more air masses meet.
Therefore, without air masses…there would be nofronts.
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What are the different types of severe weather?
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1.) Thunderstorms
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2. Hurricanes
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3. Tornadoes
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Thunderstorms –intense storm with strong winds, heavy rain, lightening, & thunder
often along cold fronts
Conditions required:1) Warm, moist air near Earth’s surface2) Unstable area of the atmosphere
Thunderstorms
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Thunderstorms
4 Steps to a Formation of a Thunderstorm
1. cold air above warm air (unstable)
2. Warm air rises & mixes with cool air
3. water vapor condenses & forms cumulus clouds
4. If warm air keeps rising, clouds become dark cumulonimbus clouds
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What is the difference between a severe thunderstorm watch and a
severe thunderstorm warning?
• A severe thunderstorm watch is issued by the National Weather Service when the weather conditions are such that a severe thunderstorm is likely to develop.
• A severe thunderstorm warning is issued when a severe thunderstorm has been sighted or indicated by weather radar. At this point, the danger is very serious and everyone should go to a safe place, turn on a battery-operated radio or television, and wait for further information
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Thunderstorm Safety
•Avoid touching metal objects•Install metal lightning rods•Find a low area away from trees•Stay away from water
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• Number of days each year in which thunderstorms occur. • Note hightest (90) in Florida.
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Lightning5 steps to the formation of lightning:
1. As a cloud grows bigger, parts begin to develop electrical charges
• Upper parts = positively charged
• Lower parts = negatively charged
2. When the charge difference gets big enough, electricity flows from one area to another (between the clouds) or to the ground
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Lightening Video # 1 Simulation of Lightening
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Thunder
4 Steps to the Formation of Thunder
1. When lightning moves through the air, the air gets very hot
2. hot air expands rapidly and vibrates
3. Vibrations release energy in the form of sound waves, called thunder.
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Hurricanes Hurricanes – large, rotating tropical weather systems
Wind speeds over 120 km/h Can be 160 km to 1,500 km in diameter and travel thousands of miles
Most powerful storms on EarthAlso called typhoons & cyclones
Where are they formed?Over warm, tropical oceans
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Hurricanes5 Steps in the Formation of a Hurricane 1. Begins as a group of thunderstorms over
tropical waters (Tropical Disturbance)
2. Winds traveling indifferent directions meet & cause the storm to spin (Tropical Depression)
counterclockwise in the North clockwise in the South
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Tropical Storm
3. Increases in strength, adds moisture, clouds, and wind (Tropical Storm)
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Hurricane Formation continued
4. Gets stronger – adds moisture, clouds, and wind – as long as it is over warm water (Hurricane)
5. When they move over cold water or land they lose energy
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Hurricane Video # 1 Hurricane Video # 2
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Storm Surge
• Storm Surge- A rise in sea level that happens during a storm.
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Hurricane Damage
A stormsurge from a hurricane
can be up to 8 m high
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Hurricane Safety
•Evacuate
•Move into the interior room and stay away from windows
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Tornado• rapidly whirling, funneled-shaped cloud
reaches down from a storm cloud to touch Earth’s surface
• Usually brief, 15 minutes or less• Wind speeds may reach 480 km/hr (230
mph)• Counterclockwise in both the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres
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Tornadoes1. Cold dry air meets warm moist air and causes
wind to move in 2 directions (cold dry air meets warm moist air)
2. a layer of air in the middle to being to spin
3. The spinning column of air is turned to a vertical position by strong updrafts of air in the cloud.
4. The spinning column of air moves to the bottom of the cumulonimbus cloud and forms a funnel cloud.
5. The funnel cloud becomes a tornado when it touches ground.
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Tornadoes Fewer than 1% of thunderstorms produce tornadoes
About 75% of the world’s tornadoes happen in the United States
Most happen in the spring and early summer
Most last for only a few minutes
Average wind speeds are between 120 km/h and 180 km/h
Tornado Video # 1 Tornado Video # 2
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Tornado Alley
Where is Tornado Alley?? An area of the United States where tornadoes are most frequent
Between Rocky & Appalachian Mountains
z
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Why is Central United States considered Tornado Alley?90% of tornadoes hit this region of the US
Cold, dry air from Canada/Rocky Mountains meets warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and hot, dry air from deserts
Tornado Alley
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The core of Tornado Alley consists of: Texas Panhandle Oklahoma Kansas Nebraska South Dakota Colorado Eastern Plains Ohio Valley The southern Great Lakes The Tennessee Valley The lower Mississippi Valley
Tornado Alley
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A map Tornado Alley outlined. This area has been defined as the area where there has been approximately at least one significant tornado per day, per decade.
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Tornado Safety
•Listen for watches & warnings•Basement level, or to the middle room on ground floor•Stay away from windows•Lie in a ditch
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Recap!!!Why do thunder and lightning usually
happen together?When lightning moves through the air, the air gets very hot and expands rapidly. This makes the air vibrate which releases energy in the form of sound waves, called thunder.Where do most tornadoes happen. Why?
90% of tornados occur in Tornado Alley. This is a result of when the cold, dry air from Canada and the Rocky Mountains meets warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and hot, dry air from deserts, which combines with atmospheric instability to produce intense tornadoes.
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What type of energy powers hurricanes? How do hurricanes lose energy?
They are powered by solar energy. The sun’s energy causes ocean water to evaporate. When they move over cold water or land they lose energy.
Recap!!!
1) warm, moist air near Earth’s surface
2) an unstable area of the atmosphere
Which two conditions are required for thunderstorms to form:
A storm surge is a rise in sea level that happens during a storm. A hurricane can cause a storm surge to be 8 m high.
What is a storm surge? Which type of severe storm is most commonly associated with this?