DO NOW How does your body communicate with itself? How does your body communicate with itself? What...

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DO NOW DO NOW How does your body communicate How does your body communicate with itself? with itself? What controls your body’s What controls your body’s functions? functions?

Transcript of DO NOW How does your body communicate with itself? How does your body communicate with itself? What...

DO NOWDO NOW

How does your body communicate How does your body communicate with itself?with itself?

What controls your body’s functions?What controls your body’s functions?

The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System

FunctionFunction

Receive sensory input from inside Receive sensory input from inside and outside of the body.and outside of the body.

Make sense of this input Make sense of this input Respond to the stimuli Respond to the stimuli

NeuronsNeurons

The neuron (nerve cell) is the The neuron (nerve cell) is the smallest unit of the nervous system.smallest unit of the nervous system.

Neurons have three parts:Neurons have three parts:– DendriteDendrite– Cell BodyCell Body– Axon Axon

Neuron PartsNeuron Parts

DendritesDendrites receive information from receive information from another cell.another cell.

The The cell bodycell body contains the organelles contains the organelles typical of all eukaryotic cells. typical of all eukaryotic cells.

The The axonaxon conducts messages away conducts messages away from the cell body.from the cell body.

Types of NeuronsTypes of Neurons Three types of neurons occur. Three types of neurons occur. Sensory neuronsSensory neurons carry messages from carry messages from

receptors in skin and muscles to the receptors in skin and muscles to the central nervous system.central nervous system.

Motor neuronsMotor neurons transmit messages transmit messages from the central nervous system back to from the central nervous system back to the muscles.the muscles.

InterneuronsInterneurons are where the sensory are where the sensory neuron connects to the motor neuron.neuron connects to the motor neuron.

SynapsesSynapses The space between nerve The space between nerve

cellsis called a synapse. cellsis called a synapse. Messages travel here by Messages travel here by electricity and special electricity and special conductor called conductor called neurotransmittersneurotransmitters. .

There are 2 Parts of the There are 2 Parts of the Nervous SystemNervous System

The Central Nervous System (CNS) The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the brain and spinal cord.is the brain and spinal cord.

The Peripheral Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is all nerves outside the CNS.(PNS) is all nerves outside the CNS.

The Reflex ArcThe Reflex Arc The reflex arc is an automatic, involuntary The reflex arc is an automatic, involuntary

reaction to a stimulus. reaction to a stimulus. When the doctor taps your knee with the When the doctor taps your knee with the

rubber hammer, she/he is testing your rubber hammer, she/he is testing your reflex (or knee-jerk). The reaction to the reflex (or knee-jerk). The reaction to the stimulus is involuntary, with the CNS being stimulus is involuntary, with the CNS being informed but not consciously controlling informed but not consciously controlling the response.the response.

Examples of reflex arcs include balance, Examples of reflex arcs include balance, the blinking reflex, and the stretch reflex.the blinking reflex, and the stretch reflex.

The Autonomic Nervous The Autonomic Nervous System - Part of the PNSSystem - Part of the PNS

The Autonomic Nervous System is The Autonomic Nervous System is that part of PNS consisting of motor that part of PNS consisting of motor neurons that control internal organs. neurons that control internal organs. AUTOMATICAUTOMATIC

The autonomic system controls The autonomic system controls muscles in the heart, the smooth muscles in the heart, the smooth muscle in internal organs such as the muscle in internal organs such as the intestine, bladder, and uterus. intestine, bladder, and uterus.

That was the PNS – now for That was the PNS – now for The Central Nervous SystemThe Central Nervous System

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is The Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal composed of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is surrounded by cord. The CNS is surrounded by bone-skull and vertebrae. bone-skull and vertebrae.

Fluid and tissue also insulate the Fluid and tissue also insulate the brain and spinal cord.brain and spinal cord.

The BrainThe Brain

The brain is composed of three parts: The brain is composed of three parts: the the cerebrumcerebrum (conscious activity), (conscious activity), the the cerebellumcerebellum, and the , and the medulla medulla oblongataoblongata (these latter two are (these latter two are "part of the unconscious brain"). "part of the unconscious brain").

The Medulla The Medulla

The The medulla oblongatamedulla oblongata is closest is closest to the spinal cord, and is involved to the spinal cord, and is involved with the regulation of heartbeat, with the regulation of heartbeat, breathing, vasoconstriction (blood breathing, vasoconstriction (blood pressure), and reflex centers for pressure), and reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and hiccuping. swallowing, and hiccuping.

Involuntary reactions!!!!!!!Involuntary reactions!!!!!!!

CerebellumCerebellum

The The cerebellumcerebellum is the second is the second largest part of the brain, after the largest part of the brain, after the cerebrum. cerebrum.

It functions for It functions for muscle muscle coordinationcoordination and maintains normal muscle tone and maintains normal muscle tone and posture. The cerebellum and posture. The cerebellum coordinates coordinates balance.balance.

Cerebrum Cerebrum

The cerebrum, the largest part of the The cerebrum, the largest part of the human brain, is divided into left and human brain, is divided into left and right hemispheres. right hemispheres.

The hemispheres are covered by a The hemispheres are covered by a thin layer of gray matter known as thin layer of gray matter known as the cerebral cortex.the cerebral cortex.

Cerebrum (con’t)Cerebrum (con’t)

The cerebrum is the center for The cerebrum is the center for thoughtthought, , memorymemory and and learninglearning..

It It interpretsinterprets messages from the messages from the sense organs and initiates all sense organs and initiates all conscious or conscious or voluntary voluntary movements.movements.

What is the Endocrine System What is the Endocrine System For?For?

To secrete To secrete hormones and get hormones and get them to the organs them to the organs and tissues to and tissues to which they act which they act upon.upon.

Endocrine OrgansEndocrine Organs

HypothalamusHypothalamus PituitaryPituitary ThyroidThyroid ParathyroidParathyroid AdrenalsAdrenals Islets of Islets of

LangerhansLangerhans GonadsGonads

The Endocrine GlandsThe Endocrine Glands

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

HypothalamusHypothalamus

Influences the Influences the activities in the activities in the Pituitary Gland.Pituitary Gland.

Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland

Located at base of brainLocated at base of brain GSHGSH – – Growth Stimulating HormoneGrowth Stimulating Hormone TSHTSH – – Thyroid Stimulating HormoneThyroid Stimulating Hormone

– Secrete Thyroxin from thyroid– Secrete Thyroxin from thyroid FSHFSH – – Follicle Stimulating HormoneFollicle Stimulating Hormone – –

development of follicle in ovary and development of follicle in ovary and sperm in testessperm in testes

Thyroid gland Thyroid gland

Secretes thyroxinSecretes thyroxin This regulates This regulates

metabolism in metabolism in body’s cells body’s cells

Essential for Essential for normal physical normal physical and mental and mental development development

Parathyroid gland Parathyroid gland

Secretes Secretes parathormoneparathormone

Controls calcium Controls calcium metabolism metabolism

Required for many Required for many different functions different functions

Blood clotting Blood clotting Growth of teeth Growth of teeth

and bones and bones

Adrenal glands Adrenal glands

On top of each kidney On top of each kidney Secretes adrenaline Secretes adrenaline

– Increases the blood glucose level Increases the blood glucose level – Accelerates heartbeat Accelerates heartbeat – Accelerates breathing rateAccelerates breathing rate– Released in times of stress and heavy Released in times of stress and heavy

exercise exercise

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

Islets of Langerhans Islets of Langerhans

Found in the Found in the pancreas pancreas

Secrete insulin and Secrete insulin and glucagon which are glucagon which are both hormones both hormones

Insulin lowers blood Insulin lowers blood sugar level sugar level

Glycogen raises blood Glycogen raises blood sugar level sugar level

Helps to maintain Helps to maintain homeostasis homeostasis

Gonads Gonads Male gonads are the Male gonads are the

testicles testicles Female gonads or the Female gonads or the

ovaries ovaries Testes secrete Testes secrete

testosterone hormone testosterone hormone – Sperm development Sperm development – Secondary sex Secondary sex

characteristics characteristics Ovaries secrete estrogen Ovaries secrete estrogen

and progesterone and progesterone hormones hormones – Egg production Egg production – Secondary sex Secondary sex

characteristicscharacteristics

Negative feedback Negative feedback

Works like a thermostatWorks like a thermostat Secretes or stops production of a Secretes or stops production of a

certain hormone in order to keep a certain hormone in order to keep a stable level of hormone in the body stable level of hormone in the body

Maintain homeostasis Maintain homeostasis

Disorders of the Endocrine Disorders of the Endocrine System System

GoiterGoiter– Enlargement of the thyroid Enlargement of the thyroid – Caused by a lack of iodine in the diet Caused by a lack of iodine in the diet

Diabetes Diabetes – Not enough insulin is it secretedNot enough insulin is it secreted– Blood sugar level is elevatedBlood sugar level is elevated