Do Now: 9/4/2015

1. Give back Ch. 1 Short Answer Questions peer reviews.2. Take 5 minutes to discuss peer reviews with study buddies

Independent Practice

1. Ch. 3 Reading Guide (due 9/11)2. Ch. 1 Short Answer Questions (due 9/9)3. Plan to see me during office hours!

Office Hours:•Tuesday 8:00-8:45!•Thursday 4:15-5:00!

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BIG PICTURE Question: Evaluate the extent to which trans-Atlantic interactions from 1600 to 1763 contributed to maintaining continuity as well as fostering change in labor systems in the British North American colonies. Re-write this in the form of a question:

How did labor systems (who was working, what kind of work was done) change during the colonial period through triangle trade, and how did they remain the same?

Formation of the English Colonies

Outcomes

• SWBAT identify and explain three key differences between the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies and why these differences occurred.• SWBAT identify and explain two trends in colonial society, such as the

Great Awakening, the growth of slavery, and impact of the Enlightenment.

Review: The Three Main Rivals

Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and colonial environments led to very different patterns of colonization

• Spanish in the Southwest and Florida• French in Canada and along the Mississippi• English on the East Coast

• Also, Dutch in New York

Review: New Spain

• Motivation – riches and religious converts• encomienda system • intermarriage resulted in

racial caste system

Review: New France (and also the Dutch)

• Motivation – fur trading and some religious conversion (but in a much friendlier way than the Spanish), NOT large-scale permanent settlement• Had mostly positive relationship with Native

Americans• Alliances and intermarriage

The EnglishMotivation – Riches OR religious freedom (rather than religious conversion of Native Americans)• Focus on permanent settlements led to mostly hostile relationships with

Native Americans• Two areas of early colonization were the Chesapeake and New England,

then the whole Atlantic coast

Early Colonization:Chesapeake & New

England

The Chesapeake Colonies

Virginia• Jamestown, 1607

• Founded by joint stock company hoping to get rich• Struggled with disease and food early on

(“the starving time”), saved by leadership of John Smith• Became profitable with tobacco, brought by

John Rolfe

Life in Virginia• House of Burgesses – the first legislative body in the colonies

• Representative assembly elected by white male landowners

• Headright system encouraged settlement and created a workforce by offer 50 acres of land to anyone who paid for an immigrant to come over• Early labor force was indentured servants• Mostly poor, single young men

Challenge Question #1

A majority of the early English migrants to the Chesapeake Bay area were(A) disfranchised Catholics(B) families with young children(C) indentured servants(D) merchants and craftsmen(E) wealthy gentlemen

The New

England Colonies

New England•Plymouth• Pilgrims = families of Separatists (they

completely separated from Church of England)• Sailed on Mayflower in 1620 to Plymouth,

MA• Came for religious freedom• Rough beginning, half died in first winter,

saved with help of Native Americans Squanto and Massasoit• Led by Myles Standish (military leader)

and William Bradford (religious and political leader)

The Mayflower Compact

• Agreed to Mayflower Compact • Agreed to self-rule through majority rule

New England• Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Governor John Winthrop led the Puritans to Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630• “City Upon a Hill”

• Called Puritans because they wanted to purify Church of England of its Catholic components• Mostly families came over together, operated farms by

themselves

Anne Hutchinson & Roger Williams• Both banished from Massachusetts Bay for questioning the Puritan

leadership• Roger Williams founded Rhode Island

Challenge Question #2

Anne Hutchinson was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1637 because she(A) advocated giving women full inheritance(B) advocated the inclusion of American Indians in Puritan congregations(C) challenged the religious beliefs of the colony’s leaders(D) violated Puritan laws regarding marriage(E) was a Quaker who sought converts

Conflict Between Native Americans and Colonists• Conflict brought on by increasing number of English colonists and their way

of life• Farming, especially for cash crops, required huge amounts of land• Most English colonists did not respect Native Americans and wished to banish them

or convert them to Christianity (Roger Williams and the Quakers were notable exceptions)• The Native American population was greatly decimated by European diseases

Opechancanough

• Led the Powhatan Native Americans against Jamestown in the first half of the 17th century• Over 350 colonists were killed in one attack• The Powhatan were massacred in other attacks

Bacon’s Rebellion

• Bacon led a group of backwoods farmers against the government at Jamestown• The farmers felt the government was not protecting

them from Native Americans• They killed many Native Americans and burnt down

Jamestown• The revolt was crushed when Bacon died of dysentery

Challenge Question #3

Which of the following happened as a result of Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676?(A) Governor William Berkley abolished Virginia’s House of Burgesses.(B) Virginia passed new laws protecting workers’ rights.(C) Tensions between backcountry farmers and the tidewater gentry were

exposed.(D) Indentured servants received additional free land after fulfilling their

terms of service.(E) The king allowed Virginia colonists to select their own governor.

Pequot Massacre• 1637 in what is now Connecticut• Puritans massacred mostly old men, women, and children at Mystic River

King Phillips’s War

• Native Americans in New England were upset about territorial encroachment and forced conversion to Christianity• Metacom (called King Phillip by the English) united thousands of Native

Americans in New England and battled the English colonists in 1675-1676• Hundreds killed on both sides• Metacom was captured, beheaded, drawn, and quartered• This marked the end of Native American resistance in New England

Review: Pueblo Revolt• Popé led an uprising by the Pueblos against the Spanish in New Mexico

in 1680• The most successful Native American resistance

• Hundreds of Spanish settlers were killed and the Spanish were forced out of New Mexico for more than a decade

Colonial Society

A Colonial ComparisonNew England vs. Middle Colonies vs.

Southern Colonies

Challenge Question #4

New England • Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire• Mostly large English families• Long life expectancy and tight-

knit communities• Massachusetts law required

towns of 50+ families to have schools (for boys)

• Puritan Massachusetts was very religiously intolerant, Rhode Island was very tolerant

New England’s Economy• Mixed economy

• Based on subsitance farming• Also shipbuilding, fishing, whaling, trading

Middle Colonies

• New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware• Diverse population including slaves

and non-English Europeans

Middle Colonies Economy• Large cash crop farms for wheat and corn

• Indentured and hired servants, and slaves

• Growing trading cities like Philadelphia and New York

Quakers

• Settled predominantly in Pennsylvania, but also New Jersey and Delaware• Different from other colonial Christians in that they:

• Were pacifists • believed the ultimate religious authority comes from the inner Light of Christ• Allowed women to take an active role• Friendly with Native Americans

• Quakers were often persecuted for these beliefs

The Paxton Boys, 1764

Challenge Question #5

The Quakers were unique among the religious groups that settled in North America during the seventeenth century because theyA. defended the rights of White people to hold American Indians in

slaveryB. founded a colony in which all inhabitants were obliged by law to

subscribe to Quaker beliefsC. allowed women to speak publicly in their religious meetings and to

be missionariesD. emphasized religious conversion through revival meetingsE. emphasized the distance between the human and the divine

Southern Colonies

• Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia• Greatest income inequality of the

three regions• Wealthy planters, frontier farmers, slaves

The Southern Colonies Economy • The Southern economy was based on agriculture• Small farms and enormous plantations

• Chesapeake – tobacco• South Carolina and Georgia – rice and indigo

• Slaves replaced indentured servants on large plantations

CHALLENGE QUESTION #6

Why did the three regions end up

being so different?

CHALLENGE QUESTION #6

Why did the three regions end up being so different?•people that colonized them (EX: Puritan families vs. young single male indentured servants)•motivations for colonization•environment

The Rise of Slavery

Increasing Numbers

• First Africans came as indentured servants in 1619• Slavery legally established by House of Burgesses in 1670• Slaves replaced indentured servants in the South

• Task labor in Carolina – specific tasks were assigned, slaves were given more autonomy• Gang labor in Virginia – slaves were forced to work in groups, closely watched

• Almost 90% of slaves were taken to the South• By 1720, 70% of pop. of S. Carolina were slaves• Georgia (the last free colony) legalized slavery in 1750

All servants imported and brought into the Country. . . who were not Christians in their native Country. . . shall be accounted and be slaves. All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves within this dominion. . . shall be held to be real estate. If any slave resists his master. . . correcting such slave, and shall happen to be killed in such correction. . . the master shall be free of all punishment. . . as if such accident never happened.

- Virginia General Assembly declaration, 1705

CHALLENGE QUESTION #7

Why did slaves replace indentured servants as

the main source of labor in the South?

CHALLENGE QUESTION #7

Why did slaves replace indentured servants as the main source of labor in the South?• sickle cell made West-Africans more resistant to malaria• cheaper in the long term – slaves were workers for life• children of slaves were also slaves• English immigrants stopped volunteering to be indentured servants – too

dangerous and too hard

Resistance to Slavery• Mosé – community of escaped slaves in Spanish Florida

• Slaves associated Spanish Florida w/ freedom

• Stono Rebellion in S. Carolina, 1739 – Slaves took up arms and headed for Florida• New York Conspiracy Trials, 1741 – 31 slaves killed in fear of Catholic plot

Less Exciting (But Equally Important) Forms of Resistance

• Work slow downs• Sabotage• Family units• Religion

Challenge Question #8

The slaves who participated in the Stono rebellion in South Carolina in 1739 hoped to(A) take over the colony and end slavery in it(B) return to Africa by commandeering boats(C) run away to join Maroon groups living in the backcountry(D) escape to the North where they would be free(E) flee to Florida where the Spanish offered freedom

Mercantilism and Salutary Neglect

• Mercantilism said that trade and colonies would make a country strong. • Colonies existed solely to enrich the mother country with natural resources and

to be a market for goods.

• Through the mid-1700s, England adopted a policy of salutary neglect, in which the British government did not strictly control the colonies and allowed the Navigation Acts to only be loosely enforced.

Challenge Question #9

Mercantilism as applied by Britain to its North American colonies meant that the British government(A) subsidized colonial merchants(B) encouraged the colonists to trade with other foreign countries(C) encouraged the colonies to become economically self-sufficient(D) regulated colonial shipping and tobacco production(E) barred trade with American Indians

The Great Awakening – 1730s &1740s• The Great Awakening was a period when many people rediscovered

Christianity with emotional revivals by evangelical preachers• George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, and Cotton Mather were very

popular• The Great Awakening resulted in emotionalism entered Protestant

services, new sects were created, and people studied the Bible more at home

“The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked; his wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire; . . . And yet it is nothing but his hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment.”

Jonathan Edwards, 1741

Challenge Question #10

The Great Awakening in the 1740s led to(A) the growth of religious conformity throughout all the colonies(B) an increase in attacks on American Indian peoples(C) the establishment of Harvard College in Massachusetts(D) splits among existing religious denominations and the rise of new churches(E) the growth of hysteria in Massachusetts over witchcraft

The Enlightenment – Mid 18th Century• This philosophy dismissed rigid

religious doctrine and promoted knowledge and social improvement• Accompanied by print revolution

which spread new ideas through newspapers and pamphlets• Georgia was an Enlightenment

experiment (and a buffer zone between Spanish Florida)

Phillis Wheatley

I love Latin!

Pod Power!

To best prepare for the Unit 1 Test:1. Focus on Guided Study questions first2. Finish up vocab second

Format:• 15 multiple choice• 6 vocab IDs (the more info the better!)• 2 short answers

90 MASTERY POINTS TOTAL

Independent Practice

1. Review for the Ch. 3 Quiz• Complete Ch. 3 Reading Guide• Work with your Study Buddies to prepare notecards, mini quizzes, etc.• Quiz will be on Thursday/Friday

2. Begin review for Unit 1 test• Read and ANNOTATE “Period 2: 1607-1754”• Study Guides will be distributed Thursday/Friday

Office Hours:•Tuesday 8:00-8:45!•Thursday 4:15-5:00!