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DPS TelecoYour Partners in Network Alarm Monitoring
DNP3 Tutorial:
Learn the Industry-Standard SCADA Protocol
Version 1.0
Released August 21, 2012
www.dpstelecom.com 1-800-622-3314
We protect your network like your business depends on itTM
This guide will teach you...
-The fundamentals of DNP3
-How to understand DNP3 communication
-8 Important Considerations in DNP3 SCADA Systems
Read this guide to learn how to get started with DNP3
today...
DNP3 packet structure
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Copyright 2012 DPS Telecom
All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this white paper or portions thereof in any form without wri
permission from DPS Telecom. For information, please write to DPS Telecom 4955 E. Yale Ave., Fresno, CA 93727-1
1-800-622-3314 [email protected]
Printed in the U.S.A
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How This White Paper Will Help You
This DNP3 reference guide was written for you, the professional who needs to monitor SCADA equipment w
DNP3. Most DNP3 books go way too deep and just arent practical. Who has time for all that?
Ive written this DNP3 tutorial to give you the information you need to successfully implement and maint
DNP3 monitoring in your SCADA system. Its an introduction to SCADA from your own perspective, and
has the fast, specific answers you need to make DNP3 work for you...
Contents
Part 1: An Introduction to DNP3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DNP3 Uses a Master/Remote Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part 2: How DNP3 Elements Communicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part 3: Understanding the DNP3 Object Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part 4: Understanding the DNP3 Message Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part 5: Understanding Layered Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A Critical Tool for Troubleshooting Communication Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Traversing the Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part 6: 8 Important Considerations in DNP3 SCADA Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DPS Telecom Guarantees Your Success - or Your Money Back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
What to Do Next . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3
DNP3 DPS Telecom 4955 East Yale Avenue, Fresno, CA 93727 (800) 622-3314 Fax (559) 454-1688 www.dpstelecom.com
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DNP3 uses a Master/Remote Model
DNP3 is typically used between centrally located
masters and distributed remotes. The master pro-
vides the interface between the human network
manager and the monitoring system. The remote
provides the interface between the master and the
physical device(s) being monitored and/or con-
trolled. The master and remote both use a library
of common objects to exchange information. TheDNP3 protocol contains carefully designed capa-
bilities that enable it to be used reliably even ove
media that may be subject to noisy interference.
Part 1: An Introduction to DNP3
Since its introduction in 1993 as an immediately
deployable solution for monitoring critical infra-
structure status and allowing reliable remote con-
trol, Distributed Network Protocol (DNP or DNP3)
has achieved widespread acceptance. GE-Harris
Canada (formerly Westronic, Inc.) is generally cred-ited with the seminal work on the protocol but it is
now implemented by an extensive range of manu-
facturers in a variety of industrial applications.
DNP3 is based on an object model that greatly
reduces the bit mapping of data that is traditionally
required by other less object oriented protocols. It
also reduces the wide disparity of status monitoring
and control paradigms generally found in proto-
cols that provide virtually no pre-defined objects.
Purists of these alternate protocols would insist thatany required object can be built from existing
objects. Having some pre-defined objects though,
makes DNP3 a somewhat more comfortable design
and deployment framework for SCADA engineers
and technicians.
DNP3 Gear
T/Mon LNX
T/Mon SLIM SCADA Guardian
When seeking out DNP3 equipment, it is im-
portant to find a unit that will give you the most
functionality for your money. DNP3 gear typical-
ly pays for itself several times over by preventing
lost revenues from outages by maximizing your
network uptime. Deploy a DNP3 RTU today,
and get superior visibility and control over your
network.
A typical DNP3 master/remote
monitoring system architecture.
Visit www.dpstele.com/rtus or call 1-800-693-0351 for
more SNP3/SCADA equipment
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Part 2: How DNP3 Elements Communicate
DNP3 uses 27 basic function codes to exchange information
between Masters (think Control Center) and Remotes (think
pump yard). Some of those function codes enable a Master
to request and receive status information from a Remote.
Other function codes enable a Master to determine or adjust
the configuration of a Remote.
Several function codes are defined for a DNP3 Master to
control the Remote itself or equipment co-located with
the Remote. One function code is provided to enable the
Remote to respond autonomously with an Unsolicited
Message to particular events that occur in its installation
space.
As you can see, most of the messages are issued by the
DNP3 manager to the DNP3 remote. However, because
the Unsolicited Message is capable of being initiated by aRemote, it is typically used to report alarms. This notifies
the DNP3 Master as soon as an alarm condition occurs,
instead of waiting for the next request.
Part 3: Understanding the DNP3 Object Library
The DNP3 framework includes a library of objects that are
typically used in SCADA systems. This library is available
for downloading to members of the DNP Users Group; visit
www.dnp.org for more information. These objects include
such things as Binary Inputs that are used to report equip-
ment characteristics that have two states; power is on or off,
an access panel is open or closed. Another common object
is an Analog Input that is used to report characteristics that
have a range of values; exhaust fan speed can be anywhere
from 40 to 400 RPM, main power can vary from 110 to 128
VAC.
This library makes it easy for the manufacturer to design
the DNP3 Remote responder to use these common objects
to report to upstream Masters. It also makes it easier forMasters to integrate the data collected from Remotes and
present it for decision making.
Without this framework of common objects, manufactur-
ers must develop their own model for reporting status and
providing control capability. These models, frequently quite
different one from another, must then be compiled into the
Masters and usually converted into some kind of common
objects for efficient management. Another tool often found
in these more open frameworks is a proprietary interface
Questions to Ask: Your
SCADA Site Survey
RTU Capacity and Function
1. How many sites do you need to moni
tor?
2. Do you want video surveillance at thos
sites?
3. Do you want a building access contro
system to manage entry to those sites?
4. How many alarm points do you need t
monitor at each site?
5. How much growth, in sites and alarms a
each site, do you anticipate over the nex
5 years?
6. Do you need any analog sensors (e.g
voltage, temperature, humidity, signastrength)?
Installation
1. How do you currently connect to you
remote sites? (LAN, overhead, digita
or analog circuit, terminal server, micro
wave?)
2. Do any of your sites support an alternat
path communications link?
3. What type of power do you have at th
master and remote sites? (48 VDC, 11
VAC, other?)
4. How do you want to mount your RTUs
(23 rack, 19 rack, wall, tabletop?)
5. Who will install your RTUs?
This is just a small sample of the DPS Telecom
SCADA Site Survey. The full SCADA Sit
Survey is a complete 5-page guide to evaluating your network alarm monitoring needs
For your copy of the Remote Site Survey
call DPS Telecom at 1-800-622-3314.
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6
or translation module to access and control the Remote.
Objects in the DNP3 library are divided into Groups and
Variations. For example, the Analog Input group has six
variations to provide 16 or 32 bit integer or floating poin
values with or without a status bitmap. The Analog Eve
group has eight variations to provide 16 or 32 bit integer
floating point values with a status bitmap and with or wit
out a timestamp. Note that the Analog Event group does
not include variations without a status bitmap.
Part 4: Understanding DNP3 Message
Structure
Lets examine the structure of the messages exchanged
between masters and remotes. Basic serial telemetry pro-
tocols, like TBOS, are byte-oriented, with a single byte
exchanged to communicate. Expanded serial telemetry
protocols, like TABS, are packet oriented with packets
of bytes exchanged to communicate. The packets containheader, data and checksum bytes. DNP3 is also packet or
ented and uses the packet structure (element sizes in bits)
shown in the illustrated figure below.
The Master sends a Read request for an object or objects
and the Remotes response contains the requested infor-
mation if available. The Master sends an Operate com-
mand to produce the output actions associated with the
selected object reference. The Remote sends an Unsolici
Message when a specific event occurs.
The following figure shows the message packet format.
The DNP3 application service data unit (ASDU) is worth
of special note for the clever content adjustment that is
controlled by the qualifier and indexSize fields. This des
makes application data available in an impressively flexi
number of configurations or omitted all together if desire
Perfect-Fit Solutions DPS -
Without the NRE Fees
When choosing your DNP3 SCADA equip-
ment, shouldnt you only pay for the things
you need? Many monitoring and SCADA
solutions come pre-packaged as a generic
one-size-fits-all solution, but your networkisnt like everyone elses.
Thats why perfect-fit and fully customizable
engineering such a valuable tool. Instead
of overspending on equipment to get all of
the functionality you need, you can have
tailor-made devices designed to tackle your
specific SCADA challenges.
What can perfect-fit engineering do for
you?
Spend less on equipment by having gear
that gives you all of the features you
need, without forcing you to pay for the
ones you dont.
Youll know that a device is going to fit
right into your network.
Get guaranteed results with a 30 day
money-back guarantee.
http://www.dpstele.com/rtus
DNP3 packet structure illustrated.
Link
Transport
Application
D
N
P3
L
a
y
e
r
s
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3 Advanced RTUs
The NetGuardian RTU family scales to f
your needs
NetGuardian 832A G5:
32 discretes, 32 pings, 8 analogs and
controls
SNMPv1, v2c and v3 compatible
8 terminal server serial ports
Dial-up backup
Web browser interface
Pager and email notification
Dual -48 VDC, -24 VDC or 110 AC
1 RU for 19 or 23 rack
DNP3 RTU NetMediator 864A
64 discretes, 8 controls
Reports alarms via DNP3 or SNMP ove
LAN
1 RU for 19 or 23 rack
Economical NetGuardian 216
16 discretes, 2 analogs, 2 controls
1 terminal server serial port
Single or dual -48VDC or 110 VAC
2 compact form factors for rack or wa
mount
http://www.dpstele.com/rtus
Part 5: Understanding Layered Communication
A Critical Tool for Troubleshooting Communication
Problems
We continue to examine the Distributed Network Protocol
(DNP3) focusing specifically on the layered communica-
tion model used to exchange information. The last section
focused on the structure of DNP3 messages and illustrated
the first few layers of the message.
The application layer combines an application service data
unit (ASDU), a packaged object in itself, with an applica-
tion protocol control info (APCI) block to make an applica-
tion protocol data unit (APDU).
The transport layer breaks the APDU into segments with a
maximum size of 16 bytes and packages them with an 8-bit
transport control header and 16-bit segment CRC separa-
tors into a transportFrame.
The link layer adds a header the control and addressing
information to prepare the packet for delivery to a specific
destination.
These layers can be mapped to the four-layer model devel-
oped by the Department of Defense (you may recall the
DoD origins of the Internet) with the DoD Internet Layer
omitted.
If the serial transport is used, the packet assembly is com-pleted and placed on the transport media for delivery.
If the packet will be sent over a LAN/WAN, the three
DNP3 layers are rolled up into the application layer. The
assembled packet is wrapped in the Transport Control
Protocol (TCP) by the transport layer, which in turn is
wrapped in the Internet Protocol (IP) by the (somewhat
obvious) internet layer. The User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
can also be used but presents some additional issues related
to reliable delivery in congested networks
The fourth layer is the Network Interface layer where the
assembled packet is actually interfaced to some kind of
transport media (for example, twisted pair copper, RG58
co-axial or fiber). While this multi-layer model may seem a
bit confusing, it effectively isolates the tasks of communi-
cation and ultimately assists in designing and implementing
a network.
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8
Traversing the Layers
To illustrate the function of this layered model, lets look
at a single DNP3 Read request over a LAN. The DNP3
Master wants to know the current status of the Remotes
power and prepares a Read request message for the appr
priate object. After passing through all three DNP3 layer
the message is passed to the TCP/UDP transport layer.
The transport layer adds a data block that identifies the
Master port from which the request is sent and the port owhich it expects the Remote DNP3 process to be listen-
ing for messages. The packet thus formed is then passed
to the IP layer. Here a data block containing the IP and
Media Access addresses of the Master and the Remote is
added before the entire assembled packet gets passed to t
Network Interface layer. The Network Interface layer ve
fies media access and availability and places the packet o
the media for transmission.
After working its way across bridges and through rout-ers (the modern equivalent of over the rivers and through
the woods) based on the IP information, the packet finall
arrives at the Remote. Here it passes through the same fo
layers in exactly the opposite order as it did at the Maste
First, it is pulled off the media by the Network Interface
layer. After confirming that the packet is intact and valid
the Network Interface layer simply passes it to the IP lay
The IP layer verifies the Media Access and IP address an
passes it on to the TCP/UDP layer where the target port
is checked for connected applications. If an application
is listening at the target port, the packet is passed to theApplication layer. If the listening application is the Remo
DNP3 process, the Read request is passed through its thr
layers to validate the request and identify what informati
needs to be collected. The Remote response then follows
the identical path in reverse to reach the Master.
An DNP3 message passes through the protocol layers at
both the manager and the agent. Each layer addresses a
specific communication task.
SCADA Guardian
Superior monitoring and control with
this DNP3 RTU
A SCADA environment relies heavily on
accurate information on a wide range of
variables to ensure that each part of a con-
trolled process happens when it should and
to the right degree. The SCADA Guardian
reports alarms via DNP3 or SNMP - making
for an easy integration into your SCADA
network.
This new RTU is densely packed, capable
of monitoring 24 external analog sensors,
so you can monitor temperature, flow, pres-
sure, and any other number of variables to
keep your SCADA controlled environment
running smoothly. Of the analog inputs, 16
are based on DPS Telecoms convenient
D-Wire technology, in which the sen-
sors power and monitoring data are both
carried through the same cable.
To take control of your SCADA environ-
ment.
Call 1-800-693-0351
Email [email protected]
Use the DPS website to submit a fast
information request
Dont leave your network vulnerable any
longer - call the network monitoring spe-
cialists today at 1-800-693-0351.
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Part 6: 8 Important Considerations in DNP3
SCADA Systems
Using DNP3 in a contemporary SCADA system is an easy
decision. DNP3 is a standard protocol that has wide accep-
tance in the industry and is flexible enough for almost any
application. DNP3 certainly has its place in an effective
monitoring solution, but this doesnt mean that any off-the-
shelf DNP3 Master or Remote will be a best fit for you.
Before you commit to an SCADA monitoring solution for
either your operating center or your remote sites, you need
to consider a multitude of factors.
Before you buy check for these 8 important features:
1. Masters should provide concise alarm information
Masters sometimes present data in such an attractive,graphical interface that you cant see the forest for the
trees. Make sure that you have access to a list view that
provides a good presentation of event and alarm detail for
more than a single site or region. Sometimes, summary
graphical presentation can make detail an inconvenient
click or two away when a decision needs to be made.
2. Masters should be able to identify cleared alarms
If you will be relying on Unsolicited Messages in your
system, make sure there is a clear event for each alarm.
Creating this association can involve expensive custom
development on your Master system.
3. Masters should maintain a history of standing alarms
Avoid the allure of maintaining only an event log of
newly reported Unsolicited Messages and a history log
of acknowledged Unsolicited Messages. If an Unsolicited
Message represents an alarm condition, there should be
continuing visibility to the alarm even if the UnsolicitedMessage is acknowledged. Imagine what might happen to
your network if a system operator acknowledges an alarm
message, and then, for whatever reason, fails to correct the
alarm condition. Who would know the alarm is still stand-
ing?
4. Masters should sort and filter alarms
Masters should support organizing alarms by a wide variety
of characteristics. Location, equipment type and severity
Let DPS Help You
Survey Your SCADA and
Monitoring Needs
A Free Consultation at No Obligatio
to You
Determining yourSCADA and alarm
monitoring needs
can be tough. If
youve got a busy
job with a lot of
responsibilities, you
dont have a lot of
time to evaluate
gear and survey
your remote sites.
So why not get help
from experts you can trust? DPS wi
help you survey your remote sites step
by step, making sure you dont mis
any opportunities to make your net
work monitoring project successful
and easier on your budget.
A DPS expert consultant can help yo
figure out what DNP3, SCADA, anmonitoring products will most effec
tively meet your needs without over
loading your budget. Our goal is to giv
you the tools you need to help kee
your network up and running. Wit
an emphasis on maximizing ROI, w
dont pressure you to buy a particula
system.
Theres no hard-sell sales tactics. Nharassing sales calls. No pressure t
buy. We wont discuss specific equip
ment options until weve helped yo
plan the right monitoring strategy fo
your network.
[email protected] 1-800-693-035
Eric Storm
President
DPS Telecom
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10
are just a few possibilities that may make sense for orga-
nizing your alarms. The same alarm should be able to be
posted to multiple categories. The presentation of sorted
and filtered alarms should depend on the user logged on;
the team responsible for generator maintenance doesnt
need to wade through lists looking for generator events a
alarms.
5. Masters should support flexible and powerful noti
cation
Make sure your master support the advanced features ne
essary for premium status monitoring, such as notificatio
escalation, nuisance alarm silencing, automatic control
relay operation, and automatic notifications by e-mail, te
or pager.
6. Masters should not be limited to DNP3
If youre like most companies, you have a variety of
equipment of different ages and technologies. Integratin
this diversity into a SCADA Master can sometimes invol
surprisingly expensive customization or additional mod-
ules.
It is always difficult and uncomfortable to justify sig-
nificant development costs after purchasing an already
expensive SCADA Master. Why take the time, trouble, a
expense to recreate capabilities that are already present i
high-quality, multi-protocol Master that is DNP3-capable
7. Remotes should support redundant power.
If your remote is powered from a single source, then you
critical monitoring is vulnerable to a single event. Losin
that single source of power effectively compromises the
continuous monitoring of your revenue generating equip
ment. If your installation does not have dual power sour
es, make sure the equipment is compatible with an extern
uninterruptable power supply. Also insure that the prima
power is one of the points monitored at each location.
8. Remotes should provide local SCADA.
If a network failure compromises the collection of data,
your remote equipment should provide for local visibility
Turn the worst case of having to dispatch techs to critica
remote sites into a much better case by insuring that they
will be able to browse to your remote units and have loc
SCADA until the network is restored.
Alarm Master Choice:
T/Mon LNX
T/Mon LNX has many features to make
your alarms more meaningful, including:
1. Multi-protocol support, which
allows you to integrate many types ofequipment under a single monitoring
umbrella.
2. Immediate notification of COS
alarms, including new alarms and
alarms that have cleared.
3. Standing alarm list is continuously
updated.
4. Text message windows displaying
specific instructions for the appropri-
ate action for an alarm.
5. Nuisance alarm filtering, allowing
your staff to focus its attention on seri-
ous threats.
6. Pager and email notifications sent
directly to maintenance personnel,
even if theyre away from the NOC.
7. Derived alarms and controls that
combine and correlate data from mul-
tiple alarm inputs and automatically
control remote site equipment to cor-
rect complex threats.
For more information, check out T/Mon
on the Web at
http://www.dpstele.com/products/em/
tmon_lnx/
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DPS Telecom Guarantees Your Success or
Your Money Back
When youre choosing a network monitoring vendor, dont
take chances. Be skeptical. Ask the hard questions. Above
all, look for experience. Dont take a sales reps word that
his company can do custom development. Ask how many
systems theyve worked with, how many protocols they
can integrate with DNP3, and check for client testimonials.
DPS Telecom has created hundreds of successful monitor-
ing implementations for telecoms, utility telecoms, and
transportation companies. (Check out http://www.dpstele-
com.com/dpsnews/success_stories for some examples.)
DPS Telecom monitoring solutions are proven performers
under real-world conditions. Youre never taking any risk
when you work with DPS Telecom. Your SCADA moni-
toring solution is backed by a 30-day, no-risk, money-back
guarantee. Test your DPS monitoring solution at your site
for 30 days. If youre dissatisfied for any reason, just sendit back for a full refund.
What to Do Next
Before you make a decision about your SCADA DNP3
monitoring, theres a lot more you need to know. There are
dangers you want to avoid and there are also opportuni-
ties to improve your remote site maintenance that you dont
want to miss.
Get the information you need. Send an e-mail to support@
dpstelecom.com for A Practical, Step-by-Step Guide on
how to implement SCADA monitoring in your network.
You can also call us today at 1-800-622-3314 to schedule
your free Web demo of SCADA monitoring solutions, or
register on the Web at www.dpstelecom.com/tmon-web-
demo.
7x24 Tech Support
(No Credit Card Required)
First-class tech support assists yo
whenever you need
Every single prod-
uct offered by DPS
includes comprehen-
sive technical sup-
port. If youve pur-
chased DPS products
to implement in you
existing network
and have questions,
contact DPS Tech
Support today at
559-454-1600 or at support@dpstelecom.
At DPS Telecom, the representa-
tive who answers your call isnt an
intern reading from a script. DPS
Tech Support representatives are
engineerswho contribute to produc
development. And, if your problem
requires additional expertise, the
DPS Engineering Department thatdesigned your product is right down
the hall.
Now matter how tough or techni-
cal your question is, youll always
have the support you need from DPS
Telecom - even outside of standard
business hours. At no extra cost to
you, DPS offers 24/7 emergency
technical support. Just because
you have a network emergency at3 in the morning doesnt mean you
shouldnt get the assistance you
need.
Chris Hower
Tech Support
DPS Telecom
We had no doubt that whatever DPStold us that they could do, theyd do it,
and they have. Theyre very reliable
and we knew that the product was go-
ing to be reliable.-Bill Young,
Consolidated Communications
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12
We protect your network like your business depends on itTM
US $36.95
Marshall DenHartog has over ten years experience working with remote mon-
itoring and SCADA equipment, including designing network monitoring devic-
es, creating SNMP systems for multiple platforms, and developing SCADA
solutions for several nationwide networks.
DenHartogs experience with both the theoretical and practical sides of
SCADA and alarm monitoring have equipped him to write a straightforward
guide to the DNP3 protocol.
Marshall DenHartog is also the author of the widely downloaded SNMP
Tutorial.
The DPS Promise from Eric Storm, President
I dont think you should have to take any risks to get the monitoring and control capabili-
ties you need. If you decide to work with me, I wont let you fail.
If my solution doesnt solve your problems 100%, I dont want you to have it. I have
three goals: I want to sell my product, I want you to use my product, and I want you to be
completely satisfied with my product.
If my product doesnt fulfill those goals, I will fix it, improve it, or give you your money
back. If my stuff doesnt wow you, I dont want your business.
So heres my guarantee to you: if you buy a DPS Telecom solution, you can test at your
site, under real-world conditions, for 30 days. If youre dissatisfied with it, for any reason,
just send it back and youll get a full refund, no questions asked.
So please if youre interested in any of our products, do yourself a favor and call us
today at 1-800-622-3314. Your networks needs cant wait. I promise you well deliver
a solution to your problems, at no risk to you.
Sincerely,
Eric Storm,
President
Eric Storm
President
DPS Telecom
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