DNA/RNA, Transcription/Translation, & Mitosis/Meiosis Review.
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Transcript of DNA/RNA, Transcription/Translation, & Mitosis/Meiosis Review.
DNA/RNA, Transcription/Translation,
& Mitosis/Meiosis Review
What is(are) the function(s) of nucleic acids?
A. Storage
B. Transmission
C. Expression
D. All of the above
What does DNA stand for?
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What does RNA stand for?
• Ribonucleic Acid
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide (nucleic acid)?
• Nitrogenous Base
• 5-Carbon Sugar
• Phosphate Group
What 2 Nitrogenous Bases are classified as Purines?
• Adenine & Guanine
What 3 Nitrogenous Bases are classified as Pyrimdines?
• Cytosine
• Uracil
• Thymine
Nitrogenous BasesPurines
• Adenine (A)
• Guanine (G)– pure As Gold
Pyrimdines
• Cytosine (C)
• Uracil (U)
• Thymine (T)• C U T the py
Who created the model for the Double Helix molecule of DNA?A. Watson and Crick
B. Meischier and Mendel
C. Pastuer and Luewenhooke
D. Hooke and Watson
Nitrogenous base pairingA ?G ?
What type of bonds determine base pairing in DNA?
A. Nitrogen bonds
B. Carbon bonds
C. Hydrogen bonds
D. Oxygen bonds
How many Hydrogen Bonds are there between A and T?
• 2 hydrogen bonds
How many Hydrogen Bonds are there between G and C?
• 3 hydrogen bonds
Nitrogen Base Pairing in DNAHydrogen bonds determine nitrogen base pairing
• Adenine (A) Thymine (T)
• Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)
DNA vs. RNA• Double stranded
• Deoxyribose sugar
• Bases: C,G A,T
• Self replicate
• Single stranded
• Ribose sugar
• Bases: C,G,A,U
• Can’t self replicate
• mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Both contain a sugar, phosphate, and base.
What is the 1st step in DNA Replication?
• DNA Strand unwinds or splits
Amino Acids are the building blocks of
A. DNA
B. isotopes
C. proteins
D. viruses
When a nitrogen base becomes bonded to a sugar that is bonded
to a phosphate, the resulting molecule is called a
A. nucleotide
B. amino acid
C. bacteriophage
D. enzyme
Nucleotides
Chemical analysis has shown that the number of adenine
molecules in a sample of DNA is always the same as the number of molecules of
A. thymine
B. guanine
C. cytosine
D. uracil
The Mechanisms by which DNA strands pair is
A. entanglement via the helical structure
B. ionic bonding between phospate groups
C. interaction between the sugar-phosphate backbones
D. hydrogen bonding between nitrogen bases
Genetic information is passed from parent to offspring in the
form ofA. DNA
B. RNA
C. proteins
D. amino acids
A codon is translated by a cell. The information received
codes for a
A. protein
B. nucleic Acid
C. amino acid
D. gene
There are exceptions, but in general, the basic flow of genetic information
in living organisms is from
A. Nucleotides and proteins
B. DNA to RNA to protein
C. RNA to DNA to amino acids
D. Protein to RNA to DNA
Watson and Crick described the DNA molecules as a
A. Straight chain
B. Double-stranded molecule
C. Single-stranded molecule
D. Branching chain
Why does adenine pair only with thymine and cytosine only with
guanine in a DNA molecule
A. Adenine and cytosine are acids, and guanine and thymine are bases
B. Their molecular shape determines how they are paired
C. They do not
D. Adenine sometimes pairs with uracil in DNA
Which molecule acts as a proofreader during DNA
replication?
A. DNA ligase
B. histones
C. Nucleosomes
D. DNA polymerase
Genes act by directing the synthesis of
A. Carbohydrates
B. Proteins
C. Lipids
D. Sugar
“Working Tapes” of instructions that are carried to the ribosomes
areA. Protein molecules
B. tRNA molecules
C. mRNA molecules
D. DNA molecules
DNA controls protein synthesis by
A. Encoding amino-acid sequence
B. activating enzymes
C. organizing molecules
D. directly copying proteins
Which of the following in not a representative of known types of RNA molecules?
A. messenger RNA (mRNA)
B. previous RNA (pRNA)
C. transfer RNA (tRNA)
D. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
The sequence of nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule
(mRNA) is determined by the sequence
A. transfer RNA (tRNA) moleculeB. protein moleculeC. polysaccharide moleculeD. DNA molecule
In a cell, the transfer of genetic information from
DNA to RNA occurs in the
A. cell membrane
B. nucleus
C. endoplasmic reticulum
D. nucleolus
DNA in the nucleus controls the activities in the rest of the cell by serving as a blueprint for
A. lipids
B. sugars
C. enzymes
D. RNA
Proteins are an excellent mechanism by which genetic information is expressed
because unlike sugars, lipids, and nucleotides, proteins
A. can be metabolized to make energy that will be used throughout the body.
B. can be structural or catalytic molecules or may be involved in cell-cell communication
C. are easily transported in the body
D. can replicated themselves
Gene expression begins with
A. RNA synthesis
B. metabolism of sugars
C. ribosomes
D. rearrangement of bases
During protein synthesis, the substance that attaches to a
particular amino-acid molecule and positions it on a ribosome is
A. tRNA
B. mRNA
C. DNA
D. ADP
Where does translation take place?
A. ribosomes
B. mitochondria
C. nuclei
D. nucleoli
Every one of the cells in the body contain exactly the same
A. cytoplasm
B. ribosomes
C. mutations
D. instructions
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
The two chromosomes that decide you sex or gender are
the X or the
A. X
B. Y
C. Z
D. X’
Why do cells need to divide?
1. Needed for development
2. Needed for growth
3. Need to replace dead dying cells
4. All of the above
Mitosis is cell division.
1. True
2. False
What is mitosis?
1. Process by which cells make a duplicate set of chromosomes
2. Cell division
3. The # of chromosomes is reduced by half
4. When water moves in and out of cells
What are the phases of mitosis?
1. Prophase, Metapahse, Prophase II, Anaphase II
2. Telophase, Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase II
3. Interphase, Metaphase, Prophase, Telophase, Anaphase
4. Prophase, Telophase II, Prometaphase, Anaphase
Phases of Mitosis1. Interphase
2. Propahse
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
What phase of mitosis is this?
Interphase
What phase of mitosis is this?
Metaphase
What phase of mitosis is this?
Telophase
What phase of mitosis is this?
Prophase
What phase of mitosis is this?
Anaphase
How long does mitosis take?
1. 1 – 2 days
2. 30 min.
3. 50 – 90 min
4. 1 week
Prior to meiosis the chromosome count is __ and after meiosis the
chromosome count is ___.
1. 46, 35
2. 46, 23
3. 56, 10
4. 23, 46
When we lined up chromosomes according to their size and shape
it is called_________?
1. Karyotype
2. Sequencing
3. Ordering
4. Fission
What stage in meiosis does crossing over (synapse) occur?
1. Anaphase II
2. Telophase I
3. Prophase I
4. Metaphase II
Prophase I: • Prophase I: Homologues condense and synapse
(overlap), exchanging DNA by 'crossing over’ : sections of chromosomes from homologues are swapped. The result: chromosomes after meiosis are genetically unique and have combinations of DNA derived from both parents.
Picture of Meiosis
Picture of Meiosis
The end product of meiosis is 4 identical daughter cells.
• True
• False